Satellite television

1422: 1258: 542: 1603:, and in the US most condominiums, neighborhoods, and other homeowner associations tightly restricted their use, except in areas where such restrictions were illegal. These restrictions were altered in 1986 when the Federal Communications Commission ruled all of them illegal. A municipality could require a property owner to relocate the dish if it violated other zoning restrictions, such as a setback requirement, but could not outlaw their use. The necessity of these restrictions would slowly decline as the dishes got smaller. 1332: 1080: 849: 11675: 10589: 72: 1374: 11685: 357: 11664: 38: 1233: 11695: 10601: 4716: 1095:, or TVRO, arose during the early days of satellite television reception to differentiate it from commercial satellite television uplink and downlink operations (transmit and receive). This was the primary method of satellite television transmissions before the satellite television industry shifted, with the launch of higher powered DBS satellites in the early 1990s which transmitted their signals on the 178:. The advantage of this orbit is that the satellite's orbital period equals the rotation rate of the Earth, so the satellite appears at a fixed position in the sky. Thus the satellite dish antenna which receives the signal can be aimed permanently at the location of the satellite and does not have to track a moving satellite. A few systems instead use a highly elliptical orbit with 455:(right-hand and left-hand) and, in the case of K-band, two different frequency bands (lower and upper) to the same frequency range on the cable. Depending on which frequency and polarization a transponder is using, the satellite receiver has to switch the LNB into one of four different modes in order to receive a specific "channel". This is handled by the receiver using the 526:. Uplink satellite dishes are very large, often as much as 9 to 12 metres (30 to 40 feet) in diameter to achieve accurate aiming and increased signal strength at the satellite, to improve reliability. The uplink dish is pointed toward a specific satellite and the uplinked signals are transmitted within a specific frequency range, so as to be received by one of the 495:. The reason for using this orbit is that the satellite circles the Earth at the same rate as the Earth rotates, so the satellite appears at a fixed point in the sky. Thus satellite dishes can be aimed permanently at that point, and do not need a tracking system to turn to follow a moving satellite. A few satellite TV systems use satellites in a 1452:(DBS), was launched on 30 May 1974. It transmitted at 860 MHz using wideband FM modulation and had two sound channels. The transmissions were focused on the Indian subcontinent but experimenters were able to receive the signal in Western Europe using home constructed equipment that drew on UHF television design techniques already in use. 1625:, which gave those using TVRO systems the right to receive signals for free unless they were scrambled, and required those who did scramble to make their signals available for a reasonable fee. Since cable channels could prevent reception by big dishes, other companies had an incentive to offer competition. In January 1986, 1375: 1376: 1929:

FSS satellite's respective transponders has been achieved by both DirecTV & Dish Network issuing to their subscribers dishes twice as big in diameter (36") than the previous 18" (& 20" for the Dish Network "Dish500") dishes the services used initially, equipped with 2 circular-polarized LNBFs

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On March 4, 1996, EchoStar introduced Digital Sky Highway (Dish Network) using the EchoStar 1 satellite. EchoStar launched a second satellite in September 1996 to increase the number of channels available on Dish Network to 170. These systems provided better pictures and stereo sound on 150–200 video

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transponders of existing FSS-class satellites, in addition to the capacity on their own existing fleets of DBS satellites in orbit. This was done in order to provide more channel capacity for their systems, as required by the increasing number of High-Definition and simulcast local station channels.

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systems. The scrambling of HBO was met with much protest from owners of big-dish systems, most of which had no other option at the time for receiving such channels, claiming that clear signals from cable channels would be difficult to receive. Eventually HBO allowed dish owners to subscribe directly

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the radio signal and sends the resulting video signal to the television through a cable. To decrypt the signal the receiver box must be "activated" by the satellite company. If the customer fails to pay their monthly bill the box is "deactivated" by a signal from the company, and the system will not

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two different reception bands – lower and upper – to one and the same frequency band on the cable, and is a practical problem for home satellite reception. Depending on which frequency a transponder is transmitting at and on what polarisation it is using, the satellite receiver has to switch the LNB

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By 1987, nine channels were scrambled, but 99 others were available free-to-air. While HBO initially charged a monthly fee of $ 19.95, soon it became possible to unscramble all channels for $ 200 a year. Dish sales went down from 600,000 in 1985 to 350,000 in 1986, but pay television services were

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will have to be used in conjunction with a special type of LNB. There are also LNBs available with a multi-switch already integrated. This problem becomes more complicated when several receivers are to use several dishes (or several LNBs mounted in a single dish) pointing to different satellites.

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Christmas catalogue featured the first home satellite TV stations on sale for $ 36,500. The dishes were nearly 20 feet (6.1 m) in diameter and were remote controlled. The price went down by half soon after that, but there were only eight more channels. The Society for Private and Commercial

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in 1994 and 1995, and in 1996 and 1997 in European countries including France, Germany, Spain, Portugal, Italy and the Netherlands, as well as Japan, North America and Latin America. Digital DVB-S broadcasts in the United Kingdom and Ireland started in 1998. Japan started broadcasting with the

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technology enabled the use of smaller dishes. Five hundred thousand systems, some costing as little as $ 2000, were sold in the US in 1984. Dishes pointing to one satellite were even cheaper. People in areas without local broadcast stations or cable television service could obtain good-quality

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A common solution for consumers wanting to access multiple satellites is to deploy a single dish with a single LNB and to rotate the dish using an electric motor. The axis of rotation has to be set up in the north–south direction and, depending on the geographical location of the dish, have a

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to an indoor receiver or, in other designs, a downconverter (a mixer and a voltage-tuned oscillator with some filter circuitry) for downconversion to an intermediate frequency. The channel selection was controlled typically by a voltage tuned oscillator with the tuning voltage being fed via a

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facility. Uplink satellite dishes are very large, as much as 9 to 12 meters (30 to 40 feet) in diameter. The increased diameter results in more accurate aiming and increased signal strength at the satellite. The uplink dish is pointed toward a specific satellite and the uplinked signals are

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tuned to that frequency range aboard that satellite. The transponder re-transmits the signals back to Earth at a different frequency (a process known as translation, used to avoid interference with the uplink signal), typically in the 10.7-12.7 GHz band, but some still transmit in the

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systems tend to resemble DBS systems and can use a smaller dish antenna because of the higher power transmissions and greater antenna gain. TVRO systems tend to use larger rather than smaller satellite dish antennas, since it is more likely that the owner of a TVRO system would have a

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must be used in conjunction with a special type of LNB. There are also LNBs available with a multi-switch already integrated. This problem becomes more complicated when several receivers use several dishes or several LNBs mounted in a single dish are aimed at different satellites.

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Programming for satellite television channels comes from multiple sources and may include live studio feeds. The broadcast center assembles and packages programming into channels for transmission and, where necessary, encrypts the channels. The signal is then sent to the

1934:" models respectively, are now the current standard for both providers, with their original 18"/20" single or dual LNBF dishes either now obsolete, or only used for program packages, separate channels, or services only broadcast over the providers' DBS satellites. 1930:(for reception of 2 native DBS satellites of the provider, 1 per LNBF), and 1 standard linear-polarized LNB for reception of channels from an FSS-type satellite. These newer DBS/FSS-hybrid dishes, marketed by DirecTV and Dish Network as the "SlimLine" and " 577:(LNB) or low noise converter (LNC) attached to the horn. The LNB amplifies the weak signals, filters the block of frequencies in which the satellite television signals are transmitted, and converts the block of frequencies to a lower frequency range in the 822:

occurs when the sun lines up directly behind the satellite in the field of view of the receiving satellite dish. This happens for about a 10-minute period daily around midday, twice every year for a two-week period in the spring and fall around the

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is not recommended for this application as it is not technically designed to carry frequencies above 950 MHz, but will work in many circumstances, depending on the quality of the coaxial wire. The shift to more affordable technology from the

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In addition to encryption, the widespread availability, in the US, of DBS services such as PrimeStar and DirecTV had been reducing the popularity of TVRO systems since the early 1990s. Signals from DBS satellites (operating in the more recent

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Early satellite television systems were not very popular due to their expense and large dish size. The satellite television dishes of the systems in the late 1970s and early 1980s were 10 to 16 feet (3.0 to 4.9 m) in diameter, made of

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ocean on 23 July 1962, although a test broadcast had taken place almost two weeks earlier on 11 July. The signals were received and broadcast in North American and European countries and watched by over 100 million. Launched in 1962, the

1722:. This legislation enabled anyone caught engaging in signal theft to be fined up to $ 50,000 and to be sentenced to a maximum of two years in prison. A repeat offender can be fined up to $ 100,000 and be imprisoned for up to five years. 447:

is not recommended for this application as it is not technically designed to carry frequencies above 950 MHz, but may work in some circumstances, depending on the quality of the coaxial wire, signal levels, cable length, etc.

859:(DTH) can either refer to the communications satellites themselves that deliver service or the actual television service. Most satellite television customers in developed television markets get their programming through a 403:

ranges of 950–2150 MHz to carry the signal from the LNBF at the dish down to the receiver. This allows for the transmission of UHF signals along the same span of coaxial wire at the same time. In some applications

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services, the data stream is encrypted and requires proprietary reception equipment. While the underlying reception technology is similar, the pay television technology is proprietary, often consisting of a

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In a return to the older (but proven) technologies of satellite communication, the current DBS-based satellite providers in the US (Dish Network and DirecTV) are now utilizing additional capacity on the

4316: 8558: 1771:, a direct broadcasting company using medium power satellites. The relatively strong transmissions allowed the use of smaller (90 cm) dishes. Its popularity declined with the 1994 launch of the 1111:

frequencies and the dishes required were large; typically over 3 meters (10 ft) in diameter. Consequently, TVRO is often referred to as "big dish" or "Big Ugly Dish" (BUD) satellite television.

4366: 1961:(ITU) defined a "broadcasting satellite service" as a "space service in which signals transmitted or retransmitted by space stations, or transmitted by reflection from objects in orbit around the 4270: 1942: 1107:

networks rather than received by home viewers. Early satellite television receiver systems were largely constructed by hobbyists and engineers. These early TVRO systems operated mainly on the

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The advantages of using an LNB are that cheaper cable can be used to connect the indoor receiver to the satellite television dish and LNB, and that the technology for handling the signal at

326:(LNA) connected to the feedhorn at the focal point of the dish. The amplified signal, still at the higher microwave frequencies, had to be fed via very expensive low-loss 50-ohm impedance 5222: 142:

type satellites, requiring the use of large 2–3-meter dishes. Consequently, these systems were nicknamed "big dish" systems, and were more expensive and less popular. Early systems used

9730: 1610:(ITC) because the equipment necessary to receive the programming was too expensive for consumers. With the growing number of TVRO systems, the program providers and broadcasters had to 3000: 1682:

seeing dishes as something positive since some people would never have cable service, and the industry was starting to recover as a result. Scrambling also led to the development of

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proposed a worldwide communications system which would function by means of three satellites equally spaced apart in earth orbit. This was published in the October 1945 issue of the

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industry to change from being a largely hobbyist one where only small numbers of systems costing thousands of US dollars were built, to a far more commercial one of mass production.

9710: 2448: 1532:. They were equipped with powerful on-board transponders, so the size of receiving parabolic antennas of downlink stations was reduced to 4 and 2.5 metres. On October 18, 1979, the 4060: 3743: 2939: 1719: 651:

An LNB can only handle a single receiver. This is due to the fact that the LNB is mapping two different circular polarisations – right hand and left hand – and in the case of the

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signal unencrypted in order for affiliates to not lose viewers who could not see their advertising. Most of the two million satellite dish users in the United States still used

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directly above the equator. The dish will then be capable of receiving any geostationary satellite that is visible at the specific location, i.e. that is above the horizon. The

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and audio channels, and allowed small dishes to be used. This greatly reduced the popularity of TVRO systems. In the mid-1990s, channels began moving their broadcasts to

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A practical problem relating to home satellite reception is that an LNB can basically only handle a single receiver. This is because the LNB is translating two different

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where it is transmitted to the satellite. With some broadcast centers, the studios, administration and up-link are all part of the same campus. The satellite then

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which was adopted by a majority vote, however, most States capable of DBS voted against it. The "DBS Principles" resolution is generally regarded as ineffective.

1737:, the first satellite to provide medium power satellite coverage to Western Europe. This was one of the first medium-powered satellites, transmitting signals in 1011:

service, a large number of French channels are free-to-air on satellites at 5°W, and have recently been announced as being official in-fill for the DTT network.

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demodulates and converts the signals to the desired form (outputs for television, audio, data, etc.). Often, the receiver includes the capability to selectively

4006: 1557:, and in the United States cost more than $ 5,000, sometimes as much as $ 10,000. Programming sent from ground stations was relayed from eighteen satellites in 9695: 6850: 4312: 3438: 1659: 4564: 10939: 4342: 1756:

which is influential in the development of regulations and has access to government funding for research. Their entry into the market was protected by the

95:. Satellite television provides a wide range of channels and services. It is usually the only television available in many remote geographic areas without 3021: 9747: 9725: 7773: 6434: 6054: 5208: 1972:(NWICO) proposal. However, satellite broadcasts can not be restricted on a per-state basis due to the limitations of the technology. Around the time the 676:

selects the channel desired by the user by filtering that channel from the multiple channels received from the satellite, converts the signal to a lower

130:(12–18 GHz) frequencies requiring only a small dish less than a meter in diameter. The first satellite TV systems were a now-obsolete type known as 3024: 1745:

and allowing reception with small dishes (90 cm). The launch of Astra beat the winner of the UK's state Direct Broadcast Satellite licence holder,

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satellite constellation. These are not marketed as a DBS service, but are received in approximately 18 million homes, as well as in any home using the

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or the Vertex-RSI TORUS, is a quasi-parabolic satellite earthstation antenna that is capable of receiving satellite transmissions from 35 or more

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specific vertical tilt. Set up properly the motorized dish when turned will sweep across all possible positions for satellites lined up along the

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The reason for using the LNB to do the frequency translation at the dish is so that the signal can be carried into the residence using cheap

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receiving dish, which reflects the weak signal to the dish's focal point. Mounted on brackets at the dish's focal point is a device called a

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In the 1970s some states grew concerned that external broadcasting could alter the cultural or political identity of a state leading to the

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1, was launched on 26 October 1976. It used a 714 MHz UHF downlink frequency so that the transmissions could be received with existing

11647: 11619: 11614: 10639: 10069: 8196: 6413: 1241: 9566: 3733: 9038: 4046: 3307: 9322: 7446: 3203: 2143: 2047: 1662:(SBCA) was founded on December 2, 1986, as the result of a merger between SPACE and the Direct Broadcast Satellite Association (DBSA). 914:

Some countries operate satellite television services which can be received for free, without paying a subscription fee. This is called

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but it initially used low power communication satellites and it required dish sizes of over 1.7 metres. On 11 December 1988, however,

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Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB); Implementation of Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) modulation in DVB satellite transmission systems

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protocol to control the LNB mode, which handles this. If several satellite receivers are to be attached to a single dish a so-called

2182: 1536:(FCC) began allowing people to have home satellite earth stations without a federal government license. The front cover of the 1979 9794: 8131: 1165:

The narrow beam width of a normal parabolic satellite antenna means it can only receive signals from a single satellite at a time.

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with a flared front-end that gathers the signals at or near the focal point and conducts them to a probe or pickup connected to a

10569: 9214: 6079: 1945:(SHVIA). The act allowed Americans to receive local broadcast signals via direct broadcast satellite systems for the first time. 1622: 660:

into one of four different modes in order to receive a specific desired program on a specific transponder. The receiver uses the

440: 3923: 3155: 211:(12–18 GHz), or both. The leg of the signal path from the satellite to the receiving Earth station is called the downlink. 11641: 10191: 9942: 9685: 5293: 4753: 3177: 2012: 1426: 1158:-only setup. Additional receiver boxes allow for different types of digital satellite signal reception, such as DVB/MPEG-2 and 1217:

The first satellite relayed communication was achieved early on in the space age, after the first relay test was conducted by

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Earth Stations (SPACE), an organisation which represented consumers and satellite TV system owners, was established in 1980.

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and 2250–3000 MHz, are used. Newer LNBFs in use by DirecTV, called SWM (Single Wire Multiswitch), are used to implement

353:. Central to these designs was concept of block downconversion of a range of frequencies to a lower, more easily handled IF. 3601: 3522: 1591:. Between 1981 and 1985, TVRO systems' sales rates increased as prices fell. Advances in receiver technology and the use of 10041: 9648: 9633: 9623: 9618: 9342: 4661:

Gotlieb, A.E. (1969). "Direct Satellite Broadcasting: A Case Study in the Development of the Law of Space Communications".

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to their service for $ 12.95 per month, a price equal to or higher than what cable subscribers were paying, and required a

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service. Different receivers are required for the two types. Some transmissions and channels are unencrypted and therefore

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There are five major components in a satellite system: the programming source, the broadcast center, the satellite, the

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will occur when the sun lines up directly behind the geostationary satellite to which the receiving antenna is pointed.

