631:
688:
382:
76:
467:
501:), corroboration of what is stated in the Book of Esther. In addition Herodotus mentions an assembly of Persian nobles called by Xerxes to advise him on the proposed war against Greece. Although Herodotus does not give the location of this assembly, the date – "after Egypt was subdued" – corresponds to Xerxes' third year when Esther records an assembly of Persian nobility at a feast. (Histories VII.8) Herodotus also mentions that following his
1576:
730:. Thus this Ahasuerus is commonly identified with Astyages. He is alternatively identified, together with the Ahasuerus of the Book of Tobit, as Cyaxares I, said to be the father of Astyages. Views differ on how to reconcile the sources in this case. One view is that the description of Ahasuerus as the "father" of Darius the Mede should be understood in the broader sense of "forebear" or "ancestor." Another view notes that on the
34:
496:
describes Xerxes I as being susceptible to women and in the habit of making extravagant offers to them, just as he did to Esther ("up to half my kingdom"). Herodotus mentions that the
Persian empire stretched from India to Ethiopia and also refers to the magnificent royal palace in Shushan
509:
intrigues involving his wife
Amestris and his daughter-in-law, with whom he became enamoured. (Histories IX.108) Herodotus relates this occurred in the tenth month of his seventh year as king – the same time Ahasuerus was choosing beautiful women for his harem (Esther
1174:
Xerxes could not have wed a Jewess because this was contrary to the practices of
Persian monarchs who married only into one of the seven leading Persian families. History records that Xerxes was married to Amestris, not
814:
618:
162). These sources thus arguably identify
Ahasuerus as Artaxerxes II in light of the names used in the Hebrew and Greek sources and accords with the contextual information from Pseudo-Hecataeus and
808:, his true name is held to be Ahasuerus – even though the Biblical King is not described as a Jew and nothing in the Biblical account of him is similar to that myth. This is the name by which
1089:
The story is fictitious and written to provide an account of the origin of the feast of Purim; the book contains no references to the known historical events of the reign of Xerxes.
734:, "Cyaxares" is a family name, and thus considers the description as literal, viewing Astyages as an intermediate ruler wrongly placed in the family line in the Greek sources.
1136:
Although the details of its setting are entirely plausible and the story may even have some basis in actual events, in terms of literary genre the book is not history.
542:
identify him as
Artaxerxes. Many historians and exegetes from ancient times and the middle ages also identified Ahasuerus with Artaxerxes I, including, most notably,
1601:
55:
513:
Annals from the reign of Xerxes I mention an otherwise unattested official by the name of "Marduka", which some have proposed refers to
1102:
640:
42:
1055:
446:
or Esther. Moreover, it is understood that
Persian kings did not marry outside a restricted number of Persian noble families. In the
1666:
1586:
1535:
630:
1973:
1520:
Maas, Anthony (1907). Assuerus. In The
Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Retrieved April 15, 2009 from
2189:
1495:
1242:
1122:
1075:
692:
80:
687:
1207:"Esther 1 And it came to pass in the days of Artaxerxes. This Artaxerxes held a hundred twenty-seven regions from India"
1617:
143:
526:
While today the king of Esther is usually identified as Xerxes I, the ancient traditions identify him with his son,
1686:
381:
967:
951:
442:
between 486 and 465 BC. Outside of the book of Esther, history records that Xerxes was married to
Amestris, not
2199:
2194:
959:
481:
Numerous scholars have proposed theories as to who
Ahasuerus represents. Most scholars today identify him with
2184:
2008:
1893:
903:
215:
2018:
1940:
1898:
1659:
1004:
485:, as did 19th-century Bible commentaries. Three factors, among others, contribute to this identification:
987:, Review and Herald Publishing Association, (Washington, D.C., 1954 edition), p.459, "Historical Setting"
939:
75:
1966:
1179:
or Esther. There is no historical record of a personage known as Esther, or a queen called Vashti or a
2179:
955:
2204:
1919:
947:
1460:
1425:
718:
as the father of Darius the Mede, and the description of the latter as uncle and father-in-law of
2014:
1924:
1806:
1652:
1561:
Kant, I. Der einzig mögliche
Beweisgrund zu einer Demonstration des Daseins Gottes. 1763. AA 2:76
910:
883:
863:
780:(also the name of another character in the story of Tobit). Other Septuagint texts have the name
47:
1318:
466:
365:, the form traditionally used in English Bibles. The Persian name was independently rendered in
1000:
894:
347:
1485:
1959:
1591:
697:
185:
2097:
1114:
1067:
835:
731:
378:. Many newer English translations and paraphrases of the Bible have used the name Xerxes.
