Book of Esther - Knowledge

3382:. Doubleday. See section “The Non-Jewish Origins of Purim.” Pages 46-49. “Esther's canonical status may have been opposed by those Jews who saw the book as a defense for a Jewish festival which, as its very name suggests (*the pûr ", iii 7; see also ix 26), was non-Jewish in origin. Certainly modern scholars have felt the explanation for Purim's name in ix 26 to be strained and unconvincing. Moreover, the ‘secular" character of the feast suggests a pagan origin, that is, no prayers or sacrifices are specified, but drinking to the point of excess is permitted in the Talmud, Megilla 7b… pûrim is a hebraized form of a Babylonian word...Efforts to identify Purim with an earlier Jewish or Greek festival have been neither common nor convincing, and ever since the 1762: 1485: 1411: 2215:). The numbering system for the additions therefore differs with each translation. The Nova Vulgata accounts for the additional verses by numbering them as extensions of the verses immediately following or preceding them (e.g., Esther 11:2–12 in the old Vulgate becomes Esther 1:1a–1k in the Nova Vulgata), while the NAB and its successor, the NABRE, assign letters of the alphabet as chapter headings for the additions (e.g., Esther 11:2–12:6 in the Vulgate becomes Esther A:1–17). The RSVCE and the NRSVCE place the additional material into the narrative, but retain the chapter and verse numbering of the old Vulgate. 1334: 33: 1514: 2159:

six—corresponds to the sixth millennium of the world since creation, which, according to Jewish tradition, is the period between 1240 and 2240 CE. As for the tav, shin and zayin, their numerical values add up to 707. Put together, these letters refer to the Jewish year 5707, which corresponds to the secular 1946–1947. In his research, Neugroschel noticed that ten Nazi defendants in the Nuremberg Trials were executed by hanging on 16 October 1946, which was the date of the final judgement day of Judaism,

1631: 1011: 7720: 2136:), and that they were supportive of Esther's efforts against the "enemies of the Jews". The latter were mostly found "among the idolatrous people of the subject nations", whom the Persians did not care for. The ones in Susa, however, consisted of Haman's faction, led by his ten sons, and fugitives who believed they were free to kill the Jews once the latter's "privileges have expired", thus why they were killed the next day. 5916: 1469:

fast as well (4:15–16.). On the third day she goes to Ahasuerus, who stretches out his sceptre to her to indicate that she is not to be punished (5:1–2). She invites him to a feast in the company of Haman (5:3–5). During the feast, she asks them to attend a further feast the next evening (5:6–8). Meanwhile, Haman is again offended by Mordecai and, at his wife's suggestion, has a

1753:(reigned 486–465 BCE). The author also displays an accurate knowledge of Persian customs and palaces. However, according to Coogan, considerable historical inaccuracies remain throughout the text, supporting the view that the book of Esther is to be read as a historical novella which tells a story describing historical events but is not necessarily historical fact. 1407:, to display her beauty before the guests by coming before them wearing her crown (1:10–11). She refuses, infuriating Ahasuerus, who on the advice of his counselors removes her from her position as an example to other women who might be emboldened to disobey their husbands (1:12–19). A decree follows that "every man should bear rule in his own house" (1:20–22). 3433:

above Meg. 7b). Then too, a pagan origin for the festival would also help to explain the absence of various religious elements in the story…. But even more recently scholars are again looking to Palestine for the origin of the festival… Its Lack of Historicity: are is the 20th-century scholar who accepts the story at face value.”

2151:' but does not discount alternative explanations. They include being impressed by the 'Divine Providence' working in the Jews' favor and seeking the favor of Esther and Mordecai, who gained immense power. But ultimately, the Persian allies and Jews celebrated Purim together and taught their children to read the Book of Esther ( 2005:. Hoschander suggests that Haman may, if the connection is correct, be a priestly title and not a proper name. Strabo's names are unattested in Persian texts as gods; however the Talmud and Josephus interpret the description of courtiers bowing to Haman in Esther 3:2 as worship. (Other scholars assume "Omanus" refers to 1477:

Mordecai, but before he can make this request, Ahasuerus asks Haman what should be done for the man that the King wishes to honour (6:4–6). Assuming that the King is referring to Haman himself, Haman suggests that the man be dressed in the King's royal robes and crown and led around on the King's royal horse, while a

1383:, but Purim itself is not the subject and no individual feast in the book is commemorated by Purim. The book's theme, rather, is the reversal of destiny through a sudden and unexpected turn of events: the Jews seem destined to be destroyed, but instead are saved. In literary criticism such a reversal is termed " 2117:

emphasizes the role of Jewish-Persian cooperation in realizing the Book of Esther's denouement. Pajand justified his interpretation to dispel accusations that the Book of Esther was anti-Iranian and because he believed that Iranians were "travellers in the way of truth". In contrast, Haman violated the

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Moore, Carey A. “Esther, Book of,” ed. David Noel Freedman, The Anchor Yale Bible Dictionary (New York: Doubleday, 1992), 637-638 “Certainly a pagan origin for Purim would also help to explain the "secular" way in which it was to be celebrated, i.e., with uninhibited and even inebriated behavior (cf.

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The apparent historical difficulties, the internal inconsistencies, the pronounced symmetry of themes and events, the plenitude of quoted dialogue, and the gross exaggeration in the reporting of numbers (involving time, money, and people) all point to Esther as a work of fiction, its vivid characters

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and 500 other men are killed in Shushan (9:1–12). Upon hearing of this Esther requests it be repeated the next day, whereupon 300 more men are killed (9:13–15). In the other Persian provinces, 75,000 people are killed by the Jews, who are careful to take no plunder (9:16–17). Mordecai and Esther send

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When Mordecai discovers the plan, he goes into mourning and implores Esther to intercede with the King (4:1–5). But she is afraid to present herself to the King unsummoned, an offense punishable by death (4:6–12). Instead, she directs Mordecai to have all Jews fast for three days for her, and vows to

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in particular: both Esther and Daniel depict an existential threat to the Jewish people, but while Daniel commands the Jews to wait faithfully for God to resolve the crisis, in Esther the crisis is resolved entirely through human action and national solidarity. God, in fact, is not mentioned, Esther

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discusses the reasoning behind scholarly concern about the historicity of Esther. Much of this debate relates to the importance of distinguishing history and fiction within biblical texts, as Berlin argues, in order to gain a more accurate understanding of the history of the Israelite people. Berlin

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Wexler p.695: ‘Any resemblance between Ishtar's ear-shaped pastries and Haman's ear-shaped pastries may be the accidental result of later practice, but a common denominator is also possible, in that the original function of sacrifice is thought to be partaking of, and eating, the god. The eating of

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That night, Ahasuerus cannot sleep, and orders the court records be read to him (6:1). He is reminded that Mordecai interceded in the previous plot against his life, and discovers that Mordecai never received any recognition (6:2–3). Just then, Haman appears to request the King's permission to hang

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Azīz Pajand, a Persian Jew, published "Purim" in 1966, which offered an Iranophilic interpretation of the Book of Esther. Here, Haman was the Amalekite enemy of 'pure-blooded Iranians' and Jews. Thus, Purim became a holiday that celebrates salvation for all Iranians from the 'Hamanites'. He also

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Immediately afterwards, Ahasuerus and Haman attend Esther's second banquet. The King promises to grant her any request, and she reveals that she is Jewish and that Haman is planning to exterminate her people, including herself (7:1–6). Overcome by rage, Ahasuerus leaves the room; meanwhile Haman

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In the fourth year of the reign of Ptolemy and Cleopatra, Dositheus, who said that he was a priest and a Levite, and his son Ptolemy brought to Egypt the preceding Letter about Purim, which they said was authentic and had been translated by Lysimachus son of Ptolemy, one of the residents of

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stays behind and begs Esther for his life, falling upon her in desperation (7:7). The King returns in at this very moment and thinks Haman is sexually assaulting the queen; this makes him angrier and he orders Haman hanged on the very gallows that Haman had prepared for Mordecai (7:8–10).

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According to Rabbi Mordechai Neugroschel, there is a code in the Book of Esther which lies in the names of Haman's 10 sons. Three of the Hebrew letters—a tav, a shin and a zayin—are written smaller than the rest, while a vav is written larger. The outsized vav—which represents the number

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quotes a series of scholars who suggest that the author of Esther did not mean for the book to be considered as a historical writing, but intentionally wrote it to be a historical novella. The genre of novellas under which Esther falls was common during both the Persian and

3216:"Megillas Lester", an animated comedy loosely based on the Book of Esther, where a boy named Daniel Lesterovich (a.k.a., "Lester") is knocked out and travels back in time to the story of the Megillah, and nearly changes history by accidentally saving Queen Vashti. (2014) 2121:

ideal of “Good thoughts; Good words; and Good deeds”. Lacocque likewise observes that the "enemies of the Jews" were never arbitrarily branded as Amalekites before being killed, in comparison to Haman and his sons, which discredits any motive of Jewish ultranationalism.

1161:, one of the king's advisors. Mordechai urges Esther to use her position as queen to intervene and save their people. Esther reveals her Jewish identity to the king and begs for mercy for her people. She exposes Haman's plot and convinces the king to spare the Jews. The 1725:

king of Judah". If this refers to Mordecai, he would have had to live over a century to have witnessed the events described in the Book of Esther. However, the verse may be read as referring not to Mordecai's exile to Babylon, but to his great-grandfather Kish's exile.

5160:, accessed 31 December 2022: they are included in the section headed: "And the other Books (as Hierome saith) the Church doth read for example of life and instruction of manners; but yet doth it not apply them to establish any doctrine; such are these following:..." 5919: 2073:, which states "But in every verse it discusses the great miracle. However, this miracle was in a hidden form, occurring through apparently natural processes, not like the Exodus from Egypt, which openly revealed the might of God." This follows the approach of the 1712:

further argues that the book contains specific details regarding certain subject matter (for example, Persian rule) which are historically inaccurate. For example, Coogan discusses an inaccuracy regarding the age of Esther's cousin (or, according to others, uncle)

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to him (3:2–5). Haman discovers that Mordecai refuses to bow on account of his being a Jew, and in revenge plots to kill not just Mordecai, but all the Jews in the empire (3:6). He obtains Ahasuerus' permission to execute this plan, against payment of ten thousand

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gods Humman and Mashti, a Babylonian origin for Purim has been popular. Though scholars like Jensen, Zimmem, Hugo Winckler, Bruno Meissner and others have each picked a different Babylonian myth or festival as the prototype for Purim, namely, the

1642:(except for Xerxes) being the product of the author's creative imagination. There is no reference to known historical events in the story; a general consensus, though this consensus has been challenged, has maintained that the narrative of 4526: 4498: 2080:

André Lacocque also sees the Book of Esther as being fundamentally theological and that its main message was to correct the mistakes of ancestors. These mistakes included being lenient against Amalekites and plundering goods, which

1153:, the wife of King Ahasuerus, is banished from the court for disobeying the king's orders. To find a new queen, a beauty pageant is held and Esther, a young Jewish woman living in Persia, is chosen as the new queen. Esther's cousin 1900:

is used by both Josephus and the Septuagint for occurrences of the name outside the Book of Esther. Instead, the Hebrew name Ahasuerus accords with an inscription of the time that notes that Artaxerxes II was named also

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was guilty of. Another message was that diasporic Jews were responsible for the welfare of their host community, who held unpredictable views about Jews. These views ranged from violent antisemitism to passionate

1846:, whereas Vashti is portrayed as dismissed in the early part of Xerxes's reign. Alternative attempts have been made to identify her with Esther, although Esther is an orphan whose father was a Jew named Abihail. 1621:

argued was the ur-Targum from which the others had been expanded, but which others consider only a late recension of the same. 3TgEsth is the most manuscript-stable of the three, and by far the most literal.

1697:”, ear-shaped loaves of bread or pieces of pastry are similar to those in Near Eastern ritual celebrations of Ishtar's cosmic victory. Likewise other elements in Purim customs such as making a racket with a 1387:", and while on one level its use in Esther is simply a literary or aesthetic device, on another it is structural to the author's theme, suggesting that the power of God is at work behind human events. 1399:, holds a lavish 180-day banquet for his court and dignitaries from across the 127 provinces of his empire (Esther 1:1–4), and afterwards a seven-day banquet for all inhabitants of the capital city, 5153: 2039:

in Hebrew: the initial or last letters of four consecutive words, either forwards or backwards comprise YHWH. These letters were distinguished in at least three ancient Hebrew manuscripts in red.

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explicitly. Traditional Judaism views the absence of God's overt intervention in the story as an example of how God can work through seemingly coincidental events and the actions of individuals.

5700: 4660: 1433:(2:5–7). She finds favour in the King's eyes, and is crowned his new queen, but does not reveal her Jewish heritage (2:8–20). Shortly afterwards, Mordecai discovers a plot by two courtiers, 1721:

in 597 BCE: "Mordecai son of Jair, the son of Shimei, the son of Kish, who had been carried into exile from Jerusalem by Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon, among those taken captive with

2077:, which states that "(The Book of) Esther is referenced in the Torah in the verse 'And I shall surely hide (in Hebrew, 'haster astir,' related to 'Esther') My Face from them on that day. 5355: 1379:), a word that occurs twenty times in Esther and only 24 times in the rest of the Hebrew bible. This is appropriate given that Esther describes the origin of a Jewish feast, the feast of 1986:, in 597 BCE. The view that it was Mordecai would be consistent with the identification of Ahasuerus with Cyaxares. Identifications with other Persian monarchs have also been suggested. 2653: 4061:

The story is fictitious and written to provide an account of the origin of the feast of Purim; the book contains no references to the known historical events of the reign of Xerxes.

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Feast, respectively, they all agreed in seeing Esther as a historicized myth or ritual. More recently, however, a Persian origin for Purim has been gaining support among scholars.”

4049: 1948:(ruled 424–405 BCE). Jewish tradition relates that Esther was the mother of a King Darius and so some try to identify Ahasuerus with Artaxerxes I and Esther with Kosmartydene. 1745:

However, there are certain elements of the book of Esther that are historically accurate. The story told in the book of Esther takes place during the rule of Ahasuerus, who

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Unable to annul a formal royal decree, the King instead adds to it, permitting the Jews to join and destroy any and all of those seeking to kill them (8:1–14). On 13 Adar,

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incorporates the additions to Esther directly into the narrative itself, as do most modern Catholic English translations based on the original Hebrew and Greek (e.g.,

1575:. It translates the Hebrew Esther but interpolates translations of the Greek Esther where the latter provides additional material. Predating the Vulgate, however, the 6713: 3935: 5459: 3994: 3961: 1421:

Ahasuerus then makes arrangements to choose a new queen from a selection of beautiful young women from throughout the empire (2:1–4). Among these women is a Jewish

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Sarbanani, Morteza Arabzadeh (2023). "Revisiting the Book of Esther: Assessing the Historical Significance of the Masoretic Version for the Achaemenid History".