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Satellite television, like other communications relayed by satellite, starts with a transmitting antenna located at an

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Satellite television, like other communications relayed by satellite, starts with a transmitting antenna located at an

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reception with no monthly fees. The large dishes were a subject of much consternation, as many people considered them

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receiver is required for certain high definition television services). Most of these channels are included within the

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Stecklow, Steve (1984-10-25). "Research Needed in Buying Dish: High Cost Is Important Consideration for Consumer".

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protocol to control the LNB mode. If several satellite receivers are to be attached to a single dish, a so-called

11734: 11393: 9559: 9476: 7197: 6945: 6612: 6282: 6009: 5123: 4971: 4614: 2622: 1517:, a non-profit public broadcasting service, began to distribute its television programming by satellite in 1978. 1430: 4445: 3810: 1658:

in April 1986. One by one, all commercial channels followed HBO's lead and began scrambling their channels. The

731:. In general, digital television, including that transmitted via satellites, is based on open standards such as 538:, a process known as "translation," and transmits them back to earth to be received by home satellite stations. 11724: 11388: 9866: 7919: 7545: 6398: 5933: 5183: 4967: 4825: 4360: 3661: 3279: 3248: 2689: 2677: 2022: 1900:

materials have also had an effect. However, one consequence of the higher frequencies used for DBS services is

1746: 1487: 1008: 611:, a metal pipe to carry the radio waves. The cable connecting the receiver to the LNB are of the low loss type 11719: 11413: 10456: 10024: 9643: 8645: 7550: 7040: 5098: 5020: 1707: 361: 300: 237:

hybrid satellites. Typical transponders each have a bandwidth between 27 and 50 MHz. Each geostationary

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at the receiver than analog modulation methods. Each satellite also can carry up to 32 transponders in the

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Public Service Broadcasting in the Age of Globalization, Editors: Indrajit Banerjee, Kalinga Seneviratne.

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were considering scrambling, though CBS was reluctant due to the number of people unable to receive local

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and nicknamed "Early Bird", was launched into geosynchronous orbit on April 6, 1965. The first national

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television tuners which selected the satellite television channel for down conversion to another lower

487:. "Direct broadcast" satellites used for transmission of satellite television signals are generally in 151: 5518: 1579:

and Europe. On 26 April 1982, the first satellite channel in the UK, Satellite Television Ltd. (later

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emitted by the sun on the same frequencies used by the satellite's transponders drowns out reception.

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industry as communication satellites were being used to distribute television programming to remote

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the received signal to provide premium services to some subscribers; the receiver is then called an

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Analog television which was distributed via satellite was usually sent scrambled or unscrambled in

53: 4867: 1338:(1965), the world's first commercial communications satellite, was used among others to relay the 530:

tuned to that frequency range aboard that satellite. The transponder then converts the signals to

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satellite was the first satellite to transmit television signals from the US to Japan. The first

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television tuners which selected the satellite television channel for down conversion to a lower

139: 131: 561:"), which reflects the weak signal to the dish's focal point. Mounted on brackets at the dish's 11429: 11215: 11030: 10975: 10970: 10783: 10748: 10436: 10416: 10242: 9861: 9772: 9752: 9251: 9194: 9085: 9080: 8179: 8141: 7778: 7382: 6439: 6133: 6064: 5963: 5844: 5816: 4937: 1981: 1588: 1004: 677: 645: 400: 392:

centered on 70 MHz, where it was demodulated. This shift allowed the satellite television

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orbiting the Earth directly to the viewer's location. The signals are received via an outdoor

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Bell-Jones, Robin; Berbner, Jochen; Chai, Jianfeng; Farstad, Thomas; Pham, Minh (June 2001).

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frequencies. The shift to cheaper technology from the hardline and N-connectors of the early

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satellite needs to be spaced 2° longitude from the next satellite to avoid interference; for

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the spacing can be 1°. This means that there is an upper limit of 360/2 = 180 geostationary

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Trademark Counterfeiting, Product Piracy, and the Billion Dollar Threat to the U.S. Economy

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ITU Radio Regulations, Section IV. Radio Stations and Systems – Article 1.39, definition:

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is likely the leader in free-to-air with approximately 250 digital channels (including 83

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channels to be viewed even by the people with standard equipment available in the market.

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commercial DBS system. All German analogue satellite broadcasts ceased on 30 April 2012.

717: 488: 469: 323: 288: 171: 155: 7892: 6492: 6122: 1524:) system of broadcasting and delivering of TV signals via satellites. They launched the 640:

allowed the early satellite television receivers to use, what were in reality, modified

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allowed the early satellite television receivers to use, what were in reality, modified

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multi-national broadcast (1967), the first multi-satellite relayed television broadcast

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facility. Uplink facilities transmit the signal to the satellite over a narrow beam of

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Cable, satellite, and other specialty television providers in Africa, Asia and Oceania

1026:(with the majority being ethnic or religious in nature). Other FTA satellites include 11522: 11444: 11358: 11341: 11304: 11150: 10980: 10949: 10815: 10709: 10251: 9856: 9496: 9296: 9219: 9165: 9160: 9117: 8466: 8418: 8367: 8295: 8248: 8172: 7793: 7665: 7535: 7352: 7247: 7162: 6652: 6622: 6322: 6315: 6153: 6074: 5854: 5834: 5774: 5594: 5444: 5424: 5150: 5118: 5105: 5088: 5055: 5025: 5015: 5010: 4952: 4927: 4918: 4810: 4798: 4682: 4574: 4494: 4356: 4085: 4011: 3945:

Stein, Joe (1989-01-24). "Whatta dish : Home satellite reception a TV turn-on".

3909: 3877: 3839: 3765: 3657: 3275: 3213: 3147: 2852: 2823: 2726: 2685: 2636: 2587: 2113: 2037: 1715: 1245: 1222: 554: 57: 11190: 3181: 1669:–based encryption on its audio signal. VideoCipher II was defeated, and there was a 1103:

frequencies. Satellite television channels at that time were intended to be used by

11527: 11487: 11467: 11434: 11363: 11321: 11235: 11090: 11075: 11050: 11025: 10985: 10835: 10694: 10679: 10517: 10196: 10119: 9894: 9347: 9256: 9055: 8991: 8944: 8793: 8657: 8377: 8236: 7996: 7958: 7675: 7625: 7337: 7302: 7192: 7177: 7127: 6980: 6792: 6787: 6687: 6499: 6302: 6205: 6168: 5323: 5237: 5192: 5005: 4995: 4815: 4670: 4109: 2007: 1592: 1471: 1398: 1199: 1104: 948: 903:. This measure assures satellite television providers that only authorized, paying 727:

Later signals were digitized television signals or multiplex of signals, typically

500: 115:

requires the viewer to subscribe and pay a monthly fee to receive the programming.

100: 92: 8583: 7227: 4639: 4170: 3241:"The 1945 Proposal by Arthur C. Clarke for Geostationary Satellite Communications" 283:

The downlink satellite signal, quite weak after traveling the great distance (see

194:

transmitted within a specific frequency range, so as to be received by one of the

11155: 11010: 10778: 10753: 10741: 10391: 10287: 10262: 10257: 10161: 9830: 9440: 9435: 9363: 9261: 9008: 8855: 8746: 8635: 8593: 8538: 8491: 8461: 8270: 8258: 7745: 7690: 7390: 7357: 7332: 7217: 7212: 7182: 7117: 6995: 6960: 6950: 6757: 6707: 6597: 6592: 6542: 6522: 6201: 6014: 5824: 5806: 5630: 5434: 5429: 5390: 5380: 4896: 4852: 4793: 4261: 3947: 3914: 3597: 3518: 3028: 1973: 1893: 1865: 1479: 1434: 1257: 1195: 932: 5978: 3789: 3703: 3656:

Long Distance Television Reception (TV-DX) For the Enthusiast, Roger W. Bunney,

3496: 2993:"Cable and satellite TV companies need a miracle to save them from cord-cutting" 960: 927: 549:

The downlinked satellite signal, weaker after traveling the great distance (see

11353: 11225: 11200: 11160: 11130: 11005: 10840: 10793: 10768: 10726: 10247: 10176: 9995: 9820: 9471: 9182: 9060: 9013: 8959: 8845: 8672: 8568: 8448: 8400: 8327: 8263: 8025: 7670: 7342: 7287: 7075: 7060: 7025: 7020: 6975: 6935: 6870: 6747: 6727: 6657: 6647: 6602: 6587: 6421: 6305: 6209: 5849: 5796: 5270: 5060: 4906: 4857: 4843: 4056: 3738: 2052: 1885: 1456: 1390: 1362:

in October 1967, and was based on the principle of using the highly elliptical

1295: 1203: 956: 940: 891: 562: 558: 480: 393: 112: 84: 61: 7904: 4674: 4007:"Old satellite dish restrictions under fire New laws urged for smaller models" 3202:

Campbell, Richard; Martin, Christopher R.; Fabos, Bettina (23 February 2011).

1764:

channel that is encrypted and can be accessed from NHK dishes with a decoder.

11713: 11502: 11275: 11265: 11180: 11070: 11065: 11055: 11040: 10862: 10721: 10527: 10446: 10217: 9991: 9815: 9461: 9281: 9110: 8996: 8731: 8513: 8342: 8200: 7910: 7842: 7838: 7710: 7590: 7565: 7555: 7520: 7515: 7486: 7422: 7297: 7262: 7232: 7055: 6970: 6797: 6742: 6717: 6577: 6223: 5973: 5913: 5907: 5779: 5713: 5651: 5589: 5343: 5275: 5169: 5161: 4788: 4778: 4526: 4231: 4206:. Satellite Broadcasting and Communications Association. 2014. Archived from 4016: 3967: 3681: 2934:[ZDFneo, 3sat, BR, NDR, SWR, WDR, Phoenix, KiKa launch HD channels]. 2856: 2681: 2536: 2457: 2042: 1984:. The parties were unable to reach a consensus on this and in 1982 submitted 1905: 1897: 1877: 1857: 1703: 1691: 1618: 1537: 1507: 1495: 1438: 1393:

making humanity's first step onto an extraterrestrial body, transmitted from

1325: 1306: 1290: 1276: 1170: 1147: 1119: 1108: 943:

has approximately 160 digital channels (including the regional variations of

629: 593: 582: 519: 496: 377: 373: 350: 346: 330: 319: 304: 261: 249: 238: 234: 223: 200: 183: 143: 135: 7937: 4150:

Dawidziak, Mark (1984-12-30). "Satellite TV Dishes Getting Good Reception".

3428:"Significant Achievements in Space Communications and Navigation, 1958–1964" 1366:

satellite for rebroadcasting and delivering of television signals to ground

162:

from Brazil is the only remaining satellite broadcasting in analog signals.

11380: 11220: 11165: 11095: 11060: 10995: 10894: 10884: 10736: 10431: 10355: 10111: 10086: 10047: 9981: 9373: 9271: 9100: 8917: 8684: 8608: 8533: 8486: 8423: 8337: 8332: 8054: 7978: 7972: 7755: 7660: 7635: 7030: 6667: 6361: 6311: 6262: 6215: 6035: 5938: 5703: 5688: 5459: 5308: 5265: 5000: 4923: 4911: 4886: 4762: 4548:

Satellites: Operations and Applications: The New Communication Technologies

4051: 2203: 1938: 1813: 1809: 1801: 1779: 1683: 1670: 1494:) were among the first to use satellite television to deliver programming. 1386: 1359: 1054: 993: 689: 476:

protocol has been extended to encompass commands for steering dish rotors.

182:

of +/−63.4 degrees and an orbital period of about twelve hours, known as a

108: 6237: 4128:

Reibstein, Larry (1981-09-27). "Watching TV Via Satellite Is Their Dish".

3308:"20 Years Ago: First Image of Earth from Mars and Other Postcards of Home" 1331: 1079: 118:

Modern systems signals are relayed from a communications satellite on the

11580: 11230: 11140: 11125: 11085: 11045: 10904: 10441: 10375: 10011: 9986: 9511: 9224: 9204: 9122: 9095: 9001: 8954: 8882: 8714: 8548: 8528: 8523: 8387: 8290: 8216: 8060: 7990: 7879: 7760: 7740: 7725: 7695: 7655: 7650: 7645: 7600: 7347: 7282: 7242: 7207: 7092: 7087: 7045: 7000: 6840: 6835: 6512: 6507: 6272: 6158: 6025: 5829: 5739: 5641: 5584: 5385: 5083: 5078: 4991: 4783: 4726: 4441: 3882: 3814: 2032: 1849: 1805: 1643: 1630: 1130: 989: 915: 908: 832: 803: 791: 771: 673: 665: 637: 625: 586: 527: 504: 484: 460: 420: 381: 356: 334: 195: 179: 159: 104: 88: 31: 1752:

Commercial satellite broadcasts have existed in Japan since 1992 led by

1053:

Satellite TV has seen a decline in consumers since the 2010s due to the

848: 30:

For the television channel "Satellite Television" launched in 1982, see

11585: 11292: 10990: 10899: 10855: 10825: 10803: 10406: 9491: 9486: 9481: 8860: 8751: 8736: 8613: 8285: 8221: 8072: 7931: 7735: 7720: 7715: 7685: 7630: 7525: 7430: 7267: 7152: 7137: 7112: 7005: 6985: 6875: 6807: 6682: 6632: 6572: 6562: 6552: 6547: 6231: 6019: 5968: 5958: 5953: 5790: 5785: 5769: 5745: 5620: 5604: 5553: 5548: 5528: 5359: 5333: 5140: 4942: 3919: 1830: 1730: 1546: 1503: 1347: 1335: 904: 900: 880: 819: 807: 767: 694: 681: 424: 342: 277: 71: 49: 7035: 5759: 4606: 4291:

Wolf, Ron (1985-01-20). "Direct-Broadcast TV Is Still Not Turned On".

2964:[HDTV: New HD channels from ARD and ZDF after 30 April 2012]. 11570: 11035: 10850: 10617: 10360: 10100: 9574: 9531: 9404: 9378: 9337: 8902: 8781: 8756: 8704: 8677: 8573: 8433: 8300: 8002: 7984: 7846: 7680: 7610: 7406: 7312: 7277: 7157: 7132: 6900: 6855: 6767: 6722: 6712: 6557: 5943: 5859: 5625: 5615: 5543: 5533: 5469: 5406: 5348: 5338: 5260: 5135: 5093: 4570: 2632: 1931: 1901: 1856:

of modern satellites) and therefore require much smaller dishes than

1848:) are higher in both frequency and power (due to improvements in the 1768: 1673:

for descrambler devices which were initially sold as "test" devices.

1607: 1528:

communication satellites later that same year. These satellites used

1264: 1226: 1218: 1047: 1043: 1035: 1023: 952: 907:

have access to pay television content but at the same time can allow

828: 755: 693:

work until the company reactivates it. Some receivers are capable of

685: 608: 604: 570: 550: 523: 515: 296: 284: 273: 7257: 6493:

Cable, satellite, and other specialty television providers in Europe

3240: 11565: 11555: 11472: 11297: 11120: 10461: 10426: 10421: 10411: 10401: 10396: 10324: 10272: 9975: 9731:

List of Canadian television stations available in the United States

9187: 9170: 8964: 8850: 8840: 8813: 8766: 8689: 8598: 8588: 8501: 8347: 8043: 7966: 7869: 7620: 7615: 7540: 7462: 7322: 7237: 7187: 6965: 6940: 6930: 6895: 6890: 6702: 6672: 6617: 6388: 6383: 6292: 6278: 5999: 5892: 5882: 5864: 5729: 5708: 5693: 5558: 5538: 5486: 5375: 4805: 2818:

Bruce R. Elbert (2008). "9 Earth Stations and Network Technology".

2062: 1734: 1651: 1550: 1525: 1410:

The first domestic satellite to carry television transmissions was

1367: 1309: 1302: 1284: 1166: 799: 721: 566: 292: 2932:"ZDFneo, 3sat, BR, NDR, SWR, WDR, Phoenix, KiKa starten HD Kanäle" 1767:

In the US in the early 1990s, four large cable companies launched

1455:

The first in a series of Soviet geostationary satellites to carry

1405: 134:. These systems received weaker analog signals transmitted in the 11560: 11545: 10763: 10466: 10451: 10370: 10350: 10319: 10309: 10091: 9332: 9266: 9090: 9065: 9033: 8912: 8877: 8798: 8741: 8428: 8372: 8312: 8305: 8103: 8098: 8078: 8049: 8037: 7943: 7874: 7700: 7595: 7580: 7570: 7367: 7327: 7292: 7202: 7107: 7102: 7065: 6990: 6910: 6880: 6845: 6582: 6532: 6393: 6378: 6373: 6219: 6187: 5763: 5734: 5610: 5599: 5513: 5475: 5464: 5395: 5354: 5318: 5303: 5245: 4847: 3271:

Wireless technologies and the national information infrastructure

1922: 1913: 1869: 1841: 1789: 1775: 1738: 1695: 1600: 1580: 1280: 1237: 1174: 1151: 1138: 1123: 1096: 997: 979: 919: 864: 824: 795: 652: 597: 531: 492: 428: 405: 265: 253: 242: 227: 215: 204: 175: 170:

The satellites used for broadcasting television are usually in a

123: 9802: 4414:

Cable Television Consumer Protection and Competition Act of 1992

1976:

was released, satellite broadcasting was being discussed at the

1788:

satellite broadcasts began in 1994 in the United States through

1720:

Cable Television Consumer Protection and Competition Act of 1992

1232: 843: 507:

of +/-63.4 degrees and an orbital period of about twelve hours.

