143:
2100:
236:. By 1868, a CP subsidiary had purchased the WP line and then restarted the construction of it, through a contract with Turton, Knox & Ryan, beginning February 1868 from Sacramento working south to connect with the line beginning, later in June 1869, eastward from the point Western Pacific had stopped in Niles Canyon. Also in June 1869, they added a new line, through a contract with J. H. Strobridge, from Niles northwest towards Oakland. In September 1869 this new line towards Oakland was first connected temporarily to the SF&A at
1603:
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721:
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1455:
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1271:
1233:
1223:
1122:
909:
697:
683:
2033:
2019:
1531:
1415:
1408:
1263:
1208:
1168:
1141:
1115:
728:
340:
1992:
1985:
1978:
1959:
1885:
1651:
1571:
1384:
1279:
984:
935:
1878:
1644:
1436:
1422:
1095:
1075:
1055:
1035:
1013:
955:
928:
901:
893:
866:
846:
826:
801:
752:
690:
663:
643:
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603:
583:
563:
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363:
1469:
1377:
1370:
1334:
1327:
1286:
2127:, having been damaged in an explosion, was purchased, extensively rebuilt as a ferryboat, and placed in service. In 1868, the Central Pacific Railroad controlled the SF&O and anticipated much increased traffic when the transcontinental railroad was completed to Oakland. They ordered a new even larger ferryboat, the
251:
Two months later, the connection to the SF&O was made and the small
Oakland Point wharf was expanded. On the morning of November 8, 1869, the first transcontinental train to use the expanded ferry terminal at Oakland Point traversed the SF&O line and the Western Pacific Railroad to get
255:
Having large amounts of long-distance passenger and freight railroad traffic traverse
Oakland on 7th Street, one of its main streets, was not a good idea for either the city or the railroad. During 1869 and 1870, a bypass track was constructed starting in San Antonio and using a new bridge across
2066:
On 7th Street there was still a large amount of traffic of local steam passenger trains as the service was extended farther into East
Oakland. The Central Pacific Railroad was leased to the Southern Pacific Railroad in 1885. In 1911 the SP started electrifying its local train service in the
256:
Indian Creek Slough that led to 1st Street and along this street to
Oakland Point. Initially the bypass was used for freight trains only, but in later years, long-distance passenger trains used it also and a new station for them was built at 1st Street and Broadway (
2155:. With the SF&O merged into the Central Pacific Railroad in 1870, the former SF&O locomotives were sent to various other locations on the CP system and CP locomotives were brought in to pull the local trains on 7th Street.
150:
The San
Francisco and Oakland Railroad (and Ferry Co.) was formed in October 1861 under the leadership of Rodman Gibbons and other Oakland residents in order to provide transportation to Oakland by means of a
185:
The cost of the extension and of building a new larger ferry boat caused
Gibbons and his associates to lose control of the company SF&O in 1865 to A. A. Cohen, president of the
2147:. In 1863, needing another locomotive, the SF&O purchased a 2-2-4 type combination locomotive and express car from a line in San Francisco. It was unnamed, but was unofficially called
2540:
126:
and bought SF&O. Beginning
November 8, 1869, part of the SF&O line served as the westernmost portion of the transcontinental railroad. It subsequently was absorbed into the
2349:
252:
to
Sacramento and continue east on the Central Pacific Railroad. The city of Oakland held a large celebration later in the day to greet the first westbound transcontinental train.
2545:
2083:. IER service on the 7th Street line was abandoned in March, 1941, but the track on 7th Street from Broadway to Pine Street was put back in service (1943–1946) during
197:, its subsidiary purchased the majority of the stock of the struggling SF&O from A. A. Cohen in August 1868 and began to expand the small wharf at
2375:
2535:
170:
Traffic increased steadily so an extension of the line was planned. In 1864 the track was extended across a bridge over Indian Creek Slough, the outlet to
2550:
2565:
298:
2217:
became
California Pacific RR # 178; rebuilt as 4-4-0 in 1872; became Stockton & Copperopolis # 3; then Southern Pacific # 1101; retired 1892
2115:, had previously been in service from San Francisco to the foot of Broadway. The lease ended in 1864 and the SF&O purchased the ferryboat
2433:(11). San Marino, California: Southern California Chapter, Railway & Locomotive Historical Society and the Pacific Railroad Society: 2–8.
