112:
174:. The meeting lasted about 15 minutes. Around 2:35 pm, Jackson was escorted by officer Frank DeLeon back to the Adjustment Center, where another officer performed a second search prior to returning Jackson to his cell. When that officer asked Jackson about what appeared to be a pencil in his hair, Jackson pulled the gun out, pointed it at the officers, and inserted a magazine. He reportedly shouted, "This is it!", and ordered all of the officers to lie face down on the floor. Jackson ordered one officer to get up and activate a switch that opened all 34 cells on the first floor.
185:, an inmate slashed the neck of officer Charles Breckenridge and dragged him to Jackson's cell; Breckenridge survived. The bodies of officers Frank DeLeon and Paul Krasenes were thrown on top of him, as well as those of two white inmates (John Lynn and Ronald L. Kane). Sergeant Jere Graham was killed by inmates when he came to the Adjustment Center to pick up DeLeon for another assignment.
202:, which is almost 9 inches long and weighs approximately 2.5 pounds. Another scenario suggests the guards at San Quentin received a non-functioning weapon with a filed-down firing pin, from either Criminal Investigation and Identification Department of the state attorney general's office, or the Criminal Conspiracy Section of the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD).
472:, Mississippi, Fred Armstrong asked the black owner if she would take in the six-year-old mixed-race boy. The woman said she could not, but contacted her husband's cousin in California, who agreed to do so. At the age of six, Spain was adopted by Johnny and Helen Spain in Los Angeles, and he was renamed as Johnny Larry Spain.
362:(born circa 1947) was serving a sentence for burglary of five years to life at the time of the escape attempt. During the resulting trial, guard Charles Breckenridge testified that Johnson had attempted to strangle him. On August 12, 1976, Johnson was convicted on one count of assault. He was released from prison in 1993.
339:
by alleged suspect Edward Brooks; he hoped to sell information he had regarding the attempted murder. Collier and
Horowitz wrote: " was a member of the Black Guerrilla Family, that he had known of the BGF's plans to shoot Fay two weeks before the event and that he was willing to sell information. He
217:
After seventeen months and deliberating 124 days, the Marin County jury of five men and seven women rendered their verdicts on August 12, 1976, for six of the forty-six separate felony counts. David
Johnson was convicted of one count of felony assault on a guard, Hugo Pinell for two counts of felony
209:
At the trial, Louis
Tackwood said that the gun he took to the prison was a .25 caliber revolver. Attorney Charles Garry said that the escape theory was "garbage" and insisted that the riot was due to emotional unrest and didn't have anything to do with inmates trying to escape. During the trial, Tate
531:
Talamantez was acquitted in 1971 of the murder charge related to San
Quentin. He served 5 more years of his sentence for the 1966 armed robbery. After being released on parole on August 20, 1976, he was taken to a celebration party at the home of his primary defense attorney, Robert Carrow, in Marin
225:
In the aftermath of events, the
Department of Corrections made a number of changes at San Quentin. The defense attorneys had been able to argue that various law enforcement agencies had set up a plan to murder a black prisoner and, in the process, frame six innocent inmates in other assaults. While
161:
Another account suggested that George
Jackson assembled the gun himself with parts that were smuggled in and thrown over to the Adjustment Center yard. Most evidence indicates that the gun was smuggled into the prison already assembled, along with some "faint messages" found in Jackson's cell. After
221:
Spain's convictions were reversed on appeal in 1989. The convictions were based on testimony of numerous eyewitnesses, but individual responsibility for certain charges were debated. Marin County
Superior Court Judge Henry J. Broderick spent forty-five minutes reading the verdicts. The trial ended
177:
After
Jackson had successfully released the convicts, he repeatedly shouted, "The dragon has come." As calls for help went out, heavily armed California Highway Patrolmen and Marin County Sheriff's deputies raced to the prison, blocking all access roads to it. George Jackson said, "It's me who they
188:
After the revolt had ended, 26 captured prisoners were forced to lie face down, stripped naked and confined in handcuffs and shackles. Within the following days, they were repeatedly beaten by guards and officers. Those who survived the riot were constantly tormented, threatened, and beaten at the
169:
in the
Adjustment Center, then escorted to the visiting room. He sat across from Bingham at a wooden table that lacked barriers between the two; they were intermittently observed by guards. Officials speculated that during this time, Bingham passed the gun to Jackson, who concealed it in his hair
343:
Drumgo was fatally shot in
Oakland on November 26, 1979; he was living with Clutchette at the time. According to Oakland police, Drumgo had been shot by more than one weapon. Witnesses reported two men leaving the scene, one with a shotgun and one with a handgun. His killers were never caught.