8:
1008:
2034:
1796:
1279:
1165:
274:
20:
1539:
1148:
Littman, Robert J. (1975). "The Religious Policy of Xerxes and the "Book of Esther"".
737:
Most scholars view Darius the Mede as a literary fiction, or possibly a conflation of
546:, who relates that "Artaxerxes" was the name by which he was known to the Greeks. The
454:
refers to the king as 'Artaxerxes,' who was the younger son of Xerxes (Ancient Greek:
1883:
1765:
1613:
1491:
1305:
1238:
1118:
1071:
963:
757:
502:
439:
419:
489:
It is believed the Hebrew 'Ahasuerus' descended from the Persian names for Xerxes I.
1271:
1157:
1110:
1063:
854:
769:
738:
102:
89:
1635:
2125:
1232:
943:
719:
705:
579:
578:
also identifies Ahasuerus as Artaxerxes II citing the sixth century AD historian
338:
157:
815:
The Only Possible Argument in Support of a Demonstration of the Existence of God
675:) who reigned (perhaps as an imposter) for seven months between Cambyses II and
2062:
1999:
1857:
1675:
1191:
710:
652:
406:
389:
258:
246:
230:
1206:
2173:
2072:
2067:
1878:
1873:
1580:
1519:
1190:. Mordecai was said to have been among the exiles deported from Jerusalem by
809:
805:
636:
606:(Artexerxes II's physician) respectively. These derive from the Persian name
567:
366:
262:
170:
2082:
1888:
750:
656:
575:
561:
527:
410:. He is said to have “ruled over a hundred and twenty-seven provinces from
270:
242:
521:
305:'male' > 'king of all male; Hero among Kings'). That became Babylonian
2158:
2153:
2148:
2135:
2077:
1914:
874:
723:
664:
663:
who reigned from 486 to 465 BC. Other identifications have been made for
474:
286:
206:
1283:
1259:
1169:
1101:
Tucker, Gene M. (2004) , Metzger, Bruce M.; Coogan, Michael D. (eds.),
611:
447:
226:
85:
461:
2105:
1739:
1609:
645:
622:
as well as agreeing with Al-Tabari and Masudi's placement of events.
493:
427:
1275:
1194:, but that deportation occurred 112 years before Xerxes became king.
1161:
2143:
2120:
2110:
2024:
1951:
1821:
1755:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1579: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
1345:
John of Ephesus. A Monophysite Historian in Sixth-century Byzantium
1187:
1029:
848:
789:
776:) edition, the two names in this verse appear instead as one name,
768:
view is that he is identical to the Ahasuerus of Daniel 9:1 In the
765:
727:
715:
676:
660:
619:
583:
543:
539:
514:
482:
435:
290:
266:
547:
1847:
1816:
1786:
1644:
761:
668:
603:
531:
250:
238:
434:, and that the name Ahasuerus is usually understood to refer to
33:
2115:
2087:
2044:
2039:
2004:
1831:
1826:
1801:
1180:
1176:
777:
614:"Arshu" for Artaxerxes II found on a contemporary inscription (
599:
443:
401:
254:
123:
129:
1982:
1852:
1811:
1760:
1683:
1183:
793:
506:
431:
415:
411:
370:
358:
1260:"Mordecai, the Persepolis Tablets, and the Susa Excavations"
1770:
1016:
1012:
908:
498:
400:"Ahasuerus" is given as the name of a king, the husband of
220:
132:
105:
996:
935:
846:
773:
120:
114:
1536:"The legend of the wandering Jew in Europe and Romania"
888:
868:
285:
The Hebrew form is believed to have derived from the
144:
135:
117:
108:
796:", who historically did destroy Nineveh, in 612 BC.
