846:
such basic conceptual frameworks play a key role in the development of exact scientific theory. .. Allgemeine
Systemtheorie is not directly consistent with an interpretation often put on 'general system theory,' to wit, that it is a (scientific) "theory of general systems." To criticize it as such is to shoot at straw men. Von Bertalanffy opened up something much broader and of much greater significance than a single theory (which, as we now know, can always be falsified and has usually an ephemeral existence): he created a new paradigm for the development of theories.
1308:. It can be viewed as the application of engineering techniques to the engineering of systems, as well as the application of a systems approach to engineering efforts. Systems engineering integrates other disciplines and specialty groups into a team effort, forming a structured development process that proceeds from concept to production to operation and disposal. Systems engineering considers both the business and the technical needs of all customers, with the goal of providing a quality product that meets the user's needs.
1328:. Overlooking this and developing software without insights input from the future users (mediated by user experience designers) is a serious design flaw that can lead to complete failure of information systems, increased stress and mental illness for users of information systems leading to increased costs and a huge waste of resources. It is currently surprisingly uncommon for organizations and governments to investigate the project management decisions leading to serious design flaws and lack of usability.
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3044:
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900:," some theorists recognize that organizations have complex social systems; separating the parts from the whole reduces the overall effectiveness of organizations. This difference, from conventional models that center on individuals, structures, departments and units, separates in part from the whole, instead of recognizing the interdependence between groups of individuals, structures and processes that enable an organization to function.
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interact in behaviours and processes or interrelate through formal contextual boundary conditions (attractors). Passive systems are structures and components that are being processed. For example, a computer program is passive when it is a file stored on the hardrive and active when it runs in memory. The field is related to
2378:
general systems." To criticize it as such is to shoot at straw men. Von
Bertalanffy opened up something much broader and of much greater significance than a single theory (which, as we now know, can always be falsified and has usually an ephemeral existence): he created a new paradigm for the development of theories.
2257:
affected the research project for systems theory in ways that sorely disappointed many of the seminal theorists. Some began to recognize that theories defined in association with systems theory had deviated from the initial general systems theory view. Economist
Kenneth Boulding, an early researcher
1914:
in conventional theory (which has as its subject a single part) as simply an example of changing assumptions. The emphasis with systems theory shifts from parts to the organization of parts, recognizing interactions of the parts as not static and constant but dynamic processes. Some questioned the
2680:
Systems theory is frequently identified with cybernetics and control theory. This again is incorrect. Cybernetics as the theory of control mechanisms in technology and nature is founded on the concepts of information and feedback, but as part of a general theory of systems.... he model is of wide
2618:
both in living and lifeless systems (organisms, organizations, machines), and in combinations of those. Its focus is how anything (digital, mechanical or biological) controls its behavior, processes information, reacts to information, and changes or can be changed to better accomplish those three
2377:
Thus when von
Bertalanffy spoke of Allgemeine Systemtheorie it was consistent with his view that he was proposing a new perspective, a new way of doing science. It was not directly consistent with an interpretation often put on "general system theory", to wit, that it is a (scientific) "theory of
845:
It (General System Theory) was criticized as pseudoscience and said to be nothing more than an admonishment to attend to things in a holistic way. Such criticisms would have lost their point had it been recognized that von
Bertalanffy's general system theory is a perspective or paradigm, and that
2360:
here exist models, principles, and laws that apply to generalized systems or their subclasses, irrespective of their particular kind, the nature of their component elements, and the relationships or "forces" between them. It seems legitimate to ask for a theory, not of systems of a more or less
1890:
provides detailed discussion of the commonplace critique of educational systems grounded in conventional assumptions about learning, including the problems with fragmented knowledge and lack of holistic learning from the "machine-age thinking" that became a "model of school separated from daily
922:
The systems view is a world-view that is based on the discipline of SYSTEM INQUIRY. Central to systems inquiry is the concept of SYSTEM. In the most general sense, system means a configuration of parts connected and joined together by a web of relationships. The Primer Group defines system as a
2675:
in 1968). Cybernetics arose more from engineering fields and GST from biology. If anything, it appears that although the two probably mutually influenced each other, cybernetics had the greater influence. Bertalanffy specifically made the point of distinguishing between the areas in noting the
521:
General systems theory is about developing broadly applicable concepts and principles, as opposed to concepts and principles specific to one domain of knowledge. It distinguishes dynamic or active systems from static or passive systems. Active systems are activity structures or components that
714:
itself. In this respect, with the possibility of misinterpretations, von
Bertalanffy believed a general theory of systems "should be an important regulative device in science," to guard against superficial analogies that "are useless in science and harmful in their practical consequences."
903:
László explains that the new systems view of organized complexity went "one step beyond the
Newtonian view of organized simplicity" which reduced the parts from the whole, or understood the whole without relation to the parts. The relationship between organisations and their
1335:
estimates that roughly 15% of the estimated $ 1 trillion used to develop information systems every year is completely wasted and the produced systems are discarded before implementation by entirely preventable mistakes. According to the CHAOS report published in 2018 by the
876:
with theory and science in the etymology of general systems, though it also does not translate from the German very well; its "closest equivalent" translates to 'teaching', but "sounds dogmatic and off the mark." An adequate overlap in meaning is found within the word
1259:. Systems ecology focuses on interactions and transactions within and between biological and ecological systems, and is especially concerned with the way the functioning of ecosystems can be influenced by human interventions. It uses and extends concepts from
509:
depend upon how well the system is engaged with its environment and other contexts influencing its organization. Some systems support other systems, maintaining the other system to prevent failure. The goals of systems theory are to model a system's dynamics,
2452:(interact with one another a lot) then the system cannot be decomposed into different systems. The amount of coupling between parts of a system may differ temporally, with some parts interacting more often than other, or for different processes in a system.
2293:
were an important part of the establishment of systems theory... he two most influential suggestions were the comprehensive sociological versions of systems theory which were proposed by
Talcott Parsons since the 1950s and by Niklas Luhmann since the
2713:
are related fields, but do not try to describe general (universal) complex (singular) systems. The best context to compare the different "C"-Theories about complex systems is historical, which emphasizes different tools and methodologies, from
2098:
that the observer can analyze and use to develop greater insight into the behavior of complex phenomena and to move closer toward a unity of the sciences. System philosophy, methodology and application are complementary to this science.
1481:
System theory has been applied in the field of neuroinformatics and connectionist cognitive science. Attempts are being made in neurocognition to merge connectionist cognitive neuroarchitectures with the approach of system theory and
514:, conditions, and relations; and to elucidate principles (such as purpose, measure, methods, tools) that can be discerned and applied to other systems at every level of nesting, and in a wide range of fields for achieving optimized
493:. Every system has causal boundaries, is influenced by its context, defined by its structure, function and role, and expressed through its relations with other systems. A system is "more than the sum of its parts" when it expresses
914:, who argued—along with the founders of the systems society—that "the benefit of humankind" is the purpose of science, has made significant and far-reaching contributions to the area of systems theory. For the Primer Group at the
881:", which can mean "having the capability to posit long-lasting sense." While the idea of a "general systems theory" might have lost many of its root meanings in the translation, by defining a new way of thinking about science and
4274:
2642:'s differences of eternal interacting actor loops (that produce finite products) makes general systems a proper subset of cybernetics. In cybernetics, complex systems have been examined mathematically by such researchers as
2443:
where all components within the system interact with one another. Sometimes an entire system will be represented inside another system as a part, sometimes referred to as a holon. These hierarchies of system are studied in
1866:
that developed from the same fundamental concepts, emphasising how understanding results from knowing concepts both in part and as a whole. In fact, Bertalanffy's organismic psychology paralleled the learning theory of
504:
Changing one component of a system may affect other components or the whole system. It may be possible to predict these changes in patterns of behavior. For systems that learn and adapt, the growth and the degree of
3955:
Maurer, H. (2021). Cognitive science: Integrative synchronization mechanisms in cognitive neuroarchitectures of the modern connectionism. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, chap. 1.4, 2., 3.26, ISBN 978-1-351-04352-6.
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of interacting molecules, to create new functions from a set (or library) of molecules with different hierarchical levels and emergent properties. Systems chemistry is also related to the origin of life
3144:
1891:
life." In this way, some systems theorists attempt to provide alternatives to, and evolved ideation from orthodox theories which have grounds in classical assumptions, including individuals such as
2427:
These operate in a recursive relationship, he explained; integrating 'philosophy' and 'theory' as knowledge, and 'method' and 'application' as action; systems inquiry is thus knowledgeable action.
