2395:
1249:, and standard AC electric motors, and may cause stability problems in some applications such as in emergency generator systems or aircraft generators. Harmonics can be removed by filtering, but the filters are expensive. Unlike displacement power factor created by linear inductive or capacitive loads, this distortion cannot be corrected by addition of a single linear component. Additional circuits are required to counteract the effect of the brief current pulses. Putting a current regulated boost chopper stage after the off-line rectifier (to charge the storage capacitor) can correct the power factor, but increases the complexity and cost.
849:
921:), the rectifier circuit can be configured as a voltage doubler by the addition of a switch operated either manually or automatically. This feature permits operation from power sources that are normally at 115 VAC or at 230 VAC. The rectifier produces an unregulated DC voltage which is then sent to a large filter capacitor. The current drawn from the mains supply by this rectifier circuit occurs in short pulses around the AC voltage peaks. These pulses have significant high frequency energy which reduces the power factor. To correct for this, many newer SMPS will use a special
1050:. These belong to the simplest class of single input, single output converters which use one inductor and one active switch. The buck converter reduces the input voltage in direct proportion to the ratio of conductive time to the total switching period, called the duty cycle. For example, an ideal buck converter with a 10 V input operating at a 50% duty cycle will produce an average output voltage of 5 V. A feedback control loop is employed to regulate the output voltage by varying the duty cycle to compensate for variations in input voltage. The output voltage of a
2180:
454:, the peak-to-peak voltage of the waveform measured across the switch can exceed the input voltage from the DC source. This is because the inductor responds to changes in current by inducing its own voltage to counter the change in current, and this voltage adds to the source voltage while the switch is open. If a diode-and-capacitor combination is placed in parallel to the switch, the peak voltage can be stored in the capacitor, and the capacitor can be used as a DC source with an output voltage greater than the DC voltage driving the circuit. This
435:, between different electrical configurations. Ideal switching elements (approximated by transistors operated outside of their active mode) have no resistance when "on" and carry no current when "off", and so converters with ideal components would operate with 100% efficiency (i.e., all input power is delivered to the load; no power is wasted as dissipated heat). In reality, these ideal components do not exist, so a switching power supply cannot be 100% efficient, but it is still a significant improvement in efficiency over a linear regulator.
2327:
39:
31:
893:
2453:
2439:
906:
4095:
439:
1096:
2138:
2335:
2369:, but they quickly moved to the cost effective ringing choke converter (RCC) SMPS topology, when new levels of efficiency were required. Recently, the demand for even lower no-load power requirements in the application has meant that flyback topology is being used more widely; primary side sensing flyback controllers are also helping to cut the
944:(115 × √2). This type of use may be harmful to the rectifier stage, however, as it will only use half of diodes in the rectifier for the full load. This could possibly result in overheating of these components, causing them to fail prematurely. On the other hand, if the power supply has a voltage selector switch, based on the
1897:, and thus can produce an output of higher or lower voltage than the input by adjusting the turns ratio. For some topologies, multiple windings can be placed on the transformer to produce multiple output voltages. Some converters use the transformer for energy storage, while others use a separate inductor.
1863:
The buck, boost, and buck–boost topologies are all strongly related. Input, output and ground come together at one point. One of the three passes through an inductor on the way, while the other two pass through switches. One of the two switches must be active (e.g., a transistor), while the other can
1256:
to set limits on the harmonics of the AC input current up to the 40th harmonic for equipment above 75 W. The standard defines four classes of equipment depending on its type and current waveform. The most rigorous limits (class D) are established for personal computers, computer monitors, and TV
1237:
Simple off-line switched mode power supplies incorporate a simple full-wave rectifier connected to a large energy-storing capacitor. Such SMPSs draw current from the AC line in short pulses when the mains instantaneous voltage exceeds the voltage across this capacitor. During the remaining portion of
828:
Can fail so as to make output voltage very high. Stress on capacitors may cause them to explode. Can in some cases destroy input stages in amplifiers if floating voltage exceeds transistor base-emitter breakdown voltage, causing the transistor's gain to drop and noise levels to increase. Mitigated by
768:
in the SMPS can offset this problem and are even required by some electric regulation authorities, particularly in the EU. The internal resistance of low-power transformers in linear power supplies usually limits the peak current each cycle and thus gives a better power factor than many switched-mode
2187:
In a quasi-resonant zero-current/zero-voltage switch (ZCS/ZVS) "each switch cycle delivers a quantized 'packet' of energy to the converter output, and switch turn-on and turn-off occurs at zero current and voltage, resulting in an essentially lossless switch." Quasi-resonant switching, also known as
2387:
cranking supply, 12 V for accessories may be furnished through a DC/DC switch-mode supply. This has the advantage over tapping the battery at the 12 V position (using half the cells) that the entire 12 V load is evenly divided between all cells of the 24 V battery. In industrial
2255:
increases, the regulator compensates by increasing the switching frequency, thereby subjecting the switching semiconductors to ever greater thermal stress. Eventually the switching semiconductors fail, usually in a conductive manner. For power supplies without fail-safe protection, this may subject
812:
Due to regulations concerning EMI/RFI radiation, many SMPS contain EMI/RFI filtering at the input stage consisting of capacitors and inductors before the bridge rectifier. Two capacitors are connected in series with the Live and
Neutral rails with the Earth connection in between the two capacitors.
836:
The floating voltage is caused by capacitors bridging the primary and secondary sides of the power supply. Connection to earthed equipment will cause a momentary (and potentially destructive) spike in current at the connector as the voltage at the secondary side of the capacitor equalizes to earth
785:
Empty filter capacitors initially draw large amounts of current as they charge up, with larger capacitors drawing larger amounts of peak current. Being many times above the normal operating current, this greatly stresses components subject to the surge, complicates fuse selection to avoid nuisance
186:
is a mechanically switched version of a flyback boost converter; the transformer is the ignition coil. Variations of this ignition system were used in all non-diesel internal combustion engines until the 1960s when it began to be replaced first by solid-state electronically switched versions, then
1054:
is always greater than the input voltage and the buck–boost output voltage is inverted but can be greater than, equal to, or less than the magnitude of its input voltage. There are many variations and extensions to this class of converters but these three form the basis of almost all isolated and
1165:
may also include a transformer, although isolation may not be critical in these cases. SMPS transformers run at high frequencies. Most of the cost savings (and space savings) in off-line power supplies result from the smaller size of the high-frequency transformer compared to the 50/60 Hz
1208:
Switching power supplies must pay more attention to the skin effect because it is a source of power loss. At 500 kHz, the skin depth in copper is about 0.003 inches (0.076 mm) – a dimension smaller than the typical wires used in a power supply. The effective resistance of conductors
1174:
material which has a low loss at the high frequencies and high flux densities used. The laminated iron cores of lower-frequency (<400 Hz) transformers would be unacceptably lossy at switching frequencies of a few kilohertz. Also, more energy is lost during transitions of the switching
1169:
The terminal voltage of a transformer is proportional to the product of the core area, magnetic flux, and frequency. By using a much higher frequency, the core area (and so the mass of the core) can be greatly reduced. However, core losses increase at higher frequencies. Cores generally use
813:
This forms a capacitive divider that energizes the common rail at half mains voltage. Its high impedance current source can provide a tingling or a 'bite' to the operator or can be exploited to light an Earth Fault LED. However, this current may cause nuisance tripping on the most sensitive
148:
Switching regulators are used as replacements for linear regulators when higher efficiency, smaller size or lighter weight is required. They are, however, more complicated; switching currents can cause electrical noise problems if not carefully suppressed, and simple designs may have a poor
650:
loads, so this drives the decision as to which feeds the feedback loop. The other outputs usually track the regulated one pretty well). Both need a careful selection of their transformers. Due to the high operating frequencies in SMPSs, the stray inductance and capacitance of the
700:
This can be suppressed with capacitors and other filtering circuitry in the output stage. With a switched mode PSU the switching frequency can be chosen to keep the noise out of the circuits working frequency band (e.g., for audio systems above the range of human hearing)
592:
An SMPS can usually cope with wider variation of input before the output voltage changes. Universal or "wide input" power supplies, which work with mains voltages from 90 to 250 V, are common. More specialized designs could accept even wider input voltage range.
2684:
1013:
are commonly used as the rectifier elements; they have the advantages of faster recovery times than silicon diodes (allowing low-loss operation at higher frequencies) and a lower voltage drop when conducting. For even lower output voltages, MOSFETs may be used as
2212:
Higher input voltage and synchronous rectification mode makes the conversion process more efficient. The power consumption of the controller also has to be taken into account. Higher switching frequency allows component sizes to be shrunk, but can produce more
2582:
977:
The inverter stage converts DC, whether directly from the input or from the rectifier stage described above, to AC by running it through a power oscillator, whose output transformer is very small with few windings, at a frequency of tens or hundreds of
665:
Mild high-frequency interference may be generated by AC rectifier diodes under heavy current loading, while most other supply types produce no high-frequency interference. Some mains hum induction into unshielded cables, problematic for low-level audio
2601:
2277:
Power supplies in consumer products are frequently damaged by lightning strikes on power lines as well as internal short circuits caused by insects attracted to the heat and electrostatic fields. Those events may damage any part of the power supply.
316:
Robert
Boschert develops simpler, low cost circuits. By 1977, Boschert Inc. grows to a 650-person company. After a series of mergers, acquisitions, and spin offs (Computer Products, Zytec, Artesyn, Emerson Electric) the company is now part of
801:
Supplies with transformers isolate the incoming power supply from the powered device and so allow metalwork of the enclosure to be grounded safely. Dangerous if primary/secondary insulation breaks down, unlikely with reasonable design.