142:
263:
After 1879, the transcontinental trains no longer used the
Altamont Pass Niles Canyon route, taking a shorter route from Sacramento via
2099:
2560:
1021:
160:
2555:
2151:. By 1869, a more powerful locomotive was needed to pull longer trains, so a new 4-4-0 type locomotive was ordered and named the
1602:
876:
811:
737:
244:, and then by SF&A ferry to San Francisco, just in time for the opening of the 1869 State Fair in Sacramento, completing the
2530:
2510:
2485:
291:
1706:
209:
2286:
2281:
2246:
186:
2453:
2068:
284:
179:
131:
115:
2324:"Central and Southern Pacific Railroad work in Oakland, San Francisco and elsewhere: an autobiography (1845-1921)"
2080:
2004:
2000:
245:
194:
123:
1294:
240:. The first through Western Pacific train from Sacramento arrived on September 6, 1869 at the SF&A
205:. In 1870 they merged the two local railroads together and then brought them back into the Central Pacific.
1482:
321:
152:
2076:
308:
201:. In August 1869 the CP subsidiary also purchased the majority of the stock of SF&A, bankrupt by the
159:
where passengers could take a train into Oakland. Service began in September 1862 along 7th Street to
127:
1393:
190:
119:
53:
2139:
The SF&O originally purchased a small, unnamed, 2-2-0 type locomotive and a larger 4-4-4 type
2075:
and carried the most passengers of any line in the system. In 1939, under the subsidiary company,
2072:
348:
237:
202:
963:
229:
228:, but ran out of money in a 1866 dispute, after laying 20 miles (32 km) of track from
213:
8:
2441:
Red Trains in the East Bay: The History of the Southern Pacific Transbay and Ferry System
2323:
264:
35:
2502:
2271:
2119:
to replace it. With the extended railroad line, traffic increased considerably and the
1836:
1598:
257:
2506:
2481:
2449:
2180:
1714:
2445:
1298:
275:
continued to use the former SF&O and Western Pacific routes to reach San Jose.
241:
164:
2496:
2475:
2464:
2439:
2422:
2306:
2209:
2140:
175:
2079:(IER) the line was rerouted over the San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge into the
93:
2524:
2276:
221:
198:
156:
107:
2084:
268:
233:
217:
171:
130:(SP). The track in Oakland was electrified in 1911 and extended across the
2477:
Key System Streetcars: Transit, Real Estate and the Growth of the East Bay
272:
65:
2259:
became California Pacific RR shop switcher in Sacramento; retired 1877
2088:
1478:
706:
225:
193:(CP) decided in April 1868 to make Oakland the western terminus of the
2392:
New York and Oakland are bound together by ties strapped with iron.
106:(SF&O) was built in 1862 to provide ferry-train service from a
2131:, from a new shipyard at Oakland Point, and placed it in service.
2123:
was soon inadequate for regular service. The larger river packet
174:, then along private right-of-way adjacent to San Antonio Creek (
111:
2071:. The Oakland 7th Street line was extended to Dutton Avenue in
2251:
2229:
2206:
2186:
122:
decided that Oakland would be the west coast terminus of the
2444:. Interurbans Specials. Vol. 65. Glendale, California:
2330:. San Francisco, California, printed for private circulation
2236:
purchased 1863 from Market Street Railroad of San Francisco
2541:
Predecessors of the Southern Pacific Transportation Company
178:) to the Commerce Street Wharf (foot of 14th Avenue) in
110:
ferry terminal connecting with railroad service through
2350:"THE FIRST THROUGH TRAIN ON THE WESTERN PACIFIC ROAD"
2111:
The first ferryboat used by the SF&O, the leased
16:
Pioneer railroad with ferry in California (1862–1870)
2364:– via California Digital Newspaper Collection.
2296:
2546:
Public transportation in Alameda County, California
1538:
1530:
1523:
2501:. Images of America. Charleston, South Carolina:
1570:
1562:
1555:
2522:
1702:
277:
1222:
1214:
1207:
292:
2494:
1892:
1884:
1877:
1793:
1785:
1768:
1760:
1658:
1650:
1643:
2536:Passenger rail transportation in California
2469:. Berkeley, California: Howell-North Books.
2551:Rail transportation in Oakland, California
2368:
1588:
1580:
1157:
1149:
299:
285:
2566:Closed railway lines in the United States
2495:Trimble, Paul C.; Knorp, William (2007).
2382:. Daily Alta California. November 9, 1869
2091:to reach several military installations.
1175:
1167:
2423:"The San Francisco and Alameda Railroad"
2315:
2098:
1924:
1916:
1860:
1852:
1825:
1817:
1743:
1735:
1690:
1682:
1626:
1618:
1506:
1498:
1240:
1232:
141:
134:in 1939. Service was abandoned in 1941.
2480:. Wilton, California: Signature Press.