2143:(AAAS), specifically catalyzing systems theory as an area of study. The field developed from the work of Bertalanffy, Rapoport, Gerard, and Boulding, as well as other theorists in the 1950s like
2262:
always prove consequential and that systems theory might address such issues. Since the end of the Cold War, a renewed interest in systems theory emerged, combined with efforts to strengthen an
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Pure success is the combination of high customer satisfaction with high return on value to the organization. Related figures for the year 2017 are: successful: 14%, challenged: 67%, failed 19%.
892:
A system in this frame of reference can contain regularly interacting or interrelating groups of activities. For example, in noting the influence in the evolution of "an individually oriented
3557:
908:
can be seen as the foremost source of complexity and interdependence. In most cases, the whole has properties that cannot be known from analysis of the constituent elements in isolation.
3512:
1928, Kritische
Theorie der Formbildung, Borntraeger. In English: Modern Theories of Development: An Introduction to Theoretical Biology, Oxford University Press, New York: Harper, 1933
1187:
Particularly from the year 2000 onwards, the biosciences use the term widely and in a variety of contexts. An often stated ambition of systems biology is the modelling and discovery of
5502:
1458:, but in addition seems more concerned with societal systems and with the study of motivational, affective, cognitive and group behavior that holds the name engineering psychology."
4271:
2046:(2000), Bertalanffy promoted an embryonic form of GST as early as the 1920s and 1930s, but it was not until the early 1950s that it became more widely known in scientific circles.
2681:
application but should not be identified with 'systems theory' in general ... warning is necessary against its incautious expansion to fields for which its concepts are not made.
1191:
which represents properties of a system whose theoretical description requires the only possible useful techniques to fall under the remit of systems biology. It is thought that
2448:. The amount of interaction between parts of systems higher in the hierarchy and parts of the system lower in the hierarchy is reduced. If all the parts of a system are tightly
2102:
Cognizant of advances in science that questioned classical assumptions in the organizational sciences, Bertalanffy's idea to develop a theory of systems began as early as the
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with his computer, computers have become an indispensable source of information. One could not imagine the study of complex systems without the use of computers today.
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in Palo Alto to discuss the creation of a "society for the advancement of
General Systems Theory." In December that year, a meeting of around 70 people was held in
554:
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2013:
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knowledge and still remains in the tradition of theorists that sought to provide means to organize human life. In other words, theorists rethought the preceding
2318:
began developing his 'general systems theory' via lectures in 1937 and then via publications from 1946. The concept received extensive focus in his 1968 book,
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have the common goal to explain complex systems that consist of a large number of mutually interacting and interrelated parts in terms of those interactions.
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Bertalanffy aimed to bring together under one heading the organismic science that he had observed in his work as a biologist. He wanted to use the word
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in systems theory, had concerns over the manipulation of systems concepts. Boulding concluded from the effects of the Cold War that abuses of
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The systems view was based on several fundamental ideas. First, all phenomena can be viewed as a web of relationships among elements, or a
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Van Dyne, George M. "Ecosystems, Systems Ecology, and Systems Ecologists". ORNL- 3975. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 1966.
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of systems, where there is less interactions between the different systems than there is the components in the system. The alternative is
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Adaptation in Natural and Artificial Systems: An Introductory Analysis with Applications to Biology, Control, and Artificial Intelligence
1955:
philosophers and later psychologists that laid the foundations of modern organizational theory and management by the late 19th century.
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research. Proponents describe systems biology as a biology-based interdisciplinary study field that focuses on complex interactions in
1997:" as an analytical construct), the original systems theorists explored the implications of 20th-century advances in terms of systems.
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family of relationships among the members acting as a whole. Von Bertalanffy defined system as "elements in standing relationship."
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distinguished general systems by how their goals and subgoals could change over time. He distinguished between goal-maintaining,
2314:
Many early systems theorists aimed at finding a general systems theory that could explain all systems in all fields of science.
2019:
Many early systems theorists aimed at finding a general systems theory that could explain all systems in all fields of science.
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860:(or 'Science'). These ideas refer to an organized body of knowledge and "any systematically presented set of concepts, whether
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2042:. Bertalanffy developed the theory via lectures beginning in 1937 and then via publications beginning in 1946. According to
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as a collection of parts and relationships between the parts where the parts of their interrelationships decrease entropy.
2136:
2139:(renamed the International Society for Systems Science in 1988) was established in 1956 thereafter as an affiliate of the
1771:
Systems thinking can date back to antiquity, whether considering the first systems of written communication with Sumerian
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1394:
885:, systems theory became a widespread term used for instance to describe the interdependence of relationships created in
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2226:, known as a radiation ecologist, recognized that the study of general systems required a language that could depict
1939:; they did not lose them. Mechanistic thinking was particularly critiqued, especially the industrial-age mechanistic
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had undertaken efforts to encourage innovation and interdisciplinary research in the social sciences, aided by the
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1907:. The theorists sought holistic methods by developing systems concepts that could integrate with different areas.
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Threads of cybernetics began in the late 1800s that led toward the publishing of seminal works (such as Wiener's
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It received inspiration from systems theory and systems thinking, as well as the basics of theoretical work from
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methodology: the set of models, strategies, methods and tools that instrumentalize systems theory and philosophy
596:
Systems theory is manifest in the work of practitioners in many disciplines, for example the works of physician
5634:
5401:
4684:
4384:
4065:
Schools That Learn: A Fifth Discipline Fieldbook for Educators, Parents, and Everyone Who Cares About Education
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1384:
1082:
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models and thinking, wherein history represents history and math represents math, while the arts and sciences
1829:
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Others remain closer to the direct systems concepts developed by the original systems theorists. For example,
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There are many definitions of a general system, some properties that definitions include are: an overall
1944:
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95:
854:) "has a much broader meaning in German than the closest English words 'theory' and 'science'," just as
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Steps to an Ecology of Mind: Collected essays in Anthropology, Psychiatry, Evolution, and Epistemology.
3466:. New York, New York: George Braziller, Inc. (simultaneously with Doubleday Canada, Limited). pp.
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71:
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represent further developments in this field. Important names in contemporary systems science include
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systems to denote a proper subset of the class of general systems, namely those systems that include
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1821:. While modern systems can seem considerably more complicated, they may embed themselves in history.
183:
4635:—— 1956. "Probabilistic Logics and the Synthesis of Reliable Organisms from Unreliable Components."
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Shugart, Herman H., and Robert V. O'Neill. "Systems Ecology". Dowden, Hutchingon & Ross, 1979.
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of the interaction between the parts of the system that are not performed by any part on its own.
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that states a Knowledge editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.
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Wu, Jianguo (2013), Rozzi, Ricardo; Pickett, S.T.A.; Palmer, Clare; Armesto, Juan J. (eds.),
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The Systems View of the World: The Natural Philosophy of the New Developments in the Sciences
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of "general system theory" from German into English has "wrought a certain amount of havoc":
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1654:, rudimentary internet and cybernetic system for democratic economic planning developed by
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Bertalanffy's ideas were adopted by others, working in mathematics, psychology, biology,
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1340:, a vast majority of information systems fail or partly fail according to their survey:
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Mutual Causality in Buddhism and General Systems Theory: The Dharma of Natural Systems
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in that they are diverse and composed of multiple, interconnected elements; they are
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distinguished between decomposable, nearly decomposable and nondecomposable systems.
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Systems theory promotes dialogue between autonomous areas of study as well as within
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With the modern foundations for a general theory of systems following World War I,
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Systems Engineering: Principles and Practice of Computer-based Systems Engineering
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2059:(1912–1917), providing the conceptual base for GST. A similar position is held by
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Structural Stability and Morphogenesis: An Outline of a General Theory of Models
3434:, by L. von Bertalanffy, edited by Edgar Taschdjian. New York: George Braziller.
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at any system scale. To fulfill this role, Odum developed a general system, or
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4149:(1st ed.), translated by H-J. Flechtner. DĂĽsseldorf: Econ Verlag GmbH. p. 115.
2067:(1996). Despite this, Bertalanffy never even mentioned Bogdanov in his works.
1871:. Some consider interdisciplinary perspectives critical in breaking away from
485:, i.e. cohesive groups of interrelated, interdependent components that can be
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theory: a set of interrelated concepts and principles applying to all systems
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and universal authoritative principles and knowledge to relative and general
1916:
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1711:
1655:
1372:
1304:
approach and means for enabling the realisation and deployment of successful
957:
869:
865:
803:
783:
763:
696:
621:
271:
138:
4536:
The Design of Inquiring Systems: Basic Concepts of Systems and Organizations
2398:
generalized the domains into four integratable domains of systemic inquiry:
1836:
into the (rationalist) hard sciences of the 19th century, also known as the
5639:
5609:
5350:
5250:
5175:
4761:
Cybernetics: Or the Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine
4551:
4521:
4511:
3611:
3194:
3159:
3134:
3097:
2769:
2690:
2540:
2513:
2463:
2407:
2215:
1990:
1982:
1972:
1911:
1796:
1707:
1703:
1431:
1360:
1251:
Central to the systems ecology approach is the idea that an ecosystem is a
1181:
1002:
952:
886:
856:
819:
515:
391:
221:
142:
4736:
4331:
3887:
Dynamical social psychology: Finding order in the flow of human experience
3654:
3637:
1669:
5340:
5335:
5325:
5260:
5000:
4887:
4804:
4779:
4591:
3732:
Doing it Differently: Systems for Rethinking Infrastructure (2nd Edition)
2976:
2639:
2607:
2602:
2361:
special kind, but of universal principles applying to systems in general.
