164:
359:, the source of "book", both refer to wood. The codex was not only easier to handle than the scroll, but it also fit conveniently on library shelves. The spine generally held the book's title, facing out, affording easier organization of the collection. The surface on which the ink was applied was kept flat, not subjected to weakening by the repeated bending and unbending that scrolls undergo as they are alternately rolled up for storage and unrolled for reading, which creates physical stresses in both the papyrus and the ink of scrolls.
239:
1240:
69:
155:
1250:
1230:
29:
50:
131:. The scroll is usually unrolled so that one page is exposed at a time, for writing or reading, with the remaining pages rolled and stowed to the left and right of the visible page. Text is written in lines from the top to the bottom of the page. Depending on the language, the letters may be written left to right, right to left, or alternating in direction (
338:
have taken place any later than circa A.D. 100 (it may, of course, have been earlier)". There were certainly practical reasons for the change. Scrolls were awkward to read if a reader wished to consult material at opposite ends of the document. Further, scrolls were written only on one side, while both sides of the codex page were used.
370:
From the fourth century on, the codex became the standard format for books, and scrolls were no longer generally used. After the contents of a parchment scroll were copied in codex format, the scroll was seldom preserved. The majority that did survive were found by archaeologists in burial pits and
288:
administrative documents intended for various uses, including accounting, rent-rolls, legal agreements, and inventories. A distinction that sometimes applies is that the lines of writing in rotuli run across the width of the roll (that is to say, are parallel with any unrolled portion) rather than
113:
337:
were among the earliest to make widespread use of the codex. Several
Christian papyrus codices known to us date from the second century, including at least one generally accepted as being no later than A.D. 150. "All in all, it is impossible to believe that the Christian adoption of the codex can
379:
Modern technology may be able to assist in reading ancient scrolls. In
January 2015, computer software may be making progress in reading 2,000-year-old Herculaneum scrolls, computer scientists report. After working for more than 10 years on unlocking the contents of damaged
332:
may have been the inventor of the codex... is indeed a fascinating proposition; but in view of the uncertainties surrounding the passage, it is doubtful whether any such conclusion can be drawn". What the evidence of surviving early codices does make clear is that
328:(56.6), legend has it that Julius Caesar was the first to fold scrolls, concertina-fashion, for dispatches to his forces campaigning in Gaul. But the precise meaning of the passage is by no means clear. As C. H. Roberts and T. C. Skeat point out, the idea that "
366:
technically refers only to manuscript books — those that, at one time, were handwritten. More specifically, a codex is the term used primarily for a bound manuscript from Roman times up through the Middle Ages.
1151:
289:
along the length, divided into page-like sections. Rolls may be wider than most scrolls, up to perhaps 60 cm or two feet wide. Rolls were often stored together in a special cupboard on shelves.
127:
A scroll is usually partitioned into pages, which are sometimes separate sheets of papyrus or parchment glued together at the edges. Scrolls may be marked divisions of a continuous roll of
324:
form of the book—that is, folding a scroll into pages, which made reading and handling the document much easier—appears during the Roman period. Stemming from a passage in
Suetonius'
341:
Eventually, the folds were cut into sheets, or "leaves", and bound together along one edge. The bound pages were protected by stiff covers, usually of wood enclosed with leather.
230:
The ink used in writing scrolls had to adhere to a surface that was rolled and unrolled, so special inks were developed. Even so, ink would slowly flake off scrolls.
223:
with parchment pages was invented by the Romans, which became popular around the 1st century AD. Scrolls were more highly regarded than codices until well into
508:
308:
was used from about the 13th to the 17th centuries for scroll, writing, or documents in list or schedule form. There existed an office of Clerk of the Scrow (
292:
A special
Chinese form of short book, called the "whirlwind book", consists of several pieces of paper bound at the top with bamboo and then rolled up.
284:. Rolls may still be many meters or feet long, and were used in the medieval and Early Modern period in Europe and various West Asian cultures for
621:
531:
243:
399:) feature scrolls as magical items, which cast spells when they are read aloud. Typically, the scroll is consumed in the process.
1198:
276:, although usage of the term by modern historians varies with periods. Historians of the classical period tend to use
579:
500:
163:
1012:
651:
678:
1119:
465:
208:
1289:
1284:
202:
1022:
609:
Murray, Stuart A.P. (2009) The
Library: An Illustrated History. Chicago, IL. Skyhorse Publishing. (p.27)
1027:
840:
384:, researchers may be able to progress towards reading the scrolls, which cannot be physically opened.