37: 11590: 11550: 10872: 10522: 10471: 10365: 10314: 10299: 10222: 10212: 10030: 9967: 9430: 9127: 8981: 8897: 8823: 8803: 8776: 8719: 8699: 8578: 8108: 7585: 7560: 7530: 7454: 7438: 7362: 7317: 7307: 7015: 6812: 6697: 6517: 6403: 6366: 6288: 6241: 6191: 6183: 5918: 5897: 5698: 5680: 5579: 5574: 5497: 5449: 4731: 4715: 2722: 1818: 1521: 1470:

The satellite television industry developed in the US from the

1415: 1411: 1272: 1039: 1019: 1015: 968: 876: 744: 740: 732: 661: 578: 511: 473: 456: 409: 369: 312: 190: 119: 7837:

Cable, satellite, and other specialty television providers in

6123:

Cable, satellite, and other specialty television providers in

4727:

Digital Satellite Television by Chris Muriel (June 21st, 2000)

3031:. Los Angeles Times, July 26, 2007. Retrieved on May 14, 2010. 1665:

Videocipher II used analog scrambling on its video signal and

1346:

The world's first commercial communications satellite, called

264:

transmission is susceptible to terrestrial interference while

11575: 11512: 10820: 10507: 10304: 10035: 10006: 10001: 9961: 9955: 9937: 9521: 9516: 9466: 9445: 9420: 9399: 9023: 9018: 8986: 8949: 8939: 8830: 8761: 8724: 8694: 8667: 8508: 8352: 7898: 7730: 7705: 7605: 7414: 7398: 7372: 7222: 7142: 6920: 6817: 6627: 5646: 5508: 5503: 5298: 4862: 2068: 1962: 1797: 1761: 1554: 1460: 1445: 1321: 1261: 1031: 1027: 985: 964: 887: 763: 736: 720:

and is converted from an FM signal to what is referred to as

713: 616: 444: 372:

and UHF was far cheaper than that for handling the signal at

107:, while many other channels are transmitted with encryption. 8195:

Cable, satellite, and other specialty television providers (

4513: 1965:, are intended for direct reception by the general public." 1437:

satellite, an early international broadcast event featuring

443:, etc.) is used to connect the receiver to the LNBF or LNB. 11517: 9925: 9501: 9050: 8932: 8927: 8865: 8818: 8453: 8029: 7510: 6915: 6642: 6567: 6345: 5948: 5887: 5675: 5667: 5491: 5313: 3631: 3466: 1889: 1159: 926:

channels and various regional channels) broadcast from the

923: 759: 705: 612: 585:

into the residence to the satellite television receiver, a

436: 150:

which allow transmission of the modern television standard

4257:"Satellite TV Skies Brighten As War With Programmers Ends" 3519:"Soviet-bloc Research in Geophysics, Astronomy, and Space" 2725:: Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 279–80. 1908:

satellite television signals are less prone to rain fade.

1575:

By 1980, satellite television was well established in the

8476: 7252: 7167: 6802: 6692: 5755: 5563: 5454: 4563:

Khaplil, Vidya R.; Bhalachandra, Anjali R. (April 2008).

4107:

Stecklow, Steve (1984-07-07). "America's Favorite Dish".

3734:"Taylor Howard, 70, Pioneer In Satellite TV for the Home" 2179:"Installing Consumer-Owned Antennas and Satellite Dishes" 1753: 1711: 1687: 1626: 1595: 1584: 1514: 1114:

TVRO systems were designed to receive analog and digital

975: 944: 831:

of the dish's reception pattern, so the strong microwave

810:. Many conditional access systems have been compromised. 709: 641: 596:. To transport the signal into the house at its original 385: 3205:

Media and Culture: An Introduction to Mass Communication

2962:"HDTV: Neue HD-Kanäle von ARD und ZDF ab 30. April 2012" 2349: 2347: 2345: 2343: 338:

separate cable to the headend, but this design evolved.

4566:

Advances in Recent Trends in Communication and Networks

3121: 3083: 3064: 2263: 2261: 2259: 2257: 1583:), was launched. Its signals were transmitted from the 1564: 1561:

located 22,300 miles (35,900 km) above the Earth.

1225:

at the end of 1958, after at the beginning of the year

1057:

trend where people are shifting towards internet-based

852:

DBS satellite dishes installed on an apartment complex.

697:

the received signal itself. These receivers are called

1510:

satellite signals with his home-built system in 1976.

1022:) there are over 80 FTA digital channels available on 27:

Broadcasting of television using artificial satellites

4399:. United Press International. 1988-11-03. p. E3. 4082:

Ku-Band Satellite TV: Theory, Installation and Repair

3102: 2340: 1660:

Satellite Broadcasting and Communications Association

1305:, was launched on 26 July 1963. The subsequent first 1252: 716:

television broadcast standards. The analog signal is

75:

Diagram showing how modern satellite television works

4607:"Rain fade: satellite TV signal and adverse weather" 2624:

Satellite Systems Engineering in an IPv6 Environment

2328: 2316: 2297: 2285: 2273: 2254: 416:

and use a wider frequency range of 2–2150 MHz.

380:

systems to the cheaper and simpler 75-ohm cable and

4562: 3201: 2472: 2415:. Communications Technology, Incorporated: 84. 1984 1904:where viewers lose signal during a heavy downpour. 1520:In 1979, Soviet engineers developed the Moskva (or 1271:The first public satellite television signals from 1267:

test (first sattelite t.v. broadcast, July 11 1962)