102:
Spain was found guilty in the shooting deaths of guards DeLeon and Graham. Pinell was convicted of cutting the throats of guards Charles Breckenridge and Urbano Rubiaco, Jr., both of whom survived. Johnson was convicted of assaulting Breckenridge. There were no convictions for the killings of
410:
By the time of the trial for the uprising at San Quentin, Pinell was serving a life sentence for rape, and for three other violent offenses committed while in prison. Pinell was reported by a San Quentin spokesman to have been subdued by guards on March 26, 1975, after he stabbed his defense
403:, California. At Soledad, he was awaiting trial on charges of attacking another guard in December 1970. On March 3, 1971, Pinell fatally stabbed correctional officer Robert J. McCarthey at Soledad after luring him to his cell under the guise of needing a letter mailed. McCarthey died in
197:
There are disputes about the events on August 21, 1971, related to the weapon and other elements of the riot. Legal advisers and prison officials gave various accounts as they struggled to learn what had happened. After multiple revisions, authorities identified the gun as a 9mm
95:. Immediately after the incident, Bingham fled the country for 13 years. He returned in 1984 to stand trial, and was acquitted of all charges in 1986. Bingham's defense had argued that guards had smuggled the gun to George Jackson, hoping that he would be killed if he used it.
490:
On August 12, 1976, Spain was convicted of two counts of first degree murder and conspiracy to commit murder in the deaths of guards Frank DeLeon and Jere P. Graham. He was the only one of the Six convicted of murder. The conviction was overturned on appeal by federal judge
131:
report based on interviews with prison officials, a cursory search of Bingham's briefcase was performed and a guard failed to open a tape recorder case that was in it. This report said that the briefcase was returned to Bingham after he walked through a metal detector. The
290:. According to court documents, Drumgo initially admitted his involvement in the break-in after officers found him at the address of the registration of the getaway car used by his accomplice. In early 1967, he was convicted of first degree burglary after waiving a
149:
to determine whether it was functional. Prison officials later came to believe that the working components of the recorder had been removed to allow room for an automatic handgun with its grip handles removed. Initial reports described the weapon as a
123:
The state first said that attorney Stephen Bingham and a female assistant arrived at San Quentin for a meeting with George Jackson at around 2:00 pm. The assistant handed a briefcase to Bingham when she was not permitted to enter the visiting room.
414:
During the trial, two San Quentin guards, Charles Breckenridge and Urbano Rubiaco, Jr., testified that Pinell had cut their throats. On August 12, 1976, Pinell was convicted of two counts of felony assault by a prisoner serving a sentence for
213:
Defense attorneys presented a conspiracy theory suggesting that prison and law enforcement officials set up Jackson to be killed. The prosecution asserted that the escape attempt was a conspiracy that involved radicals sympathetic to Jackson.
411:
attorney, Lynn Carman, during a conference at the prison. Carman denied having been stabbed or wounded, and declined additional comment on the matter. One witness to the incident reported that Carman was left bleeding from the mouth.
178:
want" and ran with the gun in hand next to Johnny Spain into the prison "plaza". Jackson was immediately gunned down. The marksman shot him in the back, where the bullet bounced from his spine or pelvis and exited through his skull.
119:
The details about what happened are disputed to this day. Inmate Johnny Spain at the Adjustment Center recalled saying one fact people could agree on was that "There was a gun introduced into the Adjustment Center on August 21."
98:
In addition to Jackson, those killed in the altercation were guards Paul E. Krasenes, 52, Frank DeLeon, 44, and Jere P. Graham, 39, and inmates John Lynn, 29, and Ronald L. Kane, 28. Two other officers suffered serious injuries.