1007:
809:
618:
473:
20:
1294:
1274:
892:
733:
247:
42:
1178:
1109:
804:
395:
251:
207:
Scrolls were the first form of editable record keeping texts, used in
Eastern Mediterranean
909:
765:
8:
750:
671:
539:
301:
1215:
1124:
444:
424:
381:
144:
1249:
1093:
924:
728:
575:
172:
1279:
1233:
1193:
1161:
992:
128:
1204:
987:
982:
914:
904:
625:
38:
33:
1243:
1210:
1136:
1051:
1046:
1017:
997:
830:
745:
664:
414:
54:
1268:
1141:
949:
919:
867:
630:
409:
329:
183:
132:
1253:
1114:
862:
847:
777:
760:
334:
224:
1056:
966:
877:
852:
814:
799:
718:
711:
701:
429:
238:
16:
Roll of papyrus, parchment, or paper containing writing and illustrations
1131:
835:
772:
706:
419:
285:
212:
68:
1002:
1146:
1076:
897:
887:
794:
787:
782:
755:
259:
154:
97:
112:
1156:
1068:
1061:
959:
932:
872:
856:
740:
954:
944:
937:
723:
477:
434:
272:
188:
179:
93:
58:
45:, probably of the 10th century, created in the Byzantine empire.
646:
439:
175:
28:
1188:
1171:
1086:
1081:
882:
321:
263:
216:
101:
62:
1183:
687:
312:) meaning the Clerk of the Rolls or Clerk of the Register.
220:
49:
656:
468:
A Dictionary of
English Manuscript Terminology 1450–2000
72:
Ingredients used in making ink for Hebrew scrolls today
182:, 1st century AD, depicting two different men wearing
203:Roman Empire § Literacy, books, and education
1266:
371:in the buried trash of forgotten communities.
672:
619:Major breakthrough in reading ancient scrolls
594:
569:
354:
574:. London: The British Academy. p. 19.
348:
342:
315:
679:
665:
599:. London: The British Academy. p. 61.
347:is Latin for a "block of wood": the Latin
652:Encyclopaedia Romana: "Scroll and codex"
501:"10 Innovations That Built Ancient Rome"
353:, the root of "library", and the German
237:
111:
67:
48:
27:
498:
1267:
529:
660:
595:Roberts, C. H.; Skeat, T. C. (1987).
387:
211:. Parchment scrolls were used by the
463:
374:
647:Digital Scrolling Paintings Project
570:Roberts, C.H.; Skeat, T.C. (1987).
13:
511:from the original on 12 March 2018
499:Andrews, Evan (20 November 2012).
14:
1306:
640:
393:Many role-playing games (such as
1248:
1239:
1238:
1228:
162:
153:
1229:
612:
603:
588:
563:
554:
523:
492:
457:
209:ancient Egyptian civilizations
1:
450:
1152:Conservation and restoration
107:
7:
403:
295:
10:
1311:
200:
142:
138:
18:
1224:
1102:
1036:
975:
823:
694:
686:
530:Chinnery, Colin; Yi, Li.
316:Replacement by the codex
233:
215:among others before the
810:Collection (publishing)
734:Illuminated manuscripts
624:23 January 2015 at the
474:Oxford University Press
21:Scroll (disambiguation)
597:The Birth of the Codex
572:The Birth of the Codex
396:Dungeons & Dragons
355:
349:
343:
255:
248:Parliamentary Archives
124:
123:, two types of scrolls
73:
65:
46:
1179:Intellectual property
805:Volume (bibliography)
252:Palace of Westminster
241:
115:
80:(from the Old French
71:
52:
31:
560:Beal, 2008, "scrow".
464:Beal, Peter (2008).
104:containing writing.
19:For other uses, see
1290:Textual scholarship
1285:Manuscripts by type
382:Herculaneum scrolls
242:Rolls recording UK
88:), also known as a
1216:World Book Capital
542:on 10 January 2016
472:. Online edition.