756:, Ahasuerus is given as the name of an associate of
517:, as both are mentioned serving in the king's court.
352:
192:
177:
1465:
1234:
The Book of Esther between Judaism and Christianity
126:
111:
1604:. In Longman, Tremper; Garland, David E. (eds.).
722:by mediaeval Jewish commentators matches that of
253:official (or Median king) first appearing in the
2171:
1377:, Livius, Articles on Ancient History, 1996–2008
704:Ahasuerus is given as the name of the father of
19:"Ahasverus" redirects here. For the beetle, see
562:Identification of "Ahasuerus" as Artaxerxes II
324:
310:
1967:
1660:
522:Identification of "Ahasuerus" as Artaxerxes I
1401:A Political History of the Achaemenid Empire
162:
726:, who is said to be the son of Astyages by
610:as do "Ahasuerus" ("(Arta)Xerxes") and the
1974:
1960:
1667:
1653:
1633:
1584:
1414:The Book of Esther in the Light of History
1237:. Cambridge University Press. p. 99.
764:just before Tobit's death. A traditional
16:Name of various rulers in the Hebrew Bible
1477:
1062:(2nd ed.), Oxford University Press,
659:. Modern commentators associate him with
651:Ahasuerus is also given as the name of a
462:Identification of "Ahasuerus" as Xerxes I
1257:
1053:
686:
629:
465:
380:
74:
58:of all important aspects of the article.
1634:McCullough, W. S. (1984). "Ahasureus".
1147:
784:. Western scholars have proposed that
566:Some have speculated that the king was
2172:
1637:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. I, Fasc. 6
1487:Daniel: An Introduction and Commentary
1230:
1100:
981:Seventh-day Adventist Bible Commentary
804:In some versions of the legend of the
54:Please consider expanding the lead to
1955:
1648:
1483:
1406:
554:, usually the Ethiopic equivalent of
1981:
1599:
1595:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
1471:
1451:, as quoted by Bible.cc/ezra/4-7.htm
1439:, as quoted by Bible.cc/ezra/4-7.htm
1437:Gill's Exposition of the Whole Bible
1115:10.1093/acref/9780195046458.001.0001
1068:10.1093/acref/9780199543984.001.0001
760:, who, together with him, destroyed
574:, the 13th century Syriac historian
265:. It is a transliteration of either
27:
1490:. InterVarsity Press. p. 117.
1334:, Gorgias Press LLC, reprinted 2003
878:
858:
530:. The Septuagint, the Vulgate, the
342:
163:
161:
13:
1674:
1585:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "
1399:M. A. Dandamaev, W. J. Vogelsang,
598:for Artaxerxes II Mnemon given by
590:(AD 75) records alternative names
14:
2216:
1627:
1390:, Little, Brown and Company, 1885
1386:John Dryden, Arthur Hugh Clough,
1107:The Oxford Companion to the Bible
741:with prophecies about the Medes.
682:
422:. Some consider the narrative of
395:
1606:The Expositor's Bible Commentary
1574:
1449:Clarke's Commentary on the Bible
1332:The Chronography of Bar Hebraeus
1054:Browning, W. R. F., ed. (2009),
744:
101:
32:
1555:
1527:
1513:
1504:
1454:
1442:
1430:
1419:
1416:, Oxford University Press, 1923
1393:
1380:
1367:
1350:
1337:
1324:
1312:
1309:, Book 11, chapter 6, section 1
1297:
1251:
1224:
968:Holman Christian Standard Bible
952:21st Century King James Version
812:refers to the Wandering Jew in
788:is a variant form of the name "
625:
46:may be too short to adequately
1258:Yamauchi, Edwin (April 1992).