132:
Switched-mode power supplies can also be substantially smaller and lighter than a linear supply because the transformer can be much smaller. This is because it operates at a high switching frequency which ranges from several hundred
2388:
settings such as telecommunications racks, bulk power may be distributed at a low DC voltage (e.g. from a battery backup system) and individual equipment items will have DC/DC switched-mode converters to supply required voltages.
1864:
be a diode. Sometimes, the topology can be changed simply by re-labeling the connections. A 12 V input, 5 V output buck converter can be converted to a 7 V input, −5 V output buck–boost by grounding the
497:
The main advantage of the switching power supply is greater efficiency (up to c. 98–99%) and lower heat generation than linear regulators because the switching transistor dissipates little power when acting as a switch.
3533:
2290:
long after the input power has been disconnected. Not all power supplies contain a small "bleeder" resistor which slowly discharges the capacitor. Contact with this capacitor can result in a severe electrical shock.
817:. In power supplies without a ground pin (like USB charger) there is EMI/RFI capacitor placed between primary and secondary side. It can also provide some very mild tingling sensation but it's safe to the user.
712:
Very low-cost SMPS may couple electrical switching noise back onto the mains power line, causing interference with A/V equipment connected to the same phase. Non-power-factor-corrected SMPSs also cause harmonic
420:(e.g., in a resistor or in the collector–emitter region of a pass transistor in its active mode). A linear regulator regulates either output voltage or current by dissipating the electric power in the form of
1129:
do not have a feedback circuit. Instead, they rely on feeding a constant voltage to the input of the transformer or inductor, and assume that the output will be correct. Regulated designs compensate for the
809:
Common rail of equipment (including casing) is energized to half the mains voltage, but at high impedance, unless equipment is earthed/grounded or doesn't contain EMI/RFI filtering at the input terminals.
2141:
Zero voltage switched mode power supplies require only small heatsinks as little energy is lost as heat. This allows them to be small. This ZVS can deliver more than 1 kilowatt. Transformer is not shown.
361:
Robert
Mammano, a co-founder of Silicon General Semiconductors, develops the first integrated circuit for SMPS control, model SG1524. After a series of mergers and acquisitions (Linfinity, Symetricom,
1652:
1544:
1812:
1735:
1460:
466:
works in a similar manner, but yields an output voltage which is opposite in polarity to the input voltage. Other buck circuits exist to boost the average output current with a reduction of voltage.
744:
The operating frequency of an unloaded SMPS is sometimes in the audible human range and may sound subjectively quite loud for people whose hearing is very sensitive to the relevant frequency range.
779:
Large current when mains-powered linear power supply equipment is switched on until magnetic flux of transformer stabilizes and capacitors charge completely, unless a slow-start circuit is used.
806:
mains-operated supply are not isolated and therefore dangerous when exposed. In both linear and switch-mode the mains, and possibly the output voltages, are hazardous and must be well-isolated.
2778:
501:
Other advantages include smaller size, and lighter weight from the elimination of heavy and expensive line-frequency transformers. Standby power loss is often much less than transformers.
2244:
SMPSs tend to be temperature sensitive. For every 10-15 °C beyond 25 °C, failure rate doubles. Most failures can be attributed to improper design and poor component selections.
1119:
circuit monitors the output voltage and compares it with a reference voltage. Depending on design and safety requirements, the controller may contain an isolation mechanism (such as an
1379:
1009:
If a DC output is required, the AC output from the transformer is rectified. For output voltages above ten volts or so, ordinary silicon diodes are commonly used. For lower voltages,
610:
Efficiency largely depends on voltage difference between input and output; output voltage is regulated by dissipating excess power as heat resulting in a typical efficiency of 30–40%.
1848:
When equipment is human-accessible, voltage limits of ≤ 30 V (r.m.s.) AC or ≤ 42.4 V peak or ≤ 60 V DC and power limits of 250 VA apply for safety certification (
631:. Some design complexities present (reducing noise/interference; extra limitations on maximum ratings of transistors at high switching speeds) not found in linear regulator circuits.
3688:
960:
mode, due to the operation of the voltage doubler. This is because the doubler, when in operation, uses only half of the bridge rectifier and runs twice as much current through it.
638:
output current restrictions on one output. For this SMPSs have to use duty cycle control. One of the outputs has to be chosen to feed the voltage regulation feedback loop (usually
523:
Very low-cost SMPSs may couple electrical switching noise back onto the mains power line, causing interference with devices connected to the same phase, such as A/V equipment. Non-
683:
Long wires between the components may reduce the high-frequency filter efficiency provided by the capacitors at the inlet and outlet. Stable switching frequency may be important.
634:
In switched-mode mains (AC-to-DC) supplies, multiple voltages can be generated by one transformer core, but that can introduce design/use complications: for example, it may place
2298:
and compensate for various capacitive couplings in the converter circuit, where the transformer is one. This may result in electric shock in some cases. The current flowing from
1002:
If the output is required to be isolated from the input, as is usually the case in mains power supplies, the inverted AC is used to drive the primary winding of a high-frequency
2953:
956:(230 × √2). The diodes in this type of power supply will handle the DC current just fine because they are rated to handle double the nominal input current when operated in the
3183:
2203:
By switching when a valley is detected, rather than at a fixed frequency, introduces a natural frequency jitter that spreads the RF emissions spectrum and reduces overall EMI.
1857:
624:
Linear voltage-regulating circuit and usually noise-filtering capacitors; usually a simpler circuit (and simpler feedback loop stability criteria) than switched-mode circuits.
3537:
2218:
197:
On 23 June, British inventor Philip Ray
Coursey applies for a patent in his country and United States, for his "Electrical Condenser". The patent mentions high frequency
563:
Smaller than linear power supply. Compared to linear, a SMPS that is 20 kHz is 1/4, 100–200 kHz is 1/8, and 200 kHz–1 MHz types can be even smaller.
1269:
Switched-mode power supplies can be classified according to the circuit topology. The most important distinction is between isolated converters and non-isolated ones.
2954:"The Quiet Remaking of Computer Power Supplies: A Half Century Ago Better Transistors And Switching Regulators Revolutionized The Design Of Computer Power Supplies"
125:). In contrast, a linear power supply regulates the output voltage by continually dissipating power in the pass transistor. The switched-mode power supply's higher
2391:
A common use for switched-mode power supplies is an extra-low-voltage source for lighting. For this application, they are often called "electronic transformers".
936:
An SMPS designed for AC input can usually be run from a DC supply, because the DC would pass through the rectifier unchanged. If the power supply is designed for
3346:
2887:
1842:
No magnetic energy storage is needed to achieve conversion, however high efficiency power processing is normally limited to a discrete set of conversion ratios.
3558:
1006:. This converts the voltage up or down to the required output level on its secondary winding. The output transformer in the block diagram serves this purpose.
982:. The frequency is usually chosen to be above 20 kHz, to make it inaudible to humans. The switching is implemented as a multistage (to achieve high gain)
535:
There are two main types of regulated power supplies available: SMPS and linear. The following table compares linear with switching power supplies in general:
582:. In case of transformer input voltage range limited by acceptable dissipation of regulator on high input and turns ratio on low input, limiting input range.
469:
In a SMPS, the output current flow depends on the input power signal, the storage elements and circuit topologies used, and also on the pattern used (e.g.,
3055:
737:, unless they have a fan or are unloaded/malfunctioning, or use a switching frequency within the audio range, or the laminations of the coil vibrate at a
2682:, Teare Jr., Benjamin R. & Whiting, Max A., "Electroresponsive Device", published 15 November 1932, issued 17 September 1935
2916:
1885:
Switchers become less efficient as duty cycles become extremely short. For large voltage changes, a transformer (isolated) topology may be better.
1123:) to isolate it from the DC output. Switching supplies in computers, TVs and VCRs have these opto-couplers to tightly control the output voltage.
925:(PFC) circuit to make the input current follow the sinusoidal shape of the AC input voltage, correcting the power factor. Power supplies that use
782:
Extremely large peak "in-rush" surge current limited only by the impedance of the input supply and any series resistance to the filter capacitors.
3249:
3085:
2415:
claimed ownership of the trademark SWITCHMODE for products aimed at the switching-mode power supply market and started to enforce its trademark.
2394:
1209:
increases, because current concentrates near the surface of the conductor and the inner portion carries less current than at low frequencies.
4099:
1277:
Non-isolated converters are simplest, with the three basic types using a single inductor for energy storage. In the voltage relation column,
3184:
https://web.archive.org/web/20240330200510/https://www.mouser.de/datasheet/2/698/Renesas_Electronics_03152019_ISL9120IIAZ-TR5696-1823356.pdf
1205:. For these frequencies, the skin effect is only significant when the conductors are large, more than 0.3 inches (7.6 mm) in diameter.
1216:(PWM) switching waveforms. The appropriate skin depth is not just the depth at the fundamental, but also the skin depths at the harmonics.
697:
Noisier due to the switching frequency of the SMPS. An unfiltered output may cause glitches in digital circuits or noise in audio circuits.
17:
3696:
4117:
Notes on the
Troubleshooting and Repair of Small Switchmode Power Supplies, by Samuel M. Goldwasser as part of Sci.Electronics.Repair FAQ
3621:
1141:
The feedback circuit needs power to run before it can generate power, so an additional non-switching power supply for stand-by is added.
616:
They can be used together to form a compound regulator with a linear regulator placed after the SMPS to achieve an efficiency of 60-65%.
880:
D: output filter coil for the secondary with the largest power rating. In close proximity, filter coils for the other secondaries;
3207:
3195:
3111:
2716:
2200:
By switching the bipolar switch when the voltage is at a minimum (in the valley) to minimize the hard switching effect that causes EMI.
2354:
throughout the world, although a manual voltage range switch may be required. Switch-mode power supplies can tolerate a wide range of
2978:
1245:
content and relatively low power factor. This creates extra load on utility lines, increases heating of building wiring, the utility
833:
design. Failure of a component in the SMPS itself can cause further damage to other PSU components; can be difficult to troubleshoot.
