Hebrew language - Knowledge

609: 1607: 2693:(the number of Biblical Hebrew roots, on which many of these words are based, is 2099). The number of attested Rabbinic Hebrew words is less than 20,000, of which (i) 7879 are Rabbinic par excellence, i.e. they did not appear in the Old Testament (the number of new Rabbinic Hebrew roots is 805); (ii) around 6000 are a subset of Biblical Hebrew; and (iii) several thousand are Aramaic words which can have a Hebrew form. Medieval Hebrew added 6421 words to (Modern) Hebrew. The approximate number of new lexical items in Israeli is 17,000 (cf. 14,762 in Even-Shoshan 1970 ). With the inclusion of foreign and technical terms , the total number of Israeli words, including words of biblical, rabbinic and medieval descent, is more than 60,000. 2172: 5423: 1830:. The earlier section of the Talmud is the Mishnah that was published around 200 CE, although many of the stories take place much earlier, and were written in the earlier Mishnaic dialect. The dialect is also found in certain Dead Sea Scrolls. Mishnaic Hebrew is considered to be one of the dialects of Classical Hebrew that functioned as a living language in the land of Israel. A transitional form of the language occurs in the other works of Tannaitic literature dating from the century beginning with the completion of the Mishnah. These include the 6455: 6437: 6419: 6401: 6383: 58: 654: 5880: 2710: 674: 7014:"If you couldn't speak Greek by say the time of early Christianity you couldn't get a job. You wouldn't get a good job. A professional job. You had to know Greek in addition to your own language. And so you were getting to a point where Jews... the Jewish community in, say, Egypt and large cities like Alexandria didn't know Hebrew anymore, they only knew Greek. And so you need a Greek version in the synagogue." – Josheph Blankinsopp, Professor of Biblical Studies University of Notre Dame in A&E's 12163: 1934: 1479: 12146: 1915: 6653:"Mother tongue" education is mostly limited to Turkish teaching in Turkey. No other language can be taught as a mother tongue other than Armenian, Greek, and Hebrew, as agreed in the Lausanne Treaty Like Jews and Greeks, Armenians enjoy the privilege of an officially recognized minority status. No language other than Turkish can be taught at schools or at cultural centers. Only Armenian, Greek, and Hebrew are exceptions to this constitutional rule. 6060: 2109:'s letters to his lieutenants, which were mostly in Aramaic, and Maimonides' writings, which were mostly in Arabic; but overall, Hebrew did not cease to be used for such purposes. For example, the first Middle East printing press, in Safed (modern Israel), produced a small number of books in Hebrew in 1577, which were then sold to the nearby Jewish world. This meant not only that well-educated Jews in all parts of the world could correspond in a 2405:(because Hebrew was the holy language of the Torah and therefore some thought that it should not be used to discuss everyday matters), many soon understood the need for a common language amongst Jews of the British Mandate who at the turn of the 20th century were arriving in large numbers from diverse countries and speaking different languages. A Committee of the Hebrew Language was established. After the establishment of Israel, it became the 12061: 12112: 8922: 6032: 12180: 12129: 12095: 6046: 12078: 1261: 2489: 2477: 7899:

periods."; p. 107 "John did not mention what either βεθεσδα or γαββαθα meant. They may both have been loanwords from Greek and Latin respectively." p103 "βεθεσδα ... (בית-אסטא(ן ... house of portico ... 3Q15 אסטאן הדרומית southern portico," and Latin gabata (p. 106) "means platter, dish... perhaps a mosaic design in the pavement ... " The Latin loanword is attested as "bowl" in later

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Randall Buth and Chad Pierce "EBRAISTI in Ancient Texts, Does ἑβραιστί ever Mean 'Aramaic'?" in Buth and Notley eds., Language Environment of First Century Judaea, Brill, 2014:66–109. p. 109 "no, Ἑβραιστί does not ever appear to mean Aramaic in attested texts during the Second Temple and Graeco-Roman

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Currently, 90% of Israeli Jews are proficient in Hebrew, and 70% are highly proficient. Some 60% of Israeli Arabs are also proficient in Hebrew, and 30% report having a higher proficiency in Hebrew than in Arabic. In total, about 53% of the Israeli population speaks Hebrew as a native language, while

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education (the language itself did not cease to be studied at universities for historical and linguistic purposes). The official ordinance stated that Yiddish, being the spoken language of the Russian Jews, should be treated as their only national language, while Hebrew was to be treated as a foreign

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Sometimes the above phases of spoken Classical Hebrew are simplified into "Biblical Hebrew" (including several dialects from the 10th century BCE to 2nd century BCE and extant in certain Dead Sea Scrolls) and "Mishnaic Hebrew" (including several dialects from the 3rd century BCE to the 3rd century CE

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The vowel accompanying each of these letters may differ from those listed above, depending on the first letter or vowel following it. The rules governing these changes are hardly observed in colloquial speech as most speakers tend to employ the regular form. However, they may be heard in more formal