2473:
2380:California digital newspaper collection
1270:
1262:
155:from San Francisco to a small wharf at
146:Train station at Adeline Street in 1867
2523:
2462:
2107:was built by Central Pacific in 1868.
2437:
2403:
2321:
210:Western Pacific Railroad (1862-1870)
2420:
2287:San Francisco and San Jose Railroad
13:
2282:San Francisco and Alameda Railroad
2247:Cooke Locomotive and Machine Works
900:
892:
187:San Francisco and Alameda Railroad
104:San Francisco and Oakland Railroad
22:San Francisco and Oakland Railroad
14:
2577:
2376:"Railroad celebration at Oakland"
2203:Vulcan Iron Works, San Francisco
1776:
1514:
1362:
1312:
990:
976:
778:
771:
2299:
2031:
2024:
2017:
2003:
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1707:San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge
1689:
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561:
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521:
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461:
441:
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401:
381:
361:
338:
132:San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge
2561:First transcontinental railroad
2413:
2081:San Francisco Transbay Terminal
2025:
1951:
1944:
1907:
1900:
1868:
1808:
1673:
1666:
1634:
1546:
1461:
1454:
1355:
1319:
1121:
696:
682:
246:first transcontinental railroad
124:First transcontinental railroad
2556:History of Oakland, California
2421:Due, John F. (December 1956).
2397:
2342:
2134:
2032:
2018:
1428:
1414:
1407:
1198:
1140:
1114:
727:
339:
1:
2292:
2094:
1991:
1984:
1977:
1958:
1383:
1278:
983:
934:
908:
2531:Defunct California railroads
2498:Ferries of San Francisco Bay
2466:San Francisco Bay Ferryboats
2087:to enable streetcars of the
1435:
1421:
1094:
1074:
1054:
1034:
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382:
362:
7:
2474:Sappers, Vernon J. (2007).
2265:
2077:Interurban Electric Railway
1468:
1376:
1369:
1333:
1326:
1285:
10:
2582:
2463:Harlan, George H. (1967).
137:
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1966:
1937:
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332:
212:had surveyed a line from
195:transcontinental railroad
128:Southern Pacific Railroad
64:
59:
49:
41:
31:
26:
2446:Interurbans Publications
2438:Ford, Robert S. (1977).
191:Central Pacific Railroad
120:Central Pacific Railroad
54:Central Pacific Railroad
2427:Pacific Railway Journal
271:instead, but trains to
203:1868 Hayward earthquake
2108:
1343:Eighteenth Street Line
1000:Eighteenth Street Line
147:
2354:Daily Alta California
2102:
145:
2322:Root, Henry (1921).
1394:Shattuck Avenue Line
2356:. September 7, 1869
1483:Sacramento Northern
788:Lincoln Avenue Line
232:into the middle of
36:Northern California
23:
2503:Arcadia Publishing
2272:Oakland Long Wharf
2109:
1837:Yerba Buena Tunnel
258:Jack London Square
189:(SF&A). After
148:
42:Dates of operation
21:
2512:978-0-7385-4731-2
2487:978-1-930013-07-0
2263:
2262:
2181:Vulcan Iron Works
2064:
2063:
2060:
2059:
2001:Transbay Terminal
1720:
1719:
1715:San Francisco Bay
248:to the Pacific.