3785:
3577:
694:
Linear regulators generally have excellent rejection of AC line ripple and are generally lower noise than switched-mode converters.
3672:
1180:
3364:
716:
This can be prevented if a (properly earthed) EMI/RFI filter is connected between the input terminals and the bridge rectifier.
2481:
1594:
1486:
117:, full-on and full-off states, and spends very little time in the high-dissipation transitions, which minimizes wasted energy.
1757:
1680:
1405:
948:, for 115/230 V (computer ATX power supplies typically are in this category), the selector switch would have to be put in the
4060:
4008:
3846:
3754:
3727:
3312:
3285:
3233:
4105:
2745:
145:
requirements in commercial designs result in a usually much greater component count and corresponding circuit complexity.
4111:
3428:
1220:
825:
Very low, unless a short occurs between the primary and secondary windings or the regulator fails by shorting internally.
2247:
Power supplies with capacitors that have reached the end of their life or suffer from manufacturing defects such as the
627:
Consists of a controller IC, one or several power transistors and diodes as well as a power transformer, inductors, and
570:
losses can be kept down. Therefore, a higher operating frequency means either a higher capacity or smaller transformer.
4141:
3864:
3653:
3389:
2259:
Failure of the switching transistor is common. Due to the large switching voltages this transistor must handle (around
481:
of these switching waveforms has energy concentrated at relatively high frequencies. As such, switching transients and
2895:
141:
used by the transformer in a linear power supply. Despite the reduced transformer size, the power supply topology and
4078:
4026:
3990:
3972:
3954:
3936:
3918:
3900:
3882:
3821:
3037:
4043:
Application Note giving an extensive introduction in Buck, Boost, CUK, Inverter applications. (download as PDF from
3562:
1063:
converters can be implemented, or, by adding additional active switches, various bridge converters can be realized.
2238:
3019:
213:
1257:
receivers. To comply with these requirements, modern switched-mode power supplies normally include an additional
3063:
1853:
1339:
761:
Around 0.5–0.6 without correction. 0.7–0.75 with passive correction and can exceed 0.99 with active correction.
427:
In contrast, a SMPS changes output voltage and current by switching ideally lossless storage elements, such as
188:
142:
2840:
2699:"Cadillac model 5-X, a 5-tube supherheterodyne radio, used a synchronous vibrator to generate its B+ supply"
2380:
Switched-mode power supplies are used for DC-to-DC conversion as well. In heavy vehicles that use a nominal
310:
starts using High-Efficiency Power Supply in its 7000-series oscilloscopes produced from about 1970 to 1995.
2793:
2654:
2599:, Coursey, Philip Ray, "Electrical Condenser", published 23 June 1926, issued 15 April 1930
2295:
2252:
2222:
2214:
2193:
2031:
1184:
1077:
instead of inductors and transformers. These are mostly used for generating high voltages at low currents (
918:
885:
857:
787:
669:
660:
509:
504:
Disadvantages include greater complexity, the generation of high-amplitude, high-frequency energy that the
2925:
578:
With transformer used, any voltages available; if transformerless, limited to what can be achieved with a
4146:
2618:
2299:
3147:
566:
A transformer's power handling capacity of given size and weight increases with frequency provided that
424:, and hence its maximum power efficiency is voltage-out/voltage-in since the volt difference is wasted.
4136:
1079:
3253:
2773:
2679:
2596:
2573:
2256:
connected loads to the full input voltage and current, and wild oscillations can occur in the output.
1285:) is assumed to be greater than zero; if it is negative, for consistency, negate the output voltage (V
1201:
At low frequencies (such as the line frequency of 50 or 60 Hz), designers can usually ignore the
1032:
Simpler, non-isolated power supplies contain an inductor instead of a transformer. This type includes
3002:
1849:
1015:
183:
79:
3208:
https://web.archive.org/web/20240330201744/https://www.mouser.de/datasheet/2/609/LTC3777-3125324.pdf
3196:
https://web.archive.org/web/20240330200705/https://www.mouser.de/datasheet/2/609/ADP5302-3121859.pdf
2655:"First-Hand:The Story of the Automobile Voltage Regulator - Engineering and Technology History Wiki"
1882:(NPC) topology is used in power supplies and active filters and is mentioned here for completeness.
1469:
1046:
463:
281:
2636:
4131:
2724:
2274:), these transistors often short out, in turn immediately blowing the main internal power fuse.
1258:
1029:. For higher switching frequencies, components with lower capacitance and inductance are needed.
922:
913:
If the SMPS has an AC input, then the first stage is to convert the input to DC. This is called '
814:
765:
524:
298:
2153:
Flyback converter logarithmic control loop behavior might be harder to control than other types.
301:
designs the μA723 IC voltage regulator. One of its applications is as a switched mode regulator.
3301:
Tabatabaei, Naser
Mahdavi; Aghbolaghi, Ali Jafari; Bizon, Nicu; Blaabjerg, Frede (2017-04-05).
2366:
1213:
1175:
semiconductor at higher frequencies. Furthermore, more attention to the physical layout of the
848:
726:
Faint, usually inaudible mains hum, usually due to vibration of windings in the transformer or
470:
3744:
3717:
3630:
3602:
3302:
2398:
Examples of SMPSs for extra-low voltage lighting applications, called electronic transformers.
2362:
2163:
The forward converter has several variants, varying in how the transformer is "reset" to zero
3662:
090725 camsemi.com
Further information on resonant forward topology for consumer applications
3460:
2521:
1176:
991:
803:
709:
Causes harmonic distortion to the input AC, but relatively little or no high-frequency noise.
652:
598:
392:
226:
126:
3275:
3122:
2183:
Quasi-resonant switching switches when the voltage is at a minimum and a valley is detected.
2171:
Chopper controller: The output voltage is coupled to the input thus very tightly controlled
3786:"Estimation of Optimum Value of Y-Capacitor for Reducing Emi in Switch Mode Power Supplies"
2577:
1131:
734:
567:
366:
335:
175:
382:... created the switching power supply that allowed us to do a very lightweight computer".
284:, developed in the early 1960s by the MIT Instrumentation Laboratory for NASA's ambitious
8:
4112:
Load Power
Sources for Peak Efficiency, by James Colotti, published in EDN 1979 October 5
3510:
3456:
11kW, 70kHz LLC Converter Design with
Adaptive Input Voltage for 98% Efficiency in an MMC
3165:
2511:
2179:
2039:
1135:
482:
106:
75:
3792:
3584:
1875:
Likewise, SEPIC and Zeta converters are both minor rearrangements of the Ćuk converter.
3476:
3328:
2506:
2501:
2486:
2444:
2303:
1825:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1100:
1074:
917:'. An SMPS with a DC input does not require this stage. In some power supplies (mostly
786:
blowing and may cause problems with equipment employing overcurrent protection such as
517:
229:
to transform the 6 V battery supply to a suitable B+ voltage for the vacuum tubes.
4074:
4056:
4022:
4004:
3986:
3968:
3950:
3932:
3914:
3896:
3878:
3860:
3842:
3817:
3750:
3723:
3629:, Proc. IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conf. (APEC), pp. 897–903, archived from
3480:
3472:
3407:
3368:
3308:
3281:
3229:
2750:
2370:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2339:
1994:
1935:
1553:
1018:; compared to Schottky diodes, these have even lower conducting state voltage drops.
447:
334:'s first pocket calculator, is introduced with transistor switching power supply for
240:
223:
212:
Electromechanical relays are used to stabilize the voltage output of generators. See
179:
118:
94:
86:
3468:
2698:
2580:, "Ignition system", published 2 November 1910, issued 3 September 1912
2550:
2248:
1241:
As a result, the input current of such basic switched mode power supplies has high
1171:
1108:
884:
The coil and large rectangular yellow capacitor below the bridge rectifier form an
875:
867:
727:
688:
628:
478:
409:
339:
102:
4044:
3719:
Encyclopedia Of
Thermal Packaging, Set 2: Thermal Packaging Tools (A 4-volume Set)
2118:
1576:
1281:
is the duty cycle of the converter, and can vary from 0 to 1. The input voltage (V
758:, unless a choke-input or resistor-input circuit follows the rectifier (now rare).
3857:
Designing Control Loops for Linear and Switching Power Supplies: A Tutorial Guide
2471:
2466:
1665:
1388:
1060:
1051:
1034:
579:
505:
455:
331:
318:
138:
3534:"An active power filter implemented with multilevel single-phase NPC converters"
274:
is filed by Joseph E. Murphy and Francis J. Starzec, from General Motors Company
85:
Like other power supplies, a SMPS transfers power from a DC or AC source (often
3454:
3056:"jacques-laporte.org - The HP-35's Power unit and other vintage HP calculators"
2491:
2476:
1319:
1040:
1010:
796:
774:
721:
602:
513:
285:
165:
3461:
2020 IEEE 21st Workshop on Control and Modeling for Power Electronics (COMPEL)
3432:
2326:
769:
power supplies that directly rectify the mains with little series resistance.
270:
4125:
2862:
2818:
2458:
2374:
2164:
1253:
1120:
1056:
945:
4116:
3657:
3408:"Notes on the Troubleshooting and Repair of Small Switchmode Power Supplies"
2294:
The primary and secondary sides may be connected with a capacitor to reduce
3304:
Reactive Power Control in AC Power Systems: Fundamentals and Current Issues
1232:
1104:
896:
Block diagram of a mains operated AC/DC SMPS with output voltage regulation
749:
677:
417:
405:
256:
252:
150:
71:
1212:
The skin effect is exacerbated by the harmonics present in the high-speed
672:
produced due to the current being switched on and off sharply. Therefore,
446:
For example, if a DC source, an inductor, a switch, and the corresponding
2979:"Robert Boschert: A Man Of Many Hats Changes The World Of Power Supplies"
2516:
2496:
1894:
1821:
1246:
1202:
1196:
1084:
1003:
738:
673:
605:
459:
451:
244:
114:
38:
30:
790:. Mitigated by use of a suitable soft-start circuit or series resistor.