205:
Analysts said that the 9mm found next to Jackson's body would have been too large to fit within Bingham's tape recorder, or under Jackson's cap. The Department of Corrections then said the weapon was a .38 caliber Llama Corto.
571:
On April 26, 1977, Tate was critically wounded after being shot by Earl Satcher, the leader of a group of ex-convicts called Tribal Thumb. In 1985, Tate was reported to be a "fugitive on a Fresno drug warrant".
559:, Texas. However, Tate could not attend school as there was no kindergarten or first grade for black children. The family moved to California and settled in Fresno when he was about eight years old.
320:. They were acquitted at trial in 1972. Twice charged and acquitted for the murder of prison guards, Drumgo was released from prison in August 1976. He had served nine years for the burglary charge.
388:
In 1965, Pinell was convicted of rape in San Francisco, sentenced to life imprisonment, and assigned to San Quentin State Prison. In 1968, he was convicted of attacking a guard and transferred to
138:
reported, based on officials' accounts, that Bingham had triggered the metal detector while carrying the briefcase through it. That report said that an officer opened the briefcase and found a
111:
1217:"In the Spirit of Harriet Tubman and Ida B. Wells, the National Conference of Black Lawyers Calls on the United States, the State and Federal governments, to Release All Political Prisoners"
1041:
39:
attempt that resulted in six deaths and at least two people seriously wounded. The San Quentin Six were Fleeta Drumgo, David Johnson, Hugo Pinell, Johnny Larry Spain, Willie Tate, and
475:
At the time of the escape attempt at San Quentin, Spain was serving a life sentence for murder; he was convicted of having killed a robbery victim who resisted. Spain's attorney
1037:
340:
reappeared on several occasions, sometimes wearing a gun in his belt, and named a former prisonmate of Brooks as head of the BGF and the man who had ordered the shooting."
1375:
162:
the uprising, prison officials found notes in his cell that read "Take the bullets out of the bag", "Hurry and give me the piece in the bag. Keep the bullets".
624:
103:
Krasenes, Lynn, or Kane. Drumgo, Talamantez, and Tate were found not guilty of all charges, including various counts of murder, conspiracy, and assault.
715:
502:
for his original murder. He was paroled in 1988 after serving 21 years. He found work in community relations in San Francisco. Spain has a daughter,
58:
of the six men cost more than $ 2 million and lasted 16 months: the longest in the state's history at the time. It was dubbed "The Longest Trial" by
1541:
970:
1467:
377:. His family immigrated to the US. He died in prison at age 70, after being stabbed on August 12, 2015, by two other inmates (members of the
1532:"The Panther's Tale : Johnny Spain Is Recounting the Story of His Life—From Unwanted Child to Convicted Killer to Political Activist"
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419:. In 1985, he was serving his sentence in Folsom State Prison. In January 2009, Pinell lost his ninth bid for parole, while at
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305:, reduced Drumgo's previous conviction to secondary burglary and sentenced him to six months to 15 years in state prison.
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382:
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Drumgo was later charged with the December 1966 burglary of a television and radio store in the Los Angeles suburb of
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1421:
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275:. After his release, he was arrested in a new incident, for attempted murder. He was convicted and sentenced to the
91:
on the cellblock, Jackson had possession of a .32 caliber pistol allegedly smuggled into the prison by his attorney
324:
632:
499:
396:
313:
271:, Drumgo moved to Los Angeles at the age of 14 and got crosswise with the justice system. He was placed in the
44:
495:, because Spain had been shackled throughout the proceedings, which could have biased the jury against him.
218:
assault on a guard, and Johnny Spain for two counts of first-degree murder and conspiracy to commit murder.
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689:
654:
598:
276:
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568:, Tate was picked up as a runaway at the age of 14 and served 10 years in prison for "minor offenses".
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not conclusive, such evidence fostered distrust toward the state, the LAPD, and corrections officials.