8296: 2329:, reconfirmed the entire book, both Hebrew text and Greek additions, as canonical. The Book of Esther is used twice in commonly used sections of the Catholic 1195:

are also practices observed on the holiday that are mandated in the book. Since the 1890s, several academics have “agreed in seeing Esther as a historicized

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calls: "See how the King honours a man he wishes to reward!" (6:7–9). To his surprise and horror, the King instructs Haman to do so to Mordecai (6:10–11).

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loanwords than any other biblical work and the names of the key protagonists, Mordechai and Esther, for example, have been read as allusions to the gods

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Another view attempts to identify him instead with Artaxerxes I (ruled 465–424 BCE), whose Babylonian concubine, Kosmartydene, was the mother of his son

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and placed them at the end of his Latin translation. This placement is used in Catholic Bible translations based primarily on the Vulgate, such as the

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The introduction of Book of Esther, hand written, part of Cairo Gniza, digital collections of Younes & Soraya Nazarian Library, University of Haifa

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is established to celebrate the victory of the Jews of the First Persian Empire over their enemies, and Esther becomes a heroine of the Jewish people.

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portrays Esther as brave, beautiful, wise and witty, as 'subtle as a snake', and the woman who 'built her people's house that it should stand'.

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Assuming that Ahasuerus is indeed Xerxes I, the events described in Esther began around the years 483–482 BCE, and concluded in March 473 BCE.

1505:(lots) (9:20–28). Ahasuerus remains very powerful and continues his reign, with Mordecai assuming a prominent position in his court (10:1–3). 1437:, to assassinate Ahasuerus. The conspirators are apprehended and hanged, and Mordecai's service to the King is officially recorded (2:21–23). 5903: 5228: 2267:

By the time the Greek version of Esther was written, the foreign power visible on the horizon as a future threat to Judah was the kingdom of

2212: 1701:, masquerading and drunkenness have all been adduced to propose that such a kind of pagan festival akin to rites associated with Ishtar of 6398: 4112:

Haman represents symbolically the eating of a slain enemy god in order to absorb his power, such as is expressed in the Cultic commentaries

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a passage in which Mordecai interprets his dream (from the prologue) in terms of the events that followed, added to chapter 10 in RSVCE

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an expansion of the scene in which Esther appears before the king, with a mention of God's intervention, included in chapter 5 in RSVCE

1717:. In Esther 2:5–6, either Mordecai or his great-grandfather Kish is identified as having been exiled from Jerusalem to Babylon by King 1262:, who ruled between 486 and 465 BCE, as it is to this monarch that the events described in Esther are thought to fit the most closely. 7428: 4023: 2299:

The canonicity of these Greek additions has been a subject of scholarly disagreement practically since their first appearance in the

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identified Ahasuerus explicitly as Artaxerxes II; however, the names are not necessarily equivalent: Hebrew has a form of the name

4891: 4796: 4520: 4482: 2113:, Esther is not regarded as a sinner, because she remained passive, and risked her life to save that of the entire Jewish people. 7652: 7289: 4840: 4818: 4752: 2140:

sees the subsequent hanging of Haman's sons as a cruel Jewish and Persian custom that punishes offenders for 'abusing' the king.

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have been found as the name of officials in the Persian court in over thirty texts from the period of Xerxes I and his father

7207: 5563: 4641: 4568:"Introduction to the Old Testament (Hebrew Bible): Lecture 24 – Alternative Visions: Esther, Ruth, and Jonah" 4492: 4455: 4088: 4043: 4009: 3976: 3336: 3296:

These are Est 1:20; 5:4, 13 and 7:7. Additionally, Est 7:5 there is an acrostic referring to the title of God of Exodus 3:14.

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letters throughout the provinces instituting an annual commemoration of the Jewish people's redemption, in a holiday called

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of silver, and casts lots ("purim") to choose the date on which to do this – the thirteenth of the month of

1191:, during the holiday: once in the evening and again the following morning. The distribution of charity to the needy and the 6898: 4913: 1330:) in chapters 1 and 2; the main action (complication and resolution) in chapters 3 to 9:19; and a conclusion in 9:20–10:3. 4542: 7828: 7548: 7404: 7004: 2953: 997: 7674: 7325: 6999: 6860: 5199: 4692: 3728: 3701: 3510: 2264:

It is unclear to which version of Greek Esther this colophon refers, and who exactly are the figures mentioned in it.

2167:, an eleventh Nazi official sentenced to death, committed suicide, parallel to Haman's daughter in Tractate Megillah. 7465: 6967: 5633: 5537: 5516: 5453: 5421: 4228: 4199: 3929: 3015: 7513: 7085: 6962: 6813: 6391: 6111: 5169: 4394: 3892: 3079:

In 2012, a graphic adaptation of the Book of Esther was illustrated by J. T. Waldman and appeared in volume one of

954: 8261: 7941: 7345: 1842:, but this identification is problematic, as Amestris remained a powerful figure well into the reign of her son, 5732: 2333:. In both cases, the text used is not only taken from a Greek addition. The readings also include the prayer of 1974:. Depending on the interpretation of Esther 2:5–6, Mordecai or his great-grandfather Kish was carried away from 1761: 7755: 7397: 5943: 5738: 5722: 5025: 4930: 4862: 4251: 2102: 7335: 5225:"The Internet Antique Shop – The Web's largest antiques & collectibles mall serving collectors since 1995" 8256: 8080: 7592: 7508: 7299: 6318: 2694: 1415: 4983: 4302: 4164: 8090: 7568: 7294: 6365: 6323: 6084: 3446:

Baumgarten, Albert I.; Sperling, S. David; Sabar, Shalom (2007). Skolnik, Fred; Berenbaum, Michael (eds.).

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which do not appear in the traditional Hebrew version, in particular the identification of Ahasuerus with

7684: 7679: 7662: 7624: 7378: 6808: 6384: 2268: 2090:, where Jews are arbitrarily promoted to higher positions due to being 'sexy'. Lacocque compares this to 1838:

refers to a similar father-in-law/general figure named Onaphas.) Amestris has often been identified with

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with the Apocrypha, ed. Walter J. Harrison and Donald Senior (Nashville: Abingdon Press, 2003), 689–90.

2730: 2720: 2287:), possibly in the Homeric sense of "bully" or "braggart", whereas the Hebrew text describes him as an 2125: 1681:, who, symbolizing respectively Babylonia and Assyria, were twin powers that brought about the fall of 1579:("Old Latin") was apparently translated from a different Greek version not included in the Septuagint. 7100: 5872: 5583: 5101: 8281: 7748: 7642: 7014: 6993: 6987: 5716: 3255: 3109: 3042: 1989:

Jacob Hoschander has argued that the name of Haman and that of his father Hamedatha are mentioned by

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is identical with that of the Book of Esther, some have also identified him as Nebuchadnezzar's ally

1861:, and may refer to up to four individuals, one of whom might be the model for the biblical Mordecai. 20: 5812: 7612: 7009: 6977: 6972: 6708: 6344: 3824:, Bar-Ilan University 's Parashat Hashavua Study Center, Parashat Tezaveh/Zakhor 5764 March 6, 2004 2311:-era critic of the work, considered even the original Hebrew version to be of very doubtful value. 2152: 2144: 2133: 1561: 1541:

by the Great Assembly of an original text by Mordecai. It is usually dated to the 4th century BCE.

1484: 1410: 5898: 5224: 1548:, is a retelling of the events of the Hebrew Book of Esther rather than a translation and records 8251: 8086: 7420: 7315: 7187: 7044: 6905: 6645: 6349: 6231: 6077: 6057: 5280: 5254: 3001: 2342: 990: 5348:"First Ever Live Broadcast of a Sight & Sound Theater Show to Air Labor Day Weekend - Live!" 3560: 2443:

depicts how Esther approached the men at their level to make the request of erasing the decree.

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Those arguing in favour of a historical reading of Esther most commonly identify Ahasuerus with

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an opening prologue that describes a dream had by Mordecai, printed ahead of chapter 1 in RSVCE

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and details of various letters. It is dated around the late 2nd to early 1st century BCE. The

1448:(3:1). Mordecai, who sits at the palace gates, falls into Haman's disfavour, as he refuses to 8031: 7838: 7528: 7120: 7059: 7049: 6957: 6036: 5939: 5833: 5443: 3989: 3956: 2275:, who defeated the Persian empire about 150 years after the time of the story of Esther; the 2055: 1204: 732: 248: 7498: 5411: 4567: 4348: 3769: 8169: 7833: 7793: 7696: 7602: 7455: 7320: 7240: 6952: 6865: 6775: 6541: 6428: 4035: 3693: 2483: 2478: 2357: 1454: 916: 713: 428: 5949: 2236:

prayers for God's intervention offered by Mordecai and by Esther, both in chapter in RSVCE

8: 7946: 7872: 7843: 7647: 7262: 7227: 7024: 6703: 6486: 6456: 5013: 4080: 3090: 2623: 2464: 2460: 2454: 2356:. The additions, called "The rest of the Book of Esther", are specifically listed in the 2326: 2315: 2272: 1183:

The book is at the center of the Jewish festival of Purim and is read aloud twice from a

870: 610: 561: 491: 113: 4738: 4716: 3840:, The Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon, Hebrew Union College – Jewish Institute of Religion 1333: 8106: 8002: 7951: 7936: 7867: 7848: 7798: 7788: 7557: 7154: 7069: 6875: 6870: 6832: 6755: 6718: 6698: 6628: 6221: 5798: 5790: 5731: 5076: 5050: 5042: 4804: 4331: 3884: 3789: 3479:

Crawford, Sidnie White (1998). "Esther". In Newsom, Carol A.; Ringe, Sharon H. (eds.).

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Veiling Esther, Unveiling Her Story: The Reception of a Biblical Book in Islamic Lands

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to which scholars have dated the book of Esther (see for example the deuterocanonical

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is given only one roller, fixed to its lefthand side, rather than the two used for a

925: 791: 781: 551: 481: 308: 298: 93: 5802: 5054: 3634: 3450:. Vol. 18 (2 ed.). Farmington Hills, MI: Macmillan Reference. p. 216. 2233:

an extension to the dialogue between Hathach and Mordecai, placed after 4:8 in RSVCE

2164: 1822:. He makes no reference to individual members of the harem except for a domineering 1240: 1157:, who is a Jewish leader, discovers a plot to kill all of the Jews in the empire by 8271: 7916: 7808: 7803: 7771: 7657: 7628: 7538: 7450: 7340: 7235: 7217: 7149: 7137: 7095: 7034: 7019: 6910: 6798: 6591: 6536: 6516: 6496: 6000: 5852: 5772: 5486: 5034: 4963: 4323: 4285: 4092: 4031: 4001: 3781: 2888: 2766: 2744: 2353: 2322: 2248:

a colophon appended to the end of chapter 10, also referenced as 11:1, which reads:

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This contrasts with traditional Jewish commentaries, such as the commentary of the

1800: 1693:/Humman (compare Haman) exercised divine sovereignty. Purim practices like eating “ 1670: 1614: 939: 776: 708: 659: 620: 576: 367: 293: 224: 7518: 5777: 5756: 5560: 5038: 1634:

The opening chapter of a hand-written scroll of the Book of Esther, with reader's

8266: 8197: 7533: 7523: 7132: 7110: 7064: 6611: 6571: 6546: 6476: 6451: 6436: 5907: 5856: 5848: 5827: 5704: 5623: 5590: 5567: 5527: 5506: 5482: 5157: 4937: 4917: 4898: 4664: 4577: 4563: 4546: 4445: 4355: 4289: 4171: 3998: 3965: 3686: 2756: 2686: 2574: 2095: 2042: 2016: 1342: 1311: 1192: 1162: 1083: 1047: 796: 756: 718: 684: 600: 556: 541: 313: 273: 234: 179: 103: 73: 5811: 4910: 2364:

as non-canonical, though "read for example of life and instruction of manners".

2345:

uses the Septuagint version of Esther, as it does for all of the Old Testament.

1959:(ruled 625–585 BCE). In certain manuscripts of Tobit, the former is called 1876:

too relates that this was the name by which he was known to the Greeks, and the

1787:(ruled 486–465 BCE), although in the past it was often assumed that he was 1564:

versions of Esther are translations of the Greek rather than the Hebrew Esther.

1513: 532: 8276: 8134: 7972: 7967: 7906: 7587: 7582: 7484: 7480: 7368: 7350: 7284: 6947: 6942: 6937: 6893: 6694: 6689: 6684: 6664: 6640: 6601: 6551: 6531: 6481: 6466: 6461: 6441: 6407: 6282: 6029: 5990: 5674: 5574: 5570:: Gil Student's survey of scholarship supporting a historical reading of Esther 4539: 3408: 3322: 3006: 2984: 2922: 2906: 2792: 2666: 2602: 2598: 2588: 2570: 2560: 2488: 2230:

the contents of the decree against the Jews, included within chapter 3 in RSVCE

2160: 2118: 2110: 2091: 2050: 2035:

does not appear, but some argue it is present, in hidden form, in four complex

2032: 2020: 1964: 1739: 1729:

In her article "The Book of Esther and Ancient Storytelling", biblical scholar

1709: 1530: 1403:(1:5–9). On the seventh day of the latter banquet, Ahasuerus orders the queen, 1315: 1177: 1075: 1067: 861: 856: 851: 831: 786: 723: 703: 605: 590: 585: 546: 471: 303: 214: 189: 169: 159: 83: 5878: 5681:. International Critical Commentary. Edinburgh, Scotland: T&T Clark, 1908. 5557:

Sasson, Jack M. "Esther" in Alter and Kermode, pp. 335–341, literary view

3260:

Sight & Sound Theatres produced "Queen Esther," a stage production (2020)

1864:

The "Old Greek" Septuagint version of Esther translates the name Ahasuerus as

1705:, which shares these same features, lay behind the development of this story. 8245: 8144: 8139: 7977: 7115: 6924: 6793: 6659: 6586: 6581: 6576: 6556: 6526: 6424: 6303: 6298: 6061: 6040: 6011: 6007: 5786: 4892:

French bestseller unravels Nazi propagandist's cryptic last words about Purim

3880: 3785: 2866: 2846: 2842: 2832: 2778: 2698: 2680: 2662: 2304: 2137: 2129: 2087: 1952: 1823: 1788: 1592: 1553: 1497: 1297: 1274: 1173: 1119: 1109: 934: 826: 771: 766: 761: 741: 694: 669: 515: 408: 391: 288: 283: 278: 258: 5715: 5657:. Old Testament Library Series. Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox, 1997. 5203: 8154: 8012: 7730: 7597: 7373: 7273: 7202: 7104: 6566: 6561: 6521: 6491: 6471: 6419: 6313: 5975: 5887: 5684: 5580:

White, Sidnie Ann. "Esther: A Feminine Model for Jewish Diaspora" in Newsom

5474: 4968: 4951: 4246: 3968: 3913: 3020: 2880: 2860: 2706: 2702: 2628: 2616: 2411: 2397: 2200: 1885: 1843: 1730: 1654:, and the name Ahasuerus is usually understood to refer to a fictionalized 1609:–1000 CE, which include additional legends relating to Purim, and the 1598: 1526: 1293: 1282: 1225: 1105: 1019: 973: 751: 746: 664: 640: 615: 595: 438: 418: 268: 263: 40: 5883: 5607:. Collegeville Bible Commentary. Collegeville, MN: Liturgical Press, 1986. 4139:

A Brief Introduction to the Old Testament: The Hebrew Bible in Its Context

1488:

Mordecai is honoured in this 1860 woodcut by Julius Schnorr von Carolsfeld

1465:

is issued throughout the kingdom to slay all Jews on that date (3:13–15).