754:
Low because current is drawn from the mains at the peaks of the voltage
3770:
3086:"Y Combinator's Xerox Alto: restoring the legendary 1970s GUI computer"
2553:
power passes through in route from input to output in the power supply.
987:
926:
586:
474:
352:
294:
265:
122:
110:
90:
3743:
Sha, Zhanyou; Wang, Xiaojun; Wang, Yanpeng; Ma, Hongtao (2015-06-15).
3274:
Sha, Zhanyou; Wang, Xiaojun; Wang, Yanpeng; Ma, Hongtao (2015-06-15).
2365:
have always been particularly cost sensitive. The first chargers were
1134:
of the transformer or coil. Monopolar designs also compensate for the
3665:
3453:
Unruh, Roland; Schafmeister, Frank; Böcker, Joachim (November 2020).
2350:
often have universal inputs, meaning that they can accept power from
2346:
Switched-mode power supply units (PSUs) in domestic products such as
2226:
1834:
1585:
1103:
switching power supply with a European plug, mainly consisting of an
1067:
1026:
979:
940:
and has no voltage selector switch, the required DC voltage would be
914:
892:
755:
589:
breakdown voltages in many circuits. Voltage varies little with load.
539:
Comparison of a linear power supply and a switched-mode power supply
486:
432:
362:
307:
248:
3390:"DC Power Production, Delivery and Utilization, An EPRI White Paper"
3839:
Switch-Mode Power Supplies: SPICE Simulations and Practical Designs
2438:
2412:
2251:
will fail eventually. When either the capacitance decreases or the
1331:
1242:
1166:
transformers formerly used. There are additional design tradeoffs.
1150:
1116:
1022:
830:
428:
379:
375:
239:(metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor) is invented by
4036:
3300:
3250:"Energy Savings Opportunity by Increasing Power Supply Efficiency"
2848:
2270:
non-power-factor-corrected mains supply, otherwise usually around
2174:
1055:
non-isolated DC-to-DC converters. By adding a second inductor the
485:
introduced onto the output waveforms can be filtered with a small
438:
121:
is achieved by varying the ratio of on-to-off time (also known as
2526:
2452:
413:
198:
98:
3224:
Sha, Zhanyou; Wang, Xiaojun; Wang, Yanpeng; Ma, Hongtao (2015).
1238:
the AC cycle the capacitor provides energy to the power supply.
1021:
The rectified output is then smoothed by a filter consisting of
905:
4094:
2717:"1960: Metal Oxide Semiconductor (MOS) Transistor Demonstrated"
983:
878:
of at least five secondary voltages, per the ATX specification;
236:
4051:
Pressman, Abraham I.; Billings, Keith; Morey, Taylor (2009),
4019:
Power Electronics : Converters, Applications, and Design
3511:"SWITCHMODE Power Supplies—Reference Manual and Design Guide"
2237:
For failure in switching components, circuit board, etc, see
1099:
This charger for a small device such as a mobile phone is an
1071:
348:
327:
288:(1966–1972), incorporated early switched mode power supplies.
134:
4001:
Troubleshooting Switching Power Converters: A Hands-on Guide
2373:(BOM) by removing secondary-side sensing components such as
2030:
Single rail input, unregulated output, high efficiency, low
1095:
113:
of a switching-mode supply continually switches between low-
4017:
Mohan, Ned; Undeland, Tore M.; Robbins, William P. (2002),
3464:
3148:"EXCLUSIVE: Interview With Apple's First CEO Michael Scott"
2137:
2094:
Very efficient use of transformer, used for highest powers
1921:
1909:
1299:
1149:
Any switched-mode power supply that gets its power from an
421:
42:
An adjustable switched-mode power supply for laboratory use
3551:
3429:"Switching-Mode Power Supply Design Tutorial Introduction"
2334:
646:
loads are more fussy about their supply voltages than the
530:
3623:
Analysis and Design of Self-Oscillating Flyback Converter
1647:{\displaystyle \scriptstyle V_{2}=-{\frac {D}{1-D}}V_{1}}
1539:{\displaystyle \scriptstyle V_{2}=-{\frac {D}{1-D}}V_{1}}
1252:
In 2001, the European Union put into effect the standard
997:
929:
usually are auto-ranging, supporting input voltages from
853:
268:
oscillation and rectifying converter power supply system
3673:"Gain Equalization Improves Flyback Performance Page of"
1807:{\displaystyle \scriptstyle V_{2}={\frac {D}{1-D}}V_{1}}
1730:{\displaystyle \scriptstyle V_{2}={\frac {D}{1-D}}V_{1}}
1455:{\displaystyle \scriptstyle V_{2}={\frac {1}{1-D}}V_{1}}
3689:"Comparing dc/dc converters' noise-related performance"
3452:
4071:
Power Electronics: Circuits, Devices, and Applications
2225:
of any SMPS approach because it uses a soft-switching
1761:
1684:
1598:
1490:
1409:
1343:
4050:
3945:
Luo, Fang Lin; Ye, Hong; Rashid, Muhammad H. (2005),
2746:"Applying MOSFETs to Today's Power-Switching Designs"
1760:
1683:
1597:
1489:
1408:
1342:
214:
Voltage regulator § Electromechanical regulators
4016:
3620:
Irving, Brian T.; Jovanović, Milan M. (March 2002),
3347:"Information about the mild tingling sensation - US"
2434:
2229:
waveform compared with conventional hard switching.
2794:"Inside the Apollo Guidance Computer's core memory"
2342:
with the power input, fan, and output cords visible
2310:resistor to any accessible part must, according to
1548:Current is discontinuous at both input and output.
874:Between C and D: heat sink for switching
866:Between B and C: heat sink for switching
450:are placed in series and the switch is driven by a
174:An inductive discharge ignition system invented by
137:to several MHz in contrast to the 50 or 60 Hz
3890:
3570:
1806:
1729:
1646:
1538:
1454:
1373:
888:filter and are not part of the main circuit board.
2286:The main filter capacitor will often store up to
680:are needed to reduce the disruptive interference.
378:is designed with a switching mode power supply. "
4123:
3947:Power Digital Power Electronics and Applications
3891:Erickson, Robert W.; Maksimović, Dragan (2001),
3646:
3508:
3228:. Singapore: Wiley, China Electric Power Press.
2776:, "Transistor converter power supply system"
2678:
1219:In addition to the skin effect, there is also a
4045:http://www.linear.com/designtools/app_notes.php
3619:
2947:
2945:
2175:Quasi-resonant zero-current/zero-voltage switch
492:
180:Dayton Engineering Laboratories Company (Delco)
3965:Switching Power Supply Design and Optimization
3410:. Switching between 115 VAC and 230 VAC input.
2709:
882:E: output filter capacitors.
3763:
3742:
3273:
3223:
909:AC, half-wave and full-wave rectified signals
3412:Search the page for "doubler" for more info.
2942:
2841:"Test Equipment and Electronics Information"
2791:
952:position, and the required voltage would be
3944:
3038:"COMPUTER PRODUCTS BUYS RIVAL MANUFACTURER"
2970:
1183:become more significant, and the amount of
3771:"Bad Capacitors: Information and symptoms"
3008:. Power Supply Manufacturers' Association.
2918:TEKSCOPE 7704 High-Efficiency Power Supply
2619:"When was the SMPS power supply invented?"
1972:Low-cost self-oscillating flyback variant
1952:Isolated form of the buck–boost converter
1272:
3998:
3980:
3962:
3686:
3680:
3020:"COMPUTER PRODUCTS HAS NEW NAME: ARTESYN"
2838:
2572:
1374:{\displaystyle \scriptstyle V_{2}=DV_{1}}
1223:, which is another source of power loss.
933:, with no input voltage selector switch.
4106:Switching Power Supply Topologies Poster
3911:Demystifying Switched-Capacitor Circuits
3811:
3746:Optimal Design of Switching Power Supply
3504:
3502:
3493:
3422:
3420:
3418:
3277:Optimal Design of Switching Power Supply
3226:Optimal design of switching power supply
2951:
2393:
2333:
2325:
2178:
2136:
1571:Bidirectional power control; in or out.
1094:
969:This section refers to the block marked
904:
900:
891:
847:
585:Any voltages available, limited only by
442:The basic schematic of a boost converter
437:
37:
29:
3778:
3003:"Power Electronics Corporate Genealogy"
2976:
2595:
706:Electronic noise at the input terminals
531:SMPS and linear power supply comparison
477:) to drive the switching elements. The
395:went with a switched mode power supply.
182:goes into production for Cadillac. The
168:use switches to generate high voltages.
14:
4124:
4068:
4034:
3654:"RDFC topology for linear replacement"
2637:"Electrical condensers (Open Library)"
2482:Conducted electromagnetic interference
1888:
998:Voltage converter and output rectifier
994:and a high current-handling capacity.
843:
527:SMPSs also cause harmonic distortion.
34:Stand-alone switched-mode power supply
3926:
3872:
3854:
3836:
3499:
3415:
3365:"Ban Looms for External Transformers"
3219:
3217:
3215:
3145:
2613:
2611:
2207:
1144:
1083:). The low voltage variant is called
613:70-85% efficiency, but can reach 90%.
351:uses switching power supplies in the
27:Power supply with switching regulator
2819:"μA723 Precision Voltage Regulators"
2532:
2427:refer to this type of power supply.
2196:in the power supply by two methods:
4041:, vol. AN19, Linear Technology
3908:
3206:LTC 3777 with up to 99% efficiency
516:at the switching frequency and its
24:
3830:
3509:ON Semiconductor (July 11, 2002).