9639:List of United States stations available in Canada 9588:List of local television stations in North America 4442:"ASTRA 1A Satellite details 1988-109B NORAD 19688" 4047:"SATELLITE DISHES SURVIVE GREAT SCRAMBLE OF 1980S" 3148:"Sensing SATCOM Success Is New Simulsat From ATCi" 3022:NBC tacks on Telemundo oversight to Gaspin's tasks 2484: 648:centered on 70 MHz where it was demodulated. 491:37,000 km (23,000 mi) above the earth's 174:36,000 km (22,000 mi) above the earth's 111:channels are encrypted but not charged-for, while 9575:Additional resources on North American television 6451:More than 400,000 television service subscribers. 3274:. DIANE Publishing. September 1995. p. 138. 2755: 2586:. Berlin: Springer Science & Business Media. 2525: 2523: 2521: 2519: 1448:, the world's first experimental educational and 1385:Clip of the international broadcast of the first 959:) that are broadcast without encryption from the 11711: 10036:Multichannel Video and Data Distribution Service 9716:1989 South Florida television affiliation switch 4698:UN Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space 4696:Francis Lyall (2019). "satellite Broadcasting". 4393:"Scrambled NBC Bad News for Satellite Pirates". 2517: 2515: 2513: 2511: 2509: 2507: 2505: 2503: 2501: 2499: 1978:UN Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space 399:In the United States, service providers use the 4663:The Canadian Yearbook of International Law 1969 4516:"High Technology Strategy and Entrepreneurship" 4419:(1460, STATUTE-106-Pg1460.pdf). 8 October 1992 4311:Lyman, Rick; Borowski, Neill (April 29, 1986). 3575:A Tribute to Honeysuckle Creek Tracking Station 2817: 2765:European Telecommunications Standards Institute 1614:their signal and develop subscription systems. 1406:Development of the direct satellite TV industry 963:satellite constellation, and receivable on any 5191: 3331: 3329: 2105: 1000:at 93.5°E and contains about 80 FTA channels. 863:(DBS) provider. Signals are transmitted using 10633: 10549:Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems 10127: 9788: 9691:List of American cable and satellite networks 9560: 8180: 7822: 6478: 6108: 5216: 5177: 4747: 4695: 4469:Encyclopedia of Contemporary Japanese Culture 4336: 4334: 4310: 3873:"Tiny Satellite Dishes Sprout in Rural Areas" 3042:"Satellite Communications Training from NRI!" 2583:Satellite Systems:Principles and Technologies 2496: 2065:: provides television via internet connection 1970:New World Information and Communication Order 1921:The reception of the channels carried on the 844:Direct-to-home and direct broadcast satellite 52:programming to viewers by relaying it from a 10141: 10070:Multichannel multipoint distribution service 9803:Wireless video and data distribution methods 8197:multi-channel video programming distributors 2836: 1118:feeds of both television or audio from both 827:. During this period, the sun is within the 349:frequencies were adapted for the 4 GHz 11648:Global telecommunications regulation bodies 4408: 4406: 4102: 4100: 4098: 3788:. Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from 3779: 3777: 3326: 3132:sfn error: no target: CITEREFPrentiss1989 ( 3113:sfn error: no target: CITEREFPrentiss1989 ( 3094:sfn error: no target: CITEREFPrentiss1989 ( 3075:sfn error: no target: CITEREFPrentiss1989 ( 2851:(8). Hearst Magazines: 57–60. August 1994. 2811: 2751: 2749: 1725:Satellite television had also developed in 1646:to be purchased for $ 395. This led to the 581:range. The signal is then passed through a 295:or collector. The feedhorn is a section of 11684: 10640: 10626: 10134: 10120: 9795: 9781: 9567: 9553: 8187: 8173: 7829: 7815: 6485: 6471: 6115: 6101: 5223: 5209: 5184: 5170: 4754: 4740: 4546:Mirabito, M., and Morgenstern, B. (2004). 4331: 4250: 4248: 4246: 4244: 4242: 4165: 4163: 4040: 4038: 4000: 3998: 3996: 3994: 3901: 3831:The Guide to United States Popular Culture 3420: 2616: 2614: 2612: 2610: 2048:Murphy v Media Protection Services Limited 1068: 10575:List of communication satellite companies 6338:Defunct cable and DBS companies of Canada 4599: 4550:(fifth edition). Burlington: Focal Press. 4480: 4478: 4306: 4304: 4302: 4235:. Knight-Ridder News Service. p. 6C. 4149: 4127: 4121: 3870: 3821: 3725: 3595: 3338:"The Birth of Satellite TV, 50 Years Ago" 2673:The Essential Guide to Telecommunications 1896:due to improved microwave technology and 1418:, which was launched on 9 November 1972. 992:, promotes a free-to-air DBS package as " 522:frequency range due to its resistance to 303:(LNB). The LNB amplifies the signals and 79:A satellite receiver decodes the desired 4634: 4632: 4558: 4556: 4403: 4340: 4228: 4145: 4143: 4141: 4106: 4095: 3774: 3493:"Encyclopedia Astronautica - Intelsat I" 3127: 3108: 3089: 3070: 2863: 2820:Introduction To Satellite Communications 2746: 2308:sfn error: no target: CITEREFTirro1993 ( 2106:Campbell, Dennis; Cotter, Susan (1998). 1758:Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications 1606:Originally, all channels were broadcast 1420: 1372: 1330: 1256: 1231: 1078: 847: 540: 355: 252:satellites or 360/1 = 360 geostationary 70: 36: 10570:List of communications satellite firsts 9215:Chicken Soup for the Soul Entertainment 7862: 4660: 4466: 4436: 4434: 4239: 4222: 4194: 4192: 4160: 4035: 3991: 3907: 3014: 2710: 2708: 2607: 2575: 2573: 2571: 2569: 2567: 2565: 2563: 2532:"Leaky dishes drown out terrestrial TV" 2438: 2436: 2434: 2432: 2430: 2399: 2397: 2382:. Reed Business Publishing: 60–62. 1985 2366: 2364: 2362: 1892:) on a single transponder. Advances in 1623:Cable Communications Policy Act of 1984 1229:became the first satellite in history. 1137:-type satellites. The higher frequency 1046:promotes FTA religious broadcasters on 14: 11712: 10647: 10452:Shanghai Spacecom Satellite Technology 9943:Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service 9696:List of American over-the-air networks 4507: 4475: 4388: 4386: 4384: 4299: 4284: 4254: 4075: 4004: 3827: 3732:Feder, Barnaby J. (15 November 2002). 3395: 3360: 2990: 2718:Satellite Communication Systems Design 2665: 2663: 2661: 2659: 2620: 2579: 2353: 2334: 2322: 2291: 2279: 2267: 2138: 2136: 2013:List of satellite television companies 1427:Overseas Telecommunications Commission 978:, and an increasing number within the 754:encryption/scrambling methods include 10621: 10115: 10064:Local multipoint distribution service 9776: 9748:Middle East, Africa, Asia and Oceania 9548: 8168: 8132:Middle East, Africa, Asia and Oceania 7810: 7774:Middle East, Africa, Asia and Oceania 6466: 6435:Middle East, Africa, Asia and Oceania 6096: 6055:Middle East, Africa, Asia and Oceania 5204: 5165: 4735: 4640:Satellite Home Viewer Improvement Act 4629: 4553: 4540: 4484: 4138: 3944: 3938: 3758: 3731: 3696: 3621: 3598:"Anik A1 launching: bridging the gap" 3543: 3473:from the original on 14 February 2020 3335: 3158:from the original on 16 December 2014 2972:from the original on 27 December 2012 2942:from the original on 27 February 2019 2774:from the original on 13 December 2016 2714: 2303: 2173: 2171: 2169: 2003:Basic Interoperable Scrambling System 1959:International Telecommunication Union 1943:Satellite Home Viewer Improvement Act 1796:format. They were launched (with the 1506:, became the first person to receive 607:frequency would require an expensive 408:AU9-S and AT-9), ranges of the lower 158:of digital broadcasting. As of 2022, 11694: 10600: 10042:Multipoint Video Distribution System 9649:2007 Canada broadcast TV realignment 9624:List of Canadian television channels 9619:List of Canadian television networks 9343:United States Satellite Broadcasting 4431: 4341:Paradise, Paul R. (1 January 1999). 4313:"On The Trail Of 'Captain Midnight'" 4290: 4189: 3963:"Earth Station Is Very Popular Dish" 3650: 3563: 3537: 3348:from the original on 25 October 2014 3300: 3052:. Bonnier Corporation. February 1986 2902:"Satellitenfernsehen in Deutschland" 2786: 2756:Antipolis, Sophia (September 1997). 2705: 2669: 2560: 2490: 2478: 2427: 2394: 2359: 1565:TVRO/C-band satellite era, 1980–1986 1087:satellite dish used by TVRO systems. 322:satellite television systems used a 154:, due to the significantly improved 9629:List of Canadian specialty channels 9151:Adelphia Communications Corporation 4381: 4063:from the original on 7 October 2017 4044: 3979:from the original on 13 August 2021 3871:Giarrusso, Michael (28 July 1996). 3864: 3803: 3680:. Astronautix. 2007. Archived from 3622:Ezell, Linda N. (22 January 2010). 3615: 3336:Klein, Christopher (23 July 2012). 2904:[Satellite TV in Germany]. 2656: 2529: 2133: 569:which passes the signals through a 553:), is collected by using a rooftop 24: 5570:Pacific Broadcasting Services Fiji 4573:: Allied Publishers. p. 119. 4171:"Broadband Cable 10th Anniversary" 4005:Brooks, Andree (10 October 1993). 2912:from the original on 15 April 2016 2621:Minoli, Daniel (3 February 2009). 2376:Electronics World + Wireless World 2166: 1676: 1637:. Other channels used less secure 1467:rather than microwave technology. 1425:An advertisment by the Australian 1395:Honeysuckle Creek Tracking Station 1253:First satellite relayed broadcasts 25: 11746: 10233:Automatic Tracking Satellite Dish 4708: 4617:from the original on 15 June 2014 4448:from the original on 30 June 2014 4319:from the original on May 21, 2014 4177:from the original on 6 March 2014 4023:from the original on 14 July 2014 3926:from the original on 14 July 2014 3889:from the original on 15 July 2014 3638:from the original on 6 April 2013 3408:from the original on 14 July 2019 3178:"The Arthur C. Clarke Foundation" 2444:"Microwave Journal International" 2087: 1937:On 29 November 1999 US President 1534:Federal Communications Commission 1397:and distributed globally via the 1354:of television satellites, called 1221:and the first radio broadcast by 1014:In North America (United States, 214:A typical satellite has up to 32 11693: 11683: 11674: 11673: 11662: 11283:Free-space optical communication 10599: 10588: 10587: 9987:Mobile broadband wireless access 9171:MediaOne/Continental Cablevision 4868:BitTorrent television and movies 4761: 4714: 3783: 2906:kabelfernsehen-kabelanschluss.de 1189: 890:standard for transmission. With 545:A DTH Satellite dish from India. 360:Back view of a linear polarised 9598:North American TV mini-template 7789:Latin America and the Caribbean 6080:Latin America and the Caribbean 5124:Director of network programming 4689: 4654: 4587:from the original on 2 May 2024 4487:Communication Technology Update 4460: 4369:from the original on 2 May 2024 4273:from the original on 2014-04-15 4255:Takiff, Jonathan (1987-05-22). 3955: 3852:from the original on 2 May 2024 3811:"The "Glory Days" of Satellite" 3746:from the original on 2 May 2024 3714:from the original on 2020-01-02 3666: 3604:from the original on 2007-12-19 3596:Robertson, Lloyd (1972-11-09). 3589: 3544:Hitch, Georgia (18 July 2019). 3525:from the original on 2 May 2024 3511: 3485: 3455: 3444:from the original on 2013-11-03 3389: 3378:from the original on 2019-07-14 3288:from the original on 2 May 2024 3262: 3251:from the original on 2020-03-08 3233: 3195: 3170: 3140: 3034: 3003:from the original on 2020-02-26 2984: 2954: 2924: 2894: 2883:from the original on 2014-04-07 2800:from the original on 2014-07-27 2580:Pattan, Bruno (31 March 1993). 2449:Microwave Journal International 2243:from the original on 2023-12-10 2233:"Lista completa de frequências" 2214:from the original on 2023-12-10 2185:from the original on 2011-04-29 2150:. 25 April 2008. Archived from 1431:Aloha from Hawaii via Satellite 9706:Local American TV stations (K) 9701:Local American TV stations (W) 7940:(Mexico & Central America) 5566:(Middle East and North Africa) 4826:Digital terrestrial television 3838:: Popular Press. p. 706. 3571:"TV seen in Western Australia" 3437:. NASA. 1966. pp. 30–32. 2968:(in German). 20 January 2012. 2678:Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 2405:"Microstrip Impedance Program" 2225: 2196: 2099: 2095:Broadcasting-satellite service 2023:Satellite television by region 1888:(MCPC) or carried separately ( 1864:methods now used require less 1782:satellite television systems. 1747:British Satellite Broadcasting 1488:Christian Broadcasting Network 1240:sent back the first televised 1009:digital terrestrial television 615:, quad shield RG-6, or RG-11. 13: 1: 10025:Educational Broadband Service 9721:1994–1996 U.S. TV realignment 9644:2001 Vancouver TV realignment 5099:Television news screen layout 4045:Nye, Doug (14 January 1990). 3396:Darcey, RJ (16 August 2013). 2871:"Intelsat New Media Brochure" 2080: 1686:events. On November 1, 1988, 1629:began using the now-obsolete 1003:While originally launched as 883:and broadcasts the channels. 813: 435:or IRD. Low-loss cable (e.g. 301:low-noise block downconverter 165: 66:low-noise block downconverter 11669:Telecommunication portal 11450:Telecommunications equipment 10554:ETSI Satellite Digital Radio 10278:Very-small-aperture terminal 9711:Spanish-language TV networks 9247:Graceba Total Communications 9237:Community Home Entertainment 8977:Racetrack Television Network 5066:Broadcast television systems 4972:Children's television series 2991:Newman, Jared (2019-02-13). 2938:(in German). 13 March 2012. 2767:. pp. 1–7. TR 101 198. 2112:. Kluwer Law International. 699:integrated receiver/decoders 272:transmission is affected by 87:. Receivers can be external 41:A number of satellite dishes 7: 11186:Alexander Stepanovich Popov 10330:Digital audio radio service 10238:Motor-driven Satellite dish 8472:Consolidated Communications 8318:Consolidated Communications 4968:Children's interest channel 4396:The San Francisco Chronicle 2372:"Europe's Best Kept Secret" 1995: 1316:, was used to telecast the 1181:satellites simultaneously. 433:integrated receiver/decoder 48:is a service that delivers 10: 11751: 11730:International broadcasting 10890:Telecommunications history 10019:Advanced Wireless Services 9951:Digital Video Broadcasting 9634:Local Canadian TV stations 9292:TelePrompTer/Group W Cable 8519:North State Communications 8084:Zapping (Brazil and Chile) 4353:Greenwood Publishing Group 4115:Knight-Ridder News Service 3910:"Stealing Free TV, Part 2" 2715:Tirró, S. (30 June 1993). 