1380:
424:
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28:
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After his conviction for the San Quentin escape was overturned, Spain continued to serve time at
134:
918:
Stack, Peter (August 13, 1976). "Verdict on the San Quentin Six – Three Guilty, Three Cleared".
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with his mother at the age of three. His childhood was difficult, and he had been in and out of
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for almost 45 years. He was returned to the general population two weeks before he was killed.
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48:
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457:, Mississippi, to Ann Armstrong, a white woman, and Arthur Cummings, a black man, from their
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as the longest in California history, during which 23,000 pages of testimony were collected.
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hands of Warden Louis S. Nelson. Guards told them, "None of you will ever leave here alive."
458:
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8:
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256:
316:. The trio gained national notoriety about this case after Jackson published his memoir
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551:, Alabama, where he lived until he was six years old. His father was a sergeant in the
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1417:
1129:
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492:
416:
378:
280:
1188:"The San Quentin Six: How a wig and a handgun sent a prison into chaos 44 years ago"
655:"People In The News: Ex-fugitive finally feels free, retains his political activism"
1056:
1054:
1052:
1050:
949:
945:
309:
139:
128:
465:, given the surname of his mother's husband, Fred Armstrong, a beer truck driver.
298:, but they ruled that he was "not capable of reformation under their discipline".
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480:
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59:
40:
1376:"Death of infamous inmate triggers California prison riot: Who was Hugo Pinell?"
1047:
1022: (California Court of Appeals. Second Dist., Div. One February 6, 1969).
1256:
834:
Findley, Tim (August 24, 1971). "The Quentin Violence – First Inside Account".
556:
548:
328:
155:
146:
936:
Davis Jordan, Fania (March 1974). "The San Quentin Six: A Case of Vengeance".
804:. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. pp. 209–212, 224, 262.
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525:
476:
332:
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36:
990:. Hayward, California: NewspaperARCHIVE.com. UPA. April 28, 1971. p. 34
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In June 1970, he was convicted of a similar assault and transferred to the
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since the age of 13. According to Fania Davis Jordan, sister of activist
260:
88:
1350:"Notorious member of "San Quentin Six" killed in New Folsom prison riot"
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957:
291:
32:
868:"San Quentin Story Unfolded; Officials Give Account of Escape Attempt"
374:
199:
81:
65:
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1124:(2nd ed.). Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. p.
605:. New London, Connecticut: The Day Publishing Company. pp. 1, 4
599:"Last vestiges of radical movement will go on trial in Bingham case"
438:. Because of his repeated assaults on officers, he had been kept in
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Professor and author Lori Andrews published a biography about him:
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1226:. New York: National Conference of Black Lawyers. Archived from
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427:, California. His prison term was extended by another 15 years.
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24:
1167:. Bowling Green, Kentucky. King Features Syndicate. p. 6A
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who were charged with actions related to an August 21, 1971,
1413:
Black Power, White Blood: The Life and Times of Johnny Spain
984:"Background on Soledad Brothers; Many Years Spent in Prison"
511:
Black Power, White Blood: The Life and Times of Johnny Spain
165:
Before the scheduled meeting with his attorney, Jackson was
1068:. Daytona Beach, Florida. AP. November 27, 1979. p. 8B
524:
was born circa 1943. In February 1966, he was convicted of
312:
indicted for the 1970 killing of a correctional officer at
734:
673:
532:
County. In 1985, Talamantez was reported to be "living in
1636:
1561:"One of San Quentin 6 is released after murder acquittal"
690:"San Quentin Six trial costs California over $ 2 million"
592:
590:
588:
586:
584:
1567:. Modesto, California. AP. August 22, 1976. p. C-10
242:(1945 – November 26, 1979) was born to Inez Williams in
802:
The Rise and Fall of California Radical Prison Movement
696:. Meriden, Connecticut. AP. August 13, 1976. p. 16
513:(1996). She taught at the Chicago-Kent College of Law.
581:
430:
On August 12, 2015, Pinell, aged 70, was killed in a
308:
Jackson, Drumgo, and John Clutchette were among the
1186:Queally, James; St. John, Paige (August 14, 2015).