2269:
In sociology, systems thinking also began in the 20th century, including
2243:
2187:
2163:
1887:
1880:
1868:
1784:
1719:
1673:
1451:
1283:
1248:; it can be seen as an application of general systems theory to ecology.
1152:
861:
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823:
747:
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633:
617:
415:
379:
370:
344:
312:
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254:
146:
3957:
3636:
von Kiedrowski, GĂĽnter; Otto, Sijbren; Herdewijn, Piet (December 2010).
5665:
5614:
5355:
5210:
2440:
2391:
2383:
2171:
2079:
2075:
1932:
1800:
1572:
Cybernetics: Or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine
1443:
1420:
1412:
1169:
878:
629:
506:
490:
178:
134:
4628:. 1951 "The General and Logical Theory of Automata." pp. 1–41 in
3860:
659:
endeavor, systems theory brings together principles and concepts from
5629:
5554:
5487:
5020:
4907:
4664:
From Being to Becoming: Time and Complexity in the Physical Sciences.
4546:
Systems Thinking, Systems Practice: Includes a 30-Year Retrospective.
3595:
3579:
3229:
3209:
3109:
2758:
2580:
2502:
2436:
2330:
2326:
2055:
1968:
1892:
1772:
1516:
1245:
1027:
731:
704:
688:
684:
383:
174:
41:
4376:
3017:
in that they have the capacity to change and learn from experience.
3338:
2754:
2615:
2498:
2449:
2411:
2403:
2254:
2219:
2091:
2087:
1940:
1651:
1473:) "considers this process in order to create an effective system."
1320:
processes and is necessary to understand the whole impact of a new
882:
660:
304:
4838:
4407:
Sinnott, J. D., and J. S. Rabin. 2012. "Sex Roles." Pp. 411–17 in
2135:
to form a society for the exploration and development of GST. The
4833:
4798:
3884:
3475:
3119:
2795:
2387:
2263:
2023:
1928:
1792:
1470:
1447:
1233:
735:
676:
668:
494:
486:
300:
237:
4199:
2206:
and self-reproducing systems, again with only pencil and paper.
2202:
examined complex systems mathematically; Von Neumann discovered
1263:
and develops other macroscopic descriptions of complex systems.
4877:
3702:
2382:
Bertalanffy outlines systems inquiry into three major domains:
2352:
for those principles that are common to systems in general. In
2309:
2227:
2071:
1305:
1237:
1177:
1107:
962:
482:
4333:
General systems theory : problems, perspectives, practice
1795:
as a systems approach sharing a frame of reference similar to
1168:
Systems biology is a movement that draws on several trends in
4506:
General System Theory: Foundations, Development, Applications
4256:
General System theory: Foundations, Development, Applications
4034:
General System Theory: Foundations, Development, Applications
3028:
dampens and reverses disequilibria, CAS are often subject to
2630:
have been widely used as synonyms. Some authors use the term
2320:
General System Theory: Foundations, Development, Applications
2298:
Elements of systems thinking can also be seen in the work of
2049:
Jackson also claimed that Bertalanffy's work was informed by
1964:
1622:
General System Theory: Foundations, Development, Applications
4067:. New York: Doubleday Dell Publishing Group. pp. 27–49.
2106:, publishing "An Outline for General Systems Theory" in the
4526:
On Human Communication: A Review, a Survey, and a Criticism
3635:
3543:
Fundamental Processes in Ecology: An Earth Systems Approach
2423:
application: the application and interaction of the domains
739:
555:
personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay
3297:"Systems Theory – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics"
4109:
Bailey, 1994; Flood, 1997; Checkland, 1999; Laszlo, 1972.
2331:
parts of the system and relationships between these parts
1446:
in which groups and individuals receive consideration as
918:, Bánáthy defines a perspective that iterates this view:
4828:
4610:
Autopoiesis and Cognition: The Realization of the Living
2469:, multi-goal and reflective (or goal-changing) systems.
4823:
1981:(1687) have historically influenced all areas from the
4228:
Hull, D. L. (1970). "Systemic Dynamic Social Theory".
4118:
Montuori, A. 2011. "Systems Approach." pp. 414–421 in
4429:, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, pp. 281–301,
4147:
Robots, Men and Minds: Psychology in the Modern World
1589:
Society for the Advancement of General Systems Theory
3039:
2129:
Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences
1469:, and attributes of the people interacting with the
1359:
System dynamics is an approach to understanding the
4482:
Design for a Brain: The Origin of Adaptive Behavior
4293:
Soziale Systeme: GrundriĂź einer allgemeinen Theorie
2141:
American Association for the Advancement of Science
4336:(2nd ed.). Hackensack, NJ: World Scientific.
3913:Lester R. Bittel and Muriel Albers Bittel (1978),
3323:"The History and Status of General Systems Theory"
4675:Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society
4180:. 1950. "An Outline for General Systems Theory."
3861:"MIT System Dynamics in Education Project (SDEP)"
2722:today. Since the beginning of chaos theory, when
1958:
1378:
1333:Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
5924:
4782:. 1962. "From Circuit Theory to System Theory."
4746:Weaver, Warren. 1948. "Science and Complexity."
4642:von Neumann, John, and Arthur Burks, eds. 1966.
2430:
4427:Linking Ecology and Ethics for a Changing World
4307:International Encyclopedia of Political Science
3997:
3936:Handbook of Microcomputers in Special Education
3320:
2170:. Subjects that were studied included those of
1311:
5681:
5503:
4854:
4824:International Society for the System Sciences
4183:British Journal for the Philosophy of Science
2109:British Journal for the Philosophy of Science
1832:represent an important step to introduce the
1807:traced systems concepts to the philosophy of
1454:. Systems psychology "includes the domain of
1277:Systems chemistry is the science of studying
1132:
916:International Society for the System Sciences
455:
4091:Bailey, 1994, pp. 3–8; see also Owens, 2004.
4077:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3899:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3787:. Stockholm: Karnaval Förlag. p. 16,17.
3578:Ludlow, R. Frederick; Otto, Sijbren (2008).
3382:
2310:General systems research and systems inquiry
2038:, who sought a new approach to the study of
3448:. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall. pp. 4–11.
2982:
1879:remain separate and many treat teaching as
1202:Subdisciplines of systems biology include:
1176:, claiming that it uses a new perspective (
5688:
5674:
5510:
5496:
4861:
4847:
4566:Synergetics: An Introduction – 3rd Edition
3993:
3991:
3989:
3885:Vallacher, R. R., & Nowak, A. (2007).
3782:
3577:
2993:Complex adaptive systems (CAS), coined by
2472:
1963:Where assumptions in Western science from
1687:received the Nobel Prize for his works on
1461:In systems psychology, characteristics of
1139:
1125:
462:
448:
3653:
3539:
3205:Systematics – study of multi-term systems
3145:Open and closed systems in social science
1742:International Society for Systems Science
833:, in the preface for Bertalanffy's book,
584:Learn how and when to remove this message
5943:Interdisciplinary subfields of sociology
5695:
4701:The Mathematical Theory of Communication
4672:1962. "The Architecture of Complexity."
4612:. Springer Science & Business Media.
4329:
4036:(rev. ed.). New York: George Braziller.
3798:Charette, Robert N. (2 September 2005).
3797:
2012:with the university's interdisciplinary
1923:perspectives. The shift originated from
612:; in the study of ecological systems by
4290:
3986:
3977:
3915:Encyclopedia of Professional Management
3828:
3754:"Algoritmiska larm belastar sjukvĂĄrden"
3506:
3364:A manifesto for the equifinality thesis
1779:, or the feats of engineering with the
896:a systems and developmentally oriented
5925:
5856:Construction and management simulation
5517:
4717:A Mathematical Theory of Communication
4025:
4023:
4021:
4019:
3853:
3841:from the original on 29 September 2020
3751:
3458:
3443:
3373:. Journal of hydrology, 320(1), 18–36.