2058:Satellite subcarrier audio 2028:Commercialization of space 1988:("DBS Principles") to the 1568: 1484:Turner Broadcasting System 1450:direct broadcast satellite 1184: 1150:-only setup rather than a 1072: 861:direct broadcast satellite 419:The satellite receiver or 226:transponders, or more for 152:high-definition television 60:commonly referred to as a 29: 11657: 11599: 11536: 11498:Public Switched Telephone 11458: 11422: 11379: 11320: 11310:telecommunication circuit 11271:Fiber-optic communication 11254: 11016:Francis Blake (telephone) 10963: 10811:Optical telecommunication 10655: 10583: 10562: 10541: 10490: 10385:Relay satellite companies 10384: 10338: 10286: 10205: 10182:High-throughput satellite 10167:Satellite Internet access 10149: 10079: 10056: 9918: 9900:Satellite Internet access 9887: 9839: 9808: 9743: 9678: 9670:Local Mexican TV stations 9657: 9606: 9580: 9544: 9454: 9413: 9392: 9356: 9315: 9307:Windjammer Communications 9156:Alameda Power and Telecom 9143: 9136: 8622: 8557: 8447: 8409: 8276:Blue Ridge Communications 8232:Suddenlink Communications 8207: 8164: 8127: 8091: 8024: 7957: 7888: 7853: 7806: 7769: 7498: 7381: 7074: 6826: 6498: 6462: 6430: 6412: 6344: 6251: 6176: 6167: 6144: 6131: 6092: 6050: 6042:Vodafone TV (New Zealand) 5873: 5815: 5666: 5415: 5236: 5200: 5074:Digital on-screen graphic 5046: 4987:Movie television channels 4963:Adult television channels 4951: 4877: 4769: 4675:10.1017/S0069005800011826 4642:(00-96). 29 November 1999 4485:Grant, August E. (2010). 4293:The Philadelphia Inquirer 4131:The Philadelphia Inquirer 3908:Keating, Stephen (1999). 2936:kabel-internet-telefon.de 2670:Dodd, Annabel Z. (2002). 2546:Reed Business Information 1476:cable television headends 1465:UHF television technology 1242:image of Earth from space 1206:magazine and won him the 988:'s national broadcaster, 897:conditional-access module 632:systems to the cheaper 75 575:low-noise block converter 414:single cable distribution 307:them to a lower block of 11409:Orbital angular-momentum 10846:Satellite communications 10685:Communications satellite 10143:Satellite communications 9726:2006 U.S. TV realignment 9527:Smithsonian Channel Plus 9242:FairPoint Communications 9176:Tele-Communications Inc. 8462:Cincinnati Bell Fioptics 8358:Northland Communications 7415:EVOtv (Hrvatski Telekom) 7193:MAXtv (Hrvatski Telekom) 6921:MAXtv (Hrvatski Telekom) 5038:Women's interest channel 4529:: INSEAD. Archived from 4467:Buckley, Sandra (2002). 4267:Knight-Ridder Newspapers 2794:"JEDI Innovation report" 2144:"Frequency letter bands" 1948: 1667:Data Encryption Standard 624:ohm impedance cable and 589:next to the television. 333:with relatively complex 309:intermediate frequencies 54:communications satellite 11288:Molecular communication 11111:Gardiner Greene Hubbard 10940:Undersea telegraph line 10675:Cable protection system 10491:Satellite manufacturers 9302:UA-Columbia Cablevision 9232:Cobridge Communications 8396:TruVista Communications 7969:(Brazil & Colombia) 6773:Vodafone Czech Republic 5989:Multivision (Sri Lanka) 4902:Multichannel television 4892:Commercial broadcasting 4863:Peer-to-peer television 2204:"Star One D2 at 70.0°W" 2018:Television receive-only 1829:transmission using the 1760:(MPT) resulting in the 1589:Orbital Test Satellites 1571:Television receive-only 1314:International Date Line 1299:communication satellite 1212:Stuart Ballantine Medal 1093:television receive-only 1075:Television receive-only 1069:Television receive-only 1063:over-the-air television 838: 287:), is collected with a 132:television receive-only 11735:Television terminology 11430:Communication protocol 11216:Charles Sumner Tainter 11031:Walter Houser Brattain 10976:Edwin Howard Armstrong 10784:Information revolution 9862:Terrestrial television 9252:Insight Communications 9195:Bresnan Communications 9081:Warner Bros. Discovery 7993:(Argentina & Peru) 5964:Independent TV (India) 5845:Freeview (New Zealand) 5786:StarHub TV (Singapore) 5770:Singtel TV (Singapore) 4982:Men's interest channel 4938:Religious broadcasting 4084:. Frank Baylin et al. 2109:Copyright Infringement 1982:freedom of information 1955:1963 Radio Regulations 1635:encrypt their channels 1442: 1402: 1343: 1268: 1249: 1088: 918:satellite television. 853: 678:intermediate frequency 646:intermediate frequency 546: 453:circular polarizations 401:intermediate frequency 390:intermediate frequency 365: 345:-based converters for 146:, but modern ones use 97:terrestrial television 76: 42: 32:Sky One § History 11725:Television technology 11404:Polarization-division 11136:Narinder Singh Kapany 11101:Erna Schneider Hoover 11021:Jagadish Chandra Bose 11001:Alexander Graham Bell 10732:online video platform 9879:Visual sensor network 9426:HD HomeRun Premium TV 9384:Virtual Digital Cable 9200:Bright House Networks 8789:The Criterion Channel 8254:Grande Communications 8227:Optimum (TV/Internet) 8063:(Argentina and Chile) 8040:(Trinidad and Tobago) 7916:Green Dot (Caribbean) 7348:Vodafone North Cyprus 5929:Easy TV (Philippines) 5751:Saudi Telecom Company 4444:. N2YO. 9 July 2014. 4349:Westport, Connecticut 4019:: The Baltimore Sun. 3973:Kansas City, Missouri 1876:, but only 24 in the 1690:began scrambling its 1650:on HBO's transponder 1639:television encryption 1617:In October 1984, the 1569:Further information: 1424: 1384: 1358:, was created by the 1334: 1279:were relayed via the 1260: 1244:, becoming the first 1235: 1082: 886:Most systems use the 851: 573:to a device called a 544: 359: 311:(IF), usually in the 74: 40: 11720:Satellite television 11246:Vladimir K. Zworykin 11206:Almon Brown Strowger 11176:Charles Grafton Page 10831:Prepaid mobile phone 10759:Electrical telegraph 10157:Satellite television 9874:Satellite television 9287:Rapid Communications 9101:Food Network Kitchen 8892:Kino Film Collection 7893:Canal+ Caraïbes 6778:Vodafone Deutschland 6763:Virgin Media Ireland 5903:Cable TV (Hong Kong) 5840:Freeview (Australia) 5807:Vision (Philippines) 5494:(Sub-Saharan Africa) 5256:Cable Networks Akita 5131:Outside broadcasting 4723:at Wikimedia Commons 4721:Satellite television 4491:Taylor & Francis 4153:Akron Beacon-Journal 3975:. 21 December 1980. 3828:Browne, Ray (2001). 3210:Macmillan Publishers 1694:signal but left its 1530:geostationary orbits 1433:, broadcast via the 1312:, orbiting near the 1059:streaming television 1042:5. A company called 138:(4–8 GHz) from 46:Satellite television 11196:Johann Philipp Reis 10955:Wireless revolution 10917:The Telephone Cases 10774:Hydraulic telegraph 10542:Trade organizations 10533:Thales Alenia Space 10346:Astra Digital Radio 10339:Broadcast companies 10268:Satellite data unit 9932:Long Term Evolution 9910:Wireless local loop 9852:Internet television 8873:Hallmark Movies Now 8705:IFC Films Unlimited 8651:Lifetime Movie Club 8482:Frontier FiberOptic 8363:Liberty Puerto Rico 8050:Digicel (Caribbean) 6010:SelecTV (Australia) 5994:Neighbourhood Cable 5959:Igloo (New Zealand) 5802:Unifi TV (Malaysia) 5685:Cellcom TV (Israel) 5482:Dish TV (Sri Lanka) 5033:Sports broadcasting 4977:Documentary channel 4933:Public broadcasting 4840:Internet television 4210:on 19 February 2014 3922:: The Denver Post. 3684:on 12 November 2013 3344:. History Channel. 3154:. 1 November 2009. 2684:. pp. 307–10. 2629:Boca Raton, Florida 2530:Fox, Barry (1995). 1990:UN General Assembly 1882:digital subchannels 1559:geostationary orbit 1283:satellite over the 718:frequency modulated 636:ohm technology and 518:, typically in the 489:geostationary orbit 470:geostationary orbit 328:gas filled hardline 324:low-noise amplifier 172:geostationary orbit 156:spectral efficiency 122:(8–12 GHz) or 11394:Frequency-division 11371:Telephone exchange 11241:Charles Wheatstone 11171:Jun-ichi Nishizawa 11146:Innocenzo Manzetti 11081:Reginald Fessenden 10816:Optical telegraphy 10649:Telecommunications 10361:Sirius XM Holdings 10252:Parabolic antennas 9905:Wireless broadband 9847:Amateur television 9826:Radio broadcasting 9472:Comedy Central Now 9328:GlobeCast World TV 9210:Champion Broadband 9166:AT&T Broadband 8604:Spectrum TV Stream 8544:Windstream Kinetic 8439:Headend in the Sky 8383:SRT Communications 8323:Cox Communications 8008:TV-Cable (Ecuador) 7641:North-West Telecom 7098:A1 Telekom Austria 6031:TVB Network Vision 5984:Mega TV (Malaysia) 5934:Galaxy (Australia) 5924:Dream Satellite TV 5742:(Réunion, Mayotte) 5699:Foxtel (Australia) 5146:Television licence 5114:Broadcast designer 4200:"Industry History" 3836:Madison, Wisconsin 3708:space.skyrocket.de 3600:. CBC English TV. 3499:on 16 January 2010 3027:2020-02-26 at the 2409:Ham Radio Magazine 2074:Television antenna 1862:digital modulation 1834:conditional access 1827:digital television 1821:standard in 2000. 1716:network affiliates 1656:John R. MacDougall 1492:The Family Channel 1443: 1403: 1344: 1318:1964 Olympic Games 1269: 1250: 1208:Franklin Institute 1089: 1085:Andrew Corporation 854: 752:conditional access 547: 366: 81:television program 77: 43: 11707: 11706: 11445:Store and forward 11440:Data transmission 11354:Network switching 11305:Transmission line 11151:Guglielmo Marconi 11116:Internet pioneers 10981:Mohamed M. Atalla 10950:Whistled language 10615: 10614: 10172:Amateur satellite 10109: 10108: 9857:Mobile television 9770: 9769: 9766: 9765: 9739: 9738: 9686:American networks 9614:Canadian networks 9540: 9539: 9297:Time Warner Cable 9161:Astound Broadband 9118:WOW Presents Plus 9014:Shout! Factory TV 8514:NEP Datastream TV 8419:Claro Puerto Rico 8368:Satview Broadband 8296:Buckeye Broadband 8249:Astound Broadband 8160: 8159: 8092:Defunct satellite 7953: 7952: 7802: 7801: 7666:Quiero Television 7536:Boom Extrasatelit 7353:Vodafone Portugal 6653:Orange Luxembourg 6458: 6457: 6452: 6332: 6331: 6301:(select areas of 6283:Prince Rupert, BC 6154:Bell Satellite TV 6088: 6087: 5595:Sky (New Zealand) 5425:Airtel digital TV 5159: 5158: 5151:Television studio 5119:Broadcast license 5106:Network affiliate 5089:On-screen display 5056:Broadcast network 5026:Livestreamed news 5016:Business channels 5011:News broadcasting 4928:Pirate television 4919:News broadcasting 4799:Mobile television 4719:Media related to 4500:978-0-240-81475-9 4489:(10th ed.). 4012:The Baltimore Sun 3878:Los Angeles Times 3817:on March 3, 2014. 3469:. 26 April 2011. 2845:Popular Mechanics 2239:(in Portuguese). 2148:Microwaves101.com 2038:Microwave antenna 1854:energy efficiency 1749:, to the market. 1414:'s geostationary 1382: 1246:weather satellite 557:receiving dish (" 83:for viewing on a 58:parabolic antenna 18:Satellite channel 16:(Redirected from 11742: 11697: 11696: 11687: 11686: 11677: 11676: 11667: 11666: 11665: 11538:Notable networks 11528:Wireless network 11468:Cellular network 11460:Types of network 11435:Computer network 11322:Network topology 11236:Thomas A. Watson 11091:Oliver Heaviside 11076:Philo Farnsworth 11051:Daniel Davis Jr. 11026:Charles Bourseul 10986:John Logie Baird 10695:Data compression 10690:Computer network 10642: 10635: 10628: 10619: 10618: 10603: 10602: 10591: 10590: 10518:Northrop Grumman 10197:Carriage dispute 10136: 10129: 10122: 10113: 10112: 9895:Mobile broadband 9797: 9790: 9783: 9774: 9773: 9665:Mexican networks 9569: 9562: 9555: 9546: 9545: 9436:TVision Live TV+ 9364:AT&T U-verse 9348:Voom HD Networks 9257:Jones Intercable 9141: 9140: 8945:Paramount Global 8794:Curiosity Stream 8636:A&E Networks 8392:Troy Cablevision 8271:AT&T Alascom 8237:Service Electric 8189: 8182: 8175: 8166: 8165: 7860: 7859: 7831: 7824: 7817: 7808: 7807: 7676:Southern Telecom 7626:Mediaset Premium 7491: 7483: 7475: 7467: 7459: 7451: 7443: 7435: 7427: 7419: 7411: 7403: 7395: 7338:Vodafone Ireland 7303:Telia Digital-tv 7128:Bouygues Telecom 6793:Vodafone Romania 6788:Vodafone Hungary 6753:Türksat Kablo TV 6487: 6480: 6473: 6464: 6463: 6450: 6206:Northern Ontario 6174: 6173: 6117: 6110: 6103: 6094: 6093: 5835:Canal+ (Myanmar) 5830:Baron Digital TV 5445:Canal+ (Myanmar) 5440:Canal+ Calédonie 5430:Astro (Malaysia) 5225: 5218: 5211: 5202: 5201: 5193:Cable television 5186: 5179: 5172: 5163: 5162: 5006:Shopping channel 4996:Music television 4756: 4749: 4742: 4733: 4732: 4718: 4702: 4701: 4693: 4687: 4686: 4658: 4652: 4651: 4649: 4647: 4636: 4627: 4626: 4624: 4622: 4603: 4597: 4596: 4594: 4592: 4560: 4551: 4544: 4538: 4537: 4535: 4520: 4511: 4505: 4504: 4482: 4473: 4472: 4464: 4458: 4457: 4455: 4453: 4438: 4429: 4428: 4426: 4424: 4418: 4410: 4401: 4400: 4390: 4379: 4378: 4376: 4374: 4338: 4329: 4328: 4326: 4324: 4308: 4297: 4296: 4288: 4282: 4281: 4279: 4278: 4252: 4237: 4236: 4226: 4220: 4219: 4217: 4215: 4196: 4187: 4186: 4184: 4182: 4167: 4158: 4157: 4147: 4136: 4135: 4125: 4119: 4118: 4110:The Miami Herald 4104: 4093: 4079: 4073: 4072: 4070: 4068: 4059:: Deseret News. 4042: 4033: 4032: 4030: 4028: 4002: 3989: 3988: 3986: 3984: 3959: 3953: 3952: 3942: 3936: 3935: 3933: 3931: 3905: 3899: 3898: 3896: 3894: 3868: 3862: 3861: 3859: 3857: 3825: 3819: 3818: 3813:. Archived from 3807: 3801: 3800: 3798: 3797: 3781: 3772: 3762: 3756: 3755: 3753: 3751: 3729: 3723: 3722: 3720: 3719: 3704:"Ekran (11F647)" 3700: 3694: 3693: 3691: 3689: 3670: 3664: 3654: 3648: 3647: 3645: 3643: 3619: 3613: 3612: 3610: 3609: 3593: 3587: 3586: 3584: 3582: 3567: 3561: 3560: 3558: 3556: 3541: 3535: 3534: 3532: 3530: 3515: 3509: 3508: 3506: 3504: 3495:. Archived from 3489: 3483: 3482: 3480: 3478: 3459: 3453: 3452: 3450: 3449: 3443: 3432: 3424: 3418: 3417: 3415: 3413: 3393: 3387: 3386: 3384: 3383: 3364: 3358: 3357: 3355: 3353: 3333: 3324: 3323: 3321: 3319: 3304: 3298: 3297: 3295: 3293: 3266: 3260: 3259: 3257: 3256: 3237: 3231: 3230: 3228: 3226: 3199: 3193: 3192: 3190: 3189: 3184:on July 25, 2011 3180:. Archived from 3174: 3168: 3167: 3165: 3163: 3144: 3138: 3137: 3125: 3119: 3118: 3106: 3100: 3099: 3087: 3081: 3080: 3068: 3062: 3061: 3059: 3057: 3038: 3032: 3018: 3012: 3011: 3009: 3008: 2988: 2982: 2981: 2979: 2977: 2958: 2952: 2951: 2949: 2947: 2928: 2922: 2921: 2919: 2917: 2898: 2892: 2891: 2889: 2888: 2882: 2875: 2867: 2861: 2860: 2840: 2834: 2833: 2822:. Artech House. 2815: 2809: 2808: 2806: 2805: 2790: 2784: 2783: 2781: 2779: 2773: 2762: 2753: 2744: 2743: 2741: 2739: 2712: 2703: 2702: 2700: 2698: 2676:(5th ed.). 