1199:
1141:
1094:
1047:
1022:
990:
973:
929:
828:
56:provide an accessible overview
1:
1894:Esther in rabbinic literature
1321:at the JewishEncyclopedia.com
922:
799:
273:; both are names of multiple
2190:Monarchs in the Hebrew Bible
1941:Tomb of Esther and Mordechai
1899:Haman in rabbinic literature
1186:, or a high placed courtier
909:
847:
505:Xerxes I became involved in
280:
221:
7:
1150:The Jewish Quarterly Review
1109:, Oxford University Press,
960:Young's Literal Translation
889:
869:
353:
241:) is a name applied in the
193:
178:
10:
2221:
1568:
898:
839:
455:
371:
325:
311:
210:
18:
2134:
2096:
2053:
1992:
1933:
1907:
1866:
1840:
1779:
1748:
1682:
1060:A Dictionary of the Bible
1600:Hill, Andrew E. (2009).
821:
749:In some versions of the
386:The Banquet of Ahasuerus
1484:House, Paul R. (2018).
1306:Antiquities of the Jews
693:Esther Before Ahasuerus
81:Esther Before Ahasuerus
2019:in rabbinic literature
2009:in rabbinic literature
1343:Jan Jacob van Ginkel,
1231:Kalimi, Isaac (2023).
701:
648:
478:
471:The wrath of Ahasuerus
418:" — that is, over the
392:
337:) and was borrowed as
234:
93:
2200:Book of Esther people
2195:Book of Daniel people
1592:Catholic Encyclopedia
1510:Book of Tobit, 14:15.
1358:Encyclopaedia Iranica
1103:"Esther, The Book of"
698:Artemisia Gentileschi
690:
633:
469:
384:
78:
2185:Babylonian captivity
732:Behistun Inscription
602:(c. 360–340 BC) and
1640:. pp. 634–635.
536:Esther Rabbah, I, 3
245:to three rulers of
2035:Bigthan and Teresh
1797:Bigthan and Teresh
1542:on 3 February 2008
1412:Jacob Hoschander,
1303:Flavius Josephus,
714:. Josephus names
702:
649:
479:
426:was to provide an
393:
275:Achaemenid dynasty
94:
21:Ahasverus (beetle)
2167:
2166:
2073:Purim HaMeshulash
1949:
1948:
1884:Megillah (Talmud)
1533:Andrei Oişteanu,
1497:978-0-8308-9100-9
1375:Ctesias of Cnidus
1347:, Groningen, 1995
1264:Vetus Testamentum
1244:978-1-009-26612-3
1124:978-0-19-504645-8
1077:978-0-19-954398-4
964:Darby Translation
907:
887:
867:
845:
503:defeat at Salamis
440:Achaemenid Empire
420:Achaemenid Empire
351:
261:and later in the
219:
201:
189:
174:
73:
72:
2212:
2180:History of Purim
1986:
1976:
1969:
1962:
1953:
1952:
1920:Oxyrhynchus 4443
1669:
1662:
1655:
1646:
1645:
1641:
1623:
1602:"Daniel-Malachi"
1596:
1578:
1577:
1562:
1559:
1553:
1552:Studia Hebraica.