3212:
3194:ADP5302 with up to 98% efficiency
3182:ISL9120 with up to 98% efficiency
2608:
2330:Switched mode mobile phone charger
1893:All isolated topologies include a
1565:Two inductors and three capacitors
255:later became the most widely used
25:
4158:
4087:
3893:Fundamentals of Power Electronics
3426:
3112:"North American Company Profiles"
2129:Two capacitors and two inductors
1816:Current is continuous at output.
1383:Current is continuous at output.
986:amplifier. MOSFETs are a type of
963:
4093:
3927:Luo, Fang Lin; Ye, Hong (2004),
3722:. World Scientific. 2014-10-23.
3687:Marchetti, Robert (2012-08-13).
3473:10.1109/COMPEL49091.2020.9265771
2451:
2437:
2239:Failure of electronic components
2232:
2010:Isolated form of buck converter
1739:Current is continuous at input.
1464:Current is continuous at input.
864:B: input filter capacitors;
4055:(Third ed.), McGraw-Hill,
3983:Switching Power Supplies A to Z
3791:. 15 March 2012. Archived from
3736:
3710:
3613:
3595:
3526:
3487:
3446:
3400:
3382:
3357:
3339:
3321:
3294:
3267:
3242:
3200:
3188:
3176:
3158:
3139:
3104:
3078:
3048:
3030:
3012:
2995:
2909:
2888:"7000 SERIES OSCILLOSCOPES FAQ"
2880:
2855:
2839:DiGiacomo, David (2002-08-02).
2832:
2811:
2785:
2766:
2738:
2321:
2099:Resonant, zero voltage switched
1868:and taking the output from the
1656:Current is continuous at input
1226:
201:and furnaces, among other uses.
2691:
2672:
2647:
2629:
2589:
2566:
2539:
2402:
2281:
2156:
2146:
1190:
788:uninterruptible power supplies
412:to provide the desired output
399:
365:), the company is now part of
13:
1:
4053:Switching Power Supply Design
3895:(Second ed.), Springer,
3816:(2nd ed.), McGraw-Hill,
3814:Switching Power Supply Design
3812:Pressman, Abraham I. (1998),
3805:
3397:Page 9 080317 mydocs.epri.com
3329:"How does a usb charger work"
2977:Kilbane, Doris (2009-12-07).
2952:Shirriff, Ken (August 2019).
2792:Ken Shirriff (January 2019).
1957:Ringing choke converter (RCC)
1157:) requires a transformer for
1090:
259:for switching power supplies.
204:
189:capacitive discharge ignition
143:electromagnetic compatibility
4100:Switched-mode power supplies
4069:Rashid, Muhammad H. (2003),
3578:"DC-DC CONVERTERS: A PRIMER"
3121:. 2004-03-15. Archived from
2924:. March 1971. Archived from
1185:electromagnetic interference
661:Radio frequency interference
560:0.12 W/cm, 88 W/kg
510:electromagnetic interference
493:Advantages and disadvantages
393:synthesized signal generator
18:Switched-mode power supplies
7:
3999:Maniktala, Sanjaya (2007),
3981:Maniktala, Sanjaya (2006),
3963:Maniktala, Sanjaya (2004),
3677:100517 powerelectronics.com
3592:090112 jaycar.com.au Page 4
2430:
2417:Switching-mode power supply
2338:A 450-watt SMPS for use in
1751:Capacitor and two inductors
1674:Capacitor and two inductors
1066:Other types of SMPSs use a
919:computer ATX power supplies
741:of the operating frequency.
129:is an important advantage.
56:switching-mode power supply
10:
4163:
3855:Basso, Christophe (2012),
3837:Basso, Christophe (2008),
2361:Due to their high volumes
2236:
2219:resonant forward converter
2158:
2148:
1230:
1194:
1080:Cockcroft-Walton generator
156:
105:characteristics. Unlike a
48:switched-mode power supply
4142:Electric power conversion
3929:Advanced DC/DC Converters
3749:. John Wiley & Sons.
3567:090112 powerdesigners.com
3280:. John Wiley & Sons.
3146:Yarow, Jay (2011-05-24).
1187:will be more pronounced.
862:A: Bridge rectifier;
655:traces become important.
184:Kettering ignition system
93:) to DC loads, such as a
3877:(2nd ed.), Newnes,
3559:"DC-DC Converter Basics"
2560:
1264:
822:Risk of equipment damage
815:residual-current devices
735:inaudible to most humans
416:by dissipating power in
282:Apollo Guidance Computer
80:convert electrical power
60:switch-mode power supply
3909:Liu, Mingliang (2006),
3119:smithsonianchips.si.edu
2725:Computer History Museum
2110:Inductor and capacitor
2027:Inductor and capacitor
1273:Non-isolated topologies
1259:power factor correction
923:power factor correction
766:power factor correction
691:at the output terminals
299:Fairchild Semiconductor
3603:"Heinz Schmidt-Walter"
3536:. 2011. Archived from
3333:Flashlight information
2421:switching power supply
2411:was widely used until
2399:
2343:
2331:
2184:
2142:
1808:
1731:
1648:
1540:
1456:
1375:
1214:pulse-width modulation
1112:
1107:, a rectifier and two
1016:synchronous rectifiers
910:
897:
889:
549:Switching power supply
525:power-factor-corrected
471:pulse-width modulation
443:
43:
35:
4035:Nelson, Carl (1986),
3875:Power Supply Cookbook
3873:Brown, Marty (2001),
2774:US patent 3040271
2578:Kettering, Charles F.
2522:Vibrator (electronic)
2397:
2367:linear power supplies
2363:mobile phone chargers
2337:
2329:
2182:
2140:
1880:neutral point clamped
1809:
1732:
1649:
1541:
1457:
1376:
1098:
1047:buck–boost converters
908:
901:Input rectifier stage
895:
858:computer power supply
851:
653:printed circuit board
441:
336:light-emitting diodes
271:U.S. patent 3,040,271
127:electrical efficiency
64:switched power supply
41:
33:
4102:at Wikimedia Commons
4038:LT1070 design Manual
3463:. Aalborg, Denmark:
3351:pcsupport.lenovo.com
2623:electronicspoint.com
2221:produces the lowest
1758:
1681:
1595:
1487:
1406:
1340:
1155:"off-line" converter
1127:Open-loop regulators
872:C: transformer:
852:Interior view of an
518:harmonic frequencies
508:must block to avoid
464:buck–boost converter
367:Microchip Technology
176:Charles F. Kettering
74:that incorporates a
4108:- Texas Instruments
4003:, Newnes/Elsevier,
3985:, Newnes/Elsevier,
3170:hpmemoryproject.org
2512:Switching amplifier
2425:switching regulator
1889:Isolated topologies
1298:Typical Power [
1163:DC-to-DC converters
1136:magnetic hysteresis
870:of primary voltage;
844:Theory of operation
546:Linear power supply
540:
473:with an adjustable
460:step-up transformer
406:linear power supply
107:linear power supply
97:, while converting
76:switching regulator
70:, is an electronic
4147:Voltage regulation
2863:"7000 Plugin list"
2721:The Silicon Engine
2507:Resonant converter
2502:Leakage inductance
2487:DC to DC converter
2445:Electronics portal
2400:
2348:personal computers
2344:
2340:personal computers
2332:
2318:for IT equipment.
2208:Efficiency and EMI
2185:
2143:
1826:switched capacitor
1804:
1803:
1727:
1726:
1644:
1643:
1536:
1535:
1452:
1451:
1371:
1370:
1159:galvanic isolation
1145:Transformer design
1113:
1075:voltage multiplier
931:~100 VAC – 250 VAC
911:
898:
890:
538:
462:for DC signals. A
444:
408:(non-SMPS) uses a
338:, clocks, timing,
119:Voltage regulation
44:
36:
4137:Power electronics
4098:Media related to
4073:, Prentice Hall,
4062:978-0-07-148272-1
4010:978-0-7506-8421-7
3848:978-0-07-150858-2
3775:100211 lowyat.net
3756:978-1-118-79094-6
3729:978-981-4520-24-9
3314:978-3-319-51118-4
3287:978-1-118-79094-6
3235:978-1-118-79094-6
3066:on 16 August 2021
2983:Electronic Design
2751:Electronic Design
2533:Explanatory notes
2371:bill of materials
2356:power frequencies
2135:
2134:
1949:Mutual inductors
1846:
1845:
1791:
1714:
1631:
1588:and two inductors
1523:
1439:
1109:active components
876:active components
868:active components
841:
840:
629:filter capacitors
448:electrical ground
390:10 kHz – 1.28 GHz
241:Mohamed M. Atalla
224:electromechanical
95:personal computer
16:(Redirected from
4154:
4097:
4083:
4065:
4042:
4031:
4013:
3995:
3977:
3959:
3941:
3923:
3905:
3887:
3869:
3859:, Artech House,
3851:
3826:
3800:
3799:
3797:
3790:
3782:
3776:
3774:
3767:
3761:
3760:
3740:
3734:
3733:
3714:
3708:
3707:
3705:
3704:
3695:. Archived from
3684:
3678:
3676:
3669:
3663:
3661:
3656:. Archived from
3650:
3644:
3643:
3642:
3641:
3635:
3628:
3617:
3611:
3610:
3599:
3593:
3591:
3589:
3583:. Archived from
3582:
3574:
3568:
3566:
3561:. Archived from
3555:
3549:
3548:
3546:
3545:
3530:
3524:
3523:
3521:
3520:
3515:
3506:
3497:
3491:
3485:
3484:
3450:
3444:
3443:
3441:
3440:
3431:. Archived from
3427:Foutz, Jerrold.