100:
99:
2573:
2516:
2491:
2470:
2459:
2434:
2407:
2406:, pp. 24–27
2401:
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2346:
2340:
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2319:
2309:
2304:
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2183:, San Francisco
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591:Seminary Avenue
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242:Alameda Terminal
165:downtown Oakland
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2307:Railways portal
2305:
2300:
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2210:Tank locomotive
2141:tank locomotive
2137:
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1063:Adeline Street
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943:Clinton Street
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700:
693:
686:
666:
646:
631:Fairfax Avenue
626:
606:
586:
566:
546:
526:
506:
486:
466:
446:
426:
406:
386:
366:
351:–Dutton Avenue
343:
324:
315:
314:
313:7th Street Line
309:
305:
208:Meanwhile, the
176:Oakland Estuary
140:
92:
88:
81:
77:
74:
72:
71:4 ft
70:
45:1862–1870
17:
12:
11:
5:
2579:
2569:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2518:
2517:
2511:
2492:
2486:
2471:
2460:
2454:
2435:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2409:
2408:
2396:
2367:
2341:
2313:
2312:
2311:
2310:
2294:
2291:
2290:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2267:
2264:
2261:
2260:
2257:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2238:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2227:
2225:
2219:
2218:
2215:
2212:
2204:
2201:
2195:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2184:
2178:
2175:
2174:
2171:
2168:
2165:
2162:
2136:
2133:
2096:
2093:
2062:
2061:
2058:
2057:
2055:
2053:
2051:
2049:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2041:
2039:
2037:
2030:
2023:
2016:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2008:
1998:
1996:
1989:
1982:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1967:
1965:
1963:
1956:
1949:
1942:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1934:
1932:
1930:
1922:
1914:
1913:
1912:
1905:
1898:
1890:
1882:
1875:
1874:
1873:
1866:
1858:
1850:
1849:
1848:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1840:
1835:
1833:
1831:
1823:
1815:
1814:
1813:
1806:
1799:
1791:
1783:
1782:
1781:
1774:
1766:
1758:
1757:
1756:
1749:
1741:
1733:
1732:
1731:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1723:
1718:
1717:
1710:
1709:
1700:
1698:
1696:
1688:
1680:
1679:
1678:
1671:
1664:
1656:
1648:
1641:
1640:
1639:
1632:
1624:
1616:
1615:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1606:
1596:
1594:
1586:
1578:
1577:
1576:
1568:
1560:
1553:
1552:
1551:
1544:
1536:
1528:
1521:
1520:
1519:
1512:
1504:
1496:
1495:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1486:
1477:
1475:
1473:
1466:
1459:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1444:
1442:
1440:
1433:
1426:
1419:
1412:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1397:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1381:
1374:
1367:
1360:
1353:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1338:
1331:
1324:
1317:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1302:
1292:
1290:
1283:
1276:
1268:
1260:
1259:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1250:
1248:
1246:
1238:
1230:
1229:
1228:
1220:
1212:
1205:
1204:
1203:
1196:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1173:
1165:
1164:
1163:
1155:
1147:
1146:
1145:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1130:
1128:
1126:
1119:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1092:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1084:
1083:Center Street
1081:
1079:
1072:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1052:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1044:
1043:Market Street
1041:
1039:
1032:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1024:
1019:
1017:
1010:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1002:
999:
997:
995:
988:
981:
974:
972:
970:
967:
966:
961:
959:
952:
950:
948:
945:
944:
941:
939:
932:
925:
923:
921:
918:
917:
915:
913:
906:
898:
890:
889:
888:
886:
884:
881:
880:
872:
870:
863:
861:
859:
856:
855:
852:
850:
843:
841:
839:
836:
835:
832:
830:
823:
821:
819:
816:
815:
807:
805:
798:
796:
794:
791:
790:
787:
785:
783:
776:
769:
767:
765:
762:
761:
758:
756:
749:
747:
745:
742:
741:
738:Overland Route
736:
734:
732:
725:
718:
716:
714:
711:
710:
705:
703:
701:
694:
687:
680:
678:
676:
673:
672:
669:
667:
660:
658:
656:
653:
652:
649:
647:
640:
638:
636:
633:
632:
629:
627:
620:
618:
616:
613:
612:
609:
607:
600:
598:
596:
593:
592:
589:
587:
580:
578:
576:
573:
572:
569:
567:
560:
558:
556:
553:
552:
549:
547:
540:
538:
536:
533:
532:
531:Parker Avenue
529:
527:
520:
518:
516:
513:
512:
509:
507:
500:
498:
496:
493:
492:
489:
487:
480:
478:
476:
473:
472:
469:
467:
460:
458:
456:
453:
452:
449:
447:
440:
438:
436:
433:
432:
429:
427:
420:
418:
416:
413:
412:
409:
407:
400:
398:
396:
393:
392:
389:
387:
380:
378:
376:
373:
372:
369:
367:
360:
358:
356:
353:
352:
346:
344:
337:
335:
333:
326:
325:
320:
317:
316:
307:
306:
304:
303:
296:
289:
281:
139:
136:
98:
97:
94:standard gauge
68:
62:
61:
57:
56:
51:
47:
46:
43:
39:
38:
33:
29:
28:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2578:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2528:
2526:
2514:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2499:
2493:
2489:
2483:
2479:
2478:
2472:
2468:
2467:
2461:
2457:
2455:0-916374-27-0
2451:
2447:
2443:
2442:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2419:
2418:
2405:
2400:
2393:
2381:
2377:
2371:
2355:
2351:
2345:
2329:
2325:
2318:
2314:
2308:
2297:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2277:Oakland Point
2275:
2273:
2270:
2269:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2239:
2235:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2220:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2196:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2176:
2172:
2169:
2166:
2163:
2160:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2132:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2106:
2101:
2092:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2056:
2054:
2052:
2050:
2048:
2046:
2044:
2043:
2038:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1997:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1964:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1931:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1838:
1832:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1716:
1712:
1711:
1708:
1705:
1704:
1697:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1595:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1474:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1441:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1395:
1389:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1339:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1291:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1247:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1186:rerouted 1939
1182:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1127:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1100:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1080:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1060:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1040:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1018:
1009:
1007:
1004:
996:
973:
971:
968:
965:
960:
951:
949:
946:
940:
924:
922:
919:
914:
887:
885:
882:
878:
874:East Oakland
871:
862:
860:
857:
851:
842:
840:
837:
831:
822:
820:
817:
813:
806:
797:
795:
792:
784:
768:
766:
763:
757:
748:
746:
743:
739:
733:
717:
715:
712:
708:
702:
679:
677:
674:
668:
659:
657:
654:
648:
639:
637:
634:
628:
619:
617:
614:
608:
599:
597:
594:
588:
579:
577:
574:
568:
559:
557:
554:
548:
539:
537:
534:
528:
519:
517:
514:
508:
499:
497:
494:
488:
479:
477:
474:
468:
459:
457:
454:
448:
439:
437:
434:
428:
419:
417:
414:
411:101st Avenue
408:
399:
397:
394:
391:108th Avenue
388:
379:
377:
374:
368:
359:
357:
354:
350:
345:
336:
334:
331:
328:
327:
323:
319:
318:
312:
302:
297:
295:
290:
288:
283:
282:
280:
279:
276:
274:
270:
266:
261:
259:
253:
249:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
222:Altamont Pass
219:
215:
211:
206:
204:
200:
199:Oakland Point
196:
192:
188:
183:
181:
177:
173:
168:
167:at Broadway.
166:
162:
158:
157:Oakland Point
154:
144:
135:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
108:San Francisco
105:
95:
89:1,435 mm
69:
67:
63:
58:
55:
52:
48:
44:
40:
37:
34:
30:
25:
19:
2497:
2476:
2465:
2440:
2430:
2426:
2414:Bibliography
2399:
2391:
2384:. Retrieved
2379:
2370:
2358:. Retrieved
2353:
2344:
2334:February 20,
2332:. Retrieved
2327:
2317:
2241:
2222:
2198:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2138:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2113:Contra Costa
2112:
2110:
2104:
2085:World War II
2065:
1599:Oakland Pier
1103:Pine Street
854:19th Avenue
834:23rd Avenue
651:Fremont Way
611:55th Avenue
571:Havenscourt
551:73rd Avenue
511:82nd Avenue
491:86th Avenue
451:94th Avenue
431:98th Avenue
269:Oakland Pier
262:
254:
250:
234:Niles Canyon
218:Niles Canyon
207:
184:
172:Lake Merritt
169:
149:
103:
101:
18:
2135:Locomotives
2073:San Leandro
1713:across the
1295:16th Street
349:San Leandro
273:Los Angeles
238:San Leandro
180:San Antonio
116:San Antonio
66:Track gauge
2525:Categories
2293:References
2143:named the
2129:El Capitan
2105:El Capitan
2095:Ferryboats
2089:Key System
1479:Key System
964:Oak Street
809:Fruitvale
707:Key System
371:Broadmoor
226:Sacramento
118:. In 1868
2404:Ford 1977
2223:Old Betsy
2149:Old Betsy
471:Sequoyah
267:to reach
161:a station
60:Technical
50:Successor
2360:June 20,
2328:cprr.org
2266:See also
2164:Builder
2069:East Bay
1022:Broadway
671:Melrose
230:San Jose
214:San Jose
85: in
27:Overview
2386:May 10,
2242:Oakland
2199:Liberty
2153:Oakland
2145:Liberty
760:Sather
265:Benicia
138:History
112:Oakland
80:⁄
2509:
2484:
2452:
2173:Notes
2125:Washoe
2121:Louise
2117:Louise
2103:Ferry
322:Legend
32:Locale
2256:1869
2252:4-4-0
2230:2-2-4
2214:1862
2207:4-4-4
2191:1862
2187:2-2-0
2170:Date
2167:Type
2161:Name
1721:
1701:
153:ferry
2507:ISBN
2482:ISBN
2450:ISBN
2388:2019
2362:2018
2336:2020
260:).
220:and
216:via
102:The
310:IER
224:to
163:in
114:to
2527::
2505:.
2448:.
2429:.
2425:.
2390:.
2378:.
2352:.
2326:.
1481:/
182:.
91:)
2515:.
2490:.
2458:.
2431:1
2338:.
300:e
293:t
286:v
87:(
82:2
78:1
75:+
73:8
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