1551:
1549:
1547:
1538:. Archived from
1531:
1525:
1517:
1511:
1508:
1502:
1501:
1481:
1475:
1469:
1463:
1458:
1452:
1446:
1440:
1434:
1428:
1423:
1417:
1410:
1404:
1397:
1391:
1388:Plutarch's Lives
1384:
1378:
1373:Jona Lendering,
1371:
1365:
1356:Wolfgang Felix,
1354:
1348:
1341:
1335:
1330:E. A. W. Budge,
1328:
1322:
1316:
1310:
1301:
1295:
1294:
1292:
1290:
1255:
1249:
1248:
1228:
1222:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1203:
1197:
1196:
1145:
1139:
1138:
1133:
1131:
1098:
1092:
1091:
1086:
1084:
1051:
1045:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1026:
1020:
994:
988:
977:
971:
933:
916:
914:
902:
900:
892:
882:
880:
872:
862:
860:
852:
844:romanized:
843:
841:
840:𐎧𐏁𐎹𐎠𐎼𐏁𐎠𐎴
832:
770:Codex Sinaiticus
751:deuterocanonical
739:Darius the Great
457:
438:, who ruled the
374:
373:
357:and thence into
356:
346:
344:
328:
327:
314:
313:
224:
214:
212:
199:
196:
184:
181:
169:
167:
166:
165:
152:
148:
142:
141:
138:
137:
134:
131:
128:
125:
122:
119:
116:
113:
110:
107:
90:Royal Collection
68:
65:
59:
36:
28:
2220:
2219:
2215:
2214:
2213:
2211:
2210:
2209:
2205:Darius the Mede
2170:
2169:
2168:
2163:
2130:
2126:Mishloach manot
2092:
2055:
2049:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1950:
1945:
1929:
1925:Palau-Ribes 163
1903:
1862:
1836:
1775:
1744:
1678:
1673:
1630:
1620:
1608:. Vol. 8.
1575:
1571:
1566:
1565:
1560:
1556:
1545:
1543:
1534:
1532:
1528:
1518:
1514:
1509:
1505:
1498:
1482:
1478:
1470:
1466:
1459:
1455:
1447:
1443:
1435:
1431:
1424:
1420:
1411:
1407:
1398:
1394:
1385:
1381:
1372:
1368:
1355:
1351:
1342:
1338:
1329:
1325:
1317:
1313:
1302:
1298:
1288:
1286:
1276:10.2307/1519506
1256:
1252:
1245:
1229:
1225:
1215:
1213:
1211:studybible.info
1205:
1204:
1200:
1162:10.2307/1454354
1146:
1142:
1129:
1127:
1125:
1099:
1095:
1082:
1080:
1078:
1052:
1048:
1038:
1036:
1034:www.sefaria.org
1028:
1027:
1023:
999:, The Message,
995:
991:
978:
974:
944:Amplified Bible
934:
930:
925:
920:
919:
833:
829:
824:
802:
747:
706:Darius the Mede
685:
628:
580:John of Ephesus
564:
550:text calls him
524:
464:
398:
334:
283:
277:Persian kings.
150:
146:
104:
100:
69:
63:
60:
53:
41:This article's
37:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2218:
2208:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2165:
2164:
2162:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2140:
2138:
2132:
2131:
2129:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2102:
2100:
2094:
2093:
2091:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2063:Fast of Esther
2059:
2057:
2051:
2050:
2048:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2012:
2002:
2000:Book of Esther
1996:
1994:
1990:
1989:
1979:
1978:
1971:
1964:
1956:
1947:
1946:
1944:
1943:
1937:
1935:
1931:
1930:
1928:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1911:
1909:
1905:
1904:
1902:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1870:
1868:
1864:
1863:
1861:
1860:
1858:Fast of Esther
1855:
1850:
1844:
1842:
1838:
1837:
1835:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1783:
1781:
1777:
1776:
1774:
1773:
1771:Shushan (Susa)
1768:
1763:
1758:
1752:
1750:
1746:
1745:
1743:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1691:
1689:
1680:
1679:
1676:Book of Esther
1672:
1671:
1664:
1657:
1649:
1643:
1642:
1629:
1628:External links
1626:
1625:
1624:
1618:
1597:
1570:
1567:
1564:
1563:
1554:
1526:
1512:
1503:
1496:
1476:
1474:, p. 114.