3278:List of systems sciences organizations
3001:, and others at the interdisciplinary
2285:. According to Rudolf Stichweh (2011):
1316:Systems thinking is a crucial part of
724:the Center for Complex Quantum Systems
5669:
5491:
4842:
4829:New England Complex Systems Institute
4715:Adapted from Shannon, Claude. 1948. "
4403:
4401:
4325:
4323:
4321:
4319:
4317:
4315:
4266:
4264:
4194:
4192:
4157:
4155:
4138:
4136:
4062:
3958:https://doi.org/10.1201/9781351043526
3810:from the original on 9 September 2020
3681:. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.
3676:
3437:
3432:Perspectives on General System Theory
3333:(4). Academy of Management: 407–426.
2477:
2394:. In his work with the Primer Group,
2367:Perspectives on General System Theory
2115:In 1954, von Bertalanffy, along with
835:Perspectives on General System Theory
636:; in interdisciplinary areas such as
5892:List of computer simulation software
5470:
4764:(2nd ed.). Cambridge: The MIT Press.
4227:
3423:
3421:
3419:
3417:
3415:
2737:
2481:
2435:General systems may be split into a
2365:In the preface to von Bertalanffy's
2137:Society for General Systems Research
1465:(such as individual needs, rewards,
1442:and others. It makes an approach in
872:" represented, while many associate
537:
5412:Systems theory in political science
4868:
4688:(3rd ed.), vol. 136. The MIT Press.
4644:Theory of Self-Reproducing Automata
4016:
3730:Blockley, David; Godfrey, Patrick,
2242:, based on the circuit language of
1910:Some may view the contradiction of
1395:Systems theory in political science
13:
4729:10.1002/j.1538-7305.1948.tb01338.x
4464:
4420:
4398:
4312:
4261:
4242:10.1111/j.1533-8525.1970.tb00778.x
4189:
4152:
4133:
4128:10.1016/B978-0-12-375038-9.00212-0
4112:
3889:. New York: Guilford Publications.
3764:from the original on 6 August 2020
3701:
1411:Systems psychology is a branch of
209:Evolutionary developmental biology
16:Interdisciplinary study of systems
14:
5964:
4792:
3829:Portman, Henny (3 January 2020).
3734:ICE Publishing, London, England,
3638:"Welcome Home, Systems Chemists!"
3412:
5469:
5457:
5446:
5445:
4811:Introduction to systems thinking
4166:Systems Approaches to Management
4002:. University of Colorado Press.
3321:von Bertalanffy, Ludwig (1972).
3271:
3185:Sociology and complexity science
3056:
3042:
2742:
2486:
1106:
644:; and in the works of educators
542:
5820:Integrated assessment modelling
4630:Cerebral Mechanisms in Behavior
4475:An Introduction to Cybernetics.
4451:from the original on 2024-04-21
4423:"Hierarchy Theory: An Overview"
4414:
4387:from the original on 2021-04-13
4369:
4358:from the original on 2024-04-21
4299:
4284:
4248:
4221:
4210:from the original on 2021-05-10
4171:
4103:
4094:
4085:
4056:
4053:see Steiss 1967; Buckley, 1967.
4047:
3971:
3949:
3928:
3907:
3878:
3867:from the original on 2019-02-13
3822:
3791:
3776:
3745:
3724:
3713:from the original on 2006-11-28
3695:
3670:
3629:
3618:from the original on 2024-04-21
3571:
3560:from the original on 2024-04-21
3533:
3524:
3515:
3345:from the original on 2022-04-09
3303:from the original on 2023-07-05
3073:List of types of systems theory
2733:
2535:List of types of systems theory
2074:. Second, all systems, whether
2014:Division of the Social Sciences
1993:'s seminal development of the "
1859:as a formal scientific object.
927:
376:Ordinary differential equations
5635:Philosophy of computer science
5402:Systems theory in anthropology
4685:The Sciences of the Artificial
4586:Introduction to Systems Theory
4409:Encyclopedia of Human Behavior
4377:"start [ProjectsISSS]"
4305:Bertrand Badie et al. (eds.),
4254:Ludwig von Bertalanffy. 1968.
3494:
3452:
3403:
3376:
3356:
3314:
3289:
3190:Structure–organization–process
2757:format but may read better as
2596:
2501:format but may read better as
1959:Founding and early development
1783:. Differentiated from Western
1476:
1385:Systems theory in anthropology
1379:Social sciences and humanities
1348:
1289:
1083:Return on marketing investment
247:Partial differential equations
1:
5407:Systems theory in archaeology
4721:Bell System Technical Journal
4518:University of Illinois Press.
3707:"What is Systems Engineering"
3327:Academy of Management Journal
3283:
2431:Properties of general systems
2341:defines a system in terms of
2214:worked on the foundations of
2190:, researchers such as Ashby,
2034:) was coined in the 1940s by
1494:
1400:
1390:Systems theory in archaeology
993:Customer lifecycle management
983:Chief Marketing Officer (CMO)
734:, suggesting that they offer
5789:Hydrological transport model
5743:Protein structure prediction
5738:Modelling biological systems
5540:Computational theory of mind
4807:at Principia Cybernetica Web
4646:. Illinois University Press.
4516:Essays on Cellular Automata.
4498:University of Chicago Press.
4435:10.1007/978-94-007-7470-4_24
4168:. London, England: Springer.
4143:von Bertalanffy, Karl Ludwig
3934:Michael M. Behrmann (1984),
3642:Journal of Systems Chemistry
3540:Wilkinson, David M. (2006).
3155:Recursion (computer science)
1852:and others, established the
1620:1968: Bertalanffy publishes
1312:User-centered design process
1266:
7:
5733:Metabolic network modelling
4578:. Cambridge: The MIT Press.
4556:Chaos: Making a New Science
4528:. Cambridge: The MIT Press.
4122:(2nd ed.). Academic Press.
3546:. Oxford University Press.
3035:
1862:Similar ideas are found in
1616:Introduction to Cybernetics
533:
96:Particle swarm optimization
10:
5969:
5846:Business process modelling
4508:New York: George Braziller
4120:Encyclopedia of Creativity
4063:Senge, Peter., Ed (2000).
3831:"Review CHAOS Report 2018"
3783:Söderström, Jonas (2010).
3078:Glossary of systems theory
2986:
2726:accidentally discovered a
2614:and control of regulatory
2600:
2532:
2222:at all. At the same time,
1791:often identified with the
1787:traditions of philosophy,
1489:
1404:
1352:
1322:human computer interaction
1300:Systems engineering is an
1293:
1270:
1221:
1217:
1195:may have created the term
1161:
1157:
1150:
638:human resource development
243:Reaction–diffusion systems
72:Self-organized criticality
5879:
5833:
5807:
5751:
5718:Chemical process modeling
5703:
5530:Computational archaeology
5525:
5441:
5420:
5394:
5106:
5039:
4991:
4982:
4946:
4903:Coupled human–environment
4876:
4743:. Reading, Massachusetts.
4270:Rudolf Stichweh (2011), "
3978:Parsons, Talcott (1951).
3446:Organizational Psychology
3409:Bertalanffy, (1950: 142).
3175:Social rule system theory
3088:Bibliography of sociology
2872:Coupled human–environment
2718:in the beginning to pure
2676:influence of cybernetics:
2566:Ecological systems theory
2289:Since its beginnings the
1886:The contemporary work of
1691:, conciliating important
1551:(1929–1951), among others
1240:approach to the study of
898:organizational psychology
655:, interdisciplinary, and
184:Artificial neural network
5764:Chemical transport model
5728:Infectious disease model
5650:Text Encoding Initiative
5535:Computational philosophy
4538:. New York: Basic Books.
4291:Luhmann, Niklas (1984).
4000:The Science of Synthesis
3998:Hammond, Debora (2003).
3677:Thomé, Bernhard (1993).
3165:Redundancy (engineering)
3140:Multidimensional systems
3083:Autonomous agency theory
2983:Complex adaptive systems
2556:Dynamical systems theory
1919:with the development of
1901:Frederick Winslow Taylor
1818:coincidentia oppositorum
1749:Complex adaptive systems
1633:Second-order cybernetics
1484:dynamical systems theory
1463:organizational behaviour
1058:Organization development
1043:Marketing accountability
1023:Digital asset management
435:Evolutionary game theory
325:Second-order cybernetics
189:Evolutionary computation
105:Collective consciousness
5236:Charles A. S. Hall
4834:System Dynamics Society
4502:von Bertalanffy, Ludwig
4330:Skyttner, Lars (2005).
4178:von Bertalanffy, Ludwig
4030:von Bertalanffy, Ludwig
3648:(1): 1, 1759–2208–1-1.