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In the Soviet Union, the use of Hebrew, along with other Jewish cultural and religious activities, was suppressed. Soviet authorities considered the use of Hebrew "reactionary" since it was associated with Zionism, and the teaching of Hebrew at primary and secondary schools was officially banned by

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from the large corpus of Hebrew writings since the Hebrew Bible, or borrowed from Arabic (mainly by Ben-Yehuda) and older Aramaic and Latin. Many new words were either borrowed from or coined after European languages, especially English, Russian, German, and French. Modern Hebrew became an official

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was to "produce a work that could be studied daily so that Jews might know the proper procedures to follow minute by minute". The work was nevertheless written in Talmudic Hebrew and Aramaic, since, "the ordinary Jew of a century ago, was fluent enough in this idiom to be able to follow the Mishna

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About a century after the publication of the Mishnah, Mishnaic Hebrew fell into disuse as a spoken language. By the third century CE, sages could no longer identify the Hebrew names of many plants mentioned in the Mishnah. Only a few sages, primarily in the southern regions, retained the ability to

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Standard Biblical Hebrew, also called Biblical Hebrew, Early Biblical Hebrew, Classical Biblical Hebrew or Classical Hebrew (in the narrowest sense), around the 8th to 6th centuries BCE, corresponding to the late Monarchic period and the Babylonian exile. It is represented by the bulk of the Hebrew

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Many synagogues in the diaspora, even though Ashkenazi by rite and by ethnic composition, have adopted the "Sephardic" pronunciation in deference to Israeli Hebrew. However, in many British and American schools and synagogues, this pronunciation retains several elements of its Ashkenazi substrate,

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argues that after waning in the Persian period, the religious importance of Hebrew grew in the Hellenistic and Roman periods, and cites epigraphical evidence that Hebrew survived as a vernacular language – though both its grammar and its writing system had been substantially influenced by Aramaic.

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Oran farther points out that the rights set out for the four categories are stated to be the 'fundamental law' of the land, so that no legislation or official action shall conflict or interfere with these stipulations or prevail over them (article 37). According to the Turkish state, only Greek,

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Hebrew persevered through the ages as the main language for written purposes by all Jewish communities around the world for a large range of uses—not only liturgy, but also poetry, philosophy, science and medicine, commerce, daily correspondence and contracts. There have been many deviations from

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and thus still influences all other regional dialects of Hebrew. This Tiberian Hebrew from the 7th to 10th century CE is sometimes called "Biblical Hebrew" because it is used to pronounce the Hebrew Bible; however, properly it should be distinguished from the historical Biblical Hebrew of the 6th

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contains some Semitic place names and quotes. The language of such Semitic glosses (and in general the language spoken by Jews in scenes from the New Testament) is often referred to as "Hebrew" in the text, although this term is often re-interpreted as referring to Aramaic instead and is rendered

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with powerful ties to Israel's history, origins and golden age and as the language of Israel's religion; Aramaic functioned as the international language with the rest of the Middle East; and eventually Greek functioned as another international language with the eastern areas of the Roman Empire.

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Sáenz-Badillos, Ángel (1993): "There is general agreement that two main periods of RH (Rabbinical Hebrew) can be distinguished. The first, which lasted until the close of the Tannaitic era (around 200 CE), is characterized by RH as a spoken language gradually developing into a literary medium in

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language, and that books and legal documents published or written in any part of the world could be read by Jews in all other parts, but that an educated Jew could travel and converse with Jews in distant places, just as priests and other educated Christians could converse in Latin. For example,

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The Qumran scrolls indicate that Hebrew texts were readily understandable to the average Jew, and that the language had evolved since Biblical times as spoken languages do. Recent scholarship recognizes that reports of Jews speaking in Aramaic indicate a multilingual society, not necessarily the

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language. Hebrew books and periodicals ceased to be published and were seized from the libraries, although liturgical texts were still published until the 1930s. Despite numerous protests, a policy of suppression of the teaching of Hebrew operated from the 1930s on. Later in the 1980s in the

2187:(Enlightenment) movement of early and mid-19th-century Germany. In the early 19th century, a form of spoken Hebrew had emerged in the markets of Jerusalem between Jews of different linguistic backgrounds to communicate for commercial purposes. This Hebrew dialect was to a certain extent a 1879:, generally comments on the Mishnah and Baraitot in two forms of Aramaic. Nevertheless, Hebrew survived as a liturgical and literary language in the form of later Amoraic Hebrew, which occasionally appears in the text of the Gemara, particularly in the Jerusalem Talmud and the classical 5788: 5318:. 4-consonant roots also exist and became more frequent in the modern language due to a process of coining verbs from nouns that are themselves constructed from 3-consonant verbs. Some triliteral roots lose one of their consonants in most forms and are called "Nakhim" (Resting). 6250:

The Cambridge History of Judaism: "Thus in certain sources Aramaic words are termed 'Hebrew,' ... For example: η επιλεγομενη εβραιστι βηθεσδα 'which is called in the Hebrew tongue Bethesda' (John 5.2). This is not a Hebrew name but rather an Aramaic one: בית חסדא, 'the house of