1009:
1007:
1005:
468:During a delivery to a nightclub and restaurant in
1117:
1025:
1257:"'San Quentin Six' convict gets another 15 years"
1667:
1348:Stanton, Sam; Chang, Richard (August 12, 2015).
1002:
1468:"Judge Upsets Conviction Of San Quentin Inmate"
1185:
931:
929:
1645:"Leader Of Radical Group Killed In Gun Battle"
1042:United States District Court, N. D. California
746:. Johnson Publishing Company. 2 September 1976
479:opened his defense with expert testimony from
1613:Reeve, Henry; Wallace, Sandy (May 11, 1977).
1120:The Morning Breaks: The Trial of Angela Davis
1062:"Soledad Brother Fleeta Drumgo Shot To Death"
716:"Urbano Benito "Rubi" Rubiaco Jr.'s Obituary"
1612:
1347:
976:
935:
926:
16:American inmates who tried to escape in 1971
1296:. Daytona Beach, Florida. AP. March 5, 1971
661:. Eugene, Oregon. June 28, 1987. p. 2A
1511:"The 9-Year-Old Poet With the Big Advance"
1402:
1400:
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1085:
1083:
301:In September 1967, the court, pursuant to
106:
1416:. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
1333:"Quentin Case Convict Stabs His Lawyer".
973:, jfk.hood.edu; accessed August 16, 2015.
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351:by Angela Davis as a "communist martyr".
335:two weeks after the May 1979 shooting of
64:magazine. Of the six defendants, one was
1439:"Pinell shows 'concealment' of evidence"
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1315:"Fugitive Lawyer Is Accused at Trial".
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51:; two other inmates, and three guards.
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1448:. San Francisco, California. p. 6
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1430:
1161:"Angela Davis isn't worthy of respect"
1116:Aptheker, Bettina (1999). "Epilogue".
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808:
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866:Yoemans, Jeannine (August 24, 1971).
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761:
1615:"Willie Tate shot in San Francisco"
874:. Oxnard, California. AP. p. 5
617:
87:During the escape, which sparked a
13:
1544:from the original on 4 March 2016.
597:Hatfield, Lary (January 7, 1985).
516:
229:
14:
1697:
1437:Wright, Morris (March 17, 1976).
1374:Mansoor, Sanya (13 August 2015).
944:(6). Paradigm Publishers: 44–50.
758:
154:made by the Spanish manufacturer
1290:"Soledad Guard Stabbed To Death"
1255:Klien, Gary (January 16, 2009).
354:
234:
1676:Quantified groups of defendants
1579:
1530:HALL, CARLA (August 20, 1996).
1523:
1503:
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631:. July 19, 1976. Archived from
547:was born circa 1944 or 1945 in
445:
259:, California), Drumgo moved to
950:10.1080/00064246.1974.11431392
708:
647:
539:
407:Army Hospital two days later.
397:California Correctional Center
365:
1:
1592:. Little, Brown. p. 99.
1294:Daytona Beach Morning Journal
1066:Daytona Beach Morning Journal
575:
331:, Drumgo approached attorney
1681:20th-century American trials
487:professor and psychologist.
373:was born March 10, 1945, in
277:Deuel Vocational Institution
210:was freed on $ 50,000 bail.
7:
1516:The New York Times Magazine
922:. San Francisco. p. 1.
838:. San Francisco. p. 1.
453:was born July 30, 1949, in
347:At his funeral, Drumgo was
10:
1702:
1624:. San Francisco. p. 6
1494:Who Killed George Jackson?
1020:269 Cal.App.2d 479
565:San Francisco Bay Guardian
296:California Youth Authority
273:Preston School of Industry
1381:Christian Science Monitor
1261:Marin Independent Journal
720:Marin Independent Journal
294:. He was referred to the
115:Map of San Quentin Prison
1643:Staff (April 28, 1977).
421:Pelican Bay State Prison
265:juvenile detention homes
192:
72:, two were convicted of
29:San Quentin State Prison
1335:San Francisco Chronicle
1044: January 14, 1976).