3255:Structuralist economics
3245:Viable systems approach
3005:, are special cases of
2989:Complex adaptive system
2832:Complex adaptive system
2766:converting this section
2707:artificial intelligence
2510:converting this section
2473:System types and fields
2248:Energy Systems Language
2168:social network analysis
2127:, came together at the
2002:Robert Maynard Hutchins
2000:Between 1929 and 1951,
1549:Robert Maynard Hutchins
1063:Post-merger integration
1053:Marketing effectiveness
998:Customer lifetime value
213:Artificial intelligence
127:Social network analysis
92:Ant colony optimization
64:Collective intelligence
5948:Complex systems theory
5625:Humanistic informatics
5156:Ludwig von Bertalanffy
4785:Proceedings of the IRE
4749:The American Scientist
4230:Sociological Quarterly
3938:. College Hill Press.
3444:Schein, E. H. (1980).
3130:Irreducible complexity
3064:systems science portal
3050:Systems science portal
2683:
2380:
2363:
2316:Ludwig von Bertalanffy
2296:
2036:Ludwig von Bertalanffy
2032:allgemeine Systemlehre
2024:General systems theory
1805:Ludwig von Bertalanffy
1593:Ludwig von Bertalanffy
1456:engineering psychology
1346:
1228:Systems ecology is an
1193:Ludwig von Bertalanffy
932:
925:
848:
837:, points out that the
701:family systems therapy
648:and Alfonso Montuori.
602:Ludwig von Bertalanffy
564:by rewriting it in an
426:Rational choice theory
251:Dissipative structures
5897:Mathematical modeling
5841:Biopsychosocial model
5620:Electronic literature
5545:Computers and writing
5433:Principia Cybernetica
5146:Anthony Stafford Beer
5016:Sociotechnical system
4773:A New Kind of Science
4666:W H Freeman & Co.
4100:Bailey 1994, pp. 3–8.
3655:10.1186/1759-2208-1-1
3430:. 1974. "Preface" in
3383:Paolo Rocchi (2000).
3200:System identification
3180:Sociotechnical system
2678:
2673:General System Theory
2576:Sociotechnical system
2571:Living systems theory
2375:
2358:
2354:General System Theory
2287:
2283:social systems theory
2266:view on the subject.
2016:established in 1931.
2006:University of Chicago
1905:scientific management
1838:energy transformation
1697:system thermodynamics
1342:
988:Customer intelligence
968:Business intelligence
920:
894:industrial psychology
843:
776:Anthony Stafford Beer
665:philosophy of science
626:organizational theory
526:, machine logic, and
354:Theory of computation
217:Evolutionary robotics
84:Agent-based modelling
5851:Catastrophe modeling
5697:Scientific modelling
5296:Mihajlo D. Mesarovic
5271:Edward Norton Lorenz
5226:Jay Wright Forrester
5031:World-systems theory
5006:Earth system science
4411:(2nd ed.). Elsevier.
3835:Henny Portman's Blog
3800:"Why Software Fails"
3386:Technology + Culture
3250:World-systems theory
3240:Viable system theory
2610:is the study of the
2591:World-systems theory
2561:Earth system science
2212:Jules Henri Poincaré
1844:of this century, by
1318:user-centered design
1212:Systems pharmacology
1207:Systems neuroscience
1078:Process optimization
1073:Predictive modelling
1068:Predictive analytics
1048:Marketing automation
940:Marketing operations
883:scientific paradigms
405:Coupled map lattices
371:Time series analysis
131:Small-world networks
5794:Modular Ocean Model
5600:Digital scholarship
5575:Digital Medievalist
5171:Kenneth E. Boulding
4616:Miller, James Grier
4488:Chapman & Hall.
4477:Chapman & Hall.
3752:Söderström, Jonas.
3580:"Systems chemistry"
3225:Theoretical ecology
2335:emergent properties
2300:James Clerk Maxwell
1949:Newtonian mechanics
1716:Mitchell Feigenbaum
1658:in Chile under the
1627:Other contributors
1375:, and time delays.
1296:Systems engineering
1257:emergent properties
1189:emergent properties
1113:Business portal
732:emergent properties
728:University of Texas
528:systems engineering
430:Bounded rationality
388:Population dynamics
297:Conversation theory
197:Genetic programming
122:Scale-free networks
54:Collective behavior
5887:Data visualization
5871:Input–output model
5784:Hydrological model
5774:Geologic modelling
5550:Cultural analytics
5519:Digital humanities
5301:James Grier Miller
5256:Faina M. Kirillova
5216:Heinz von Foerster
5206:Edsger W. Dijkstra
5166:Alexander Bogdanov
5151:Richard E. Bellman
5126:William Ross Ashby
4602:Maturana, Humberto
4532:Churchman, C. West
4277:2016-03-07 at the
3964:2023-02-05 at the
3369:2017-08-14 at the
3362:Beven, K. (2006).
3003:Santa Fe Institute
2815:Ecological systems
2796:Anatomical systems
2768:, if appropriate.
2687:catastrophe theory
2656:Heinz von Foerster
2512:, if appropriate.
2478:Theoretical fields
2356:(1968), he wrote:
2327:goal of the system
2240:universal language
2208:Aleksandr Lyapunov
2200:Heinz von Foerster
2145:William Ross Ashby
2061:Richard Mattessich
2051:Alexander Bogdanov
1943:for the mind from
1666:Catastrophe theory
1660:Allende government
1637:Heinz von Foerster
1612:William Ross Ashby
1591:is established by
1541:Alexander Bogdanov
1407:Systems psychology
1326:information system
1242:ecological systems
1174:biological systems
1088:Strategic planning
1013:Database marketing
816:Michael C. Jackson
642:Richard A. Swanson
628:; in the study of
608:, and sociologist
598:Alexander Bogdanov
566:encyclopedic style
553:is written like a
421:Prisoner's dilemma
366:Nonlinear dynamics
321:Operationalization
317:Information theory
193:Genetic algorithms
5920:
5919:
5799:Wildfire modeling
5779:Groundwater model
5759:Atmospheric model
5663:
5662:
5485:
5484:
5366:Manuela M. Veloso
5281:Humberto Maturana
5221:Stephanie Forrest
5191:C. West Churchman
5116:Russell L. Ackoff
5102:
5101:
4974:Positive feedback
4969:Negative feedback
4670:Simon, Herbert A.
4656:. The Free Press.
4654:The Social System
4626:von Neumann, John
4444:978-94-007-7469-8
4381:projects.isss.org
4343:978-981-277-475-0
3980:The Social System
3785:Jävla skitsystem!
3740:978-0-7277-6082-1
3396:978-1-58603-035-3
3260:Dependency theory
3093:Cellular automata
3030:positive feedback
3026:negative feedback
2855:Digital ecosystem
2787:
2786:
2728:strange attractor
2699:Cellular automata
2695:complexity theory
2531:
2530:
2460:Russell L. Ackoff
2204:cellular automata
2186:. In fields like
2176:self-organization
2157:C. West Churchman
1899:in sociology and
1864:learning theories
1809:Gottfried Leibniz
1789:C. West Churchman
1781:Egyptian pyramids
1769:
1768:
1689:self-organization
1678:Dynamical systems
1645:Humberto Maturana
1583:The Social System
1440:Humberto Maturana
1302:interdisciplinary
1273:Systems chemistry
1230:interdisciplinary
1149:
1148:
1018:Demand generation
978:Change management
752:Humberto Maturana
693:political science
657:multiperspectival
653:transdisciplinary
594:
593:
586:
499:emergent behavior
479:transdisciplinary
472:
471:
259:Cellular automata
233:Pattern formation
164:Adaptive networks
68:Collective action
37:Self-organization
5960:
5912:Visual analytics
5907:Systems thinking
5825:Population model
5690:
5683:
5676:
5667:
5666:
5605:Digital theology
5595:Digital rhetoric
5590:Digital religion
5580:Digital ontology
5560:Digital classics
5512:
5505:
5498:
5489:
5488:
5473:
5472:
5461:
5449:
5448:
5361:Francisco Varela
5093:Systems thinking
5026:Urban metabolism
4989:
4988:
4863:
4856:
4849:
4840:
4839:
4799:Systems Thinking
4776:. Wolfram Media.
4768:Wolfram, Stephen
4723:27(3): 379–423.
4650:Parsons, Talcott
4637:Automata Studies
4606:Francisco Varela
4572:Holland, John H.
4542:Checkland, Peter
4492:Bateson, Gregory
4459:
4458:
4457:
4456:
4418:
4412:
4405:
4396:
4395:
4393:
4392:
4373:
4367:
4366:
4364:
4363:
4327:
4310:
4309:. Sage New York.