2667: 2654: 2653: 2651: 2649: 2618: 2605: 2604: 2602: 2600: 2577: 2558: 2557: 2555: 2553: 2527: 2494: 2488: 2482: 2476: 2470: 2469: 2467: 2465: 2440: 2425: 2424: 2422: 2420: 2401: 2392: 2391: 2389: 2387: 2368: 2357: 2351: 2338: 2332: 2326: 2320: 2314: 2313: 2301: 2295: 2289: 2283: 2277: 2271: 2265: 2252: 2251: 2249: 2248: 2229: 2223: 2222: 2220: 2219: 2200: 2194: 2193: 2191: 2190: 2175: 2164: 2163: 2161: 2159: 2140: 2131: 2130: 2128: 2126: 2103: 2097: 2091: 2008:Cable television 1593:gallium arsenide 1472:cable television 1441:live in concert. 1399:Intelsat III F-4 1383: 1200:Arthur C. Clarke 1194:In 1945 British 1105:cable television 818:An event called 635: 623: 203:(4–8 GHz), 101:cable television 93:television tuner 91:, or a built-in 21: 11750: 11749: 11745: 11744: 11743: 11741: 11740: 11739: 11710: 11709: 11708: 11703: 11663: 11661: 11653: 11595: 11532: 11454: 11418: 11375: 11324: 11316: 11257: 11250: 11156:Robert Metcalfe 11011:Tim Berners-Lee 10959: 10779:Information Age 10651: 10646: 10616: 10611: 10579: 10558: 10537: 10513:Lockheed Martin 10486: 10392:AST SpaceMobile 10380: 10334: 10288:Satellite radio 10282: 10263:Satellite modem 10258:Satellite phone 10243:Multi-satellite 10201: 10187:Relay satellite 10162:Satellite radio 10145: 10140: 10110: 10105: 10095: 10075: 10052: 9914: 9883: 9835: 9831:Satellite radio 9804: 9801: 9771: 9762: 9735: 9674: 9653: 9602: 9576: 9573: 9536: 9450: 9441:PlayStation Vue 9409: 9388: 9374:Google Fiber TV 9352: 9311: 9262:King Videocable 9132: 9009:Samsung TV Plus 8856:Fox Corporation 8627: 8625: 8618: 8560: 8553: 8539:Whidbey Telecom 8492:Hawaiian Telcom 8451: 8443: 8405: 8313:Comcast Xfinity 8259:RCN Corporation 8203: 8193: 8156: 8123: 8087: 8020: 7949: 7920:Inter Satélital 7884: 7849: 7835: 7798: 7765: 7746:Uralsvyazinform 7636:Neuf Cegetel TV 7494: 7489: 7481: 7473: 7465: 7457: 7449: 7441: 7433: 7425: 7417: 7409: 7401: 7393: 7377: 7358:Vodafone Turkey 7333:Vodafone Greece 7183:Magnet Networks 7118:Andorra Telecom 7070: 7021:Telekom Hungary 6981:Orange Slovakia 6851:Bis Télévisions 6822: 6783:Vodafone España 6758:UPC Switzerland 6598:Magnet Networks 6593:Magenta Telekom 6588:M&H Company 6494: 6491: 6454: 6426: 6408: 6362:Fibe TV (ON/QC) 6340: 6335:See also : 6328: 6247: 6163: 6140: 6127: 6121: 6084: 6046: 5875: 5869: 5855:MYTV (Malaysia) 5825:ABS-CBN TV Plus 5811: 5662: 5631:TelOne Zimbabwe 5411: 5391:Unitel (Angola) 5381:tn TV (Namibia) 5288:Fil-Products TV 5251:Asianet Digital 5232: 5229: 5196: 5190: 5160: 5155: 5048: 5042: 4954: 4947: 4897:Community radio 4879: 4873: 4853:Streaming media 4765: 4760: 4711: 4706: 4705: 4694: 4690: 4659: 4655: 4645: 4643: 4638: 4637: 4630: 4620: 4618: 4605: 4604: 4600: 4590: 4588: 4581: 4561: 4554: 4545: 4541: 4533: 4518: 4512: 4508: 4501: 4483: 4476: 4465: 4461: 4451: 4449: 4440: 4439: 4432: 4422: 4420: 4416: 4412: 4411: 4404: 4392: 4391: 4382: 4372: 4370: 4363: 4355:. p. 147. 4339: 4332: 4322: 4320: 4309: 4300: 4289: 4285: 4276: 4274: 4262:Chicago Tribune 4253: 4240: 4227: 4223: 4213: 4211: 4198: 4197: 4190: 4180: 4178: 4169: 4168: 4161: 4148: 4139: 4126: 4122: 4105: 4096: 4080: 4076: 4066: 4064: 4043: 4036: 4026: 4024: 4003: 3992: 3982: 3980: 3961: 3960: 3956: 3948:Evening Tribune 3943: 3939: 3929: 3927: 3915:The Denver Post 3906: 3902: 3892: 3890: 3869: 3865: 3855: 3853: 3846: 3826: 3822: 3809: 3808: 3804: 3795: 3793: 3782: 3775: 3763: 3759: 3749: 3747: 3730: 3726: 3717: 3715: 3702: 3701: 3697: 3687: 3685: 3678:Astronautix.com 3672: 3671: 3667: 3655: 3651: 3641: 3639: 3620: 3616: 3607: 3605: 3594: 3590: 3580: 3578: 3569: 3568: 3564: 3554: 3552: 3542: 3538: 3528: 3526: 3517: 3516: 3512: 3502: 3500: 3491: 3490: 3486: 3476: 3474: 3461: 3460: 3456: 3447: 3445: 3441: 3430: 3426: 3425: 3421: 3411: 3409: 3394: 3390: 3381: 3379: 3366: 3365: 3361: 3351: 3349: 3334: 3327: 3317: 3315: 3306: 3305: 3301: 3291: 3289: 3282: 3268: 3267: 3263: 3254: 3252: 3239: 3238: 3234: 3224: 3222: 3220: 3212:. p. 152. 3200: 3196: 3187: 3185: 3176: 3175: 3171: 3161: 3159: 3146: 3145: 3141: 3131: 3126: 3122: 3112: 3107: 3103: 3093: 3088: 3084: 3074: 3069: 3065: 3055: 3053: 3046:Popular Science 3040: 3039: 3035: 3029:Wayback Machine 3019: 3015: 3006: 3004: 2989: 2985: 2975: 2973: 2960: 2959: 2955: 2945: 2943: 2930: 2929: 2925: 2915: 2913: 2900: 2899: 2895: 2886: 2884: 2880: 2873: 2869: 2868: 2864: 2842: 2841: 2837: 2830: 2816: 2812: 2803: 2801: 2792: 2791: 2787: 2777: 2775: 2771: 2760: 2754: 2747: 2737: 2735: 2733: 2713: 2706: 2696: 2694: 2692: 2668: 2657: 2647: 2645: 2643: 2619: 2608: 2598: 2596: 2594: 2578: 2561: 2551: 2549: 2528: 2497: 2489: 2485: 2477: 2473: 2463: 2461: 2442: 2441: 2428: 2418: 2416: 2403: 2402: 2395: 2385: 2383: 2370: 2369: 2360: 2352: 2341: 2333: 2329: 2321: 2317: 2307: 2302: 2298: 2290: 2286: 2278: 2274: 2266: 2255: 2246: 2244: 2231: 2230: 2226: 2217: 2215: 2202: 2201: 2197: 2188: 2186: 2177: 2176: 2167: 2157: 2155: 2154:on 14 July 2014 2142: 2141: 2134: 2124: 2122: 2120: 2104: 2100: 2092: 2088: 2083: 2078: 1998: 1974:MacBride report 1951: 1926: 1917: 1894:noise reduction 1873: 1866:signal strength 1845: 1742: 1699: 1679: 1677:1987 to present 1573: 1567: 1480:Home Box Office 1435:Intelsat IV F-4 1408: 1373: 1255: 1196:science fiction 1192: 1187: 1178: 1155: 1142: 1127: 1100: 1077: 1071: 933:Sky Deutschland 868: 846: 841: 816: 784:SECA Mediaguard 656: 633: 621: 601: 535: 269: 257: 246: 231: 219: 208: 168: 148:digital signals 127: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 11748: 11738: 11737: 11732: 11727: 11722: 11705: 11704: 11702: 11701: 11691: 11681: 11671: 11658: 11655: 11654: 11652: 11651: 11644: 11639: 11634: 11629: 11624: 11623: 11622: 11617: 11609: 11603: 11601: 11597: 11596: 11594: 11593: 11588: 11583: 11578: 11573: 11568: 11563: 11558: 11553: 11548: 11542: 11540: 11534: 11533: 11531: 11530: 11525: 11520: 11515: 11510: 11505: 11500: 11495: 11490: 11485: 11480: 11475: 11470: 11464: 11462: 11456: 11455: 11453: 11452: 11447: 11442: 11437: 11432: 11426: 11424: 11420: 11419: 11417: 11416: 11411: 11406: 11401: 11396: 11391: 11389:Space-division 11385: 11383: 11377: 11376: 11374: 11373: 11368: 11367: 11366: 11361: 11351: 11350: 11349: 11339: 11334: 11328: 11326: 11318: 11317: 11315: 11314: 11313: 11312: 11302: 11301: 11300: 11290: 11285: 11280: 11279: 11278: 11268: 11262: 11260: 11252: 11251: 11249: 11248: 11243: 11238: 11233: 11228: 11226:Camille Tissot 11223: 11218: 11213: 11208: 11203: 11201:Claude Shannon 11198: 11193: 11191:Tivadar Puskás 11188: 11183: 11178: 11173: 11168: 11163: 11161:Antonio Meucci 11158: 11153: 11148: 11143: 11138: 11133: 11131:Charles K. Kao 11128: 11123: 11118: 11113: 11108: 11106:Harold Hopkins 11103: 11098: 11093: 11088: 11083: 11078: 11073: 11068: 11063: 11058: 11053: 11048: 11043: 11038: 11033: 11028: 11023: 11018: 11013: 11008: 11006:Emile Berliner 11003: 10998: 10993: 10988: 10983: 10978: 10973: 10967: 10965: 10961: 10960: 10958: 10957: 10952: 10947: 10945:Videotelephony 10942: 10937: 10936: 10935: 10930: 10920: 10913: 10908: 10902: 10897: 10892: 10887: 10882: 10881: 10880: 10875: 10870: 10860: 10859: 10858: 10848: 10843: 10841:Radiotelephone 10838: 10833: 10828: 10823: 10818: 10813: 10808: 10807: 10806: 10796: 10791: 10786: 10781: 10776: 10771: 10766: 10761: 10756: 10751: 10746: 10745: 10744: 10739: 10734: 10729: 10727:Internet video 10719: 10718: 10717: 10712: 10707: 10702: 10692: 10687: 10682: 10677: 10672: 10667: 10661: 10659: 10653: 10652: 10645: 10644: 10637: 10630: 10622: 10613: 10612: 10610: 10609: 10597: 10584: 10581: 10580: 10578: 10577: 10572: 10566: 10564: 10560: 10559: 10557: 10556: 10551: 10545: 10543: 10539: 10538: 10536: 10535: 10530: 10525: 10520: 10515: 10510: 10505: 10500: 10494: 10492: 10488: 10487: 10485: 10484: 10479: 10474: 10469: 10464: 10459: 10454: 10449: 10444: 10439: 10434: 10429: 10424: 10419: 10414: 10409: 10404: 10399: 10394: 10388: 10386: 10382: 10381: 10379: 10378: 10373: 10368: 10363: 10358: 10353: 10348: 10342: 10340: 10336: 10335: 10333: 10332: 10327: 10322: 10317: 10312: 10307: 10302: 10296: 10294: 10284: 10283: 10281: 10280: 10275: 10270: 10265: 10260: 10255: 10248:Satellite dish 10245: 10240: 10235: 10230: 10225: 10220: 10215: 10209: 10207: 10203: 10202: 10200: 10199: 10194: 10189: 10184: 10179: 10177:Ground station 10174: 10169: 10164: 10159: 10153: 10151: 10147: 10146: 10139: 10138: 10131: 10124: 10116: 10107: 10106: 10104: 10103: 10098: 10093: 10089: 10083: 10081: 10077: 10076: 10074: 10073: 10067: 10060: 10058: 10054: 10053: 10051: 10050: 10045: 10039: 10033: 10028: 10022: 10016: 10015: 10014: 10009: 10004: 9999: 9989: 9984: 9973: 9972: 9971: 9965: 9959: 9948: 9947: 9946: 9940: 9935: 9922: 9920: 9916: 9915: 9913: 9912: 9907: 9902: 9897: 9891: 9889: 9885: 9884: 9882: 9881: 9876: 9871: 9870: 9869: 9859: 9854: 9849: 9843: 9841: 9837: 9836: 9834: 9833: 9828: 9823: 9821:Internet radio 9818: 9812: 9810: 9806: 9805: 9800: 9799: 9792: 9785: 9777: 9768: 9767: 9764: 9763: 9761: 9760: 9755: 9750: 9744: 9741: 9740: 9737: 9736: 9734: 9733: 9728: 9723: 9718: 9713: 9708: 9703: 9698: 9693: 9688: 9682: 9680: 9676: 9675: 9673: 9672: 9667: 9661: 9659: 9655: 9654: 9652: 9651: 9646: 9641: 9636: 9631: 9626: 9621: 9616: 9610: 9608: 9604: 9603: 9601: 9600: 9595: 9593:DTV transition 9590: 9584: 9582: 9578: 9577: 9572: 9571: 9564: 9557: 9549: 9542: 9541: 9538: 9537: 9535: 9534: 9529: 9524: 9519: 9514: 9509: 9504: 9499: 9494: 9489: 9484: 9479: 9474: 9469: 9464: 9458: 9456: 9452: 9451: 9449: 9448: 9443: 9438: 9433: 9428: 9423: 9417: 9415: 9411: 9410: 9408: 9407: 9402: 9396: 9394: 9390: 9389: 9387: 9386: 9381: 9376: 9371: 9366: 9360: 9358: 9354: 9353: 9351: 9350: 9345: 9340: 9335: 9330: 9325: 9319: 9317: 9313: 9312: 9310: 9309: 9304: 9299: 9294: 9289: 9284: 9279: 9274: 9269: 9264: 9259: 9254: 9249: 9244: 9239: 9234: 9229: 9228: 9227: 9222: 9212: 9207: 9202: 9197: 9192: 9191: 9190: 9183:Baja Broadband 9180: 9179: 9178: 9173: 9163: 9158: 9153: 9147: 9145: 9138: 9134: 9133: 9131: 9130: 9125: 9120: 9115: 9114: 9113: 9108: 9103: 9098: 9093: 9088: 9078: 9073: 9068: 9063: 9061:UFC Fight Pass 9058: 9053: 9051:Tivo Stream 4k 9048: 9047: 9046: 9041: 9036: 9026: 9021: 9016: 9011: 9006: 9005: 9004: 8994: 8989: 8984: 8979: 8974: 8973: 8972: 8967: 8962: 8957: 8952: 8942: 8937: 8936: 8935: 8930: 8925: 8915: 8910: 8905: 8900: 8895: 8894: 8893: 8890: 8880: 8875: 8870: 8869: 8868: 8863: 8853: 8848: 8846:Facebook Watch 8843: 8838: 8833: 8828: 8827: 8826: 8821: 8816: 8806: 8801: 8796: 8791: 8786: 8785: 8784: 8779: 8774: 8769: 8764: 8754: 8749: 8744: 8739: 8734: 8729: 8728: 8727: 8722: 8717: 8712: 8707: 8702: 8697: 8692: 8682: 8681: 8680: 8675: 8670: 8665: 8655: 8654: 8653: 8648: 8643: 8632: 8630: 8620: 8619: 8617: 8616: 8611: 8606: 8601: 8596: 8591: 8586: 8584:Hulu + Live TV 8581: 8576: 8571: 8569:DirecTV Stream 8565: 8563: 8555: 8554: 8552: 8551: 8546: 8541: 8536: 8531: 8526: 8521: 8516: 8511: 8506: 8505: 8504: 8494: 8489: 8484: 8479: 8474: 8469: 8464: 8458: 8456: 8445: 8444: 8442: 8441: 8436: 8431: 8426: 8421: 8415: 8413: 8407: 8406: 8404: 8403: 8398: 8393: 8390: 8385: 8380: 8375: 8370: 8365: 8360: 8355: 8350: 8345: 8340: 8335: 8330: 8328:Docomo Pacific 8325: 8320: 8315: 8310: 8309: 8308: 8298: 8293: 8288: 8283: 8278: 8273: 8268: 8267: 8266: 8264:Wave Broadband 8261: 8256: 8246: 8241: 8240: 8239: 8234: 8229: 8219: 8213: 8211: 8205: 8204: 8192: 8191: 8184: 8177: 8169: 8162: 8161: 8158: 8157: 8155: 8154: 8149: 8144: 8139: 8134: 8128: 8125: 8124: 8122: 8121: 8118: 8115: 8112: 8106: 8104:DirecTV Mexico 8101: 8099:DirecTV Brazil 8095: 8093: 8089: 8088: 8086: 8085: 8082: 8076: 8070: 8064: 8058: 8052: 8047: 8041: 8034: 8032: 8022: 8021: 8019: 8018: 8012: 8011:Une (Colombia) 8009: 8006: 8000: 7994: 7988: 7982: 7976: 7970: 7963: 7961: 7955: 7954: 7951: 7950: 7948: 7947: 7941: 7935: 7929: 7923: 7917: 7914: 7908: 7902: 7896: 7889: 7886: 7885: 7883: 7882: 7877: 7872: 7866: 7864: 7857: 7851: 7850: 7834: 7833: 7826: 7819: 7811: 7804: 7803: 7800: 7799: 7797: 7796: 7791: 7786: 7781: 7776: 7770: 7767: 7766: 7764: 7763: 7758: 7753: 7748: 7743: 7738: 7733: 7728: 7723: 7718: 7713: 7708: 7703: 7698: 7693: 7688: 7683: 7678: 7673: 7671:Radijus Vektor 7668: 7663: 7658: 7653: 7648: 7643: 7638: 7633: 7628: 7623: 7618: 7613: 7608: 7603: 7598: 7593: 7588: 7583: 7578: 7573: 7568: 7563: 7558: 7553: 7548: 7543: 7538: 7533: 7528: 7523: 7518: 7513: 7508: 7502: 7500: 7496: 7495: 7493: 7492: 7484: 7476: 7468: 7460: 7452: 7444: 7436: 7428: 7420: 7412: 7404: 7396: 7387: 7385: 7379: 7378: 7376: 7375: 7370: 7365: 7360: 7355: 7350: 7345: 7343:Vodafone Italy 7340: 7335: 7330: 7325: 7320: 7315: 7310: 7305: 7300: 7295: 7290: 7288:Telekom Srbija 7285: 7280: 7275: 7270: 7265: 7260: 7255: 7250: 7245: 7240: 7235: 7230: 7225: 7220: 7215: 7213:Movistar Plus+ 7210: 7205: 7200: 7195: 7190: 7185: 7180: 7175: 7173:La TV d'Orange 7170: 7165: 7160: 7155: 7150: 7145: 7140: 7135: 7130: 7125: 7120: 7115: 7110: 7105: 7100: 7095: 7090: 7084: 7082: 7072: 7071: 7069: 7068: 7063: 7061:Viasat Ukraine 7058: 7053: 7048: 7043: 7038: 7033: 7028: 7026:Telekom Srbija 7023: 7018: 7013: 7008: 7003: 6998: 6993: 6988: 6983: 6978: 6976:Orange Romania 6973: 6968: 6963: 6958: 6953: 6951:Movistar Plus+ 6948: 6943: 6938: 6933: 6928: 6926:La TV d'Orange 6923: 6918: 6913: 6908: 6903: 6898: 6893: 6888: 6883: 6878: 6873: 6871:Canal Digitaal 6868: 6863: 6858: 6853: 6848: 6843: 6838: 6832: 6830: 6824: 6823: 6821: 6820: 6815: 6810: 6805: 6800: 6795: 6790: 6785: 6780: 6775: 6770: 6765: 6760: 6755: 6750: 6745: 6740: 6735: 6730: 6728:Telekom Srbija 6725: 6720: 6715: 6710: 6705: 6700: 6695: 6690: 6685: 6680: 6675: 6670: 6665: 6660: 6658:Orange Romania 6655: 6650: 6648:Orange Belgium 6645: 6640: 6635: 6630: 6625: 6620: 6615: 6610: 6605: 6603:Magyar Telekom 6600: 6595: 6590: 6585: 6580: 6575: 6570: 6565: 6560: 6555: 6550: 6545: 6540: 6535: 6530: 6525: 6520: 6515: 6510: 6504: 6502: 6496: 6495: 6490: 6489: 6482: 6475: 6467: 6460: 6459: 6456: 6455: 6448: 6447: 6442: 6437: 6431: 6428: 6427: 6425: 6424: 6422:Craig Wireless 6418: 6416: 6410: 6409: 6407: 6406: 6401: 6396: 6391: 6389:Telus Optik TV 6386: 6381: 6376: 6371: 6370: 6369: 6364: 6359: 6350: 6348: 6342: 6341: 6333: 6330: 6329: 6327: 6326: 6319: 6309: 6306:Lower Mainland 6296: 6286: 6276: 6266: 6255: 