1010: 8230: 8225: 8220: 8207: 8149: 7997: 7992: 7987: 7982: 7256: 6852: 6770: 6765: 6679: 6674: 6506: 6339: 6048: 6019: 4327: 4099: 2948: 2941: 2783: 2761: 1773: 1587: 1449: 1286: 1252: 1035: 911: 906: 846: 841: 649: 377: 7389: 7090: 5794: 5046: 4386: 3888: 3864: 7859: 7719: 7470: 7245: 5708: 4668: 3115: 3104: 3062: 3056: 2892: 2812: 2806: 2648: 2330: 2300: 2276: 2196: 2176: 2070: 1545: 1384: 1289: 1123: 131: 3132:

Hunt, Angela "Esther: Royal Beauty" (A Dangerous Beauty Novel) (2015)

2242:

a copy of the decree in favor of the Jews, added to chapter 8 in RSVCE

1630: 8177: 8101: 7931: 6760: 6376: 6216: 6164: 3086: 3010: 2989: 2788: 2497: 2436: 2429: 2082: 2006: 1975: 1945: 1811: 1694: 1538: 1304: 1188: 1142: 901: 5185:

Encyclopedia of women in the Renaissance: Italy, France, and England

4447:

Text, Theology, and Trowel: New Investigations in the Biblical World

4133: 4131: 4129: 4127: 3499:

Middlemas, Jill (2010). Becking, Bob E.J.H.; Grabbe, Lester (eds.).

1925:

which is understood as a similar shortening with the Persian suffix

8215: 8192: 8182: 8096: 8023: 7926: 7921: 7887: 7882: 7877: 7740: 7267: 6837: 6824: 6803: 6750: 6745: 6246: 6180: 6159: 6154: 6149: 6144: 6139: 6134: 6129: 6124: 6119: 5923: 3684:

Berlin, Adele; Brettler, Marc Zvi; Fishbane, Michael, eds. (2004).

3387: 3272: 2467:

chose Esther as one of biblical figures on which she wrote poetry.

2334: 2036: 1979: 1956: 1873: 1858: 1827: 1784: 1750: 1722: 1714: 1655: 1647: 1430: 1269: 1259: 1154: 1135: 944: 891: 886: 5197: 1834:, was one of Xerxes's generals. (In contrast, the Greek historian 1307:, after which it was no longer part of the Persian empire. In his 7898: 7823: 7818: 7813: 7607: 7572: 7279: 7144: 6272: 6241: 6211: 6069: 5964: 4911:

The Holy Bible – Knox Translation: The Book of Esther, Chapter 16

4124: 3991:

Esther in Diaspora: Toward an Alternative Interpretive Framework,

3403: 2493: 2288: 2184: 2063: 1918: 1877: 1835: 1702: 1572: 1470: 1445: 1093: 331: 4522:

Zoroastrian Theology: From the Earliest Times to the Present Day

3244:

Taylor, Diana, Wallis."Hadassah, Queen Esther of Persia" (2019)

3160:

Wolf, Joan,"A Reluctant Queen: The Love Story of Esther" (2011)

2175:

An additional six chapters appear interspersed in Esther in the

8187: 8159: 8116: 8111: 8076: 7250: 7127: 6511: 6256: 6251: 6226: 5982: 5479:

The Book of Hiding: Gender, Ethnicity, Annihilation, and Esther

3717:

Freedman, David Noel; Myers, Allen C.; Beck, Astrid B. (2000).

3420: 3416: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3277: 2545:

The eighth poem of 14 in Rossetti's sonnet-of-sonnets sequence

2520: 2515: 2338: 2188: 2180: 2074: 1990: 1930: 1839: 1831: 1698: 1690: 1678: 1674: 1583: 1568: 1534: 1478: 1462: 1426: 1422: 1404: 1303:

On his accession, however, Artaxerxes II lost Egypt to pharaoh

1200: 1150: 1131: 1015: 654: 357: 5481:. NY: Routledge, 1997. Postmodern theoretical apparatus, e.g. 4314:

Hubbard, Robert L. (2007). "Vashti, Amestris and Esther 1,9".

8054: 7780: 7702: 7562: 7441: 6411: 6277: 6236: 6185: 6108: 5826: 5573:

Thespis: Ritual, Myth, and Drama in the Ancient Near East by

5492:

Extract from The JPS Bible Commentary: Esther by Adele Berlin

4152:

The New Interpreters Study Bible New Revised Standard Version

3383: 2726: 2577:. It was chosen as a selection of the Junior Literary Guild. 2179:, an early Greek translation of the Bible. This was noted by 1815: 1651: 1557: 1502: 1441: 1380: 1184: 1166: 1158: 1118:) in the Hebrew Bible and later became part of the Christian 1027: 56: 5664:. Daily Study Bible Series. Philadelphia: Westminster, 1985. 3188:

Smith, Jill, Eileen."Star of Persia: Esther's Story" (2020)

2098:, which benefitted native Egyptians and Hebrew immigrants. 1292:

translation of Esther, instead identify Ahasuerus as either

1258:), and Ahasuerus is usually identified in modern sources as 6195: 5936:

Catalogue of Illuminated Esther Scrolls by Dagmara Budzioch

4484:

Handbuch der Orientalistik: Der Nahe und der Mittlere Osten

2996: 2002: 1686: 1682: 1458: 1400: 1229: 1196: 1176:

are the only books in the Hebrew Bible that do not mention

5679:

A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Book of Esther

5671:. Anchor Bible, vol. 7B. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1971. 5377:"Sight & Sound Theatres | Bible Stories Live on Stage" 4144: 2058:

to Persian culture, and Jewish identity in the book is an

4349:

http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/nets/edition/17-esther-nets.pdf

2841:

written and illustrated by award-winning American author

2318:

confirmed its status as canonical between 1431 and 1445.

1635: 1203:” and generally concluded that Purim has its origin in a 3851:

A History of Biblical Interpretation: The Ancient Period

3354:"Where God is Not: The Book of Esther and Song of Songs" 1525:(Book of Esther) became the last of the 24 books of the 1211:

festival (though which one is a subject of discussion).

16:

Book of the Hebrew Bible and the Christian Old Testament

5809: 5605:

Song of Songs, Ruth, Lamentations, Ecclesiastes, Esther

3445: 2865:

In 1992, a 30-minute, fully animated video, twelfth in

2352:, usually printed in a separate section (if at all) in 2132:

Persian establishment was perplexed at Haman's decree (

5126:"Lectionary: Scripture Index - Deuterocanonical Books" 4984:"Bougaean – Encyclopedia of The Bible – Bible Gateway" 4601:

Commentary of the Vilna Gaon to the Book of Esther 1:1

3770:"The Old Latin book of Esther: An English translation" 3768:

Bellmann, Simon; Portier-Young, Anathea (2019-08-21).

3683: 3590: 3468:. Sheffield, UK: Sheffield Academic Press. p. 71. 1685:, where the narrative of Esther is set and where the 3767: 4242: 4240: 4192:

International Standard Bible Encyclopedia, Volume II

3331:. Los Angeles: Torah Aura Productions. p. 212. 2199:, with chapters numbered up to 16. In contrast, the 1749:

has been identified as the 5th-century Persian king

1356: 1113: 1091: 1061: 5625:

The Book of Esther between Judaism and Christianity

5182: 3578: 3118:as Queen Esther and Joel Smallbone as King Xerxes. 1849:As for the identity of Mordecai, the similar names 1326:The Book of Esther consists of an introduction (or 5499:Esther: The Outer Narrative and the Hidden Reading 4775:"Esther 9 Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary" 4316:Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft 4219:Bible Exposition Commentary: Old Testament History 4216: 4091:vol.10 p.694 notes an alternative derivation from 3685: 1224:The biblical Book of Esther is set in the Persian 5837:. Vol. 5. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 4358:Note on two Greek versions of the book of Esther. 4249:, "The Book of Esther and Ancient Storytelling", 4237: 3716: 3483:. Louisville: Westminster John Knox. p. 202. 3386:, when Heinrich Zimmern and Peter Jensen equated 2143:John Gill sees the conversion of Persian allies ( 8243: 4443: 3865:"The "Third Targum" on Esther and Ms. Neofiti 1" 3862: 2915:that follows the biblical account very closely, 5938:, the Bezalel Narkiss Index of Jewish Art, the 5525: 5077:"Council of Basel 1431-45 A.D. Council Fathers" 4444:Matassa, Lidia D.; Silverman, Jason M. (2011). 4141:(New York: Oxford University Press, 2009), 396. 3672:Introductions to the Books of the Bible, Esther 2348:In contrast, the additions are included in the 5691:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2016. 5301:White, David A. R. (director) (11 June 2013). 3230:Mack, Elizabeth. "The Queen of Persia" (2020) 8297:Cultural depictions of ancient Persian people 8039: 7756: 7405: 6392: 6085: 3635:"Esther: Bible | Jewish Women's Archive" 3315: 3174:White, Roseanna, M. "Jewel of Persia" (2011) 2279:version noticeably calls Haman a "Bougaion" ( 2213:New Revised Standard Version Catholic Edition 991: 5508:Character and Ideology in the Book of Esther 5352:CBN.com - The Christian Broadcasting Network 4416:"Josephus: Antiquities of the Jews, Book XI" 3441: 3439: 3065:released a music video called "Purim Song". 1951:Based on the view that the Ahasuerus of the 1937:which is also understood to be derived from 1371: 1362: 1134:, who becomes queen of Persia and thwarts a 1099: 4956:Encyclopedia of the Bible and Its Reception 4687:. Oxford University Press. pp. 39–63. 4680: 4079:Studies in Arabic Language and Literature, 3816: 3814: 3774:Journal for the Study of the Pseudepigrapha 3723:. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 428. 3555: 3553: 3530:. Garden City, NY: Doubleday. p. xxxv. 1933:related that Artaxerxes II was also called 1921:related that Artaxerxes II was also called 8046: 8032: 7763: 7749: 7412: 7398: 6399: 6385: 6092: 6078: 5598:The Book of Esther: Its spiritual teaching 5102:"General Council of Trent: Fourth Session" 4949: 4540:The Name of Jehovah in the Book of Esther. 4374:The Book of Esther in the Light of History 3958:The Esther Scroll: The Story of the Story, 3920:. In Barton, John; Muddiman, John (eds.). 3832: 3830: 3758:, Wesley Center for Applied Theology, 2000 3561:"Historia Scholastica/Esther – Wikisource" 3041:Esther is one of the five heroines of the 2502:Françoise d'Aubigné, marquise de Maintenon 1567:A Latin version of Esther was produced by 1544:The Greek book of Esther, included in the 1414:Esther is crowned in this 1860 woodcut by 1141:The story takes place during the reign of 998: 984: 7419: 5776: 5697:How Could Esther Marry a Non-Jewish King? 5600:London: The Religious Tract Society, 1913 4967: 4657:How Could Esther Marry a Non-Jewish King? 4273: 4030:(2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. 3498: 3494: 3492: 3490: 3436: 2205:Revised Standard Version Catholic Edition 1429:, who was raised by her cousin or uncle, 6669: 5863: 5818:A Practical Commentary on Holy Scripture 5198:Books of the Bible Christian Bookstore. 4631: 4368: 4366: 4364: 4194:. Wm. B. Eerdmans Pub. Co. p. 159. 4185: 4021: 3924:. Oxford University Press. p. 325. 3849:Alan J. Hauser, Duane Frederick Watson, 3838:Cal Targum Texts, Text base and variants 3811: 3550: 3539: 3537: 3478: 3459: 3457: 2971:Chosen: The Lost Diaries of Queen Esther 1970:, is thought to be derived from Persian 1909:the Babylonian rendering of the Persian 1868:, a Greek name derived from the Persian 1760: 1629: 1549: 1512: 1483: 1409: 1341:The plot is structured around banquets ( 1332: 1236:) in the third year of the reign of the 1214: 1009: 836: 5824: 5099: 5074: 4648: 4313: 4214: 4181: 4179: 4163:New King James Version, translation of 3827: 3659:Babylonian Talmud: Tractate Baba Bathra 2691:The Thirteenth Day: The Story of Esther 2001:worshipped with Anahita in the city of 8244: 6406: 5621: 5501:, Winona Lake, IN.: Eisenbrauns, 2011. 5409: 4518: 3912: 3584: 3487: 3466:Ruth and Esther (Old Testament Guides) 3463: 3351: 3321: 2170: 1508: 8027: 7744: 7393: 6380: 6073: 5529:Ancient Persia and the Book of Esther 5441: 4797:"Esther 9 Matthew Poole's Commentary" 4627: 4625: 4562: 4519:Dhalla, Maneckji Nusservanji (1914). 4361: 3596: 3534: 3525: 3454: 3411:, the Babylonian Creation Story, the 3202:H.B. Moore."Esther the Queen" (2013) 2999:about Esther and Ahasuerus, entitled 2773:and released as a concept album with 2019:identified Ahasuerus (Esther 1:1) as 1791:(ruled 405–359 BCE). The Hebrew 1756: 1318:(358–338 BCE) who reconquered Egypt. 1314:identified Ahasuerus (Esther 1:1) as 8053: 7770: 5754: 5249:Mertes, Raffaele (director) (1999). 5064:from the original on 20 August 2008. 5011: 4674: 4176: 4150:Sidnie White Crawford, "Esther", in 4036:10.1093/acref/9780199543984.001.0001 3390:and Esther with the Babylonian gods 1929:that is applied to shortened names. 1646:was invented in order to provide an 1529:to be canonized by the Sages of the 1090:"), is a book in the third section ( 7829:Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs 7331:Other books referenced in the Bible 7290:New Testament manuscript categories 5504: 5200:"I Have A Song – Shannon Wexelberg" 4556: 4186:Bromiley, Geoffrey W., ed. (1982). 3692:. Oxford University Press. p. 2973:by Ginger Garrett. 2005, NavPress. 2954:Esther... The Girl Who Became Queen 2597:(1960), written by Welsh dramatist 2367: 2103:marriages between Jews and Gentiles 1913:(Xerxes), through which the Hebrew 1613:("Third Targum" or 3TgEsth), which 1602:("Second Targum" or 2TgEsth) dated 1372: 1363: 1346: 1100: 1051: 13: 6861:Testaments of the Three Patriarchs 6099: 5929: 5900:Introduction to the Book of Esther 5748: 5733:"Esther, Apocryphal Book of" 5561:The Historicity of Megillat Esther 4901:, Times of Israel 28 December 2012 4833: 4811: 4723: 4622: 3853:, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2003 2045:contrasts the Book of Esther with 1896:, and a direct Greek rendering of 1122:. The book relates the story of a 14: 8308: 7519:Gideon's campaign (Well of Harod) 5879:Purim insights to Megillat Esther 5842: 5825:McMahon, Arthur Lawrence (1909). 5324:Kramer, C. J. (director) (2014). 4873:from the original on 10 July 2024 4098:, the divine name doubling as an 3822:The Targums to the Book of Esther 3146:Kanner, Rebecca, "Esther" (2016) 3016:Hadassah: One Night with the King 2601:, is a retelling of the story in 2316:Council of Basel–Ferrara–Florence 2026: 7718: 7529:Benjamite War / Battle of Gibeah 5914: 5831:. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). 5810:Friedrich Justus Knecht (1910). 4529:from the original on 2023-11-11. 4376:, Oxford University Press, 1923 4022:Browning, W. R. F., ed. (2009). 3863:Goshen-Gottstein, M. H. (1975). 3720:Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible 3545:The Chronography of Bar Hebraeus 2654:The Greatest Heroes of the Bible 1905:, understood as a shortening of 1596:("First Targum" or 1TgEsth) and 1130:, born as Hadassah but known as 31: 7942:Additions to the Book of Esther 7675:Judah's revolts against Babylon 7653:Sennacherib's campaign in Judah 7346:Biblical and Quranic narratives 5642:from the original on 2023-10-29 5612:Esther: For Such a Time as This 5546:from the original on 2023-10-29 5526:Llewellyn-Jones, Lloyd (2023). 5462:from the original on 2023-11-11 5430:from the original on 2023-11-11 5387:from the original on 2022-10-13 5369: 5358:from the original on 2022-10-13 5340: 5317: 5294: 5283:from the original on 2021-11-08 5269: 5242: 5231:from the original on 2007-10-21 5217: 5191: 5176: 5163: 5143: 5118: 5100:Fathers, Council (2024-01-31). 5093: 5075:Fathers, Council (2024-01-31). 5068: 5005: 4994:from the original on 2021-03-16 4976: 4943: 4923: 4904: 4885: 4855: 4789: 4767: 4745: 4701: 4613: 4604: 4595: 4584:from the original on 2023-08-09 4533: 4512: 4501:from the original on 2023-11-11 4475: 4464:from the original on 2023-11-11 4437: 4426:from the original on 2023-07-02 4408: 4397:from the original on 2021-04-16 4379: 4342: 4307: 4296: 4267: 4258: 4255:120, no. 1 (Spring 2001): 3–14. 4208: 4157: 4115: 4105: 4066: 4052:from the original on 2020-09-03 4015: 3982: 3949: 3938:from the original on 2023-11-11 3906: 3895:from the original on 2021-03-16 3856: 3843: 3800:from the original on 2021-02-10 3761: 3748: 3737:from the original on 2023-06-23 3710: 3677: 3664: 3652: 3641:from the original on 2023-06-26 3627: 3616:from the original on 2018-09-26 3602: 3567:from the original on 2022-07-05 3290: 2573:and illustrated by her sister, 2341:'s own words is ever used. The 2307:, being perhaps the most vocal 1884:also makes the identification. 1590:, of which three survive – the 1586:of Esther were produced in the 5944:Hebrew University of Jerusalem 5853:Purim and Reading the Megillah 5765:Bulletin for Biblical Research 5739:New International Encyclopedia 5723:New International Encyclopedia 5628:. Cambridge University Press. 5026:Bulletin for Biblical Research 4252:Journal of Biblical Literature 3519: 3505:. Leiden: Brill. p. 145. 3472: 3426: 3372: 3345: 2791:, a national tour produced by 2621:A 1960 movie about the story, 2094:'s governance of Egypt in the 1799:) is most likely derived from 1625: 1: 8013:Liber Antiquitatum Biblicarum 7593:Battle of the Wood of Ephraim 7509:Battle of the Waters of Merom 6319:Esther in rabbinic literature 5778:10.5325/bullbiblrese.8.1.0039 5511:. Wipf and Stock Publishers. 5277:"The Maccabeats – Purim Song" 5039:10.5325/bullbiblrese.8.1.0039 4681:Silverstein, Adam J. (2018). 4634:"HAMAN IN THE BOOK OF ESTHER" 4450:. Wipf and Stock Publishers. 4223:. David C Cook. p. 712. 3988:Tsaurayi Kudakwashe Mapfeka, 3547:, Gorgias Press, reprint 2003 3502:Between Evidence and Ideology 3464:Larkin, Katrina J.A. (1996). 3328:The Torah: Portion by Portion 3303: 2294: 1814:wrote that Xerxes sought his 1603: 1416:Julius Schnorr von Carolsfeld 1395:King Ahasuerus, ruler of the 1030:. Traditionally, a scroll of 7524:Micah's Idol / Sack of Laish 6366:Tomb of Esther and Mordechai 6324:Haman in rabbinic literature 5950:Scroll of the Book of Esther 4950:Angiolillo, Patrick (2019). 4841:"Esther 9 Gill's Exposition" 4819:"Esther 8 Gill's Exposition" 4753:"Esther 9 Gill's Exposition" 4638:The Ohio State of University 4290:10.22034/pa.2022.344449.1009 3308: 3013:. It was based on the novel 1818:after being defeated in the 1778:North Carolina Museum of Art 1665:The book of Esther has more 1473:built to hang him (5:9–14). 1321: 1296:(reigned 465 to 424 BCE) or 7: 7685:Siege of Jerusalem (587 BC) 7680:Siege of Jerusalem (597 BC) 7663:Assyrian siege of Jerusalem 7608:Shishak's raid of Jerusalem 5952:, illustrated, Italy, 1747. 5922:public domain audiobook at 5410:Clines, David J.A. (1984). 4920:, accessed 31 December 2022 4215:Wiersbe, Warren W. (2004). 3922:The Oxford Bible Commentary 3266: 2218: 2031:In the Book of Esther, the 1517:Scroll of Esther (Megillah) 1357: 1114: 1092: 1062: 1018:of the Book of Esther from 10: 8313: 7670:Battle of Megiddo (609 BC) 7471:War against the Midianites 7326:English Bible translations 6714:Song of the Three Children 5890:: text of Esther in Hebrew 5875:translation at Chabad.org 5755:Bush, Frederic W. (1998). 