4303:
4297:
4296:
4288:
4282:
4268:
4259:
4252:
4246:
4245:
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4219:
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4098:
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4068:
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4027:
4014:
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3995:
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3947:
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3926:
3911:
3905:
3904:
3898:
3890:
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3876:
3875:
3873:
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3857:
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3820:
3819:
3817:
3815:
3795:
3789:
3788:
3780:
3774:
3773:
3771:
3769:
3758:Jävla skitsystem
3749:
3743:
3728:
3722:
3721:
3719:
3718:
3699:
3693:
3692:
3674:
3668:
3667:
3657:
3633:
3627:
3626:
3624:
3623:
3596:10.1039/B611921M
3575:
3569:
3568:
3566:
3565:
3537:
3531:
3528:
3522:
3519:
3513:
3510:
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3498:
3492:
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3456:
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3449:
3441:
3435:
3425:
3410:
3407:
3401:
3400:
3380:
3374:
3360:
3354:
3353:
3351:
3350:
3318:
3312:
3311:
3309:
3308:
3293:
3265:Hierarchy theory
3235:User-in-the-loop
3150:Pattern language
3066:
3061:
3060:
3059:
3052:
3047:
3046:
3045:
2999:Murray Gell-Mann
2893:Dynamical system
2782:
2779:
2773:
2764:You can help by
2746:
2745:
2738:
2720:computer science
2716:pure mathematics
2652:John von Neumann
2586:Urban metabolism
2526:
2523:
2517:
2508:You can help by
2490:
2489:
2482:
2454:Herbert A. Simon
2446:hierarchy theory
2402:philosophy: the
2196:John von Neumann
2184:adaptive systems
2159:, among others.
2125:Kenneth Boulding
2053:'s three-volume
1995:political system
1937:history of ideas
1834:systems approach
1813:Nicholas of Cusa
1757:Murray Gell-Mann
1605:Kenneth Boulding
1561:Macy conferences
1545:Nicolai Hartmann
1521:Friedrich Engels
1499:
1498:
1367:over time using
1141:
1134:
1127:
1111:
1110:
973:Business process
937:
936:
808:Warren McCulloch
756:Francisco Varela
673:computer science
640:in the works of
589:
582:
578:
575:
569:
546:
545:
538:
524:systems thinking
464:
457:
450:
341:Systems thinking
267:Self-replication
205:Machine learning
159:Dynamic networks
80:Phase transition
19:
18:
5968:
5967:
5963:
5962:
5961:
5959:
5958:
5957:
5953:Systems science
5923:
5922:
5921:
5916:
5875:
5829:
5815:Energy modeling
5803:
5747:
5723:Ecosystem model
5699:
5694:
5664:
5659:
5585:Digital physics
5570:Digital library
5565:Digital history
5521:
5516:
5486:
5481:
5437:
5416:
5390:
5331:Anatol Rapoport
5316:Talcott Parsons
5291:Donella Meadows
5266:Allenna Leonard
5186:Mary Cartwright
5181:Kathleen Carley
5141:Gregory Bateson
5136:Béla H. Bánáthy
5098:
5035:
4984:
4978:
4964:Limiting factor
4959:Leverage points
4942:
4880:
4872:
4870:Systems science
4867:
4795:
4788:50(5): 856–865.
4756:Wiener, Norbert
4692:Shannon, Claude
4660:Prigogine, Ilya
4582:Luhmann, Niklas
4558:, Random House.
4467:
4465:Further reading
4462:
4454:
4452:
4445:
4419:
4415:
4406:
4399:
4390:
4388:
4375:
4374:
4370:
4361:
4359:
4344:
4328:
4313:
4304:
4300:
4289:
4285:
4279:Wayback Machine
4269:
4262:
4253:
4249:
4226:
4222:
4213:
4211:
4198:
4197:
4190:
4176:
4172:
4162:Mike C. Jackson
4160:
4153:
4141:
4134:
4117:
4113:
4108:
4104:
4099:
4095:
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4086:
4070:
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4061:
4057:
4052:
4048:
4028:
4017:
4010:
3996:
3987:
3976:
3972:
3966:Wayback Machine
3954:
3950:
3933:
3929:
3917:, McGraw-Hill,
3912:
3908:
3892:
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3883:
3879:
3870:
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3561:
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3534:
3529:
3525:
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3516:
3511:
3507:
3501:Béla H. Bánáthy
3499:
3495:
3457:
3453:
3442:
3438:
3426:
3413:
3408:
3404:
3397:
3381:
3377:
3371:Wayback Machine
3361:
3357:
3348:
3346:
3319:
3315:
3306:
3304:
3295:
3294:
3290:
3286:
3274:
3269:
3220:Systems science
3170:Reversal theory
3062:
3057:
3055:
3048:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3022:control systems
3020:In contrast to
3007:complex systems
2995:John H. Holland
2991:
2985:
2783:
2777:
2774:
2763:
2747:
2743:
2736:
2711:artificial life
2703:neural networks
2619:primary tasks.
2605:
2599:
2537:
2527:
2521:
2518:
2507:
2491:
2487:
2480:
2475:
2433:
2396:Béla H. Bánáthy
2312:
2302:, particularly
2291:social sciences
2271:Talcott Parsons
2246:, known as the
2153:Gregory Bateson
2121:Ralph W. Gerard
2117:Anatol Rapoport
2104:interwar period
2044:Mike C. Jackson
2010:Ford Foundation
1989:sciences (see,
1961:
1945:interpretations
1857:reference model
1846:Rudolf Clausius
1799:philosophy and
1761:W. Brian Arthur
1753:John H. Holland
1744:is established.
1680:in mathematics.
1641:Gregory Bateson
1601:Ralph W. Gerard
1597:Anatol Rapoport
1579:Talcott Parsons
1533:Vilfredo Pareto
1529:Rudolf Clausius
1525:Herbert Spencer
1497:
1492:
1479:
1436:Gregory Bateson
1425:complex systems
1417:human behaviour
1409:
1403:
1381:
1365:complex systems
1357:
1355:System dynamics
1351:
1314:
1298:
1292:
1275:
1269:
1226:
1224:Systems ecology
1220:
1197:systems biology
1166:
1164:Systems biology
1160:
1155:
1145:
1105:
1098:
1097:
1038:Lead generation
1008:Data warehouses
948:
935:
930:
912:Béla H. Bánáthy
870:philosophically
812:Kathleen Carley
796:Allenna Leonard
792:Robert L. Flood
780:Peter Checkland
772:Gregory Bateson
768:Béla H. Bánáthy
712:systems science
610:Talcott Parsons
606:Béla H. Bánáthy
590:
579:
573:
570:
562:help improve it
559:
547:
543:
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337:Systems science
335:
333:System dynamics
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263:Spatial ecology
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201:Artificial life
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167:
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155:Systems biology
153:
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137:
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129:
124:
119:
109:
108:
107:
102:
100:Swarm behaviour
98:
94:
90:
88:Synchronization
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
61:
59:Social dynamics
56:
46:
45:
44:
39:
23:Complex systems
17:
12:
11:
5:
5966:
5956:
5955:
5950:
5945:
5940:
5935:
5933:Systems theory
5918:
5917:
5915:
5914:
5909:
5904:
5902:Systems theory
5899:
5894:
5889:
5883:
5881:
5880:Related topics
5877:
5876:
5874:
5873:
5868:
5866:Economic model
5863:
5858:
5853:
5848:
5843:
5837:
5835:
5831:
5830:
5828:
5827:
5822:
5817:
5811:
5809:
5808:Sustainability
5805:
5804:
5802:
5801:
5796:
5791:
5786:
5781:
5776:
5771:
5766:
5761:
5755:
5753:
5749:
5748:
5746:
5745:
5740:
5735:
5730:
5725:
5720:
5715:
5713:Cellular model
5709:
5707:
5701:
5700:
5693:
5692:
5685:
5678:
5670:
5661:
5660:
5658:
5657:
5652:
5647:
5645:Systems theory
5642:
5637:
5632:
5627:
5622:
5617:
5612:
5607:
5602:
5597:
5592:
5587:
5582:
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5507:
5500:
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5483:
5482:
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5479:
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5455:
5442:
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5438:
5436:
5435:
5430:
5424:
5422:
5418:
5417:
5415:
5414:
5409:
5404:
5398:
5396:
5392:
5391:
5389:
5388:
5386:Anthony Wilden
5383:
5381:Jennifer Wilby
5378:
5376:Norbert Wiener
5373:
5368:
5363:
5358:
5353:
5348:
5346:Claude Shannon
5343:
5338:
5333:
5328:
5323:
5321:Ilya Prigogine
5318:
5313:
5311:Howard T. Odum
5308:
5306:Radhika Nagpal
5303:
5298:
5293:
5288:
5283:
5278:
5276:Niklas Luhmann
5273:
5268:
5263:
5258:
5253:
5248:
5243:
5238:
5233:
5228:
5223:
5218:
5213:
5208:
5203:
5201:George Dantzig
5198:
5196:Manfred Clynes
5193:
5188:
5183:
5178:
5173:
5168:
5163:
5161:Margaret Boden
5158:
5153:
5148:
5143:
5138:
5133:
5128:
5123:
5121:Victor Aladjev
5118:
5112:
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5104:
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5099:
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5051:
5046:
5040:
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5036:
5034:
5033:
5028:
5023:
5018:
5013:
5011:Living systems
5008:
5003:
4998:
4996:Control theory
4992:
4986:
4980:
4979:
4977:
4976:
4971:
4966:
4961:
4956:
4950:
4948:
4944:
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4930:
4925:
4920:
4915:
4910:
4905:
4900:
4895:
4890:
4884:
4882:
4874:
4873:
4866:
4865:
4858:
4851:
4843:
4837:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4815:
4814:
4808:
4805:Systems theory
4802:
4801:at Wikiversity
4794:
4793:External links
4791:
4790:
4789:
4777:
4765:
4753:
4752:, pp. 536–544.