1038:408 F.Supp. 534
920:San Francisco Chronicle
836:San Francisco Chronicle
463:Larry Michael Armstrong
135:San Francisco Chronicle
107:Riot of August 21, 1971
800:Cummins, Eric (1994).
555:. The family moved to
116:
49:Black Guerrilla Family
47:, a co-founder of the
971:Fleeta Drumgo profile
303:California Penal Code
114:
78:correctional officers
31:in the U.S. state of
1586:Irwin, John (1980).
1263:. Novato, California
1233:on November 14, 2012
459:extra-marital affair
440:solitary confinement
43:. The dead included
1519:. February 4, 2001.
1091:Russell, Diana E.H.
635:on October 27, 2008
625:"The Longest Trial"
504:Sahara Sunday Spain
485:Stanford University
390:Folsom State Prison
147:battery compartment
145:; he inspected its
1686:1971 in California
1589:Prisons in Turmoil
1354:The Sacramento Bee
1319:. January 6, 1976.
1317:The New York Times
1159:(April 19, 1989).
1033:Spain v. Procunier
659:The Register-Guard
553:United States Army
451:Johnny Larry Spain
117:
1537:Los Angeles Times
1498:Publishers Weekly
1492:Jo Durden-Smith.
1337:. March 27, 1975.
1192:Los Angeles Times
938:The Black Scholar
872:The Press-Courier
562:According to the
493:Thelton Henderson
436:New Folsom Prison
417:life imprisonment
383:New Folsom Prison
379:Aryan Brotherhood
249:According to the
181:According to the
80:, and three were
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528:in Los Angeles.
310:Soledad Brothers
129:Associated Press
127:According to an
84:of all charges.
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1095:"On the Issues"
1093:(Spring 1991).
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481:Philip Zimbardo
461:. He was named
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318:Soledad Brother
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41:Luis Talamantez
21:San Quentin Six
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1472:New York Times
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314:Soledad Prison
283:, California.
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156:Llama firearms
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355:David Johnson
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323:According to
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1228:the original
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1099:. Retrieved
1097:. p. 30
1070:. Retrieved
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992:. Retrieved
988:Daily Review
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633:the original
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607:. Retrieved
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252:Daily Review
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743:The Journal
694:The Journal
545:Willie Tate
540:Willie Tate
432:prison riot
371:Hugo Pinell
366:Hugo Pinell
337:Fay Stender
261:Los Angeles
200:Astra M-600
152:9 mm pistol
89:prison riot
1670:Categories
1478:August 12,
1359:August 12,
1165:Daily News
750:August 16,
576:References
292:jury trial
288:South Gate
244:Shreveport
33:California
1649:The Blade
1410:(1999) .
1300:March 13,
1267:March 13,
878:March 18,
639:April 27,
534:the South
500:Vacaville
375:Nicaragua
349:eulogized
183:Chronicle
172:watch cap
82:acquitted
66:convicted
23:were six
1571:March 5,
1542:Archived
1237:July 11,
1224:ncbl.org
1197:July 25,
1141:July 13,
994:July 11,
958:41065690
726:June 27,
700:July 12,
665:July 13,
609:July 15,
405:Fort Ord
170:under a
140:cassette
1387:23 June
603:The Day
557:El Paso
455:Jackson
401:Soledad
257:Hayward
74:assault
25:inmates
1596:
1500:(1976)
1420:
1132:
1040: (
1036:,
1018:,
956:
722:. 2013
70:murder
37:escape
1618:(PDF)
1442:(PDF)
1231:(PDF)
1220:(PDF)
954:JSTOR
549:Selma
470:Utica
381:) at
281:Tracy
279:near
193:Trial
56:trial
1657:2014
1630:2014
1594:ISBN
1573:2011
1480:2015
1454:2014
1418:ISBN
1389:2017
1361:2015
1302:2013
1269:2013
1239:2012
1199:2017
1173:2014
1143:2011
1130:ISBN
1103:2014
1074:2014
996:2012
880:2013
752:2015
728:2017
702:2012
667:2012
641:2011
629:TIME
611:2011
483:, a
327:and
61:Time
54:The
19:The
1126:286
946:doi
536:".
434:at
423:in
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