5689:God and Politics in Esther 5662:Ezra, Nehemiah, and Esther 5596:Cumming, Rev. J. Elder DD 5593:translation at Chabad.org 5402: 5012:Bush, Frederic W. (1998). 3256:Sight & Sound Theatres 2787:has been performed by the 2404:paintings depicting Esther 2284: 2128:similarly argues that the 1806:, the origin of the Greek 1390: 1300:(reigned 404 to 358 BCE). 1268:Classical sources such as 1219: 1193:exchange of gifts of foods 18: 8206: 8168: 8125: 8064: 7960: 7896: 7857: 7778: 7727: 7716: 7695: 7623: 7547: 7479: 7440: 7427: 7364: 7308: 7226: 7180: 7078: 6923: 6886: 6851: 6822: 6784: 6729: 6636: 6620: 6418: 6358: 6332: 6291: 6265: 6204: 6173: 6107: 6055: 6045: 6034: 6026: 6016: 6005: 5997: 5987: 5980: 5972: 5958: 5532:. Bloomsbury Publishing. 5183:Robin, Larsen and Levin. 4028:A Dictionary of the Bible 3114:is a 2013 movie starring 3043:Order of the Eastern Star 2811:Israeli film directed by 2795:and some amateur groups. 2565:In 1958, a book entitled 2406:and her story, including 1662:between 486 and 465 BCE. 1071: 490: 480: 470: 447: 437: 427: 417: 407: 376: 366: 356: 233: 223: 213: 188: 178: 168: 158: 112: 102: 92: 82: 72: 21:The Book of Esther (film) 7613:Battle of Mount Zemaraim 5505:Fox, Michael V. (2010). 5442:Jobes, Karen H. (2011). 5253:. The Bible Collection. 4731:"Esther 9 Barnes' Notes" 4709:"Esther 3 Barnes' Notes" 4632:Lacocque, André (1987). 3820:Prof. Michael Sokoloff, 3786:10.1177/0951820719860628 3526:Moore, Carey A. (1971). 3481:Women's Bible Commentary 3378:Moore, Carey A. (1971). 3283: 2529:based on Racine's play. 1917:(Ahasuerus) is derived. 1272:, the Jewish commentary 1251:(both deriving from the 1172:The books of Esther and 7188:Intertestamental period 5895:Christian translations 5761:in the Christian Canon" 5717:"Esther, Book of" 5660:McConville, John C. L. 5618:series. Kingsway, 2000. 5255:Pure Flix Entertainment 5171:The Punishment of Haman 5018:in the Christian Canon" 4863:"Tractate Megillah 16a" 4137:Coogan, Michael David, 3002:One Night with the King 2879:features the voices of 2837:Children's book titled 2725:Episode 25 of the 1981 2705:as King Ahasuerus, and 2439:van Rijn's painting of 2408:The Punishment of Haman 2343:Eastern Orthodox Church 2325:, the summation of the 2183:in compiling the Latin 2149:conversion under duress 2023:who reconquered Egypt. 19:For the 2013 film, see 8262:Deuterocanonical books 8091:in rabbinic literature 8081:in rabbinic literature 7578:Battle of Mount Gilboa 7172:Apocalyptic literature 6809:Paralipomena of Baruch 5873:Esther (Judaica Press) 5622:Kalimi, Isaac (2023). 5616:Character and Charisma 5584:Esther (Judaica Press) 5494:: Liberal Jewish view. 5130:catholic-resources.org 4969:10.1515/ebr.lysimachus 4825:. 2024. Archived from 4803:. 2024. Archived from 4781:. 2024. Archived from 4759:. 2024. Archived from 4737:. 2024. Archived from 4715:. 2024. Archived from 4121:Wexler 2021 pp.694-695 4077:Silk Road Linguistics, 3688:The Jewish Study Bible 3061:On March 8, 2011, the 2925:in the title role and 2872:The Greatest Adventure 2416:Sistine Chapel ceiling 2262: 1810:. The Greek historian 1780: 1638: 1518: 1489: 1418: 1338: 1086:as "the Scroll" ("the 1079: 1039: 950:Paralipomena of Baruch 7839:Apocalypse of Abraham 7643:Israelite–Aramean War 7514:Battle of Mount Tabor 7421:The Bible and warfare 7336:Additional Scriptures 7300:New Testament uncials 5940:Center for Jewish Art 5864:Text and translations 5834:Catholic Encyclopedia 5757:"The Book of Esther: 5328:. Kolrom Multimedia. 5014:"The Book of Esther: 4785:on February 12, 2024. 4763:on February 12, 2024. 4741:on February 12, 2024. 4719:on February 13, 2024. 4420:penelope.uchicago.edu 3528:Esther (Anchor Bible) 3448:Encyclopaedia Judaica 3352:Blumenthal, David R. 2414:, in a corner of the 2360:, Article VI, of the 2251: 2223:These additions are: 2105:are not permitted in 1764: 1633: 1550:additional traditions 1516: 1487: 1413: 1336: 1215:Setting and structure 1013: 8257:4th-century BC books 7834:Testament of Abraham 7794:Life of Adam and Eve 7456:Crossing the Red Sea 7321:Bible version debate 7295:New Testament papyri 7241:Samaritan Pentateuch 6866:Testament of Abraham 6804:1, 2, and 3 Meqabyan 5869:Jewish translations 5497:Grossman, Jonathan, 5151:Articles of Religion 4988:www.biblegateway.com 4897:10 June 2015 at the 4328:10.1515/ZAW.2007.020 3955:David J. A. Clines, 3610:"Esther – Chapter 8" 2733:involves this story 2496:, at the request of 2484:Jean Baptiste Racine 2479:Jean Baptiste Racine 2358:Thirty-Nine Articles 2303:. – 2147:) as an example of ' 2047:apocalyptic writings 2014:Historia Scholastica 1309:Historia Scholastica 1280:Christian theologian 1147:First Persian Empire 1024:Musée du Quai Branly 1014:A 13th/14th-century 945:1, 2, and 3 Meqabyan 7947:Additions to Daniel 7873:Ascension of Isaiah 7844:Assumption of Moses 7648:Syro-Ephraimite War 7263:Muratorian fragment 7198:New Testament canon 7193:Old Testament canon 7086:Chapters and verses 6704:Additions to Daniel 6670:Additions to Esther 5610:Hudson, J. Francis 5381:www.sight-sound.com 5149:Church of England, 4081:Harrassowitz Verlag 3756:Additions to Esther 3360:on January 17, 2019 3091:Seven Stories Press 2887:as King Ahasuerus, 2624:Esther and the King 2523:wrote the oratorio 2465:Lucrezia Tornabuoni 2461:Italian Renaissance 2455:Lucrezia Tornabuoni 2373: 2327:Counter-Reformation 2273:Alexander the Great 2171:Additions to Esther 1766:The Feast of Esther 1736:Hellenistic periods 1533:. According to the 1509:Authorship and date 1440:Ahasuerus appoints 1108:. It is one of the 1104:"Writings") of the 871:Additions to Daniel 837:Additions to Esther 8107:Bigthan and Teresh 8003:Letter of Aristeas 7952:Prayer of Manasseh 7868:Letter of Jeremiah 7849:Joseph and Aseneth 7799:Testament of Qahat 7789:Genesis Apocryphon 7558:Battle of Michmash 7442:Torah / Pentateuch 6876:Testament of Jacob 6871:Testament of Isaac 6756:Prayer of Manasseh 6719:Bel and the Dragon 6699:Letter of Jeremiah 6222:Bigthan and Teresh 5906:2015-09-06 at the 5703:2020-10-23 at the 5603:Fischer, James A. 5589:2006-02-19 at the 5566:2011-09-27 at the 5303:The Book of Esther 5156:2019-02-27 at the 4936:2022-04-29 at the 4916:2022-12-31 at the 4867:www.sefaria.org.il 4851:on April 23, 2024. 4663:2020-10-23 at the 4545:2016-03-03 at the 4372:Jacob Hoschander, 4354:2014-03-27 at the 4170:2019-02-20 at the 3997:2023-11-11 at the 3979:pp. 26, 50, 155ff. 3964:2023-11-11 at the 3185:Jill Eileen Smith 3171:Roseanna M. White 3111:The Book of Esther 2911:TV movie from the 2775:Stephanie Lawrence 2659:Victoria Principal 2643:Victoria Principal 2593:The play entitled 2567:Behold Your Queen! 2541:Christina Rossetti 2402:There are several 2372: 2350:Biblical apocrypha 2209:New American Bible 2193:Douay–Rheims Bible 2109:, even in case of 1963:, which, like the 1820:Greco-Persian Wars 1781: 1757:Historical reading 1639: 1519: 1490: 1435:Bigthan and Teresh 1419: 1339: 1185:handwritten scroll 1040: 897:Prayer of Manasseh 866:Letter of Jeremiah 8292:Religion and race 8239: 8238: 8145:Purim HaMeshulash 8021: 8020: 8008:Sibylline Oracles 7912:Psalms of Solomon 7779:Apocrypha in the 7738: 7737: 7714: 7713: 7638:Battle of Zephath 7603:Jeroboam's Revolt 7494:Battle of Jericho 7461:Battle of Refidim 7387: 7386: 7356:Textual criticism 6919: 6918: 6843:Psalms of Solomon 6786:Orthodox Tewahedo 6374: 6373: 6309:Megillah (Talmud) 6068: 6067: 6046:Succeeded by 6017:Succeeded by 5988:Succeeded by 5694:Shurpin, Yehuda, 5653:Levenson, Jon D. 5473:Beal, Timothy K ( 5416:. A&C Black. 5413:The Esther Scroll 5106:Papal Encyclicals 5081:Papal Encyclicals 4940:for the additions 4829:on March 1, 2024. 4807:on July 11, 2021. 4644:on June 16, 2024. 4573:Open Yale Courses 4494:978-90-04-09271-6 4457:978-1-60899-942-2 4089:978-3-447-11573-5 4045:978-0-19-954398-4 4010:978-9-004-40656-8 3977:978-0-905-77466-4 3674:, Zondervan, 2002 3670:NIV Study Bible, 3599:, pp. 40–41. 3338:978-1-891662-94-2 3264: 3263: 3089:and published by 3082:The Graphic Canon 3025:Mark Andrew Olsen 2927:F. Murray Abraham 2883:as Queen Esther, 2845:and published by 2383:Cast or Creator 2362:Church of England 2354:Protestant bibles 2337:, and nothing of 1719:Nebuchadnezzar II 1708:Biblical scholar 1660:Achaemenid Empire 1355: 1285:, as well as the 1247:is equivalent to 1082:), also known in 1060: 1052:מְגִלַּת אֶסְתֵּר 1008: 1007: 968: 967: 962: 961: 926:Orthodox Tewahedo 852:Wisdom of Solomon 804: 803: 510: 509: 504: 503: 500: 499: 457: 456: 386: 385: 322: 321: 243: 242: 198: 197: 122: 121: 8304: 8282:Historical books 8058: 8048: 8041: 8034: 8025: 8024: 7917:Testament of Job 7809:Book of Jubilees 7804:Visions of Amram 7772:Jewish apocrypha 7765: 7758: 7751: 7742: 7741: 7722: 7658:Siege of Lachish 7539:Battle of Mizpah 7451:Battle of Siddim 7438: 7437: 7414: 7407: 7400: 7391: 7390: 7236:Dead Sea Scrolls 7218:Dating the Bible 7096:Historical books 6733:Eastern Orthodox 6646:Eastern Orthodox 6634: 6633: 6627: 6401: 6394: 6387: 6378: 6377: 6345:Oxyrhynchus 4443 6094: 6087: 6080: 6071: 6070: 6027:Preceded by 5998:Preceded by 5973:Preceded by 5956: 5955: 5918: 5917: 5838: 5830: 5821: 5815: 5806: 5780: 5743: 5735: 5727: 5719: 5667:Moore, Carey A. 5650: 5648: 5647: 5554: 5552: 5551: 5522: 5487:Emmanuel Levinas 5470: 5468: 5467: 5438: 5436: 5435: 5396: 5395: 5393: 5392: 5373: 5367: 5366: 5364: 5363: 5344: 5338: 5337: 5321: 5315: 5314: 5298: 5292: 5291: 5289: 5288: 5273: 5267: 5266: 5246: 5240: 5239: 5237: 5236: 5221: 5215: 5214: 5212: 5211: 5202:. 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Archived from 4629: 4620: 4617: 4611: 4608: 4602: 4599: 4593: 4592: 4590: 4589: 4564:Hayes, Christine 4560: 4554: 4537: 4531: 4530: 4516: 4510: 4509: 4507: 4506: 4479: 4473: 4472: 4470: 4469: 4441: 4435: 4434: 4432: 4431: 4412: 4406: 4405: 4403: 4402: 4383: 4377: 4370: 4359: 4346: 4340: 4339: 4311: 4305: 4300: 4294: 4293: 4271: 4265: 4264:Berlin, 2001: 6. 4262: 4256: 4244: 4235: 4234: 4222: 4212: 4206: 4205: 4188:"Book of Esther" 4183: 4174: 4161: 4155: 4148: 4142: 4135: 4122: 4119: 4113: 4109: 4103: 4070: 4064: 4063: 4058: 4057: 4019: 4013: 3986: 3980: 3953: 3947: 3946: 3944: 3943: 3910: 3904: 3903: 3901: 3900: 3860: 3854: 3847: 3841: 3834: 3825: 3818: 3809: 3808: 3806: 3805: 3765: 3759: 3752: 3746: 3745: 3743: 3742: 3714: 3708: 3707: 3691: 3681: 3675: 3668: 3662: 3656: 3650: 3649: 3647: 3646: 3631: 3625: 3624: 3622: 3621: 3606: 3600: 3594: 3588: 3582: 3576: 3575: 3573: 3572: 3557: 3548: 3541: 3532: 3531: 3523: 3517: 3516: 3496: 3485: 3484: 3476: 3470: 3469: 3461: 3452: 3451: 3443: 3434: 3430: 3424: 3398:, and Haman and 3376: 3370: 3369: 3367: 3365: 3356:. Archived from 3349: 3343: 3342: 3319: 3297: 3294: 2913:Bible Collection 2889:Werner Klemperer 2767:J. Edward Oliver 2745:J. Edward Oliver 2547:Monna Innominata 2441:Esther's Banquet 2374: 2371: 2368:Modern retelling 2323:Council of Trent 2286: 2260: 2163:. Additionally, 2107:orthodox Judaism 2054:is portrayed as 1830:, whose father, 1770:Feest van Esther 1658:, who ruled the 1619:Goshen-Gottstein 1608: 1605: 1582:Several Aramaic 1498:Haman's ten sons 1375: 1374: 1366: 1365: 1360: 1350: 1348: 1117: 1103: 1102: 1097: 1073: 1065: 1055: 1053: 1000: 993: 986: 821: 820: 817: 815:Deuterocanonical 691: 690: 687: 643: 579: 535: 526: 525: 520: 468: 467: 405: 404: 398: 354: 353: 345: 344: 340: 336: 211: 210: 156: 155: 145: 144: 140: 136: 70: 69: 65: 61: 51: 50: 45: 35: 28: 27: 8312: 8311: 8307: 8306: 8305: 8303: 8302: 8301: 8242: 8241: 8240: 8235: 8202: 8198:Mishloach manot 8164: 8127: 8121: 8060: 8056: 8052: 8022: 8017: 7961:Other apocrypha 7956: 7892: 7853: 7774: 7769: 7739: 7734: 7723: 7710: 7691: 7619: 7549:United monarchy 7543: 7534:Battle of Aphek 7504:Battle of Hazor 7475: 7432: 7430: 7423: 7418: 7388: 7383: 7360: 7304: 7222: 7213:Christian canon 7176: 7111:Prophetic books 7074: 7005:2 Thessalonians 7000:1 Thessalonians 6915: 6882: 6847: 6818: 6780: 6739: 6725: 6653: 6625: 6624: 6616: 6427: 6423: 6414: 6405: 6375: 6370: 6354: 6350:Palau-Ribes 163 6328: 6287: 6261: 6200: 6169: 6103: 6098: 6060: 6051: 6039: 6032: 6022: 6010: 6003: 5993: 5978: 5968: 5961: 5960:Book of Esther 5932: 5930:Physical relics 5915: 5908:Wayback Machine 5866: 5857:Peninei Halakha 5849:Eliezer Melamed 5845: 5759:Opus non gratum 5751: 5749:Further reading 5746: 5730: 5714: 5705:Wayback Machine 5645: 5643: 5636: 5591:Wayback Machine 5568:Wayback Machine 5549: 5547: 5540: 5519: 5483:Jacques Derrida 5465: 5463: 5456: 5433: 5431: 5424: 5405: 5400: 5399: 5390: 5388: 5375: 5374: 5370: 5361: 5359: 5346: 5345: 5341: 5326:Megillas Lester 5323: 5322: 5318: 5300: 5299: 5295: 5286: 5284: 5275: 5274: 5270: 5248: 5247: 5243: 5234: 5232: 5223: 5222: 5218: 5209: 5207: 5196: 5192: 5181: 5177: 5168: 5164: 5158:Wayback Machine 5148: 5144: 5134: 5132: 5124: 5123: 5119: 5110: 5108: 5098: 5094: 5085: 5083: 5073: 5069: 5061: 5020: 5016:Opus non gratum 5010: 5006: 4997: 4995: 4982: 4981: 4977: 4948: 4944: 4938:Wayback Machine 4931:the NRSV online 4928: 4924: 4918:Wayback Machine 4909: 4905: 4899:Wayback Machine 4890: 4886: 4876: 4874: 4861: 4860: 4856: 4839: 4838: 4834: 4817: 4816: 4812: 4795: 4794: 4790: 4773: 4772: 4768: 4751: 4750: 4746: 4729: 4728: 4724: 4707: 4706: 4702: 4695: 4679: 4675: 4665:Wayback Machine 4653: 4649: 4630: 4623: 4618: 4614: 4609: 4605: 4600: 4596: 4587: 4585: 4578:Yale University 4561: 4557: 4551:Companion Bible 4549:, appendix 60, 4547:Wayback Machine 4538: 4534: 4517: 4513: 4504: 4502: 4495: 4487:. Brill. 