4744:
4734:
4733:
4732:
4689:
4680:
4667:
4657:
4647:
4640:
4633:
4623:
4622:. Mcgraw-Hill.
4620:Living Systems
4613:
4599:
4589:
4579:
4569:
4562:Haken, Hermann
4559:
4549:
4539:
4529:
4519:
4509:
4499:
4489:
4478:
4471:Ashby, W. Ross
4466:
4463:
4461:
4460:
4443:
4413:
4397:
4368:
4342:
4311:
4298:
4283:
4272:Systems Theory
4260:
4247:
4236:(3): 351–363.
4220:
4188:
4170:
4151:
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4093:
4084:
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4015:
4008:
3985:
3970:
3948:
3927:
3906:
3877:
3852:
3821:
3790:
3775:
3744:
3723:
3694:
3687:
3669:
3628:
3590:(1): 101–108.
3584:Chem. Soc. Rev
3570:
3552:
3532:
3523:
3514:
3505:
3493:
3451:
3436:
3411:
3402:
3395:
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3355:
3339:10.5465/255139
3313:
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3132:
3127:
3125:Grey box model
3122:
3117:
3115:Engaged theory
3112:
3107:
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3105:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
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2987:Main article:
2984:
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2820:Living systems
2817:
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2811:
2810:
2809:
2808:
2785:
2784:
2750:
2748:
2741:
2735:
2732:
2648:Norbert Wiener
2636:feedback loops
2624:systems theory
2601:Main article:
2598:
2595:
2594:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2551:Control theory
2548:
2546:Complex system
2543:
2533:Main article:
2529:
2528:
2494:
2492:
2485:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2432:
2429:
2425:
2424:
2421:
2418:
2415:
2339:Derek Hitchins
2311:
2308:
2304:control theory
2279:Niklas Luhmann
2232:thermodynamics
2224:Howard T. Odum
2192:Norbert Wiener
2086:, have common
2040:living systems
1960:
1957:
1917:closed systems
1897:Émile Durkheim
1883:conditioning.
1877:specialization
1873:industrial age
1842:thermodynamics
1767:
1766:
1765:
1764:
1745:
1738:
1735:Anthony Wilden
1731:Context theory
1727:
1724:James A. Yorke
1700:
1695:concepts with
1693:systems theory
1685:Ilya Prigogine
1681:
1662:
1648:
1625:
1624:
1618:
1608:
1585:
1575:
1567:Norbert Wiener
1563:
1553:
1552:
1537:Émile Durkheim
1504:
1503:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1478:
1475:
1405:Main article:
1402:
1399:
1398:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1380:
1377:
1373:feedback loops
1353:Main article:
1350:
1347:
1338:Standish Group
1313:
1310:
1294:Main article:
1291:
1288:
1271:Main article:
1268:
1265:
1261:thermodynamics
1253:complex system
1222:Main article:
1219:
1216:
1215:
1214:
1209:
1162:Main article:
1159:
1156:
1151:Main article:
1147:
1146:
1144:
1143:
1136:
1129:
1121:
1118:
1117:
1116:
1115:
1100:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1093:Systems theory
1090:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1033:Infrastructure
1030:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1005:
1000:
995:
990:
985:
980:
975:
970:
965:
960:
958:Best practices
955:
949:
946:
945:
942:
941:
934:
931:
929:
926:
826:among others.
800:Radhika Nagpal
760:Russell Ackoff
740:living systems
730:, has studied
720:Ilya Prigogine
646:Debora Hammond
614:Howard T. Odum
592:
591:
550:
548:
541:
535:
532:
475:Systems theory
470:
469:
467:
466:
459:
452:
444:
441:
440:
419:
414:
413:
410:
409:
396:Multistability
369:
364:
363:
360:
359:
329:Self-reference
290:
283:Systems theory
281:
280:
277:
276:
236:
231:
230:
227:
226:
182:
173:
172:
169:
168:
120:
115:
114:
111:
110:
76:Herd mentality
57:
52:
51:
48:
47:
40:
35:
34:
31:
30:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5965:
5954:
5951:
5949:
5946:
5944:
5941:
5939:
5936:
5934:
5931:
5930:
5928:
5913:
5910:
5908:
5905:
5903:
5900:
5898:
5895:
5893:
5890:
5888:
5885:
5884:
5882:
5878:
5872:
5869:
5867:
5864:
5862:
5861:Crime mapping
5859:
5857:
5854:
5852:
5849:
5847:
5844:
5842:
5839:
5838:
5836:
5832:
5826:
5823:
5821:
5818:
5816:
5813:
5812:
5810:
5806:
5800:
5797:
5795:
5792:
5790:
5787:
5785:
5782:
5780:
5777:
5775:
5772:
5770:
5769:Climate model
5767:
5765:
5762:
5760:
5757:
5756:
5754:
5752:Environmental
5750:
5744:
5741:
5739:
5736:
5734:
5731:
5729:
5726:
5724:
5721:
5719:
5716:
5714:
5711:
5710:
5708:
5706:
5702:
5698:
5691:
5686:
5684:
5679:
5677:
5672:
5671:
5668:
5656:
5655:Transliteracy
5653:
5651:
5648:
5646:
5643:
5641:
5638:
5636:
5633:
5631:
5628:
5626:
5623:
5621:
5618:
5616:
5613:
5611:
5608:
5606:
5603:
5601:
5598:
5596:
5593:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5583:
5581:
5578:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5563:
5561:
5558:
5556:
5553:
5551:
5548:
5546:
5543:
5541:
5538:
5536:
5533:
5531:
5528:
5527:
5524:
5520:
5513:
5508:
5506:
5501:
5499:
5494:
5493:
5490:
5478:
5477:
5468:
5466:
5465:
5460:
5456:
5454:
5453:
5444:
5443:
5440:
5434:
5431:
5429:
5426:
5425:
5423:
5421:Organizations
5419:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5400:
5399:
5397:
5393:
5387:
5384:
5382:
5379:
5377:
5374:
5372:
5371:Kevin Warwick
5369:
5367:
5364:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5349:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5334:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5319:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5299:
5297:
5294:
5292:
5289:
5287:
5286:Margaret Mead
5284:
5282:
5279:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5249:
5247:
5246:Lydia Kavraki
5244:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5231:Barbara Grosz
5229:
5227:
5224:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5131:Ruzena Bajcsy
5129:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5113:
5111:
5109:
5105:
5094:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5041:
5038:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4993:
4990:
4987:
4981:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4954:Doubling time
4952:
4951:
4949:
4945:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4885:
4883:
4879:
4875:
4871:
4864:
4859:
4857:
4852:
4850:
4845:
4844:
4841:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4821:
4820:
4819:
4818:Organizations
4812:
4809:
4806:
4803:
4800:
4797:
4796:
4787:
4786:
4781:
4778:
4775:
4774:
4769:
4766:
4763:
4762:
4757:
4754:
4751:
4750:
4745:
4742:
4738:
4735:
4730:
4726:
4722:
4718:
4714:
4713:
4711:
4710:0-252-72546-8
4707:
4703:
4702:
4697:
4696:Warren Weaver
4693:
4690:
4687:
4686:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4671:
4668:
4665:
4661:
4658:
4655:
4651:
4648:
4645:
4641:
4638:
4634:
4631:
4627:
4624:
4621:
4617:
4614:
4611:
4607:
4603:
4600:
4598:. SUNY Press.