6253: 6249: 6248: 6246: 6245: 6235: 6232:Western Canada 6213: 6210:Western Canada 6195: 6180: 6178: 6171: 6165: 6164: 6162: 6161: 6156: 6150: 6148: 6142: 6141: 6132: 6129: 6128: 6120: 6119: 6112: 6105: 6097: 6090: 6089: 6086: 6085: 6083: 6082: 6077: 6072: 6067: 6062: 6057: 6051: 6048: 6047: 6045: 6044: 6039: 6033: 6028: 6023: 6017: 6012: 6007: 6002: 5997: 5991: 5986: 5981: 5976: 5971: 5966: 5961: 5956: 5951: 5946: 5941: 5936: 5931: 5926: 5921: 5916: 5911: 5905: 5900: 5895: 5890: 5885: 5879: 5877: 5871: 5870: 5868: 5867: 5862: 5857: 5852: 5850:GMA Affordabox 5847: 5842: 5837: 5832: 5827: 5821: 5819: 5813: 5812: 5810: 5809: 5804: 5799: 5797:Uganda Telecom 5794: 5788: 5783: 5777: 5772: 5767: 5753: 5748: 5743: 5740:La TV d'Orange 5737: 5732: 5727: 5721: 5716: 5711: 5706: 5701: 5696: 5691: 5686: 5683: 5678: 5672: 5670: 5664: 5663: 5661: 5660: 5655: 5649: 5644: 5639: 5633: 5628: 5623: 5618: 5613: 5608: 5602: 5597: 5592: 5587: 5582: 5577: 5572: 5567: 5561: 5556: 5551: 5546: 5541: 5536: 5531: 5526: 5521: 5516: 5511: 5506: 5501: 5495: 5489: 5484: 5479: 5473: 5467: 5462: 5457: 5452: 5447: 5442: 5437: 5435:Canal+ Afrique 5432: 5427: 5421: 5419: 5413: 5412: 5410: 5409: 5404: 5399: 5398:(South Africa) 5393: 5388: 5383: 5378: 5373: 5368: 5363: 5357: 5352: 5346: 5341: 5336: 5331: 5326: 5321: 5316: 5311: 5306: 5301: 5296: 5291: 5290: 5289: 5286: 5278: 5273: 5271:Docomo Pacific 5268: 5263: 5258: 5253: 5248: 5242: 5240: 5234: 5233: 5228: 5227: 5220: 5213: 5205: 5198: 5197: 5189: 5188: 5181: 5174: 5166: 5157: 5156: 5154: 5153: 5148: 5143: 5138: 5133: 5128: 5127: 5126: 5121: 5116: 5108: 5103: 5102: 5101: 5096: 5091: 5086: 5081: 5076: 5068: 5063: 5061:Broadcast-safe 5058: 5052: 5050: 5044: 5043: 5041: 5040: 5035: 5030: 5029: 5028: 5023: 5021:Public affairs 5018: 5008: 5003: 4998: 4989: 4984: 4979: 4974: 4965: 4959: 4957: 4949: 4948: 4946: 4945: 4940: 4935: 4930: 4921: 4916: 4915: 4914: 4909: 4907:Pay television 4899: 4894: 4889: 4883: 4881: 4875: 4874: 4872: 4871: 4865: 4860: 4858:Web television 4855: 4850: 4837: 4836: 4835: 4830: 4829: 4828: 4818: 4813: 4803: 4802: 4801: 4796: 4791: 4786: 4781: 4773: 4771: 4767: 4766: 4759: 4758: 4751: 4744: 4736: 4730: 4729: 4724: 4710: 4709:External links 4707: 4704: 4703: 4688: 4653: 4628: 4611:Dish-cable.com 4598: 4580:978-1466651708 4579: 4552: 4539: 4536:on 2014-07-24. 4523:INSEAD Journal 4506: 4499: 4493:. p. 87. 4474: 4459: 4430: 4402: 4380: 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C01. 4283: 4238: 4221: 4188: 4159: 4156:. p. F-1. 4137: 4134:. p. E01. 4120: 4094: 4074: 4057:Salt Lake City 4034: 3990: 3954: 3951:. p. C-8. 3937: 3900: 3863: 3844: 3820: 3802: 3773: 3757: 3739:New York Times 3724: 3695: 3665: 3649: 3614: 3588: 3577:. 15 July 1972 3562: 3536: 3510: 3484: 3454: 3419: 3388: 3359: 3325: 3314:. 7 March 2024 3299: 3280: 3261: 3232: 3219:978-1457628313 3218: 3208:. London, UK: 3194: 3169: 3139: 3130:, p. 293. 3120: 3101: 3092:, p. 246. 3082: 3073:, p. 274. 3063: 3033: 3013: 2983: 2953: 2923: 2893: 2862: 2835: 2828: 2810: 2785: 2745: 2732:978-0306441479 2731: 2704: 2690: 2655: 2642:978-1420078688 2641: 2606: 2592: 2559: 2495: 2483: 2481:, p. 308. 2471: 2426: 2393: 2358: 2356:, p. 194. 2339: 2327: 2315: 2306:, p. 279. 2296: 2294:, p. 327. 2284: 2282:, p. 330. 2272: 2270:, p. 207. 2253: 2224: 2195: 2165: 2132: 2118: 2098: 2085: 2084: 2082: 2079: 2077: 2076: 2071: 2066: 2060: 2055: 2053:Satellite dish 2050: 2045: 2040: 2035: 2030: 2025: 2020: 2015: 2010: 2005: 1999: 1997: 1994: 1986:UNGA Res 37/92 1950: 1947: 1924: 1915: 1880:, and several 1871: 1843: 1740: 1697: 1678: 1675: 1566: 1563: 1457:direct-to-home 1429:(OTC) for the 1407: 1404: 1391:Neil Armstrong 1296:geosynchronous 1254: 1251: 1204:Wireless World 1191: 1188: 1186: 1183: 1176: 1153: 1140: 1125: 1098: 1073:Main article: 1070: 1067: 941:United Kingdom 892:pay television 866: 857:Direct-to-home 845: 842: 840: 837: 815: 812: 654: 599: 559:satellite dish 533: 481:satellite dish 267: 255: 244: 229: 217: 206: 167: 164: 144:analog signals 125: 113:pay television 85:television set 62:satellite dish 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11747: 11736: 11733: 11731: 11728: 11726: 11723: 11721: 11718: 11717: 11715: 11700: 11692: 11690: 11682: 11680: 11672: 11670: 11660: 11659: 11656: 11649: 11645: 11643: 11640: 11638: 11635: 11633: 11630: 11628: 11625: 11621: 11618: 11616: 11613: 11612: 11610: 11608: 11605: 11604: 11602: 11598: 11592: 11589: 11587: 11584: 11582: 11579: 11577: 11574: 11572: 11569: 11567: 11564: 11562: 11559: 11557: 11554: 11552: 11549: 11547: 11544: 11543: 11541: 11539: 11535: 11529: 11526: 11524: 11521: 11519: 11516: 11514: 11511: 11509: 11506: 11504: 11501: 11499: 11496: 11494: 11491: 11489: 11486: 11484: 11481: 11479: 11476: 11474: 11471: 11469: 11466: 11465: 11463: 11461: 11457: 11451: 11448: 11446: 11443: 11441: 11438: 11436: 11433: 11431: 11428: 11427: 11425: 11421: 11415: 11414:Code-division 11412: 11410: 11407: 11405: 11402: 11400: 11399:Time-division 11397: 11395: 11392: 11390: 11387: 11386: 11384: 11382: 11378: 11372: 11369: 11365: 11362: 11360: 11357: 11356: 11355: 11352: 11348: 11345: 11344: 11343: 11340: 11338: 11335: 11333: 11330: 11329: 11327: 11325:and switching 11323: 11319: 11311: 11308: 11307: 11306: 11303: 11299: 11296: 11295: 11294: 11291: 11289: 11286: 11284: 11281: 11277: 11276:optical fiber 11274: 11273: 11272: 11269: 11267: 11266:Coaxial cable 11264: 11263: 11261: 11259: 11253: 11247: 11244: 11242: 11239: 11237: 11234: 11232: 11229: 11227: 11224: 11222: 11219: 11217: 11214: 11212: 11209: 11207: 11204: 11202: 11199: 11197: 11194: 11192: 11189: 11187: 11184: 11182: 11181:Radia Perlman 11179: 11177: 11174: 11172: 11169: 11167: 11164: 11162: 11159: 11157: 11154: 11152: 11149: 11147: 11144: 11142: 11139: 11137: 11134: 11132: 11129: 11127: 11124: 11122: 11119: 11117: 11114: 11112: 11109: 11107: 11104: 11102: 11099: 11097: 11094: 11092: 11089: 11087: 11084: 11082: 11079: 11077: 11074: 11072: 11071:Lee de Forest 11069: 11067: 11066:Thomas Edison 11064: 11062: 11059: 11057: 11056:Donald Davies 11054: 11052: 11049: 11047: 11044: 11042: 11041:Claude Chappe 11039: 11037: 11034: 11032: 11029: 11027: 11024: 11022: 11019: 11017: 11014: 11012: 11009: 11007: 11004: 11002: 10999: 10997: 10994: 10992: 10989: 10987: 10984: 10982: 10979: 10977: 10974: 10972: 10969: 10968: 10966: 10962: 10956: 10953: 10951: 10948: 10946: 10943: 10941: 10938: 10934: 10931: 10929: 10926: 10925: 10924: 10921: 10919: 10918: 10914: 10912: 10909: 10906: 10903: 10901: 10898: 10896: 10893: 10891: 10888: 10886: 10885:Smoke signals 10883: 10879: 10876: 10874: 10871: 10869: 10866: 10865: 10864: 10863:Semiconductor 10861: 10857: 10854: 10853: 10852: 10849: 10847: 10844: 10842: 10839: 10837: 10834: 10832: 10829: 10827: 10824: 10822: 10819: 10817: 10814: 10812: 10809: 10805: 10802: 10801: 10800: 10797: 10795: 10792: 10790: 10787: 10785: 10782: 10780: 10777: 10775: 10772: 10770: 10767: 10765: 10762: 10760: 10757: 10755: 10752: 10750: 10747: 10743: 10740: 10738: 10735: 10733: 10730: 10728: 10725: 10724: 10723: 10722:Digital media 10720: 10716: 10713: 10711: 10708: 10706: 10703: 10701: 10698: 10697: 10696: 10693: 10691: 10688: 10686: 10683: 10681: 10678: 10676: 10673: 10671: 10668: 10666: 10663: 10662: 10660: 10658: 10654: 10650: 10643: 10638: 10636: 10631: 10629: 10624: 10623: 10620: 10608: 10607: 10598: 10596: 10595: 10586: 10585: 10582: 10576: 10573: 10571: 10568: 10567: 10565: 10561: 10555: 10552: 10550: 10547: 10546: 10544: 10540: 10534: 10531: 10529: 10526: 10524: 10521: 10519: 10516: 10514: 10511: 10509: 10506: 10504: 10501: 10499: 10496: 10495: 10493: 10489: 10483: 10480: 10478: 10475: 10473: 10470: 10468: 10465: 10463: 10460: 10458: 10455: 10453: 10450: 10448: 10445: 10443: 10440: 10438: 10435: 10433: 10430: 10428: 10425: 10423: 10420: 10418: 10415: 10413: 10410: 10408: 10405: 10403: 10400: 10398: 10395: 10393: 10390: 10389: 10387: 10383: 10377: 10374: 10372: 10369: 10367: 10364: 10362: 10359: 10357: 10354: 10352: 10349: 10347: 10344: 10343: 10341: 10337: 10331: 10328: 10326: 10323: 10321: 10318: 10316: 10313: 10311: 10308: 10306: 10303: 10301: 10298: 10297: 10295: 10293: 10289: 10285: 10279: 10276: 10274: 10271: 10269: 10266: 10264: 10261: 10259: 10256: 10253: 10249: 10246: 10244: 10241: 10239: 10236: 10234: 10231: 10229: 10226: 10224: 10221: 10219: 10218:Monoblock LNB 10216: 10214: 10211: 10210: 10208: 10204: 10198: 10195: 10193: 10190: 10188: 10185: 10183: 10180: 10178: 10175: 10173: 10170: 10168: 10165: 10163: 10160: 10158: 10155: 10154: 10152: 10150:Main articles 10148: 10144: 10137: 10132: 10130: 10125: 10123: 10118: 10117: 10114: 10102: 10099: 10097: 10090: 10088: 10085: 10084: 10082: 10078: 10071: 10068: 10065: 10062: 10061: 10059: 10055: 10049: 10046: 10043: 10040: 10037: 10034: 10032: 10029: 10026: 10023: 10020: 10017: 10013: 10010: 10008: 10005: 10003: 10000: 9997: 9993: 9992:IEEE 802.15.3 9990: 9988: 9985: 9983: 9980: 9979: 9977: 9974: 9969: 9966: 9963: 9960: 9957: 9954: 9953: 9952: 9949: 9944: 9941: 9939: 9936: 9933: 9930: 9929: 9927: 9924: 9923: 9921: 9917: 9911: 9908: 9906: 9903: 9901: 9898: 9896: 9893: 9892: 9890: 9886: 9880: 9877: 9875: 9872: 9868: 9865: 9864: 9863: 9860: 9858: 9855: 9853: 9850: 9848: 9845: 9844: 9842: 9838: 9832: 9829: 9827: 9824: 9822: 9819: 9817: 9816:Digital radio 9814: 9813: 9811: 9807: 9798: 9793: 9791: 9786: 9784: 9779: 9778: 9775: 9759: 9756: 9754: 9751: 9749: 9746: 9745: 9742: 9732: 9729: 9727: 9724: 9722: 9719: 9717: 9714: 9712: 9709: 9707: 9704: 9702: 9699: 9697: 9694: 9692: 9689: 9687: 9684: 9683: 9681: 9679:United States 9677: 9671: 9668: 9666: 9663: 9662: 9660: 9656: 9650: 9647: 9645: 9642: 9640: 9637: 9635: 9632: 9630: 9627: 9625: 9622: 9620: 9617: 9615: 9612: 9611: 9609: 9605: 9599: 9596: 9594: 9591: 9589: 9586: 9585: 9583: 9581:North America 9579: 9570: 9565: 9563: 9558: 9556: 9551: 9550: 9547: 9543: 9533: 9530: 9528: 9525: 9523: 9520: 9518: 9515: 9513: 9510: 9508: 9505: 9503: 9500: 9498: 9495: 9493: 9490: 9488: 9485: 9483: 9480: 9478: 9475: 9473: 9470: 9468: 9465: 9463: 9462:Anime Network 9460: 9459: 9457: 9453: 9447: 9444: 9442: 9439: 9437: 9434: 9432: 9429: 9427: 9424: 9422: 9419: 9418: 9416: 9412: 9406: 9403: 9401: 9398: 9397: 9395: 9391: 9385: 9382: 9380: 9377: 9375: 9372: 9370: 9367: 9365: 9362: 9361: 9359: 9355: 9349: 9346: 9344: 9341: 9339: 9336: 9334: 9331: 9329: 9326: 9324: 9321: 9320: 9318: 9314: 9308: 9305: 9303: 9300: 9298: 9295: 9293: 9290: 9288: 9285: 9283: 9282:Paragon Cable 9280: 9278: 9275: 9273: 9270: 9268: 9265: 9263: 9260: 9258: 9255: 9253: 9250: 9248: 9245: 9243: 9240: 9238: 9235: 9233: 9230: 9226: 9223: 9221: 9218: 9217: 9216: 9213: 9211: 9208: 9206: 9203: 9201: 9198: 9196: 9193: 9189: 9186: 9185: 9184: 9181: 9177: 9174: 9172: 9169: 9168: 9167: 9164: 9162: 9159: 9157: 9154: 9152: 9149: 9148: 9146: 9142: 9139: 9135: 9129: 9126: 9124: 9121: 9119: 9116: 9112: 9111:Rooster Teeth 9109: 9107: 9104: 9102: 9099: 9097: 9094: 9092: 9089: 9087: 9084: 9083: 9082: 9079: 9077: 9074: 9072: 9069: 9067: 9064: 9062: 9059: 9057: 9054: 9052: 9049: 9045: 9042: 9040: 9039:Univision NOW 9037: 9035: 9032: 9031: 9030: 9027: 9025: 9022: 9020: 9017: 9015: 9012: 9010: 9007: 9003: 9000: 8999: 8998: 8995: 8993: 8990: 8988: 8985: 8983: 8980: 8978: 8975: 8971: 8968: 8966: 8963: 8961: 8958: 8956: 8953: 8951: 8948: 8947: 8946: 8943: 8941: 8938: 8934: 8931: 8929: 8926: 8924: 8921: 8920: 8919: 8916: 8914: 8911: 8909: 8906: 8904: 8901: 8899: 8896: 8891: 8889: 8886: 8885: 8884: 8881: 8879: 8876: 8874: 8871: 8867: 8864: 8862: 8859: 8858: 8857: 8854: 8852: 8849: 8847: 8844: 8842: 8839: 8837: 8834: 8832: 8829: 8825: 8822: 8820: 8817: 8815: 8812: 8811: 8810: 8807: 8805: 8802: 8800: 8797: 8795: 8792: 8790: 8787: 8783: 8780: 8778: 8775: 8773: 8770: 8768: 8765: 8763: 8760: 8759: 8758: 8755: 8753: 8750: 8748: 8745: 8743: 8740: 8738: 8735: 8733: 8732:Angel Studios 8730: 8726: 8723: 8721: 8718: 8716: 8713: 8711: 8708: 8706: 8703: 8701: 8698: 8696: 8693: 8691: 8688: 8687: 8686: 8683: 8679: 8676: 8674: 8671: 8669: 8666: 8664: 8661: 8660: 8659: 8656: 8652: 8649: 8647: 8646:History Vault 8644: 8642: 8641:Crime Central 8639: 8638: 8637: 8634: 8633: 8631: 8629: 8621: 8615: 8612: 8610: 8607: 8605: 8602: 8600: 8597: 8595: 8592: 8590: 8587: 8585: 8582: 8580: 8577: 8575: 8572: 8570: 8567: 8566: 8564: 8562: 8556: 8550: 8547: 8545: 8542: 8540: 8537: 8535: 8532: 8530: 8527: 8525: 8522: 8520: 8517: 8515: 8512: 8510: 8507: 8503: 8500: 8499: 8498: 8495: 8493: 8490: 8488: 8485: 8483: 8480: 8478: 8475: 8473: 8470: 8468: 8465: 8463: 8460: 8459: 8457: 8455: 8450: 8446: 8440: 8437: 8435: 8432: 8430: 8427: 8425: 8422: 8420: 8417: 8416: 8414: 8412: 8408: 8402: 8399: 8397: 8394: 8391: 8389: 8386: 8384: 8381: 8379: 8376: 8374: 8371: 8369: 8366: 8364: 8361: 8359: 8356: 8354: 8351: 8349: 8346: 8344: 8341: 8339: 8336: 8334: 8331: 8329: 8326: 8324: 8321: 8319: 8316: 8314: 8311: 8307: 8304: 8303: 8302: 8299: 8297: 8294: 8292: 8289: 8287: 8284: 8282: 8279: 8277: 8274: 8272: 8269: 8265: 8262: 8260: 8257: 8255: 8252: 8251: 8250: 8247: 8245: 8242: 8238: 8235: 8233: 8230: 8228: 8225: 8224: 8223: 8220: 8218: 8215: 8214: 8212: 8210: 8206: 8202: 8201:United States 8198: 8190: 8185: 8183: 8178: 8176: 8171: 8170: 8167: 8163: 8153: 8152:United States 8150: 8148: 8145: 8143: 8140: 8138: 8135: 8133: 8130: 8129: 8126: 8119: 8116: 8114:Sky Argentina 8113: 8110: 8107: 8105: 8102: 8100: 8097: 8096: 8094: 8090: 8083: 8080: 8077: 8074: 8071: 8068: 8065: 8062: 8059: 8056: 8053: 8051: 8048: 8045: 8042: 8039: 8036: 8035: 8033: 8031: 8027: 8023: 8016: 8013: 8010: 8007: 8004: 8001: 7998: 7997:Personal Flow 7995: 7992: 7989: 7986: 7983: 7980: 7977: 7974: 7973:Columbus/FLOW 7971: 7968: 7965: 7964: 7962: 7960: 7956: 7945: 7942: 7939: 7936: 7933: 7930: 7927: 7924: 7921: 7918: 7915: 7912: 7909: 7906: 7903: 7900: 7897: 7894: 7891: 7890: 7887: 7881: 7878: 7876: 7873: 7871: 7868: 7867: 7865: 7861: 7858: 7856: 7852: 7848: 7844: 7843:Latin America 7840: 7832: 7827: 7825: 7820: 7818: 7813: 7812: 7809: 7805: 7795: 7794:United States 7792: 7790: 7787: 7785: 7782: 7780: 7777: 7775: 7772: 7771: 7768: 7762: 7759: 7757: 7754: 7752: 7749: 7747: 7744: 7742: 7739: 7737: 7734: 7732: 7729: 7727: 7724: 7722: 7719: 7717: 7714: 7712: 7711:TV di FASTWEB 7709: 7707: 7704: 7702: 7699: 7697: 