3424:
3413:
3411:
3404:
3398:
3396:
3394:
3386:
3380:
3379:
3377:
3376:
3367:. Archived from
3361:
3355:
3354:
3343:
3337:
3336:
3325:
3319:
3318:
3298:
3292:
3291:
3271:
3265:
3264:
3262:
3261:
3252:. Archived from
3246:
3240:
3239:
3221:
3210:
3204:
3198:
3192:
3186:
3180:
3174:
3173:
3162:
3156:
3155:
3152:Business Insider
3143:
3137:
3136:
3134:
3133:
3127:
3116:
3108:
3102:
3101:
3099:
3097:
3082:
3076:
3075:
3073:
3071:
3062:. Archived from
3052:
3046:
3045:
3034:
3028:
3027:
3016:
3010:
3009:
3007:
2999:
2993:
2992:
2990:
2989:
2974:
2968:
2967:
2965:
2964:
2949:
2940:
2939:
2937:
2936:
2930:
2923:
2913:
2907:
2906:
2904:
2903:
2894:. Archived from
2884:
2878:
2877:
2875:
2873:
2859:
2853:
2852:
2847:. Archived from
2836:
2830:
2829:
2823:
2815:
2809:
2808:
2806:
2804:
2789:
2783:
2782:
2781:
2777:
2770:
2764:
2763:
2761:
2759:
2742:
2736:
2735:
2733:
2731:
2713:
2707:
2706:
2695:
2689:
2688:
2687:
2683:
2676:
2670:
2669:
2667:
2665:
2651:
2645:
2644:
2633:
2627:
2626:
2615:
2606:
2605:
2604:
2600:
2593:
2587:
2586:
2585:
2581:
2570:
2554:
2551:active component
2543:
2467:Auto transformer
2461:
2456:
2455:
2447:
2442:
2441:
2386:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2289:
2273:
2269:
2262:
2249:capacitor plague
2190:valley switching
2162:
2152:
2015:Resonant forward
1900:
1899:
1813:
1811:
1810:
1805:
1802:
1801:
1792:
1790:
1776:
1771:
1770:
1736:
1734:
1733:
1728:
1725:
1724:
1715:
1713:
1699:
1694:
1693:
1653:
1651:
1650:
1645:
1642:
1641:
1632:
1630:
1616:
1608:
1607:
1556:(or, boost–buck)
1545:
1543:
1542:
1537:
1534:
1533:
1524:
1522:
1508:
1500:
1499:
1461:
1459:
1458:
1453:
1450:
1449:
1440:
1438:
1424:
1419:
1418:
1380:
1378:
1377:
1372:
1369:
1368:
1353:
1352:
1311:Voltage relation
1292:
1291:
1221:proximity effect
1153:line (called an
1035:boost converters
959:
955:
951:
943:
939:
932:
728:magnetostriction
689:Electronic noise
649:
645:
641:
541:
537:
479:spectral density
410:linear regulator
391:
342:, and registers.
273:
222:Car radios used
209:
206:
178:and his company
21:
4162:
4161:
4157:
4156:
4155:
4153:
4152:
4151:
4122:
4121:
4090:
4081:
4063:
4029:
4011:
3993:
3975:
3967:, McGraw-Hill,
3957:
3939:
3921:
3903:
3885:
3867:
3849:
3841:, McGraw-Hill,
3833:
3831:Further reading
3824:
3808:
3803:
3795:
3788:
3784:
3783:
3779:
3769:
3768:
3764:
3757:
3741:
3737:
3730:
3716:
3715:
3711:
3702:
3700:
3685:
3681:
3671:
3670:
3666:
3652:
3651:
3647:
3639:
3637:
3633:
3626:
3618:
3614:
3601:
3600:
3596:
3587:
3580:
3576:
3575:
3571:
3557:
3556:
3552:
3543:
3541:
3532:
3531:
3527:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3507:
3500:
3492:
3488:
3451:
3447:
3438:
3436:
3425:
3416:
3406:
3405:
3401:
3392:
3388:
3387:
3383:
3374:
3372:
3363:
3362:
3358:
3345:
3344:
3340:
3327:
3326:
3322:
3315:
3299:
3295:
3288:
3272:
3268:
3259:
3257:
3248:
3247:
3243:
3236:
3222:
3213:
3205:
3201:
3193:
3189:
3181:
3177:
3164:
3163:
3159:
3144:
3140:
3131:
3129:
3125:
3114:
3110:
3109:
3105:
3095:
3093:
3090:arstechnica.com
3084:
3083:
3079:
3069:
3067:
3054:
3053:
3049:
3036:
3035:
3031:
3018:
3017:
3013:
3005:
3001:
3000:
2996:
2987:
2985:
2975:
2971:
2962:
2960:
2950:
2943:
2934:
2932:
2928:
2921:
2915:
2914:
2910:
2901:
2899:
2886:
2885:
2881:
2871:
2869:
2861:
2860:
2856:
2837:
2833:
2821:
2817:
2816:
2812:
2802:
2800:
2790:
2786:
2779:
2772:
2771:
2767:
2757:
2755:
2744:
2743:
2739:
2729:
2727:
2715:
2714:
2710:
2697:
2696:
2692:
2685:
2677:
2673:
2663:
2661:
2653:
2652:
2648:
2641:openlibrary.org
2635:
2634:
2630:
2617:
2616:
2609:
2602:
2594:
2590:
2583:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2558:
2557:
2547:pass transistor
2544:
2540:
2535:
2472:Boost converter
2457:
2450:
2443:
2436:
2433:
2405:
2385:
2381:
2324:
2315:
2314:, be less than
2311:
2307:
2287:
2284:
2271:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2242:
2235:
2210:
2177:
1919:
1907:
1891:
1797:
1793:
1780:
1775:
1766:
1762:
1759:
1756:
1755:
1720:
1716:
1703:
1698:
1689:
1685:
1682:
1679:
1678:
1637:
1633:
1620:
1615:
1603:
1599:
1596:
1593:
1592:
1529:
1525:
1512:
1507:
1495:
1491:
1488:
1485:
1484:
1480:Single inductor
1445:
1441:
1428:
1423:
1414:
1410:
1407:
1404:
1403:
1399:Single inductor
1364:
1360:
1348:
1344:
1341:
1338:
1337:
1288:
1284:
1275:
1267:
1235:
1229:
1199:
1193:
1179:is required as
1147:
1093:
1052:boost converter
1041:buck converters
1011:Schottky diodes
1000:
973:in the diagram.
966:
957:
953:
949:
941:
937:
930:
903:
883:
881:
879:
873:
871:
865:
863:
861:
846:
804:Transformerless
764:Active/passive
647:
643:
639:
580:voltage doubler
557:Size and weight
533:
506:low-pass filter
495:
456:boost converter
402:
389:
332:Hewlett-Packard
319:Advanced Energy
269:
207:
166:Induction coils
159:
139:mains frequency
54:), also called
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4160:
4150:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4132:Power supplies
4120:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4103:
4089:
4088:External links
4086:
4085:
4084:
4079:
4066:
4061:
4048:
4032:
4027:
4014:
4009:
3996:
3991:
3978:
3973:
3960:
3955:
3942:
3937:
3924:
3919:
3906:
3901:
3888:
3883:
3870:
3866:978-1608075577
3865:
3852:
3847:
3832:
3829:
3828:
3827:
3822:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3801:
3798:on 2012-03-15.
3777:
3762:
3755:
3735:
3728:
3709:
3679:
3664:
3660:on 2008-09-07.
3645:
3612:
3594:
3590:on 2009-04-18.
3569:
3565:on 2005-12-17.
3550:
3525:
3498:
3486:
3445:
3414:
3399:
3381:
3356:
3338:
3320:
3313:
3293:
3286:
3266:
3241:
3234:
3211:
3199:
3187:
3175:
3157:
3138:
3103:
3092:. 26 June 2016
3077:
3047:
3029:
3011:
2994:
2969:
2941:
2908:
2879:
2854:
2851:on 2002-08-02.
2831:
2810:
2784:
2765:
2737:
2708:
2690:
2671:
2646:
2628:
2607:
2588:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2556:
2555:
2537:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2530:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2492:Inrush current
2489:
2484:
2479:
2477:Buck converter
2474:
2469:
2463:
2462:
2448:
2432:
2429:
2404:
2401:
2383:
2358:and voltages.