445:Woodblock printing
425:Herculaneum papyri
388:In popular culture
310:Rotulorum Clericus
258:Shorter pieces of
256:
244:Acts of Parliament
186:, one holding the
145:History of scrolls
125:
74:
66:
47:
43:illuminated scroll
1262:
1261:
1094:Coffee table book
925:Bookworm (insect)
375:Modern technology
173:Roman portraiture
1302:
1252:
1242:
1241:
1232:
1231:
1162:History of books
681:
674:
667:
658:
657:
634:
616:
610:
607:
601:
600:
592:
586:
585:
567:
561:
558:
552:
551:
549:
547:
538:. Archived from
527:
521:
520:
518:
516:
496:
490:
489:
487:
485:
476:. Archived from
461:
358:
352:
346:
166:
157:
129:writing material
1310:
1309:
1305:
1304:
1303:
1301:
1300:
1299:
1265:
1264:
1263:
1258:
1220:
1205:The Philobiblon
1098:
1032:
971:
819:
766:limited edition
690:
685:
643:
638:
637:
626:Wayback Machine
617:
613:
608:
604:
593:
589:
582:
568:
564:
559:
555:
545:
543:
528:
524:
514:
512:
497:
493:
483:
481:
462:
458:
453:
406:
390:
377:
318:
298:
236:
205:
199:
198:
197:
196:
169:
168:
167:
159:
158:
147:
141:
110:
92:, is a roll of
39:Vatican Library
34:The Joshua Roll
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1308:
1298:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1260:
1259:
1257:
1256:
1246:
1236:
1225:
1222:
1221:
1219:
1218:
1213:
1211:World Book Day
1208:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1175:
1174:
1169:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1137:Book packaging
1134:
1129:
1128:
1127:
1122:
1112:
1106:
1104:
1100:
1099:
1097:
1096:
1091:
1090:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1071:
1066:
1065:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1040:
1038:
1034:
1033:
1031:
1030:
1025:
1023:United Kingdom
1020:
1015:
1010:
1005:
1000:
995:
990:
985:
979:
977:
973:
972:
970:
969:
964:
963:
962:
952:
947:
942:
941:
940:
935:
927:
922:
917:
912:
907:
902:
901:
900:
895:
890:
885:
875:
870:
865:
860:
850:
845:
844:
843:
833:
827:
825:
821:
820:
818:
817:
812:
807:
802:
797:
792:
791:
790:
785:
780:
770:
769:
768:
763:
758:
753:
748:
738:
737:
736:
726:
721:
716:
715:
714:
704:
698:
696:
692:
691:
684:
683:
676:
669:
661:
655:
654:
649:
642:
641:External links
639:
636:
635:
611:
602:
587:
580:
562:
553:
522:
491:
480:on 2 June 2013
455:
454:
452:
449:
448:
447:
442:
437:
432:
427:
422:
417:
415:Hanging scroll
412:
405:
402:
401:
400:
389:
386:
376:
373:
317:
314:
297:
294:
235:
232:
192:, the other a
184:laurel wreaths
171:
170:
161:
160:
152:
151:
150:
149:
148:
143:Main article:
140:
137:
109:
106:
55:Book of Esther
53:Scroll of the
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1307:
1296:
1295:Writing media
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1275:Books by type
1273:
1272:
1270:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1245:
1237:
1235:
1227:
1226:
1223:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1206:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1164:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1142:Book swapping
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1117:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1107:
1105:
1101:
1095:
1092:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1044:
1042:
1041:
1039:
1035:
1029:
1028:United States
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
994:
991:
989:
986:
984:
981:
980:
978:
974:
968:
965:
961:
958:
957:
956:
953:
951:
950:Print culture
948:
946:
943:
939:
936:
934:
931:
930:
928:
926:
923:
921:
918:
916:
913:
911:
908:
906:
903:
899:
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
884:
881:
880:
879:
876:
874:
871:
869:
868:Bibliotherapy
866:
864:
861:
858:
854:
851:
849:
846:
842:
839:
838:
837:
834:
832:
829:
828:
826:
822:
816:
813:
811:
808:
806:
803:
801:
798:
796:
793:
789:
786:
784:
781:
779:
776:
775:
774:
771:
767:
764:
762:
759:
757:
754:
752:
749:
747:
744:
743:
742:
739:
735:
732:
731:
730:
727:
725:
722:
720:
717:
713:
710:
709:
708:
705:
703:
700:
699:
697:
693:
689:
682:
677:
675:
670:
668:
663:
662:
659:
653:
650:
648:
645:
644:
633:
632:
631:Science Daily
627:
623:
620:
615:
606:
598:
591:
583:
581:0-19-726061-6
577:
573:
566:
557:
541:
537:
536:IDP Education
533:
532:"Bookbinding"
526:
510:
506:
502:
495:
479:
475:
471:
469:
466:""scroll" in
460:
456:
446:
443:
441:
438:
436:
433:
431:
428:
426:
423:
421:
418:
416:
413:
411:
410:Speech scroll
408:
407:
398:
397:
392:
391:
385:
383:
372:
368:
365:
360:
357:
351:
345:
339:
336:
331:
330:Julius Caesar
327:
323:
313:
311:
307:
303:
293:
290:
287:
283:
279:
275:
274:
269:
265:
261:
253:
249:
245:
240:
231:
228:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
204:
195:
191:
190:
185:
181:
177:
174:
165:
156:
146:
136:
134:
133:boustrophedon
130:
122:
118:
114:
105:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
70:
64:
60:
56:
51:
44:
40:
36:
35:
30:
26:
22:
1203:
1199:Preservation
1166:
1115:Book burning
1110:Banned books
863:Bibliophilia
848:Bibliography
778:advance copy
761:instant book
729:Illustration
712:dust jackets
629:
614:
605:
596:
590:
571:
565:
556:
544:. Retrieved
540:the original
535:
525:
513:. Retrieved
504:
494:
482:. Retrieved
478:the original
467:
459:
394:
378:
369:
363:
361:
340:
326:Divus Julius
325:
319:
309:
305:
299:
291:
281:
277:
271:
267:
257:
246:held in the
229:
206:
193:
187:
126:
120:
116:
89:
85:
81:
77:
75:
32:
25:
1132:Book curses
1008:Netherlands
878:Bookselling
853:Bibliomania
836:Bestsellers
824:Consumption
815:Book series
800:Typesetting
484:21 November
430:Paleography
304:, the term
280:instead of
266:are called
1269:Categories
1077:audiobooks
976:By country
929:Furniture
920:Digitizing
915:Collecting
905:Censorship
888:book towns
773:Publishing
756:incunabula
695:Production
451:References
420:Handscroll
335:Christians
286:manuscript
213:Israelites
201:See also:
1147:Book tour
1120:incidents
1052:miniature
1047:fictional
933:bookcases
873:Bookmarks
788:paperback
783:hardcover
546:6 January
362:The term
260:parchment
219:or bound
108:Structure
98:parchment
1244:Category
1157:Dog ears
1073:Formats
1069:Grimoire
1062:textbook
1013:Pakistan
960:literacy
938:bookends
857:tsundoku
741:Printing
622:Archived
515:11 March
509:Archived
404:See also
302:Scotland
296:Scotland
254:, London
1280:Scribes
1234:Outline
1194:Outline
1103:Related
1043:Genres
993:Germany
967:Reviews
955:Reading
945:Library
893:history
751:history
746:edition
724:Editing
702:Binding
505:History
435:Rotulus
227:times.
194:volumen
189:rotulus
180:Pompeii
176:frescos
139:History
121:Rotulus
117:Volumen
94:papyrus
86:escroue
59:Seville
1254:Portal
1167:scroll
1082:Ebooks
1057:pop-up
988:France
983:Brazil
883:blurbs
831:Awards
719:Design
707:Covers
578:
440:Vellum
282:scroll
273:rotuli
82:escroe
78:scroll
1189:Novel
1172:codex
1087:Folio
1037:Other
1018:Spain
1003:Japan
998:Italy
910:Clubs
688:Books
364:codex
350:liber
344:Codex
322:codex
306:scrow
268:rolls
264:paper
234:Rolls
225:Roman
217:codex
178:from
102:paper
100:, or
63:Spain
41:. An
1184:ISBN
1125:Nazi
898:used
841:list
795:Size
576:ISBN
548:2007
517:2018
486:2013
356:Buch
320:The
278:roll
221:book
119:and
90:roll
300:In
270:or
262:or
135:).
84:or
1271::
628:,
534:.
507:.
503:.
250:,
96:,
76:A
61:,
57:,
37:,
859:)
855:(
680:e
673:t
666:v
584:.
550:.
519:.
488:.
470:"
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