1991. 4481: 4480: 4476: 4467: 4465: 4458: 4442: 4438: 4429: 4427: 4414: 4413: 4409: 4400: 4398: 4391:www.sefaria.org 4387:"Sanhedrin 61b" 4385: 4384: 4380: 4371: 4362: 4356:Wayback Machine 4347: 4343: 4312: 4308: 4301: 4297: 4277:Persica Antiqua 4272: 4268: 4263: 4259: 4245: 4238: 4231: 4213: 4209: 4202: 4184: 4177: 4172:Wayback Machine 4162: 4158: 4149: 4145: 4136: 4125: 4120: 4116: 4110: 4106: 4096:Humpan>Human 4071: 4067: 4055: 4053: 4046: 4020: 4016: 4012:pp. 2, 15, 28ff 3999:Wayback Machine 3987: 3983: 3966:Wayback Machine 3954: 3950: 3941: 3939: 3932: 3911: 3907: 3898: 3896: 3861: 3857: 3848: 3844: 3835: 3828: 3819: 3812: 3803: 3801: 3766: 3762: 3753: 3749: 3740: 3738: 3731: 3715: 3711: 3704: 3682: 3678: 3669: 3665: 3657: 3653: 3644: 3642: 3633: 3632: 3628: 3619: 3617: 3608: 3607: 3603: 3595: 3591: 3583: 3579: 3570: 3568: 3559: 3558: 3551: 3542: 3535: 3524: 3520: 3513: 3497: 3488: 3477: 3473: 3462: 3455: 3444: 3437: 3431: 3427: 3377: 3373: 3363: 3361: 3350: 3346: 3339: 3323:Rossel, Seymour 3320: 3316: 3311: 3306: 3301: 3300: 3295: 3291: 3286: 3269: 3227:Elizabeth Mack 3143:Rebecca Kanner 2967:Ginger Garrett 2875:series, titled 2765:was written by 2687:television film 2665:as Xerxes, and 2575:Corinne Malvern 2569:was written by 2370: 2297: 2261: 2258: 2221: 2173: 2096:Book of Genesis 2060:ethnic category 2043:Christine Hayes 2029: 2017:Petrus Comestor 1759: 1628: 1611:Targum Shelishi 1606: 1523:Megillat Esther 1511: 1393: 1324: 1312:Petrus Comestor 1222: 1217: 1187:, usually in a 1163:Jewish festival 1138:of her people. 1004: 964: 963: 818: 813: 806: 805: 688: 683: 676: 675: 674: 644: 639: 632: 631: 630: 580: 575: 568: 567: 566: 536: 531: 518: 506: 505: 396: 342: 338: 332: 324: 323: 318: 142: 138: 132: 124: 123: 67: 63: 57: 43: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 8310: 8300: 8299: 8294: 8289: 8284: 8279: 8274: 8269: 8264: 8259: 8254: 8252:Book of Esther 8237: 8236: 8234: 8233: 8228: 8223: 8218: 8212: 8210: 8204: 8203: 8201: 8200: 8195: 8190: 8185: 8180: 8174: 8172: 8166: 8165: 8163: 8162: 8157: 8152: 8147: 8142: 8137: 8135:Fast of Esther 8131: 8129: 8123: 8122: 8120: 8119: 8114: 8109: 8104: 8099: 8094: 8084: 8074: 8072:Book of Esther 8068: 8066: 8062: 8061: 8051: 8050: 8043: 8036: 8028: 8019: 8018: 8016: 8015: 8010: 8005: 8000: 7995: 7990: 7985: 7980: 7975: 7973:Book of Judith 7970: 7968:Book of Sirach 7964: 7962: 7958: 7957: 7955: 7954: 7949: 7944: 7939: 7937:Psalms 152–155 7934: 7929: 7924: 7919: 7914: 7909: 7907:Book of Wisdom 7903: 7901: 7894: 7893: 7891: 7890: 7885: 7880: 7875: 7870: 7864: 7862: 7855: 7854: 7852: 7851: 7846: 7841: 7836: 7831: 7826: 7821: 7816: 7811: 7806: 7801: 7796: 7791: 7785: 7783: 7776: 7775: 7768: 7767: 7760: 7753: 7745: 7736: 7735: 7728: 7725: 7724: 7717: 7715: 7712: 7711: 7707:Book of Esther 7701: 7699: 7693: 7692: 7690: 7689: 7688: 7687: 7682: 7672: 7667: 7666: 7665: 7660: 7650: 7645: 7640: 7634: 7632: 7621: 7620: 7618: 7617: 7616: 7615: 7610: 7600: 7595: 7590: 7588:Siege of Jebus 7585: 7583:Pool of Gibeon 7580: 7575: 7560: 7554: 7552: 7545: 7544: 7542: 7541: 7536: 7531: 7526: 7521: 7516: 7511: 7506: 7501: 7496: 7490: 7488: 7477: 7476: 7474: 7473: 7468: 7463: 7458: 7453: 7447: 7445: 7435: 7425: 7424: 7417: 7416: 7409: 7402: 7394: 7385: 7384: 7382: 7381: 7376: 7371: 7365: 7362: 7361: 7359: 7358: 7353: 7351:Synod of Hippo 7348: 7343: 7338: 7333: 7328: 7323: 7318: 7312: 7310: 7306: 7305: 7303: 7302: 7297: 7292: 7287: 7285:Masoretic Text 7282: 7277: 7270: 7265: 7260: 7253: 7248: 7243: 7238: 7232: 7230: 7224: 7223: 7221: 7220: 7215: 7210: 7205: 7200: 7195: 7190: 7184: 7182: 7178: 7177: 7175: 7174: 7169: 7168: 7167: 7162: 7157: 7152: 7142: 7141: 7140: 7135: 7125: 7124: 7123: 7121:Minor prophets 7118: 7116:Major prophets 7108: 7098: 7093: 7088: 7082: 7080: 7076: 7075: 7073: 7072: 7067: 7062: 7057: 7052: 7047: 7042: 7037: 7032: 7027: 7022: 7017: 7012: 7007: 7002: 6997: 6990: 6985: 6980: 6975: 6970: 6965: 6960: 6955: 6950: 6945: 6940: 6935: 6929: 6927: 6921: 6920: 6917: 6916: 6914: 6913: 6908: 6903: 6902: 6901: 6894:Pseudepigrapha 6890: 6888: 6887:Classification 6884: 6883: 6881: 6880: 6879: 6878: 6873: 6868: 6857: 6855: 6849: 6848: 6846: 6845: 6840: 6835: 6833:Psalms 152–155 6829: 6827: 6820: 6819: 6817: 6816: 6811: 6806: 6801: 6796: 6790: 6788: 6782: 6781: 6779: 6778: 6773: 6768: 6763: 6758: 6753: 6748: 6742: 6740: 6738: 6737: 6734: 6730: 6727: 6726: 6724: 6723: 6722: 6721: 6716: 6711: 6701: 6692: 6687: 6682: 6677: 6672: 6667: 6662: 6656: 6654: 6652: 6651: 6648: 6643: 6637: 6631: 6618: 6617: 6615: 6614: 6609: 6604: 6599: 6594: 6589: 6584: 6579: 6574: 6569: 6564: 6559: 6554: 6549: 6544: 6539: 6534: 6529: 6524: 6519: 6514: 6509: 6504: 6499: 6494: 6489: 6487:1–2 Chronicles 6484: 6479: 6474: 6469: 6464: 6459: 6454: 6449: 6444: 6439: 6433: 6431: 6416: 6415: 6404: 6403: 6396: 6389: 6381: 6372: 6371: 6369: 6368: 6362: 6360: 6356: 6355: 6353: 6352: 6347: 6342: 6336: 6334: 6330: 6329: 6327: 6326: 6321: 6316: 6311: 6306: 6301: 6295: 6293: 6289: 6288: 6286: 6285: 6283:Fast of Esther 6280: 6275: 6269: 6267: 6263: 6262: 6260: 6259: 6254: 6249: 6244: 6239: 6234: 6229: 6224: 6219: 6214: 6208: 6206: 6202: 6201: 6199: 6198: 6196:Shushan (Susa) 6193: 6188: 6183: 6177: 6175: 6171: 6170: 6168: 6167: 6162: 6157: 6152: 6147: 6142: 6137: 6132: 6127: 6122: 6116: 6114: 6105: 6104: 6101:Book of Esther 6097: 6096: 6089: 6082: 6074: 6066: 6065: 6053: 6052: 6047: 6044: 6037:Roman Catholic 6033: 6028: 6024: 6023: 6018: 6015: 6004: 5999: 5995: 5994: 5989: 5986: 5979: 5974: 5970: 5969: 5962: 5959: 5954: 5953: 5947: 5931: 5928: 5927: 5926: 5912: 5911: 5910: 5893: 5892: 5891: 5881: 5876: 5865: 5862: 5861: 5860: 5844: 5843:External links 5841: 5840: 5839: 5828:"Esther" 5822: 5813:"Esther" 5807: 5750: 5747: 5745: 5744: 5728: 5712: 5692: 5682: 5675:Paton, Lewis B 5672: 5665: 5658: 5651: 5634: 5619: 5608: 5601: 5594: 5581: 5578: 5575:Theodor Gaster 5571: 5558: 5555: 5538: 5523: 5517: 5502: 5495: 5489: 5471: 5454: 5439: 5422: 5406: 5404: 5401: 5398: 5397: 5368: 5354:. 2020-07-29. 5339: 5316: 5293: 5268: 5241: 5216: 5190: 5187:. p. 368. 5175: 5162: 5142: 5117: 5092: 5067: 5004: 4975: 4942: 4922: 4903: 4884: 4854: 4832: 4810: 4788: 4766: 4744: 4722: 4700: 4694:978-0198797227 4693: 4673: 4647: 4621: 4612: 4603: 4594: 4555: 4532: 4511: 4493: 4474: 4456: 4436: 4407: 4378: 4360: 4341: 4322:(2): 259–271. 4306: 4295: 4266: 4257: 4236: 4229: 4207: 4200: 4175: 4156: 4143: 4123: 4114: 4104: 4065: 4044: 4014: 3981: 3948: 3930: 3905: 3875:(3): 301–329. 3855: 3842: 3826: 3810: 3780:(4): 267–289. 3760: 3754:George Lyons, 3747: 3730:978-0802824004 3729: 3709: 3703:978-0195297515 3702: 3676: 3663: 3651: 3626: 3601: 3589: 3577: 3549: 3543:E.A.W. Budge, 3533: 3518: 3512:978-9004187375 3511: 3486: 3471: 3453: 3435: 3425: 3419:Myth, and the 3409:Gilgamesh Epic 3371: 3344: 3337: 3313: 3312: 3310: 3307: 3305: 3302: 3299: 3298: 3288: 3287: 3285: 3282: 3281: 3280: 3275: 3268: 3265: 3262: 3261: 3258: 3253: 3250: 3246: 3245: 3242: 3239: 3236: 3232: 3231: 3228: 3225: 3222: 3218: 3217: 3214: 3211: 3208: 3204: 3203: 3200: 3197: 3194: 3190: 3189: 3186: 3183: 3180: 3176: 3175: 3172: 3169: 3166: 3162: 3161: 3158: 3155: 3152: 3148: 3147: 3144: 3141: 3138: 3134: 3133: 3130: 3127: 3124: 3120: 3119: 3107: 3102: 3099: 3095: 3094: 3077: 3076:J. T. Waldman 3074: 3071: 3067: 3066: 3059: 3054: 3051: 3047: 3046: 3039: 3036: 3033: 3029: 3028: 3007:Tiffany Dupont 2993: 2985:Tiffany Dupont 2982: 2979: 2975: 2974: 2968: 2965: 2962: 2958: 2957: 2945: 2938: 2935: 2931: 2930: 2923:Louise Lombard 2909: 2907:Louise Lombard 2904: 2901: 2897: 2896: 2891:as Haman, and 2863: 2858: 2855: 2851: 2850: 2835: 2830: 2827: 2823: 2822: 2809: 2804: 2801: 2797: 2796: 2793:Bill Kenwright 2753: 2742: 2739: 2735: 2734: 2723: 2718: 2715: 2711: 2710: 2683: 2678: 2675: 2671: 2670: 2667:Michael Ansara 2645: 2640: 2637: 2633: 2632: 2619: 2614: 2611: 2607: 2606: 2599:Saunders Lewis 2591: 2589:Saunders Lewis 2586: 2583: 2579: 2578: 2571:Gladys Malvern 2563: 2561:Gladys Malvern 2558: 2555: 2551: 2550: 2543: 2538: 2535: 2531: 2530: 2518: 2513: 2510: 2506: 2505: 2481: 2476: 2473: 2469: 2468: 2457: 2452: 2449: 2445: 2444: 2433: 2427: 2424: 2420: 2419: 2400: 2395: 2392: 2388: 2387: 2384: 2381: 2378: 2369: 2366: 2296: 2293: 2256: 2250: 2249: 2246: 2243: 2240: 2237: 2234: 2231: 2228: 2220: 2217: 2172: 2169: 2165:Hermann Göring 2161:Hoshana Rabbah 2111:Pikuach nefesh 2062:rather than a 2051:Book of Daniel 2033:Tetragrammaton 2028: 2027:Interpretation 2025: 2021:Artaxerxes III 1984:Nebuchadnezzar 1892:distinct from 1758: 1755: 1747:amongst others 1740:Book of Judith 1710:Michael Coogan 1627: 1624: 1531:Great Assembly 1510: 1507: 1397:Persian Empire 1392: 1389: 1323: 1320: 1316:Artaxerxes III 1221: 1218: 1216: 1213: 1143:King Ahasuerus 1063:Megillat Ester 1044:Book of Esther 1022:, held at the 1006: 1005: 1003: 1002: 995: 988: 980: 977: 976: 970: 969: 966: 965: 960: 959: 958: 957: 952: 947: 942: 937: 929: 928: 922: 921: 920: 919: 914: 909: 904: 899: 894: 889: 881: 880: 876: 875: 874: 873: 868: 859: 854: 849: 844: 839: 834: 829: 819: 812: 811: 808: 807: 802: 801: 800: 799: 794: 789: 784: 779: 774: 769: 764: 759: 754: 749: 744: 736: 735: 733:Minor prophets 729: 728: 727: 726: 721: 716: 711: 706: 698: 697: 695:Major prophets 689: 682: 681: 678: 677: 673: 672: 667: 662: 657: 652: 646: 645: 638: 637: 634: 633: 629: 628: 623: 618: 613: 611:1–2 Chronicles 608: 603: 598: 593: 588: 582: 581: 574: 573: 570: 569: 565: 564: 559: 554: 549: 544: 538: 537: 530: 529: 522: 521: 519:(Christianity) 512: 511: 508: 507: 502: 501: 498: 497: 496:Divre Hayyamim 494: 488: 487: 484: 478: 477: 474: 464: 463: 459: 458: 455: 454: 451: 445: 444: 441: 435: 434: 431: 425: 424: 421: 415: 414: 411: 401: 400: 388: 387: 384: 383: 380: 374: 373: 370: 364: 363: 360: 350: 349: 343: 330: 329: 326: 325: 320: 319: 317: 316: 311: 306: 301: 296: 291: 286: 281: 276: 271: 266: 261: 255: 252: 251: 245: 244: 241: 240: 237: 231: 230: 227: 221: 220: 217: 207: 206: 200: 199: 196: 195: 192: 186: 185: 182: 176: 175: 172: 166: 165: 162: 152: 151: 143: 130: 129: 126: 125: 120: 119: 116: 110: 109: 106: 100: 99: 96: 90: 89: 86: 80: 79: 76: 68: 55: 54: 47: 46: 37: 36: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8309: 8298: 8295: 8293: 8290: 8288: 8285: 8283: 8280: 8278: 8275: 8273: 8270: 8268: 8265: 8263: 8260: 8258: 8255: 8253: 8250: 8249: 8247: 8232: 8229: 8227: 8224: 8222: 8219: 8217: 8214: 8213: 8211: 8209: 8205: 8199: 8196: 8194: 8191: 8189: 8186: 8184: 8181: 8179: 8176: 8175: 8173: 8171: 8167: 8161: 8158: 8156: 8153: 8151: 8148: 8146: 8143: 8141: 8140:Shushan Purim 8138: 8136: 8133: 8132: 8130: 8124: 8118: 8115: 8113: 8110: 8108: 8105: 8103: 8100: 8098: 8095: 8092: 8088: 8085: 8082: 8078: 8075: 8073: 8070: 8069: 8067: 8063: 8059: 8049: 8044: 8042: 8037: 8035: 8030: 8029: 