2352:mains supplies
2323:
2320:
2283:
2280:
2266:
2234:
2231:
2209:
2206:
2205:
2204:
2201:
2176:
2173:
2169:
2168:
2154:
2133:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2123:
2121:
2114:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2100:
2096:
2095:
2092:
2089:
2086:
2083:
2080:
2076:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2067:
2064:
2061:
2057:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2048:
2045:
2042:
2036:
2035:
2028:
2025:
2022:
2019:
2016:
2012:
2011:
2008:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1991:
1990:
1987:
1984:
1981:
1978:
1974:
1973:
1970:
1967:
1964:
1961:
1958:
1954:
1953:
1950:
1947:
1944:
1941:
1938:
1932:
1931:
1928:
1927:Energy storage
1925:
1916:
1913:
1904:
1890:
1887:
1844:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1818:
1817:
1814:
1800:
1796:
1789:
1786:
1783:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1765:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1745:
1741:
1740:
1737:
1723:
1719:
1712:
1709:
1706:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1688:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1668:
1662:
1661:
1654:
1640:
1636:
1629:
1626:
1623:
1619:
1614:
1611:
1606:
1602:
1591:Any inverted,
1589:
1583:
1581:
1579:
1573:
1572:
1569:
1566:
1563:
1560:
1557:
1550:
1549:
1546:
1532:
1528:
1521:
1518:
1515:
1511:
1506:
1503:
1498:
1494:
1481:
1478:
1475:
1472:
1466:
1465:
1462:
1448:
1444:
1437:
1434:
1431:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1413:
1400:
1397:
1394:
1391:
1385:
1384:
1381:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1356:
1351:
1347:
1336:0 ≤ Out ≤ In,
1334:
1328:
1325:
1322:
1316:
1315:
1312:
1309:
1308:Energy storage
1306:
1303:
1296:
1286:
1282:
1274:
1271:
1266:
1263:
1228:
1225:
1195:Main article:
1192:
1189:
1146:
1143:
1092:
1089:
999:
996:
990:with a low on-
975:
974:
965:
964:Inverter stage
962:
902:
899:
856:switched-mode
845:
842:
839:
838:
834:
826:
823:
819:
818:
810:
807:
799:
797:electric shock
792:
791:
783:
780:
777:
775:Inrush current
771:
770:
762:
759:
752:
746:
745:
742:
731:
724:
722:Acoustic noise
718:
717:
714:
710:
707:
703:
702:
698:
695:
692:
685:
684:
681:
667:
663:
657:
656:
632:
625:
622:
618:
617:
614:
611:
608:
595:
594:
590:
583:
576:
575:Output voltage
572:
571:
564:
561:
558:
554:
553:
550:
547:
544:
532:
529:
514:ripple voltage
494:
491:
401:
398:
397:
396:
386:
383:
373:
370:
359:
356:
346:
343:
325:
322:
314:
311:
305:
302:
292:
289:
278:
275:
263:
260:
233:
230:
220:
217:
210:
202:
195:
192:
172:
169:
163:
158:
155:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4159:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4129:
4127:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4107:
4104:
4101:
4096:
4092:
4091:
4082:
4080:0-13-122815-3
4076:
4072:
4067:
4064:
4058:
4054:
4049:
4046:
4040:
4039:
4033:
4030:
4028:0-471-22693-9
4024:
4020:
4015:
4012:
4006:
4002:
3997:
3994:
3992:0-7506-7970-0
3988:
3984:
3979:
3976:
3974:0-07-143483-6
3970:
3966:
3961:
3958:
3956:0-12-088757-6
3952:
3948:
3943:
3940:
3938:0-8493-1956-0
3934:
3931:, CRC Press,
3930:
3925:
3922:
3920:0-7506-7907-7
3916:
3912:
3907:
3904:
3902:0-7923-7270-0
3898:
3894:
3889:
3886:
3884:0-7506-7329-X
3880:
3876:
3871:
3868:
3862:
3858:
3853:
3850:
3844:
3840:
3835:
3834:
3825:
3823:0-07-052236-7
3819:
3815:
3810:
3809:
3794:
3787:
3781:
3772:
3766:
3758:
3752:
3748:
3747:
3739:
3731:
3725:
3721:
3720:
3713:
3699:on 2012-09-02
3698:
3694:
3690:
3683:
3674:
3668:
3659:
3655:
3649:
3636:on 2011-07-09
3632:
3625:
3624:
3616:
3608:
3604:
3598:
3586:
3579:
3573:
3564:
3560:
3554:
3540:on 2014-11-26
3539:
3535:
3529:
3512:
3505:
3503:
3496:, p. 306
3495:
3494:Pressman 1998
3490:
3482:
3478:
3474:
3470:
3466:
3462:
3458:
3457:
3449:
3435:on 2004-04-06
3434:
3430:
3423:
3421:
3419:
3409:
3403:
3391:
3385:
3371:on 2019-05-15
3370:
3366:
3360:
3352:
3348:
3342:
3334:
3330:
3324:
3316:
3310:
3306:
3305:
3297:
3289:
3283:
3279:
3278:
3270:
3256:on 2010-10-25
3255:
3251:
3245:
3237:
3231:
3227:
3220:
3218:
3216:
3209:
3203:
3197:
3191:
3185:
3179:
3171:
3167:
3161:
3153:
3149:
3142:
3128:on 2022-11-07
3124:
3120:
3113:
3107:
3091:
3087:
3081:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3051:
3044:. 1986-01-03.
3043:
3039:
3033:
3026:. 1998-05-07.
3025:
3021:
3015:
3004:
2998:
2984:
2980:
2973:
2959:
2958:IEEE Spectrum
2955:
2948:
2946:
2931:on 2012-03-28
2927:
2920:
2919:
2912:
2898:on 2010-08-25
2897:
2893:
2889:
2883:
2868:
2864:
2858:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2835:
2828:. July 1999 .
2827:
2820:
2814:
2799:
2795:
2788:
2775:
2769:
2754:. 23 May 2016
2753:
2752:
2747:
2741:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2712:
2704:
2700:
2694:
2681:
2675:
2660:
2656:
2650:
2642:
2638:
2632:
2624:
2620:
2614:
2612:
2598:
2592:
2579:
2575:
2569:
2565:
2552:
2548:
2542:
2538:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2464:
2460:
2459:Energy portal
2454:
2449:
2446:
2440:
2435:
2428:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2396:
2392:
2389:
2378:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2359:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2341:
2336:
2328:
2319:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2292:
2279:
2275:
2257:
2254:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2233:Failure modes
2230:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2202:
2199:
2198:
2197:
2195:
2191:
2181:
2172:
2166:
2165:magnetic flux
2161:
2160:
2155:
2151:
2150:
2145:
2144:
2139:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2124:
2122:
2120:
2116:
2115:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2101:
2098:
2097:
2093:
2090:
2087:
2084:
2081:
2078:
2077:
2074:
2071:
2068:
2065:
2062:
2059:
2058:
2055:
2052:
2049:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2026:
2023:
2020:
2017:
2014:
2013:
2009:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1992:
1988:
1985:
1982:
1979:
1976:
1975:
1971:
1968:
1965:
1962:
1959:
1956:
1955:
1951:
1948:
1945:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1933:
1929:
1926:
1923:
1917:
1915:Relative cost
1914:
1911:
1905:
1902:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1867:
1861:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1829:
1827:
1823:
1820:
1819:
1815:
1798:
1794:
1787:
1784:
1781:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1763:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1742:
1738:
1721:
1717:
1710:
1707:
1704:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1686:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1669:
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1664:
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1659:
1655:
1638:
1634:
1627:
1624:
1621:
1617:
1612:
1609:
1604:
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1590:
1587:
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1578:
1575:
1574:
1570:
1567:
1564:
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1547:
1530:
1526:
1519:
1516:
1513:
1509:
1504:
1501:
1496:
1492:
1482:
1479:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1467:
1463:
1446:
1442:
1435:
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1425:
1420:
1415:
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1398:
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1365:
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1335:
1333:
1329:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1317:
1313:
1310:
1307:
1305:Relative cost
1304:
1301:
1297:
1294:
1293:
1290:
1280:
1270:
1262:
1261:(PFC) stage.
1260:
1255:
1254:IEC 61000-3-2
1250:
1248:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1224:
1222:
1217:
1215:
1210:
1206:
1204:
1198:
1188:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1177:circuit board
1173:
1167:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1142:
1139:
1138:of the core.
1137:
1133:
1128:
1124:
1122:
1118:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1097:
1088:
1086:
1082:
1081:
1076:
1073:
1069:
1064:
1062:
1058:
1053:
1049:
1048:
1043:
1042:
1037:
1036:
1030:
1028:
1024:
1019:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1005:
995:
993:
989:
985:
981:
972:
968:
967:
961:
947:
946:Delon circuit
934:
928:
924:
920:
916:
915:rectification
907:
894:
887:
877:
869:
859:
855:
850:
835:
832:
827:
824:
821:
820:
816:
811:
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805:
800:
798:
794:
793:
789:
784:
781:
778:
776:
773:
772:
767:
763:
760:
757:
753:
751:
748:
747:
743:
740:
736:
732:
729:
725:
723:
720:
719:
715:
711:
708:
705:
704:
699:
696:
693:
690:
687:
686:
682:
679:
675:
671:
668:
664:
662:
659:
658:
654:
637:
633:
630:
626:
623:
620:
619:
615:
612:
609:
607:
604:
600:
597:
596:
591:
588:
584:
581:
577:
574:
573:
569:
565:
562:
559:
556:
555:
551:
548:
545:
543:
542:
536:
528:
526:
521:
519:
515:
511:
507:
502:
499:
490:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
467:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
440:
436:
434:
430:
425:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
394:
387:
384:
381:
377:
374:
371:
368:
364:
360:
357:
355:minicomputer
354:
350:
347:
344:
341:
337:
333:
329:
326:
323:
320:
315:
312:
309:
306:
303:
300:
296:
293:
290:
287:
286:Moon missions
283:
279:
276:
272:
267:
264:
261:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
231:
228:
225:
221:
218:
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211:
203:
200:
196:
193:
190:
185:
181:
177:
173:
170:
167:
164:
161:
160:
154:
152:
146:
144:
140:
136:
130:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
83:
82:efficiently.
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
40:
32:
19:
4070:
4052:
4037:
4018:
4000:
3982:
3964:
3949:, Elsevier,
3946:
3928:
3913:, Elsevier,
3910:
3892:
3874:
3856:
3838:
3813:
3793:the original
3780:
3765:
3745:
3738:
3718:
3712:
3701:. Retrieved
3697:the original
3692:
3682:
3667:
3658:the original
3648:
3638:, retrieved
3631:the original
3622:
3615:
3606:
3597:
3585:the original
3572:
3563:the original
3553:
3542:. Retrieved
3538:the original
3528:
3517:. Retrieved
3489:
3455:
3448:
3437:. Retrieved
3433:the original
3402:
3384:
3373:. Retrieved
3369:the original
3359:
3350:
3341:
3332:
3323:
3307:. Springer.