1464:
1453:
1441:
1429:
1418:
1405:
1392:
1379:
1366:
1349:
1336:
1323:
1311:
1296:
1270:(2): 272–275.
1250:
1243:
1223:
1198:
1192:Nebuchadnezzar
1140:
1123:
1093:
1076:
1046:
1021:
989:
979:Nichol, F.D.,
972:
927:
926:
924:
921:
918:
917:
826:
825:
823:
820:
801:
798:
758:Nebuchadnezzar
746:
743:
711:Book of Daniel
684:
683:Book of Daniel
681:
653:King of Persia
641:Esther's Feast
635:Ahasuerus and
627:
624:
563:
560:
523:
520:
519:
518:
511:
490:
463:
460:
452:Book of Esther
407:Book of Esther
397:
396:Book of Esther
394:
390:Aert de Gelder
343:אֲחַשְׁוֵרוֹשׁ
332:
317:aḫ-ši-ia-ar-šu
282:
279:
259:Book of Esther
247:Ancient Persia
164:אֲחַשְׁוֵרוֹשׁ
71:
70:
64:September 2021
50:the key points
40:
38:
31:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2217:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2177:
2175:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2141:
2139:
2137:
2133:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2103:
2101:
2099:
2095:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2068:Shushan Purim
2066:
2064:
2061:
2060:
2058:
2052:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2020:
2016:
2013:
2010:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1997:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1977:
1972:
1970:
1965:
1963:
1958:
1957:
1954:
1942:
1939:
1938:
1936:
1932:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1912:
1910:
1906:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1879:Five Megillot
1877:
1875:
1874:Esther Rabbah
1872:
1871:
1869:
1865:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1845:
1843:
1839:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1784:
1782:
1778:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1753:
1751:
1747:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1692:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1670:
1665:
1663:
1658:
1656:
1651:
1650:
1647:
1639:
1638:
1632:
1631:
1621:
1619:9780310590545
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1598:
1594:
1593:
1588:
1582:
1581:public domain
1573:
1572:
1558:
1541:
1537:
1530:
1524:
1523:
1516:
1507:
1499:
1493:
1489:
1488:
1480:
1473:
1468:
1462:
1457:
1450:
1445:
1438:
1433:
1427:
1422:
1415:
1409:
1403:, BRILL, 1989
1402:
1396:
1389:
1383:
1376:
1370:
1363:
1359:
1353:
1346:
1340:
1333:
1327:
1320:
1315:
1308:
1307:
1300:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1254:
1246:
1240:
1236:
1235:
1227:
1212:
1208:
1202:
1195:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1182:
1178:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1144:
1137:
1126:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1097:
1090:
1079:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1050:
1035:
1031:
1025:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
993:
986:
982:
976:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
932:
928:
913:
912:
905:
896:
895:Ancient Greek
891:
885:
876:
871:
865:
856:
851:
850:
837:
831:
827:
819:
817:
816:
811:
810:Immanuel Kant
807:
806:Wandering Jew
797:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
754:Book of Tobit
752:
745:Book of Tobit
742:
740:
735:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
712:
707:
699:
695:
694:
689:
680:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
647:
643:
642:
638:
632:
623:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
568:Artaxerxes II
559:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
495:
491:
488:
487:
486:
484:
476:
473:(anonymous),
472:
468:
459:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
408:
403:
391:
387:
383:
379:
377:
368:
367:Ancient Greek
364:
360:
355:
349:
340:
336:
322:
318:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
278:
276:
272:
268:
264:
263:Book of Tobit
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
223:
217:
208:
204:
197:
195:
187:
182:
180:
172:
159:
155:
154:
140:
98:
91:
87:
83:
82:
77:
67:
57:
51:
49:
44:
39:
35:
30:
29:
26:
22:
2083:Second Purim
2029:
1983:Purim
1889:Targum Sheni
1791:
1636:
1605:
1590:
1557:
1544:. Retrieved
1540:the original
1529:
1521:
1515:
1506:
1486:
1479:
1467:
1456:
1448:
1444:
1436:
1432:
1421:
1413:
1408:
1400:
1395:
1387:
1382:
1374:
1369:
1361:
1357:
1352:
1344:
1339:
1331:
1326:
1314:
1304:
1299:
1287:. Retrieved
1267:
1263:
1253:
1233:
1226:
1214:. Retrieved
1210:
1201:
1173:
1153:
1149:
1143:
1135:
1128:, retrieved
1106:
1096:
1088:
1081:, retrieved
1059:
1049:
1037:. Retrieved
1033:
1024:
992:
984:
980:
975:
931:
830:
813:
803:
785:
781:
753:
748:
736:
709:
703:
691:
672:
657:Book of Ezra
650:
634:
626:Book of Ezra
615:
607:
595:
591:
587:
576:Bar Hebraeus
572:Chronography
571:
565:
555:
551:
535:
528:Artaxerxes I
525:
480:
470:
451:
423:
405:
399:
385:
375:
362:
330:
326:𒀝𒅆𒄿𒈠𒅈𒍪
320:
316:
306:
302:
298:
294:
284:
271:Artaxerxes I
243:Hebrew Bible
203:Achashverosh
202:
191:
176:
96:
95:
79:
61:
45:
43:lead section
25:
2159:Purim rabbi
2154:Purim Torah
2149:Purim spiel
2136:Purim humor
2098:Purim foods
2078:Purim Katan
2056:observances
1915:Papyrus 967
1908:Manuscripts
1364:, 1996–2008
1056:"Ahasuerus"
1039:25 February
875:New Persian
836:Old Persian
724:Cyaxares II
665:Cambyses II
608:Khshayarsha
475:Rijksmuseum
319:) and then
287:Old Persian
207:Koine Greek
84:(1547–48),
2174:Categories
1993:Background
1985:(פּוּרִים)
1522:New Advent
1461:Daniel 9:1
1426:Ezra 4:5–7
1156:(3): 146.
1030:"Esther 1"
923:References
800:In legends
790:Cyaxares I
612:hypocorism
556:Artaxerxes
492:Historian
456:Ἀρταξέρξης
448:Septuagint
331:ak-ši-i-wa
312:𒄴𒅆𒐊𒅈𒋗
251:Babylonian
227:Septuagint
194:ʾĂḥašwērōš
179:ʾĂḥašverōš
86:Tintoretto
2106:Hamantash
2054:Religious
2030:Ahasuerus
1792:Ahasuerus
1610:Zondervan
1472:Hill 2009
1319:Ahasuerus
904:romanized
884:romanized
864:romanized
849:Xšaya-ṛšā
786:Achiachar
782:Achiachar
700:, c. 1630
646:Rembrandt
570:. In his
494:Herodotus
428:aetiology
404:, in the
363:Ahasuerus
354:Ăḥašwēroš
348:romanized
321:Akšîwâršu
307:Aḫšiyâršu
301:'king' +
281:Etymology
249:and to a
225:, in the
216:romanized
97:Ahasuerus
48:summarize
2144:Adloyada
2121:Kreplach
2111:Fazuelos
2025:Mordecai
1867:Analysis
1822:Mordecai
1756:Ethiopia
1695:Esther 1
1687:chapters
1587:Assuerus
1546:12 March
1360:, entry
1216:18 April
1188:Mordecai
1130:17 April
1083:17 April
985:Volume 3
766:Catholic
728:Xenophon
716:Astyages
677:Darius I
667:or with
661:Xerxes I
620:Berossus
584:Plutarch
552:Arťeksis
548:Ethiopic
544:Josephus
540:Josippon
538:and the
515:Mordecai
483:Xerxes I
436:Xerxes I
295:Xšayāršā
291:Xerxes I
289:name of
267:Xerxes I
235:Assuerus
222:Asouḗros
211:Ἀσουήρος
200:commonly
186:Tiberian
2017: (
2007: (
1848:Agagite
1841:Phrases
1817:Memucan
1787:Abagtha
1583::
1569:Sources
1289:1 March
1284:1519506
1170:1454354
906::
890:Xašāyār
886::
870:Axšoreš
866::
855:Persian
772:Greek (
762:Nineveh
708:in the
673:Smerdis
671:(Greek
669:Bardiya
655:in the
604:Ctesias
596:Arsicas
586:in his
532:Midrash
350::
257:in the
239:Vulgate
237:in the
218::
2116:Impade
2088:Grager
2045:Zeresh
2040:Vashti
2005:Esther
1832:Zeresh
1827:Vashti
1802:Esther
1780:People
1766:Persia
1749:Places
1616:
1494:
1282:
1241:
1181:vizier
1177:Vashti
1168:
1121:
1074:
1019:, etc.