7694: 7692: 7689: 7687: 7684: 7682: 7679: 7677: 7674: 7672: 7669: 7667: 7664: 7662: 7659: 7657: 7654: 7652: 7649: 7647: 7644: 7642: 7639: 7637: 7634: 7632: 7629: 7627: 7624: 7622: 7619: 7617: 7614: 7612: 7609: 7607: 7604: 7602: 7599: 7597: 7594: 7592: 7591:Infostrada TV 7589: 7587: 7584: 7582: 7579: 7577: 7574: 7572: 7569: 7567: 7566:CenterTelecom 7564: 7562: 7559: 7557: 7556:Canal Digital 7554: 7552: 7549: 7547: 7544: 7542: 7539: 7537: 7534: 7532: 7529: 7527: 7524: 7522: 7521:Alpha Digital 7519: 7517: 7516:Alice Home TV 7514: 7512: 7509: 7507: 7504: 7503: 7501: 7497: 7488: 7487:TV Vlaanderen 7485: 7480: 7477: 7472: 7469: 7464: 7461: 7456: 7453: 7448: 7445: 7440: 7437: 7432: 7429: 7424: 7421: 7416: 7413: 7408: 7405: 7400: 7397: 7392: 7389: 7388: 7386: 7384: 7380: 7374: 7371: 7369: 7366: 7364: 7361: 7359: 7356: 7354: 7351: 7349: 7346: 7344: 7341: 7339: 7336: 7334: 7331: 7329: 7326: 7324: 7321: 7319: 7316: 7314: 7311: 7309: 7306: 7304: 7301: 7299: 7296: 7294: 7291: 7289: 7286: 7284: 7281: 7279: 7276: 7274: 7271: 7269: 7266: 7264: 7263:Smart Telecom 7261: 7259: 7256: 7254: 7251: 7249: 7246: 7244: 7241: 7239: 7236: 7234: 7233:Orange Polska 7231: 7229: 7228:Orange España 7226: 7224: 7221: 7219: 7216: 7214: 7211: 7209: 7206: 7204: 7201: 7199: 7196: 7194: 7191: 7189: 7186: 7184: 7181: 7179: 7176: 7174: 7171: 7169: 7166: 7164: 7161: 7159: 7156: 7154: 7151: 7149: 7146: 7144: 7141: 7139: 7136: 7134: 7131: 7129: 7126: 7124: 7121: 7119: 7116: 7114: 7111: 7109: 7106: 7104: 7101: 7099: 7096: 7094: 7091: 7089: 7086: 7085: 7083: 7081: 7077: 7073: 7067: 7064: 7062: 7059: 7057: 7056:TV Vlaanderen 7054: 7052: 7049: 7047: 7044: 7042: 7039: 7037: 7034: 7032: 7029: 7027: 7024: 7022: 7019: 7017: 7014: 7012: 7009: 7007: 7004: 7002: 6999: 6997: 6994: 6992: 6989: 6987: 6984: 6982: 6979: 6977: 6974: 6972: 6971:Orange Polska 6969: 6967: 6964: 6962: 6959: 6957: 6954: 6952: 6949: 6947: 6944: 6942: 6939: 6937: 6934: 6932: 6929: 6927: 6924: 6922: 6919: 6917: 6914: 6912: 6909: 6907: 6904: 6902: 6899: 6897: 6894: 6892: 6889: 6887: 6884: 6882: 6879: 6877: 6874: 6872: 6869: 6867: 6866:Canal+ Polska 6864: 6862: 6859: 6857: 6854: 6852: 6849: 6847: 6844: 6842: 6839: 6837: 6834: 6833: 6831: 6829: 6825: 6819: 6816: 6814: 6811: 6809: 6806: 6804: 6801: 6799: 6798:VodafoneZiggo 6796: 6794: 6791: 6789: 6786: 6784: 6781: 6779: 6776: 6774: 6771: 6769: 6766: 6764: 6761: 6759: 6756: 6754: 6751: 6749: 6746: 6744: 6741: 6739: 6736: 6734: 6731: 6729: 6726: 6724: 6721: 6719: 6718:Tele Columbus 6716: 6714: 6711: 6709: 6706: 6704: 6701: 6699: 6696: 6694: 6691: 6689: 6686: 6684: 6681: 6679: 6676: 6674: 6671: 6669: 6666: 6664: 6661: 6659: 6656: 6654: 6651: 6649: 6646: 6644: 6641: 6639: 6636: 6634: 6631: 6629: 6626: 6624: 6621: 6619: 6616: 6614: 6611: 6609: 6606: 6604: 6601: 6599: 6596: 6594: 6591: 6589: 6586: 6584: 6581: 6579: 6578:Kazakhtelecom 6576: 6574: 6571: 6569: 6566: 6564: 6561: 6559: 6556: 6554: 6551: 6549: 6546: 6544: 6541: 6539: 6536: 6534: 6531: 6529: 6526: 6524: 6521: 6519: 6516: 6514: 6511: 6509: 6506: 6505: 6503: 6501: 6497: 6488: 6483: 6481: 6476: 6474: 6469: 6468: 6465: 6461: 6453: 6446: 6443: 6441: 6438: 6436: 6433: 6432: 6429: 6423: 6420: 6419: 6417: 6415: 6411: 6405: 6402: 6400: 6397: 6395: 6392: 6390: 6387: 6385: 6382: 6380: 6379:SaskTel MaxTV 6377: 6375: 6372: 6368: 6365: 6363: 6360: 6358: 6357:Fibe (Aliant) 6355: 6354: 6352: 6351: 6349: 6347: 6343: 6339: 6336: 6324: 6320: 6317: 6313: 6310: 6307: 6304: 6300: 6297: 6294: 6290: 6287: 6284: 6280: 6277: 6274: 6270: 6267: 6264: 6260: 6257: 6256: 6254: 6250: 6243: 6239: 6236: 6233: 6229: 6225: 6221: 6217: 6214: 6211: 6207: 6203: 6199: 6196: 6193: 6189: 6185: 6182: 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5771: 5768: 5765: 5761: 5757: 5754: 5752: 5749: 5747: 5744: 5741: 5738: 5736: 5733: 5731: 5728: 5725: 5722: 5720: 5717: 5715: 5714:Maroc Telecom 5712: 5710: 5707: 5705: 5702: 5700: 5697: 5695: 5692: 5690: 5687: 5684: 5682: 5679: 5677: 5674: 5673: 5671: 5669: 5665: 5659: 5656: 5653: 5650: 5648: 5645: 5643: 5640: 5637: 5634: 5632: 5629: 5627: 5624: 5622: 5619: 5617: 5614: 5612: 5609: 5607:(Ivory Coast) 5606: 5603: 5601: 5598: 5596: 5593: 5591: 5590:SKY PerfecTV! 5588: 5586: 5583: 5581: 5578: 5576: 5573: 5571: 5568: 5565: 5562: 5560: 5557: 5555: 5552: 5550: 5547: 5545: 5542: 5540: 5537: 5535: 5534:ME Digital TV 5532: 5530: 5527: 5525: 5522: 5520: 5517: 5515: 5512: 5510: 5507: 5505: 5502: 5499: 5496: 5493: 5490: 5488: 5485: 5483: 5480: 5477: 5474: 5471: 5468: 5466: 5463: 5461: 5458: 5456: 5453: 5451: 5448: 5446: 5443: 5441: 5438: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5428: 5426: 5423: 5422: 5420: 5418: 5414: 5408: 5405: 5403: 5400: 5397: 5394: 5392: 5389: 5387: 5384: 5382: 5379: 5377: 5374: 5372: 5369: 5367: 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4209: 4205: 4201: 4195: 4193: 4176: 4172: 4166: 4164: 4155: 4154: 4146: 4144: 4142: 4133: 4132: 4124: 4117:. p. 1C. 4116: 4112: 4111: 4103: 4101: 4099: 4091: 4090:9780917893148 4087: 4083: 4078: 4062: 4058: 4054: 4053: 4048: 4041: 4039: 4022: 4018: 4017:Baltimore, MD 4014: 4013: 4008: 4001: 3999: 3997: 3995: 3978: 3974: 3970: 3969: 3968:Reading Eagle 3964: 3958: 3950: 3949: 3941: 3925: 3921: 3917: 3916: 3911: 3904: 3888: 3884: 3880: 3879: 3874: 3867: 3851: 3847: 3845:9780879728212 3841: 3837: 3833: 3832: 3824: 3816: 3812: 3806: 3792:on 2008-06-17 3791: 3787: 3780: 3778: 3771: 3770:9789814136013 3767: 3761: 3745: 3741: 3740: 3735: 3728: 3713: 3709: 3705: 3699: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3669: 3663: 3659: 3653: 3637: 3633: 3629: 3625: 3618: 3603: 3599: 3592: 3576: 3572: 3566: 3551: 3547: 3540: 3524: 3520: 3514: 3498: 3494: 3488: 3472: 3468: 3464: 3458: 3440: 3436: 3429: 3423: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3392: 3377: 3373: 3369: 3363: 3347: 3343: 3339: 3332: 3330: 3313: 3309: 3303: 3287: 3283: 3277: 3273: 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2460:: 26–28. 2000 2459: 2458:Horizon House 2455: 2451: 2450: 2445: 2439: 2437: 2435: 2433: 2431: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2400: 2398: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2367: 2365: 2363: 2355: 2350: 2348: 2346: 2344: 2337:, p. 27. 2336: 2331: 2325:, p. 60. 2324: 2319: 2311: 2305: 2300: 2293: 2288: 2281: 2276: 2269: 2264: 2262: 2260: 2258: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2228: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2199: 2184: 2180: 2174: 2172: 2170: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2139: 2137: 2121: 2119:90-247-3002-3 2115: 2111: 2110: 2102: 2096: 2090: 2086: 2075: 2072: 2070: 2067: 2064: 2061: 2059: 2056: 2054: 2051: 2049: 2046: 2044: 2043:Molniya orbit 2041: 2039: 2036: 2034: 2031: 2029: 2026: 2024: 2021: 2019: 2016: 2014: 2011: 2009: 2006: 2004: 2001: 2000: 1993: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1966: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1946: 1944: 1940: 1935: 1933: 1928: 1919: 1909: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1898:semiconductor 1895: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1837: 1835: 1832: 1828: 1822: 1820: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1800:standard) in 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434: 430: 426: 422: 417: 415: 411: 407: 402: 397: 395: 391: 387: 383: 379: 375: 371: 363: 358: 354: 352: 348: 347:amateur radio 344: 339: 336: 332: 331:coaxial cable 329: 325: 321: 318:The original 316: 314: 310: 306: 302: 298: 294: 290: 286: 281: 279: 275: 271: 263: 259: 251: 247: 240: 236: 232: 225: 221: 212: 210: 202: 197: 192: 187: 185: 184:Molniya orbit 181: 177: 173: 163: 161: 157: 153: 149: 145: 141: 137: 133: 129: 121: 116: 114: 110: 106: 102: 98: 94: 90: 89:set-top boxes 86: 82: 73: 69: 67: 63: 59: 55: 51: 47: 39: 33: 19: 11381:Multiplexing 11256:Transmission 11221:Nikola Tesla 11211:Henry Sutton 11166:Samuel Morse 11096:Robert Hooke 11061:Amos Dolbear 10996:John Bardeen 10915: 10895:Telautograph 10799:Mobile phone 10754:Edholm's law 10737:social media 10670:Broadcasting 10605: 10593: 10432:Intersputnik 10356:Dish Network 10291: 10156: 10087:Broadcasting 10057:Technologies 10048:Wireless USB 9982:Mobile WiMAX 9938:5G New Radio 9873: 9455:Over-the-top 9414:Virtual MVPD 9272:Marcus Cable 8992:Roku Channel 8918:NBCUniversal 8772:Dove Channel 8715:Sundance Now 8685:AMC Networks 8609:Xfinity Flex 8534:Verizon FiOS 8487:GTA Teleguam 8424:Dish Network 8338:Full Channel 8333:Emery Telcom 8120:Sky Colombia 7979:Izzi Telecom 7854: 7756:VolgaTelecom 7661:Real Digital 7551:Canal+ Spain 7323:Turkcell TV+ 6827: 6668:Post Telecom 6623:Monaco Cable 6449: 6334: 6316:Hamilton, ON 6273:Val-d'Or, QC 6216:Rogers Cable 6145: 6137: 6036:U Television 5939:Global Cable 5704:GTA Teleguam 5519:K+ (Vietnam) 5460:DD Free Dish 5416: 5281:Fil-Products 5266:DEN Networks 5110:Occupations 5001:Quiz channel 4924:Pirate radio 4912:Pay-per-view 4887:Campus radio 4878:Broadcasting 4832: 4763:Broadcasting 4697: 4691: 4666: 4662: 4656: 4644:. Retrieved 4619:. Retrieved 4610: 4601: 4589:. Retrieved 4565: 4547: 4542: 4531:the original 4522: 4509: 4486: 4471:. Routledge. 4468: 4462: 4450:. Retrieved 4421:. Retrieved 4394: 4371:. Retrieved 4343: 4321:. Retrieved 4292: 4286: 4275:. Retrieved 4260: 4230: 4224: 4212:. Retrieved 4208:the original 4203: 4179:. Retrieved 4151: 4129: 4123: 4108: 4081: 4077: 4065:. Retrieved 4052:Deseret News 4050: 4025:. Retrieved 4010: 3981:. Retrieved 3966: 3957: 3946: 3940: 3928:. Retrieved 3913: 3903: 3891:. Retrieved 3876: 3866: 3854:. Retrieved 3830: 3823: 3815:the original 3805: 3794:. Retrieved 3790:the original 3784:Wade, Mark. 3760: 3748:. Retrieved 3737: 3727: 3716:. Retrieved 3707: 3698: 3686:. Retrieved 3682:the original 3677: 3668: 3652: 3640:. Retrieved 3627: 3624:"NASA - ATS" 3617: 3606:. Retrieved 3591: 3581:28 September 3579:. Retrieved 3574: 3565: 3555:28 September 3553:. Retrieved 3549: 3539: 3527:. Retrieved 3513: 3501:. Retrieved 3497:the original 3487: 3475:. 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Retrieved 2156:. Retrieved 2152:the original 2147: 2125:18 September 2123:. Retrieved 2108: 2101: 2094: 2089: 1967: 1952: 1939:Bill Clinton 1936: 1910: 1850:solar panels 1838: 1823: 1814:Asia-Pacific 1810:North Africa 1802:South Africa 1784: 1780:Dish Network 1766: 1751: 1724: 1684:pay-per-view 1680: 1671:black market 1664: 1616: 1608:in the clear 1605: 1574: 1543: 1519: 1512: 1490:(CBN, later 1469: 1459:television, 1454: 1444: 1409: 1387:Moon landing 1360:Soviet Union 1345: 1289: 1270: 1216: 1193: 1164: 1131:transponders 1113: 1090: 1055:cord-cutting 1052: 1013: 1002: 994:DD Free Dish 984: 967:receiver (a 961:Astra 28.2°E 938: 931: 928:Astra 19.2°E 913: 885: 873: 860: 856: 855: 817: 780:Beta digital 749: 726: 703: 671: 650: 638:F-connectors 626:N-connectors 591: 548: 528:transponders 509: 478: 466: 450: 418: 398: 382:F-connectors 367: 341:Designs for 340: 335:N-connectors 317: 305:downconverts 282: 260:satellites. 213: 196:transponders 188: 169: 117: 109:Free-to-view 78: 45: 44: 11581:NPL network 11293:Radio waves 11231:Alfred Vail 11141:Hedy Lamarr 11126:Dawon Kahng 11086:Elisha Gray 11046:Yogen Dalal 10971:Nasir Ahmed 10905:Teleprinter 10769:Heliographs 10442:SED Systems 10376:1worldspace 10192:Transponder 9956:Terrestrial 9477:DC Universe 9393:Terrestrial 9369:CenturyLink 9225:Popcornflix 9205:Cablevision 9123:WWE Network 9002:Crunchyroll 8883:Kino Lorber 8747:Brown Sugar 8663:Prime Video 8549:Ziply Fiber 8529:TDS Telecom 8388:TDS Telecom 8291:Broadstripe 8281:Blue Stream 8217:Adams Cable 8061:Movistar TV 8057:(Caribbean) 7999:(Argentina) 7991:Movistar TV 7975:(Caribbean) 7922:(Venezuela) 7901:(Venezuela) 7895:(Caribbean) 7880:Movistar TV 7761:Wind Vision 7741:UPC Romania 7726:UPC Hungary 7696:Tele2Vision 7656:On Telecoms 7646:Numericable 7601:ITV Digital 7383:Terrestrial 7283:TalkTalk TV 7243:Proximus TV 7208:Moldtelecom 7093:A1 Hrvatska 7088:A1 Bulgaria 7046:Tricolor TV 7001:Sky Ireland 6996:Sky Germany 6841:A1 Hrvatska 6836:A1 Bulgaria 6513:A1 Hrvatska 6508:A1 Bulgaria 6384:TekSavvy TV 6367:MTS TV (MB) 6323:Brandon, MB 6299:Novus Cable 6269:Cablevision 6159:Shaw Direct 6134:Terrestrial 6026:Thai Sky TV 5996:(Australia) 5817:Terrestrial 5726:(Hong Kong) 5642:TrueVisions 5638:(Indonesia) 5636:Transvision 5585:Sky Pacific 5500:(Australia) 5472:(Sri Lanka) 5386:TrueVisions 5371:Tokai Cable 5294:First Media 5084:News ticker 5079:Lower third 5049:and funding 4992:Music radio 4173:. TinyPic. 3883:Los Angeles 3529:16 December 3342:History.com 3245:lakdiva.org 3162:16 December 3056:16 December 2966:T-online.de 2354:Minoli 2009 2335:Minoli 2009 2323:Minoli 2009 2292:Pattan 1993 2280:Pattan 1993 2268:Pattan 1993 2208:lyngsat.com 2033:Free-to-air 1941:signed the 1886:multiplexed 1806:Middle East 1644:descrambler 1631:VideoCipher 1621:passed the 1513:In the US, 1500:San Andreas 1486:(TBS), and 990:Doordarshan 916:free-to-air 909:free-to-air 905:subscribers 804:Videocipher 792:Nagravision 772:Cryptoworks 690:demodulates 674:set-top box 666:multiswitch 587:set-top box 563:focal point 505:inclination 503:orbit with 499:, a highly 461:multiswitch 421:set-top box 180:inclination 160:Star One D2 105:free-to-air 11714:Categories 11627:Antarctica 11586:Toasternet 11508:Television 10991:Paul Baran 10923:Television 10907:(teletype) 10900:Telegraphy 10878:transistor 10856:Phryctoria 10826:Photophone 10804:Smartphone 10794:Mass media 10407:Globalstar 9492:Funimation 9487:FilmStruck 9482:DramaFever 9096:Discovery+ 8955:Paramount+ 8888:MHz Choice 8861:Fox Nation 8752:BroadwayHD 8614:YouTube TV 8286:Breezeline 8222:Altice USA 7938:Sky México 7932:SKY Brasil 7736:UPC Poland 7721:UPC France 7716:Unitymedia 7526:Athina Sat 7268:Sunrise TV 7178:Magenta TV 7148:eir Vision 7138:Cytavision 6986:Polsat Box 6876:Cosmote TV 6808:WightFibre 6683:Rostelecom 6633:NetCologne 6573:Kabelnoord 6553:ER-Telecom 6548:Elta-Kabel 6394:Tbaytel TV 6038:(Malaysia) 6020:Sky Direct 5969:Kamalak TV 5954:Home Cable 5910:(Thailand) 5791:Streamtech 5746:Rostelecom 5621:Sun Direct 5605:Sky Vision 5549:MNC Vision 5529:KT SkyLife 5360:Streamtech 5334:Rostelecom 5141:Press pool 5047:Production 4943:Talk radio 4362:1567202500 4315:. 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