4597:
4593:
4590:
4587:
4583:
4580:
4577:
4573:
4570:
4567:
4563:
4560:
4557:
4553:
4552:Gleick, James
4550:
4547:
4543:
4540:
4537:
4533:
4530:
4527:
4523:
4522:Cherry, Colin
4520:
4517:
4513:
4512:Burks, Arthur
4510:
4507:
4503:
4500:
4497:
4493:
4490:
4487:
4483:
4479:
4476:
4472:
4469:
4468:
4450:
4446:
4440:
4436:
4432:
4428:
4424:
4417:
4410:
4404:
4402:
4386:
4382:
4378:
4372:
4357:
4353:
4349:
4345:
4339:
4335:
4334:
4326:
4324:
4322:
4320:
4318:
4316:
4308:
4302:
4294:
4287:
4280:
4276:
4273:
4267:
4265:
4257:
4251:
4243:
4239:
4235:
4231:
4224:
4209:
4205:
4201:
4195:
4193:
4185:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4167:
4163:
4158:
4156:
4148:
4144:
4139:
4137:
4129:
4125:
4121:
4115:
4106:
4097:
4088:
4080:
4074:
4066:
4059:
4050:
4043:
4042:0-8076-0453-4
4039:
4035:
4031:
4026:
4024:
4022:
4020:
4011:
4009:9780870817229
4005:
4001:
3994:
3992:
3990:
3981:
3974:
3967:
3963:
3959:
3952:
3945:
3944:0-933014-35-X
3941:
3937:
3931:
3924:
3923:0-07-005478-9
3920:
3916:
3910:
3902:
3896:
3888:
3881:
3866:
3862:
3856:
3840:
3836:
3832:
3825:
3809:
3805:
3804:IEEE Spectrum
3801:
3794:
3786:
3779:
3763:
3759:
3755:
3748:
3741:
3737:
3733:
3727:
3712:
3708:
3704:
3698:
3690:
3688:0-471-93552-2
3684:
3680:
3673:
3665:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3647:
3643:
3639:
3632:
3617:
3613:
3609:
3605:
3601:
3597:
3593:
3589:
3585:
3581:
3574:
3559:
3555:
3553:9780198568469
3549:
3545:
3544:
3536:
3527:
3518:
3509:
3503:, 1997: ¶ 22.
3502:
3497:
3489:
3488:0-8076-0636-7
3485:
3484:0-8076-0637-5
3481:
3477:
3473:
3469:
3465:
3461:
3460:Laszlo, Ervin
3455:
3447:
3440:
3433:
3429:
3428:László, Ervin
3424:
3422:
3420:
3418:
3416:
3406:
3398:
3392:
3389:. IOS Press.
3388:
3387:
3379:
3372:
3368:
3365:
3359:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3317:
3302:
3298:
3292:
3288:
3279:
3276:
3275:
3272:Organizations
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3215:Systemography
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3104:
3101:
3100:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3070:
3065:
3054:
3051:
3040:
3033:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3018:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2990:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2932:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2899:
2898:Formal system
2896:
2894:
2891:
2890:
2889:
2886:
2883:
2882:Deterministic
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2850:
2849:Deterministic
2847:
2845:
2842:
2841:
2840:
2837:
2833:
2830:
2829:
2828:
2825:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2807:
2804:
2803:
2802:
2799:
2798:
2797:
2794:
2793:
2792:
2789:
2788:
2781:
2772:is available.
2771:
2767:
2761:
2760:
2756:
2751:This section
2749:
2740:
2739:
2731:
2729:
2725:
2724:Edward Lorenz
2721:
2717:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2685:Cybernetics,
2682:
2677:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2665:
2659:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2644:W. Ross Ashby
2641:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2620:
2617:
2613:
2612:communication
2609:
2604:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2538:
2536:
2525:
2516:is available.
2515:
2511:
2505:
2504:
2500:
2495:This section
2493:
2484:
2483:
2470:
2468:
2467:
2461:
2457:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2442:
2438:
2428:
2422:
2419:
2416:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2400:
2399:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2379:
2374:
2372:
2368:
2362:
2357:
2355:
2351:
2346:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2323:
2321:
2317:
2307:
2305:
2301:
2295:
2292:
2286:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2275:action theory
2272:
2267:
2265:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2180:connectionism
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2160:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2149:Margaret Mead
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2113:
2111:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2068:
2066:
2065:Fritjof Capra
2062:
2058:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1998:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1979:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1956:
1954:
1953:Enlightenment
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1915:conventional
1913:
1908:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1824:Figures like
1822:
1820:
1819:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1777:Maya numerals
1774:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1743:
1739:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1712:Edward Lorenz
1709:
1705:
1701:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1661:
1657:
1656:Stafford Beer
1653:
1649:
1647:, and others)
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1629:
1628:
1623:
1619:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1574:
1573:
1568:
1564:
1562:
1558:
1557:
1556:
1550:
1547:(1882–1950),
1546:
1543:(1873–1928),
1542:
1539:(1858–1917),
1538:
1535:(1848–1923),
1534:
1531:(1822–1888),
1530:
1527:(1820–1903),
1526:
1523:(1820–1895),
1522:
1519:(1818–1883),
1518:
1515:(1760–1825),
1514:
1511:
1510:
1509:
1508:Predecessors
1506:
1505:
1501:
1500:
1487:
1485:
1474:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1459:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1428:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1415:that studies
1414:
1408:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1382:
1376:
1374:
1370:
1369:stocks, flows
1366:
1363:behaviour of
1362:
1356:
1345:
1341:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1309:
1307:
1303:
1297:
1287:
1285:
1280:
1274:
1264:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1249:
1247:
1244:, especially
1243:
1239:
1236:that takes a
1235:
1231:
1225:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1204:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1185:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1165:
1154:
1142:
1137:
1135:
1130:
1128:
1123:
1122:
1120:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1103:
1102:
1101:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
994:
991:
989:
986:
984:
981:
979:
976:
974:
971:
969:
966:
964:
961:
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5610:Digitization
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5395:Applications
5351:Katia Sycara
5251:James J. Kay
5241:Mike Jackson
5176:Murray Bowen
5088:
5074:Pharmacology
5069:Neuroscience
4817:
4816:
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4780:Zadeh, Lofti
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3195:Systemantics
3160:Reductionism
3135:Meta-systems
3098:Chaos theory
3019:
3014:
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2992:
2888:Mathematical
2860:Experimental
2851:(philosophy)
2778:October 2022
2775:
2770:Editing help
2752:
2734:System types
2691:chaos theory
2684:
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2667:in 1948 and
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2408:epistemology
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1976:
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1850:Josiah Gibbs
1840:. Then, the
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1797:pre-Socratic
1770:
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1704:Chaos theory
1692:
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1467:expectations
1460:
1432:Roger Barker
1429:
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5336:John Seddon
5326:Qian Xuesen
5261:George Klir
5064:Engineering
5001:Cybernetics
4983:Theoretical
4933:Recommender
4923:Multi-agent
4918:Information
4813:– 55 slides
4568:, Springer.
4295:. Suhrkamp.
3024:, in which
3009:: they are
2947:Multi-agent
2930:Measurement
2920:Information
2915:Holarchical
2669:Bertalanffy
2664:Cybernetics
2640:Gordon Pask
2638:. However,
2628:cybernetics
2608:Cybernetics
2603:Cybernetics
2597:Cybernetics
2464:goal-seekin
2244:electronics
2188:cybernetics
2164:game theory
2063:(1978) and
1888:Peter Senge
1881:behaviorist
1869:Jean Piaget
1830:Sadi Carnot
1826:James Joule
1785:rationalist
1720:Steve Smale
1674:E.C. Zeeman
1559:1946–1953:
1513:Saint-Simon
1477:Informatics
1452:homeostasis
1371:, internal
1349:Mathematics
1290:Engineering
1284:abiogenesis
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1153:Systems art
862:empirically
839:translation
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750:as made by
748:autopoiesis
744:distinction
681:engineering
634:Peter Senge
618:Eugene Odum
604:, linguist
512:constraints
416:Game theory
400:Bifurcation
380:Phase space
345:Sensemaking
313:Homeostasis
292:Autopoiesis
287:cybernetics
255:Percolation
5927:Categories
5705:Biological
5615:E-research
5356:Eric Trist
5211:Fred Emery
5108:Scientists
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5079:Philosophy
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4639:34: 43–98.
4455:2022-04-09
4391:2021-04-07
4362:2022-04-09
4214:2021-03-13
3982:. Glencoe.
3871:2016-10-28
3717:2006-11-26
3622:2020-04-14
3564:2020-11-12
3349:2023-05-18
3307:2023-07-05
3284:References
3103:Complexity
2844:Coordinate
2839:Conceptual
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2632:cybernetic
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4200:"History"
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2056:Tectology
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1199:in 1928.
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4770:. 2002.
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