970:, etc.
911:Xérxēs
899:Ξέρξης
879:خشایار
859:اخشورش
778:Ahikar
600:Deinon
592:Oarses
510:2:16).
450:, the
444:Vashti
424:Esther
402:Esther
376:Xérxēs
372:Ξέρξης
339:Hebrew
335:-ar-šu
297:(<
255:Tanakh
190:
175:
171:Modern
158:Hebrew
2015:Haman
1934:Sites
1853:Purim
1812:Hegai
1807:Haman
1761:India
1684:Bible
1362:Dinon
1280:JSTOR
1184:Haman
1166:JSTOR
822:Notes
794:Media
720:Cyrus
644:, by
637:Haman
588:Lives
507:harem
432:Purim
416:Nubia
412:India
359:Latin
303:aršan
299:xšaya
231:Latin
1614:ISBN
1548:2008
1492:ISBN
1291:2024
1239:ISBN
1218:2020
1132:2020
1119:ISBN
1085:2020
1072:ISBN
1041:2023
1017:TNIV
1013:NIRV
940:NASB
834:Cf.
616:LBAT
594:and
499:Susa
430:for
149:-ew-
1589:".
1272:doi
1158:doi
1111:doi
1064:doi
1009:NCV
1005:CEV
1001:NLT
997:NIV
956:ASV
948:ESV
936:KJV
792:of
774:LXX
639:at
534:of
458:).
414:to
369:as
361:as
269:or
153:-əs
151:EER
147:HAZ
130:ɪər
2176::
1740:10
1612:.
1278:.
1268:42
1266:.
1262:.
1209:.
1172:.
1164:.
1154:65
1152:.
1134:,
1117:,
1105:,
1087:,
1070:,
1058:,
1032:.
1015:,
1011:,
1007:,
1003:,
983:,
966:,
962:,
958:,
954:,
950:,
946:,
942:,
938:,
901:,
897::
893:;
881:,
877::
873:;
861:,
857::
853:;
842:,
838::
818:.
696:,
679:.
582:.
558:.
388:,
345:,
341::
329:,
315:,
293:,
233::
229:;
213:,
209::
205:;
198:,
183:,
168:,
160::
156:;
145:ə-
88:,
2021:)
2011:)
1975:e
1968:t
1961:v
1735:9
1730:8
1725:7
1720:6
1715:5
1710:4
1705:3
1700:2
1668:e
1661:t
1654:v
1622:.
1550:.
1500:.
1293:.
1274::
1247:.
1220:.
1160::
1113::
1066::
1043:.
915:.
497:(
477:.
333:6
323:(
309:(
188::
173::
139:/
136:s
133:ə
127:ˈ
124:u
121:j
118:z
115:æ
112:h
109:ˌ
106:ə
103:/
99:(
92:.
66:)
62:(
52:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
;_Tintoretto,_Jacopo.jpg)