8026: 8014: 8011: 8009: 8006: 8004: 8001: 7999: 7996: 7994: 7991: 7989: 7986: 7984: 7981: 7979: 7978:Book of Tobit 7976: 7974: 7971: 7969: 7966: 7965: 7963: 7959: 7953: 7950: 7948: 7945: 7943: 7940: 7938: 7935: 7933: 7930: 7928: 7925: 7923: 7920: 7918: 7915: 7913: 7910: 7908: 7905: 7904: 7902: 7900: 7897:Apocrypha in 7895: 7889: 7886: 7884: 7881: 7879: 7876: 7874: 7871: 7869: 7866: 7865: 7863: 7861: 7858:Apocrypha in 7856: 7850: 7847: 7845: 7842: 7840: 7837: 7835: 7832: 7830: 7827: 7825: 7822: 7820: 7817: 7815: 7812: 7810: 7807: 7805: 7802: 7800: 7797: 7795: 7792: 7790: 7787: 7786: 7784: 7782: 7777: 7773: 7766: 7761: 7759: 7754: 7752: 7747: 7746: 7743: 7733: 7732: 7726: 7721: 7708: 7704: 7700: 7698: 7697:Exilic period 7694: 7686: 7683: 7681: 7678: 7677: 7676: 7673: 7671: 7668: 7664: 7661: 7659: 7656: 7655: 7654: 7651: 7649: 7646: 7644: 7641: 7639: 7636: 7635: 7633: 7630: 7626: 7622: 7614: 7611: 7609: 7606: 7605: 7604: 7601: 7599: 7596: 7594: 7591: 7589: 7586: 7584: 7581: 7579: 7576: 7574: 7570: 7567: 7564: 7561: 7559: 7556: 7555: 7553: 7550: 7546: 7540: 7537: 7535: 7532: 7530: 7527: 7525: 7522: 7520: 7517: 7515: 7512: 7510: 7507: 7505: 7502: 7500: 7497: 7495: 7492: 7491: 7489: 7486: 7482: 7478: 7472: 7469: 7467: 7464: 7462: 7459: 7457: 7454: 7452: 7449: 7448: 7446: 7443: 7439: 7436: 7434: 7426: 7422: 7415: 7410: 7408: 7403: 7401: 7396: 7395: 7392: 7380: 7377: 7375: 7372: 7370: 7367: 7366: 7363: 7357: 7354: 7352: 7349: 7347: 7344: 7342: 7339: 7337: 7334: 7332: 7329: 7327: 7324: 7322: 7319: 7317: 7314: 7313: 7311: 7307: 7301: 7298: 7296: 7293: 7291: 7288: 7286: 7283: 7281: 7278: 7276: 7275: 7271: 7269: 7266: 7264: 7261: 7259: 7258: 7254: 7252: 7249: 7247: 7244: 7242: 7239: 7237: 7234: 7233: 7231: 7229: 7225: 7219: 7216: 7214: 7211: 7209: 7206: 7204: 7201: 7199: 7196: 7194: 7191: 7189: 7186: 7185: 7183: 7179: 7173: 7170: 7166: 7163: 7161: 7158: 7156: 7153: 7151: 7148: 7147: 7146: 7143: 7139: 7136: 7134: 7131: 7130: 7129: 7126: 7122: 7119: 7117: 7114: 7113: 7112: 7109: 7106: 7102: 7099: 7097: 7094: 7092: 7089: 7087: 7084: 7083: 7081: 7077: 7071: 7068: 7066: 7063: 7061: 7058: 7056: 7053: 7051: 7048: 7046: 7043: 7041: 7038: 7036: 7033: 7031: 7028: 7026: 7023: 7021: 7018: 7016: 7013: 7011: 7008: 7006: 7003: 7001: 6998: 6996: 6995: 6991: 6989: 6986: 6984: 6981: 6979: 6976: 6974: 6971: 6969: 6968:2 Corinthians 6966: 6964: 6963:1 Corinthians 6961: 6959: 6956: 6954: 6951: 6949: 6946: 6944: 6941: 6939: 6936: 6934: 6931: 6930: 6928: 6926: 6925:New Testament 6922: 6912: 6909: 6907: 6906:New Testament 6904: 6900: 6897: 6896: 6895: 6892: 6891: 6889: 6885: 6877: 6874: 6872: 6869: 6867: 6864: 6863: 6862: 6859: 6858: 6856: 6854: 6850: 6844: 6841: 6839: 6836: 6834: 6831: 6830: 6828: 6826: 6821: 6815: 6814:Broader canon 6812: 6810: 6807: 6805: 6802: 6800: 6797: 6795: 6792: 6791: 6789: 6787: 6783: 6777: 6774: 6772: 6769: 6767: 6764: 6762: 6759: 6757: 6754: 6752: 6749: 6747: 6744: 6743: 6741: 6735: 6732: 6731: 6728: 6720: 6717: 6715: 6712: 6710: 6707: 6706: 6705: 6702: 6700: 6696: 6693: 6691: 6688: 6686: 6683: 6681: 6678: 6676: 6673: 6671: 6668: 6666: 6663: 6661: 6658: 6657: 6655: 6649: 6647: 6644: 6642: 6639: 6638: 6635: 6632: 6630: 6623: 6619: 6613: 6610: 6608: 6605: 6603: 6600: 6598: 6595: 6593: 6590: 6588: 6585: 6583: 6580: 6578: 6575: 6573: 6570: 6568: 6565: 6563: 6560: 6558: 6555: 6553: 6550: 6548: 6545: 6543: 6540: 6538: 6535: 6533: 6530: 6528: 6527:Song of Songs 6525: 6523: 6520: 6518: 6515: 6513: 6510: 6508: 6505: 6503: 6500: 6498: 6495: 6493: 6490: 6488: 6485: 6483: 6480: 6478: 6475: 6473: 6470: 6468: 6465: 6463: 6460: 6458: 6455: 6453: 6450: 6448: 6445: 6443: 6440: 6438: 6435: 6434: 6432: 6430: 6426: 6425:Old Testament 6421: 6417: 6413: 6409: 6402: 6397: 6395: 6390: 6388: 6383: 6382: 6379: 6367: 6364: 6363: 6361: 6357: 6351: 6348: 6346: 6343: 6341: 6338: 6337: 6335: 6331: 6325: 6322: 6320: 6317: 6315: 6312: 6310: 6307: 6305: 6304:Five Megillot 6302: 6300: 6299:Esther Rabbah 6297: 6296: 6294: 6290: 6284: 6281: 6279: 6276: 6274: 6271: 6270: 6268: 6264: 6258: 6255: 6253: 6250: 6248: 6245: 6243: 6240: 6238: 6235: 6233: 6230: 6228: 6225: 6223: 6220: 6218: 6215: 6213: 6210: 6209: 6207: 6203: 6197: 6194: 6192: 6189: 6187: 6184: 6182: 6179: 6178: 6176: 6172: 6166: 6163: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6151: 6148: 6146: 6143: 6141: 6138: 6136: 6133: 6131: 6128: 6126: 6123: 6121: 6118: 6117: 6115: 6113: 6110: 6106: 6102: 6095: 6090: 6088: 6083: 6081: 6076: 6075: 6072: 6064: 6063: 6062:Old Testament 6059: 6054: 6050: 6043: 6042: 6041:Old Testament 6038: 6031: 6025: 6021: 6014: 6013: 6012:Old Testament 6009: 6002: 5996: 5992: 5985: 5984: 5977: 5971: 5967: 5966: 5965:History books 5957: 5951: 5948: 5945: 5941: 5937: 5934: 5933: 5925: 5921: 5920:Bible: Esther 5913: 5909: 5905: 5902: 5901: 5897: 5896: 5894: 5889: 5885: 5882: 5880: 5877: 5874: 5871: 5870: 5868: 5867: 5858: 5854: 5850: 5847: 5846: 5836: 5835: 5829: 5823: 5819: 5814: 5808: 5804: 5800: 5796: 5792: 5788: 5784: 5779: 5774: 5770: 5766: 5762: 5760: 5753: 5752: 5741: 5740: 5734: 5729: 5725: 5724: 5718: 5713: 5710: 5706: 5702: 5699: 5698: 5693: 5690: 5686: 5685:Hazony, Yoram 5683: 5680: 5676: 5673: 5670: 5666: 5663: 5659: 5656: 5652: 5641: 5637: 5635:9781009266123 5631: 5627: 5626: 5620: 5617: 5613: 5609: 5606: 5602: 5599: 5595: 5592: 5588: 5585: 5582: 5579: 5576: 5572: 5569: 5565: 5562: 5559: 5556: 5545: 5541: 5539:9781786736352 5535: 5531: 5530: 5524: 5520: 5518:9781608994953 5514: 5510: 5509: 5503: 5500: 5496: 5493: 5490: 5488: 5484: 5480: 5476: 5472: 5461: 5457: 5455:9780310872146 5451: 5448:. Zondervan. 5447: 5446: 5440: 5429: 5425: 5423:9780567157133 5419: 5415: 5414: 5408: 5407: 5386: 5382: 5378: 5372: 5357: 5353: 5349: 5343: 5335: 5331: 5327: 5320: 5312: 5308: 5304: 5297: 5282: 5278: 5272: 5264: 5260: 5256: 5252: 5245: 5230: 5226: 5220: 5206:on 2011-09-28 5205: 5201: 5194: 5186: 5179: 5173: 5172: 5166: 5159: 5155: 5152: 5146: 5131: 5127: 5121: 5107: 5103: 5096: 5082: 5078: 5071: 5060: 5056: 5052: 5048: 5044: 5040: 5036: 5032: 5028: 5027: 5019: 5017: 5008: 4993: 4989: 4985: 4979: 4970: 4965: 4961: 4957: 4953: 4946: 4939: 4935: 4932: 4926: 4919: 4915: 4912: 4907: 4900: 4896: 4893: 4888: 4872: 4868: 4864: 4858: 4850: 4846: 4842: 4836: 4828: 4824: 4820: 4814: 4806: 4802: 4798: 4792: 4784: 4780: 4776: 4770: 4762: 4758: 4754: 4748: 4740: 4736: 4732: 4726: 4718: 4714: 4710: 4704: 4696: 4690: 4686: 4685: 4677: 4670: 4666: 4662: 4659: 4658: 4651: 4643: 4639: 4635: 4628: 4626: 4616: 4607: 4598: 4583: 4579: 4575: 4574: 4569: 4565: 4559: 4552: 4548: 4544: 4541: 4536: 4528: 4524: 4523: 4515: 4500: 4496: 4490: 4486: 4485: 4478: 4463: 4459: 4453: 4449: 4448: 4440: 4425: 4421: 4417: 4411: 4396: 4392: 4388: 4382: 4375: 4369: 4367: 4365: 4357: 4353: 4350: 4345: 4337: 4333: 4329: 4325: 4321: 4317: 4310: 4304: 4299: 4291: 4287: 4283: 4279: 4278: 4270: 4261: 4254: 4253: 4248: 4243: 4241: 4232: 4230:9780781435314 4226: 4221: 4220: 4211: 4203: 4201:9780802837820 4197: 4193: 4189: 4182: 4180: 4173: 4169: 4166: 4160: 4153: 4147: 4140: 4134: 4132: 4130: 4128: 4118: 4108: 4101: 4097: 4094: 4090: 4086: 4082: 4078: 4074: 4069: 4062: 4051: 4047: 4041: 4037: 4033: 4029: 4025: 4018: 4011: 4007: 4003: 4000: 3996: 3993: 3992: 3985: 3978: 3974: 3970: 3969:A&C Black 3967: 3963: 3960: 3959: 3952: 3937: 3933: 3931:9780199277186 3927: 3923: 3919: 3915: 3914:Meyers, Carol 3909: 3894: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3866: 3859: 3852: 3846: 3839: 3833: 3831: 3823: 3817: 3815: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3787: 3783: 3779: 3775: 3771: 3764: 3757: 3751: 3736: 3732: 3726: 3722: 3721: 3713: 3705: 3699: 3695: 3690: 3689: 3680: 3673: 3667: 3660: 3655: 3640: 3636: 3630: 3615: 3611: 3605: 3598: 3593: 3586: 3581: 3566: 3562: 3556: 3554: 3546: 3540: 3538: 3529: 3522: 3514: 3508: 3504: 3503: 3495: 3493: 3491: 3482: 3475: 3467: 3460: 3458: 3449: 3442: 3440: 3429: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3393: 3389: 3385: 3381: 3375: 3359: 3355: 3348: 3340: 3334: 3330: 3329: 3324: 3318: 3314: 3293: 3289: 3279: 3276: 3274: 3271: 3270: 3259: 3257: 3254: 3251: 3248: 3247: 3243: 3241:Diana Taylor 3240: 3237: 3234: 3233: 3229: 3226: 3223: 3220: 3219: 3215: 3212: 3209: 3206: 3205: 3201: 3198: 3195: 3192: 3191: 3187: 3184: 3181: 3178: 3177: 3173: 3170: 3167: 3164: 3163: 3159: 3156: 3153: 3150: 3149: 3145: 3142: 3139: 3136: 3135: 3131: 3128: 3125: 3122: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3112: 3108: 3106: 3103: 3100: 3097: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3084: 3083: 3078: 3075: 3072: 3069: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3058: 3055: 3052: 3049: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3037: 3034: 3031: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3017: 3012: 3008: 3004: 3003: 2998: 2994: 2992: 2991: 2986: 2983: 2980: 2977: 2976: 2972: 2969: 2966: 2963: 2960: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2950: 2946: 2944: 2943: 2939: 2936: 2933: 2932: 2929:as Mordecai. 2928: 2924: 2920: 2919: 2914: 2910: 2908: 2905: 2902: 2899: 2898: 2895:as Mordecai. 2894: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2873: 2868: 2867:Hanna-Barbera 2864: 2862: 2859: 2856: 2853: 2852: 2848: 2847:HarperCollins 2844: 2843:Tomie dePaola 2840: 2836: 2834: 2833:Tomie dePaola 2831: 2828: 2825: 2824: 2820: 2819: 2814: 2810: 2808: 2805: 2802: 2799: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2785: 2780: 2779:Denis Quilley 2776: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2763: 2758: 2754: 2752: 2751: 2746: 2743: 2740: 2737: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2722: 2719: 2716: 2713: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2699:Olivia Hussey 2696: 2693:and aired on 2692: 2688: 2684: 2682: 2681:Olivia Hussey 2679: 2676: 2673: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2663:Robert Mandan 2660: 2656: 2655: 2650: 2646: 2644: 2641: 2638: 2635: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2625: 2620: 2618: 2615: 2612: 2609: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2590: 2587: 2584: 2581: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2562: 2559: 2556: 2553: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2542: 2539: 2536: 2533: 2532: 2528: 2527: 2522: 2519: 2517: 2514: 2511: 2508: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2490: 2485: 2482: 2480: 2477: 2474: 2471: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2456: 2453: 2450: 2447: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2431: 2428: 2425: 2422: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2399: 2396: 2393: 2390: 2389: 2385: 2382: 2379: 2376: 2375: 2365: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2346: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2319: 2317: 2312: 2310: 2306: 2305:Martin Luther 2302: 2292: 2290: 2282: 2281:Ancient Greek 2278: 2274: 2270: 2265: 2255: 2247: 2244: 2241: 2238: 2235: 2232: 2229: 2226: 2225: 2224: 2216: 2214: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2168: 2166: 2162: 2156: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2141: 2139: 2138:Matthew Poole 2135: 2131: 2127: 2126:Albert Barnes 2123: 2120: 2114: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2099: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2088:philosemitism 2084: 2078: 2076: 2072: 2067: 2065: 2064:religious one 2061: 2057: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2038: 2034: 2024: 2022: 2018: 2015: 2010: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1987: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1953:Book of Tobit 1949: 1947: 1942: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1862: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1847: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1824:Queen consort 1821: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1789:Artaxerxes II 1786: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1754: 1752: 1748: 1743: 1741: 1737: 1732: 1727: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1711: 