3303:
3296:
3276:
3269:
3258:. Retrieved
3254:the original
3244:
3225:
3202:
3190:
3178:
3169:
3160:
3151:
3141:
3130:. Retrieved
3123:the original
3118:
3106:
3094:. Retrieved
3089:
3080:
3068:. Retrieved
3064:the original
3060:citycable.ch
3059:
3050:
3042:Sun Sentinel
3041:
3032:
3024:Sun Sentinel
3023:
3014:
2997:
2986:. Retrieved
2982:
2972:
2961:. Retrieved
2957:
2933:. Retrieved
2926:the original
2917:
2911:
2900:. Retrieved
2896:the original
2891:
2882:
2870:. Retrieved
2867:www.kahrs.us
2866:
2857:
2849:the original
2844:
2834:
2825:
2813:
2801:. Retrieved
2797:
2787:
2768:
2756:. Retrieved
2749:
2740:
2728:. Retrieved
2720:
2711:
2702:
2693:
2674:
2662:. Retrieved
2658:
2649:
2640:
2631:
2622:
2591:
2568:
2546:
2541:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2408:
2406:
2390:
2379:
2375:optocouplers
2360:
2345:
2322:Applications
2293:
2285:
2276:
2258:
2246:
2243:
2211:
2189:
2186:
2170:
2167:every cycle.
2157:
2147:
1977:Half-forward
1969:Transformer
1892:
1884:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1869:
1865:
1862:
1847:
1657:
1278:
1276:
1268:
1251:
1247:transformers
1240:
1236:
1233:Power factor
1227:Power factor
1218:
1211:
1207:
1200:
1168:
1148:
1140:
1126:
1125:
1121:opto-coupler
1114:
1105:opto-coupler
1078:
1065:
1045:
1039:
1033:
1031:
1020:
1008:
1001:
976:
970:
935:
912:
750:Power factor
678:RF shielding
635:
601:, heat, and
534:
522:
503:
500:
496:
468:
458:acts like a
445:
426:
418:ohmic losses
403:
388:The HP8662A
257:power device
253:power MOSFET
151:power factor
147:
131:
84:
72:power supply
67:
66:, or simply
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
45:
2703:Radiomuseum
2517:Transformer
2497:Joule thief
2409:switch mode
2403:Terminology
2282:Precautions
2079:Full-bridge
2060:Half-bridge
1918:Input range
1895:transformer
1860:approval).
1822:Charge pump
1568:Up or down
1203:skin effect
1197:Copper loss
1191:Copper loss
1085:charge pump
1004:transformer
837:potential.
739:subharmonic
713:distortion.
674:EMI filters
606:dissipation
452:square wave
400:Explanation
245:Dawon Kahng
208: 1932
115:dissipation
109:, the pass
87:mains power
4126:Categories
3806:References
3703:2023-10-05
3640:2009-09-30
3544:2013-03-15
3519:2011-11-17
3439:2008-10-06
3375:2007-09-07
3260:2008-12-22
3166:"HP 3048A"
3132:2023-10-05
2988:2019-09-12
2963:2019-09-12
2935:2011-11-02
2902:2011-11-02
2798:righto.com
2730:August 31,
2680:US 2014869
2597:US 1754265
2574:US 1037492
2306:through a
2192:, reduces
1835:Capacitors
1470:Buck–boost
1402:Out ≥ In,
1231:See also:
1181:parasitics
1091:Regulation
1044:, and the
1027:capacitors
992:resistance
988:transistor
927:active PFC
621:Complexity
599:Efficiency
587:transistor
568:hysteresis
475:duty cycle
433:capacitors
295:Bob Widlar
266:Transistor
123:duty cycle
111:transistor
91:AC adapter
4021:, Wiley,
3481:227278364
2845:slack.com
2758:10 August
2407:The term
2312:IEC 60950
2288:325 volts
2117:Isolated
2102:>1,000
2091:Inductor
2082:400–5,000
2072:Inductor
2053:Inductor
2044:100–1,000
2040:Push-pull
2007:Inductor
1989:Inductor
1930:Features
1785:−
1708:−
1625:−
1613:−
1586:Capacitor
1517:−
1505:−
1483:Out ≤ 0,
1433:−
1314:Features
1132:impedance
1068:capacitor
1023:inductors
980:kilohertz
512:(EMI), a
487:LC filter
429:inductors
363:Microsemi
308:Tektronix
249:Bell Labs
227:vibrators
3096:21 March
3070:21 March
2872:21 March
2664:21 March
2659:ethw.org
2431:See also
2413:Motorola
2227:resonant
2088:50–1,000
2069:50–1,000
2050:50–1,000
1660:output.
1554:Split-pi
1332:inductor
1243:harmonic
1151:AC power
1117:feedback
1101:off-line
831:failsafe
795:Risk of
756:sinusoid
733:Usually
666:signals.
380:Rod Holt
376:Apple II
191:systems.
68:switcher
3607:h-da.de
2892:tek.com
2549:is the
2527:80 Plus
2304:neutral
2105:>2.0
2085:>2.0
2063:0–2,000
1999:100–200
1995:Forward
1936:Flyback
1562:>2.0
1559:0–4,500
1393:0–5,000
1330:Single
1324:0–1,000
1172:ferrite
1161:. Some
971:chopper
954:325 VDC
942:163 VDC
938:115 VAC
670:EMI/RFI
636:minimum
414:voltage
291:c. 1967
219:c. 1936
199:welding
157:History
103:current
99:voltage
4077:
4059:
4025:
4007:
3989:
3971:
3953:
3935:
3917:
3899:
3881:
3863:
3845:
3820:
3753:
3726:
3479:
3311:
3284:
3232:
2826:ti.com
2803:4 July
2780:
2686:
2603:
2584:
2576:,
2423:, and
2316:250 μA
2263:for a
2024:60–400
2004:60–200
1870:ground
1866:output
984:MOSFET
552:Notes
483:ripple
251:. The
237:MOSFET
89:, see
3796:(PDF)
3789:(PDF)
3634:(PDF)
3627:(PDF)
3588:(PDF)
3581:(PDF)
3514:(PDF)
3477:S2CID
3393:(PDF)
3126:(PDF)
3115:(PDF)
3006:(PDF)
2929:(PDF)
2922:(PDF)
2822:(PDF)
2561:Notes
2272:390 V
2265:230 V
2261:325 V
1986:5–500
1980:0–250
1966:5–600
1960:0–150
1946:5–600
1940:0–250
1924:]
1920:[
1912:]
1908:[
1906:Power
1872:pin.
1754:Any,
1677:Any,
1666:SEPIC
1474:0–150
1389:Boost
1302:]
1265:Types
1072:diode
1061:SEPIC
958:115 V
950:230 V
829:good
640:3.3 V
603:power
349:Xerox
328:HP-35
277:1960s
4075:ISBN
4057:ISBN
4023:ISBN
4005:ISBN
3987:ISBN
3969:ISBN
3951:ISBN
3933:ISBN
3915:ISBN
3897:ISBN
3879:ISBN
3861:ISBN
3843:ISBN
3818:ISBN
3751:ISBN
3724:ISBN
3465:IEEE
3309:ISBN
3282:ISBN
3230:ISBN
3098:2018
3072:2018
2874:2018
2805:2019
2760:2019
2732:2019
2666:2018
2545:The
2382:24 V
2308:2 kΩ
2300:line
2217:. A
2047:1.75
2018:0–60
1903:Type
1878:The
1837:only
1744:Zeta
1320:Buck
1295:Type
1059:and
1025:and
676:and
648:12 V
431:and
422:heat
385:1980
372:1977
358:1976
353:Alto
345:1973
324:1972
313:1970
304:1970
280:The
262:1959
243:and
235:The
232:1959
194:1926
171:1910
162:1836
101:and
52:SMPS
3693:EDN
3469:doi
2302:or
2296:EMI
2253:ESR
2223:EMI
2215:RFI
2194:EMI
2119:Ćuk
2066:1.9
2032:EMI
2021:1.0
1983:1.2
1963:1.0
1943:1.0
1858:VDE
1854:CSA
1658:and
1577:Ćuk
1477:1.0
1396:1.0
1327:1.0
1289:).
1057:Ćuk
886:EMI
854:ATX
644:5 V
642:or
340:ROM
297:of
247:at
135:kHz
78:to
4128::
3691:.
3605:.
3501:^
3475:.
3467:.
3459:.
3417:^
3349:.
3331:.
3214:^
3168:.
3150:.
3117:.
3088:.
3058:.
3040:.
3022:.
2981:.
2956:.
2944:^
2890:.
2865:.
2843:.
2824:.
2796:.
2748:.
2723:.
2719:.
2701:.
2657:.
2639:.
2621:.
2610:^
2419:,
2384:DC
2377:.
2267:AC
2159:^2
2149:^1
2034:.
1856:,
1852:,
1850:UL
1824:/
1115:A
1087:.
1038:,
520:.
489:.
404:A
330:,
205:c.
153:.
62:,
58:,
46:A
4047:)
3773:.
3759:.
3732:.
3706:.
3675:.
3609:.
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3483:.
3471::
3442:.
3395:.
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3353:.
3335:.
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3263:.
3238:.
3172:.
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3135:.
3100:.
3074:.
2991:.
2966:.
2938:.
2905:.
2876:.
2807:.
2762:.
2734:.
2705:.
2668:.
2643:.
2625:.
2241:.
1922:V
1910:W
1799:1
1795:V
1788:D
1782:1
1778:D
1773:=
1768:2
1764:V
1722:1
1718:V
1711:D
1705:1
1701:D
1696:=
1691:2
1687:V
1639:1
1635:V
1628:D
1622:1
1618:D
1610:=
1605:2
1601:V
1531:1
1527:V
1520:D
1514:1
1510:D
1502:=
1497:2
1493:V
1447:1
1443:V
1436:D
1430:1
1426:1
1421:=
1416:2
1412:V
1366:1
1362:V
1358:D
1355:=
1350:2
1346:V
1300:W
1287:2
1283:1
1279:D
1111:.
1070:–
860::
730:.
369:.
321:.
216:.
50:(
20:)
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