1706: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1663: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1637: 1636:Torah pointer 1632: 1623: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1601: 1600: 1595: 1594: 1593:Targum Rishon 1589: 1585: 1580: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1565: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1554:Artaxerxes II 1551: 1547: 1542: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1515: 1506: 1504: 1499: 1494: 1486: 1482: 1480: 1474: 1472: 1466: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1438: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1417: 1412: 1408: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1388: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1369: 1359: 1353: 1344: 1335: 1331: 1329: 1319: 1317: 1313: 1310: 1306: 1301: 1299: 1298:Artaxerxes II 1295: 1291: 1288: 1284: 1281: 1277: 1276: 1275:Esther Rabbah 1271: 1266: 1263: 1261: 1257: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1212: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1181: 1179: 1175: 1174:Song of Songs 1170: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1139: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1120:Old Testament 1116: 1111: 1107: 1096: 1095: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1069: 1064: 1058: 1049: 1045: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1012: 1001: 996: 994: 989: 987: 982: 981: 979: 978: 975: 972: 971: 956: 955:Broader canon 953: 951: 948: 946: 943: 941: 938: 936: 933: 932: 931: 930: 927: 924: 923: 918: 915: 913: 910: 908: 905: 903: 900: 898: 895: 893: 890: 888: 885: 884: 883: 882: 879:Orthodox only 878: 877: 872: 869: 867: 863: 860: 858: 855: 853: 850: 848: 845: 843: 840: 838: 835: 833: 830: 828: 825: 824: 823: 822: 816: 810: 809: 798: 795: 793: 790: 788: 785: 783: 780: 778: 775: 773: 770: 768: 765: 763: 760: 758: 755: 753: 750: 748: 745: 743: 740: 739: 738: 737: 734: 731: 730: 725: 722: 720: 717: 715: 712: 710: 707: 705: 702: 701: 700: 699: 696: 693: 692: 686: 680: 679: 671: 670:Song of Songs 668: 666: 663: 661: 658: 656: 653: 651: 648: 647: 642: 636: 635: 627: 624: 622: 619: 617: 614: 612: 609: 607: 604: 602: 599: 597: 594: 592: 589: 587: 584: 583: 578: 572: 571: 563: 560: 558: 555: 553: 550: 548: 545: 543: 540: 539: 534: 528: 527: 524: 523: 517: 516:Old Testament 514: 513: 495: 493: 489: 485: 483: 482:Ezra–Nehemiah 479: 475: 473: 469: 466: 465: 461: 460: 452: 450: 446: 442: 440: 436: 432: 430: 426: 422: 420: 416: 413:Shir Hashirim 412: 410: 409:Song of Songs 406: 403: 402: 399: 395: 390: 389: 381: 379: 375: 371: 369: 365: 361: 359: 355: 352: 351: 347: 346: 341: 335: 328: 327: 315: 312: 310: 307: 305: 302: 300: 297: 295: 292: 290: 287: 285: 282: 280: 277: 275: 272: 270: 267: 265: 262: 260: 257: 256: 254: 253: 250: 247: 246: 238: 236: 232: 228: 226: 222: 218: 216: 212: 209: 208: 205: 202: 201: 193: 191: 187: 183: 181: 177: 173: 171: 167: 163: 161: 157: 154: 153: 150: 147: 146: 141: 135: 128: 127: 117: 115: 111: 107: 105: 101: 97: 95: 91: 87: 85: 81: 77: 75: 71: 66: 64:(Instruction) 60: 53: 52: 49: 48: 42: 39: 38: 34: 30: 29: 26: 22: 8155:Second Purim 8071: 8055:Purim 7731:Bible Portal 7729: 7706: 7598:Baal-perazim 7565: 7499:Battle of Ai 7274:Vetus Latina 7272: 7255: 7208:Jewish canon 7203:Antilegomena 7105:Poetic Books 7101:Wisdom books 7079:Subdivisions 6992: 6697: / 6622:Deuterocanon 6542:Lamentations 6522:Ecclesiastes 6501: 6429:(protocanon) 6420:Hebrew Bible 6314:Targum Sheni 6100: 6056: 6035: 6006: 5983:Hebrew Bible 5981: 5976:Ecclesiastes 5963: 5899: 5888:Aleppo Codex 5884:Mechon Mamre 5832: 5820:. B. Herder. 5817: 5768: 5764: 5758: 5737: 5721: 5696: 5688: 5678: 5668: 5661: 5654: 5644:. Retrieved 5624: 5615: 5611: 5604: 5597: 5548:. Retrieved 5528: 5507: 5498: 5478: 5475:Timothy Beal 5464:. Retrieved 5444: 5432:. Retrieved 5412: 5389:. Retrieved 5380: 5371: 5360:. Retrieved 5351: 5342: 5325: 5319: 5305:. Lux Vide. 5302: 5296: 5285:. Retrieved 5271: 5250: 5244: 5233:. Retrieved 5219: 5208:. Retrieved 5204:the original 5193: 5184: 5178: 5170: 5165: 5145: 5133:. Retrieved 5129: 5120: 5109:. Retrieved 5105: 5095: 5084:. Retrieved 5080: 5070: 5030: 5024: 5015: 5007: 4996:. Retrieved 4987: 4978: 4959: 4955: 4952:"Lysimachus" 4945: 4925: 4906: 4887: 4875:. Retrieved 4866: 4857: 4849:the original 4845:Biblehub.com 4844: 4835: 4827:the original 4823:Biblehub.com 4822: 4813: 4805:the original 4801:Biblehub.com 4800: 4791: 4783:the original 4779:Biblehub.com 4778: 4769: 4761:the original 4757:Biblehub.com 4756: 4747: 4739:the original 4735:TheTorah.com 4734: 4725: 4717:the original 4713:Biblehub.com 4712: 4703: 4683: 4676: 4656: 4650: 4642:the original 4637: 4615: 4610:Chullin 139b 4606: 4597: 4586:. Retrieved 4571: 4558: 4550: 4535: 4521: 4514: 4503:. Retrieved 4483: 4477: 4466:. Retrieved 4446: 4439: 4428:. Retrieved 4419: 4410: 4399:. Retrieved 4390: 4381: 4373: 4344: 4319: 4315: 4309: 4298: 4284:(4): 19–32. 4281: 4275: 4269: 4260: 4250: 4247:Adele Berlin 4218: 4210: 4191: 4159: 4151: 4146: 4138: 4117: 4107: 4095: 4076: 4068: 4060: 4054:. Retrieved 4027: 4017: 3990: 3984: 3957: 3951: 3940:. Retrieved 3921: 3918:"16. Esther" 3908: 3897:. Retrieved 3872: 3868: 3858: 3850: 3845: 3837: 3836:S. Kaufman, 3821: 3802:. Retrieved 3777: 3773: 3763: 3755: 3750: 3739:. Retrieved 3719: 3712: 3687: 3679: 3671: 3666: 3658: 3654: 3643:. Retrieved 3629: 3618:. Retrieved 3604: 3592: 3587:, p. 9. 3580: 3569:. Retrieved 3544: 3527: 3521: 3501: 3480: 3474: 3465: 3447: 3428: 3379: 3374: 3362:. Retrieved 3358:the original 3347: 3327: 3317: 3292: 3129:Angela Hunt 3110: 3085:, edited by 3080: 3021:Tommy Tenney 3014: 3000: 2988: 2970: 2947: 2940: 2916: 2912: 2881:Helen Slater 2877:Queen Esther 2876: 2870: 2861:Helen Slater 2839:Queen Esther 2838: 2816: 2782: 2760: 2748: 2707:Harris Yulin 2703:Tony Musante 2690: 2652: 2629:Joan Collins 2622: 2617:Joan Collins 2594: 2566: 2546: 2524: 2487: 2440: 2412:Michelangelo 2407: 2398:Michelangelo 2386:Description 2347: 2320: 2313: 2298: 2266: 2263: 2252: 2222: 2201:Nova Vulgata 2174: 2157: 2142: 2130:philosemitic 2124: 2115: 2100: 2079: 2068: 2041: 2030: 2013: 2011: 1998: 1994: 1988: 1971: 1967: 1960: 1950: 1943: 1938: 1934: 1926: 1922: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1886:Bar Hebraeus 1882:Esther Rabba 1881: 1869: 1865: 1863: 1854: 1850: 1848: 1844:Artaxerxes I 1807: 1803: 1796: 1792: 1782: 1769: 1765: 1744: 1731:Adele Berlin 1728: 1707: 1695:Haman's ears 1664: 1643: 1640: 1610: 1599:Targum Sheni 1597: 1591: 1581: 1577:Vetus Latina 1576: 1566: 1543: 1527:Hebrew Bible 1522: 1520: 1495: 1491: 1475: 1467: 1463:royal decree 1461:(3:7–12). A 1439: 1420: 1394: 1376: 1367: 1364:מִשְׁתָּאוֹת 1340: 1325: 1308: 1302: 1294:Artaxerxes I 1283:Bar Hebraeus 1273: 1267: 1264: 1255: 1248: 1244: 1238:Persian king 1233: 1223: 1182: 1171: 1151:Queen Vashti 1140: 1110:Five Scrolls 1106:Hebrew Bible 1080:Liber Esther 1043: 1041: 1036:Torah scroll 1031: 1020:Fez, Morocco 974:Bible portal 864: / 714:Lamentations 665:Ecclesiastes 625: 448: 439:Ecclesiastes 429:Lamentations 393: 333: 133: 58: 41:Hebrew Bible 25: 8231:Purim rabbi 8226:Purim Torah 8221:Purim spiel 8208:Purim humor 8170:Purim foods 8150:Purim Katan 8128:observances 7998:4 Maccabees 7993:3 Maccabees 7988:2 Maccabees 7983:1 Maccabees 7466:Golden calf 7379:WikiProject 7257:Diatessaron 7228:Manuscripts 7181:Development 6983:Philippians 6853:Beta Israel 6771:4 Maccabees 6766:3 Maccabees 6680:2 Maccabees 6675:1 Maccabees 6457:Deuteronomy 6340:Papyrus 967 6333:Manuscripts 6058:E. Orthodox 6049:1 Maccabees 5886:Full text, 5279:. YouTube. 4619:Deut. 31:18 4303:Esther 1:19 4100:anthroponym 4073:Paul Wexler 4024:"Ahasuerus" 3585:Clines 1984 3199:H.B. Moore 2949:VeggieTales 2942:VeggieTales 2784:Swan Esther 2762:Swan Esther 2701:as Esther, 2697:, starring 2661:as Esther, 2639:Miniseries 2627:, starring 2309:Reformation 2189:Hebrew Text 2153:Esther 9:27 2145:Esther 8:17 2134:Esther 3:15 2119:Zoroastrian 2056:assimilated 1774:Jan Lievens 1772:, 1625) by 1626:Historicity 1588:Middle Ages 1537:, it was a 1256:Khshayārsha 1243:. The name 912:4 Maccabees 907:3 Maccabees 847:2 Maccabees 842:1 Maccabees 562:Deuteronomy 114:Deuteronomy 8246:Categories 8065:Background 8057:(פּוּרִים) 7316:Authorship 7246:Septuagint 7091:Pentateuch 7070:Revelation 6994:Laodiceans 6988:Colossians 6477:1–2 Samuel 6008:Protestant 5709:Chabad.org 5646:2023-10-29 5550:2023-10-29 5466:2017-08-30 5434:2017-08-30 5391:2022-10-13 5362:2022-10-13 5287:2011-08-09 5235:2007-05-31 5210:2007-05-31 5111:2024-08-12 5086:2024-08-12 4998:2021-03-01 4669:Chabad.org 4588:2016-01-05 4505:2021-05-13 4468:2021-02-17 4430:2021-02-17 4401:2021-02-17 4165:Esther 2:6 4056:2020-04-17 3942:2019-03-24 3899:2021-03-02 3804:2021-02-05 3741:2023-06-23 3645:2018-10-20 3620:2018-10-20 3597:Jobes 2011 3571:2017-12-17 3304:References 3252:Stageplay 3213:CJ Kramer 3157:Joan Wolf 3116:Jen Lilley 3105:Jen Lilley 3063:Maccabeats 3057:Maccabeats 2952:released " 2937:Animation 2921:, starred 2893:Ron Rifkin 2885:Dean Jones 2857:Animation 2813:Amos Gitai 2807:Amos Gitai 2771:Nick Munns 2750:Nick Munns 2717:Animation 2709:as Haman. 2669:as Haman. 2649:miniseries 2585:Stageplay 2512:Stageplay 2475:Stageplay 2331:Lectionary 2301:Septuagint 2295:Canonicity 2277:Septuagint 2254:Jerusalem. 2197:Knox Bible 2177:Septuagint 2071:Vilna Gaon 1972:Huwaxšaθra 1915:ʔaḥašwērōš 1890:Artaxerxes 1870:Artaxšaθra 1866:Artaxerxes 1797:ʔaḥašwērōš 1607: 500 1546:Septuagint 1373:מִשְׁתִּים 1328:exposition 1290:Septuagint 1205:Babylonian 1101:כְּתוּבִים 601:1–2 Samuel 577:Historical 533:Pentateuch 492:Chronicles 462:Historical 339:(Writings) 139:(Prophets) 8178:Hamantash 8126:Religious 8102:Ahasuerus 7932:Psalm 151 7155:Johannine 7015:2 Timothy 7010:1 Timothy 6978:Ephesians 6973:Galatians 6761:Psalm 151 6629:apocrypha 6607:Zechariah 6597:Zephaniah 6482:1–2 Kings 6447:Leviticus 6217:Ahasuerus 5787:1065-223X 5771:: 39–54. 5334:tt3557580 5311:tt2521404 5263:tt0168331 5135:24 August 5033:: 39–54. 4336:170144015 3881:0006-0887 3794:202163709 3402:with the 3364:April 19, 3309:Citations 3087:Russ Kick 3011:Luke Goss 2990:Luke Goss 2903:TV movie 2815:entitled 2789:Young Vic 2759:entitled 2755:The 1983 2731:Superbook 2721:Superbook 2689:entitled 2677:TV movie 2651:entitled 2500:'s wife, 2498:Louis XIV 2437:Rembrandt 2435:In 1660, 2432:van Rijn 2430:Rembrandt 2426:Painting 2394:Painting 2269:Macedonia 2101:Although 2083:King Saul 2037:acrostics 2007:Vohu Mana 1999:Anadatus, 1976:Jerusalem 1961:Achiachar 1946:Darius II 1907:Aḫšiyaršu 1898:Ahasuerus 1894:Ahasuerus 1878:Midrashic 1812:Herodotus 1793:Ahasuerus 1539:redaction 1368:mištāˈhoṯ 1361:, plural 1352:romanized 1347:מִשְׁתֶּה 1322:Structure 1305:Amyrtaeus 1245:Ahasuerus 1241:Ahasuerus 1189:synagogue 1155:Mordechai 1126:woman in 1057:romanized 902:Psalm 151 792:Zechariah 782:Zephaniah 685:Prophetic 606:1–2 Kings 552:Leviticus 397:(Scrolls) 309:Zechariah 299:Zephaniah 239:Yekhezqel 229:Yirmeyahu 219:Yeshayahu 94:Leviticus 44:(Judaism) 8287:Genocide 8216:Adloyada 8193:Kreplach 8183:Fazuelos 8097:Mordecai 7927:2 Esdras 7922:1 Esdras 7888:3 Baruch 7883:2 Baruch 7878:1 Baruch 7369:Category 7268:Peshitta 7165:Catholic 7160:Pastoral 7145:Epistles 7138:Synoptic 7025:Philemon 6838:2 Baruch 6825:Peshitta 6799:Jubilees 6751:2 Esdras 6746:1 Esdras 6641:Catholic 6592:Habakkuk 6537:Jeremiah 6517:Proverbs 6497:Nehemiah 6292:Analysis 6247:Mordecai 6181:Ethiopia 6120:Esther 1 6112:chapters 6001:Nehemiah 5924:LibriVox 5904:Archived 5803:64672092 5795:26422154 5701:Archived 5640:Archived 5587:Archived 5564:Archived 5544:Archived 5460:Archived 5428:Archived 5385:Archived 5356:Archived 5281:Archived 5229:Archived 5154:Archived 5059:Archived 5055:64672092 5047:26422154 4992:Archived 4934:Archived 4914:Archived 4895:Archived 4871:Archived 4661:Archived 4582:Archived 4566:(2006). 4543:Archived 4527:Archived 4499:Archived 4462:Archived 4424:Archived 4395:Archived 4352:Archived 4168:Archived 4050:Archived 3995:Archived 3962:Archived 3936:Archived 3916:(2007). 3893:Archived 3889:42610736 3798:Archived 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