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to the Hebrew letters to preserve much earlier features of Hebrew, for use in chanting the Hebrew Bible. The Masoretes inherited a biblical text whose letters were considered too sacred to be altered, so their markings were in the form of pointing in and around the letters. The

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and represented by certain texts in the Hebrew Bible, notably the books of Ezra and Nehemiah. Basically similar to Classical Biblical Hebrew, apart from a few foreign words adopted for mainly governmental terms, and some syntactical innovations such as the use of the particle

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recognized Hebrew as one of the country's three official languages (English, Arabic, and Hebrew, in 1922), its new formal status contributed to its diffusion. A constructed modern language with a truly Semitic vocabulary and written appearance, although often European in

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and extant in certain other Dead Sea Scrolls). However, today most Hebrew linguists classify Dead Sea Scroll Hebrew as a set of dialects evolving out of Late Biblical Hebrew and into Mishnaic Hebrew, thus including elements from both but remaining distinct from either.

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and sees RH being replaced by Aramaic as the spoken vernacular, surviving only as a literary language. Then it continued to be used in later rabbinic writings until the tenth century in, for example, the Hebrew portions of the two Talmuds and in midrashic and haggadic

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and Ben Yehuda are notable exceptions to this view. During the latter half of the 20th century, accumulating archaeological evidence and especially linguistic analysis of the Dead Sea Scrolls has disproven that view. The Dead Sea Scrolls, uncovered in 1946–1948 near

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was mainly used in Galilee in the north, Greek was concentrated in the former colonies and around governmental centers, and Hebrew monolingualism continued mainly in the southern villages of Judea." In other words, "in terms of dialect geography, at the time of the

3007:(northern and eastern European) traditions have lost emphatics and pharyngeals (although according to Ashkenazi law, pharyngeal articulation is preferred over uvular or glottal articulation when representing the community in religious service such as prayer and 1534:

in Jerusalem, and represented by the Qumran Scrolls that form most (but not all) of the Dead Sea Scrolls. Commonly abbreviated as DSS Hebrew, also called Qumran Hebrew. The Imperial Aramaic script of the earlier scrolls in the 3rd century BCE evolved into the

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activity into a gradually accepted movement. It was not, however, until the 1904–1914 Second Aliyah that Hebrew had caught real momentum in Ottoman Palestine with the more highly organized enterprises set forth by the new group of immigrants. When the

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script is used in handwriting: the letters tend to appear more circular in form when written in cursive, and sometimes vary markedly from their printed equivalents. The medieval version of the cursive script forms the basis of another style, known as

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which once said, in 1958 in its first edition, that Hebrew "ceased to be a spoken language around the fourth century BCE", now says, in its 1997 (third) edition, that Hebrew "continued to be used as a spoken and written language in the New Testament

2417:). The seeds of Ben-Yehuda's work fell on fertile ground, and by the beginning of the 20th century, Hebrew was well on its way to becoming the main language of the Jewish population of both Ottoman and British Palestine. At the time, members of the 2076:

motivated Medieval Hebrew to borrow terminology and grammar from these other languages, or to coin equivalent terms from existing Hebrew roots, giving rise to a distinct style of philosophical Hebrew. This is used in the translations made by the

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said, four languages are appropriate that the world should use them, and they are these: The Foreign Language (Greek) for song, Latin for war, Syriac for elegies, Hebrew for speech. Some are saying, also Assyrian (Hebrew script) for writing."

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These pronunciations are still used in synagogue ritual and religious study in Israel and elsewhere, mostly by people who are not native speakers of Hebrew. However, some traditionalist Israelis use liturgical pronunciations in prayer.

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differs from other Mizrahi dialects by having a radically different vowel system, and distinguishing between different diacritically marked consonants that are pronounced identically in other dialects (for example gimel and "ghimel".)

1900:, they adapted to the societies in which they found themselves, yet letters, contracts, commerce, science, philosophy, medicine, poetry and laws continued to be written mostly in Hebrew, which adapted by borrowing and inventing terms. 1743:

According to another summary, Greek was the language of government, Hebrew the language of prayer, study and religious texts, and Aramaic was the language of legal contracts and trade. There was also a geographic pattern: according to

1288:(YHV), according to the author and his team meant that the tablet is Hebrew and not Canaanite. However, practically all professional archeologists and epigraphers apart from Stripling's team claim that there is no text on this object. 6266:(and its related expressions) seems to mean 'in Hebrew', and it has often been argued that it means this and nothing more. As is well known, it is used at times with words and expressions that are clearly Aramaic. Thus in John 19:13, 5898: 1577:

By the start of the Byzantine Period in the 4th century CE, Classical Hebrew ceased as a regularly spoken language, roughly a century after the publication of the Mishnah, apparently declining since the aftermath of the catastrophic

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bill for the preservation of the Hebrew language was proposed, which includes the stipulation that all signage in Israel must first and foremost be in Hebrew, as with all speeches by Israeli officials abroad. The bill's author, MK

608: 1234:, but it continued to be used as a literary language, especially in Spain, as the language of commerce between Jews of different native languages, and as the liturgical language of Judaism, evolving various dialects of literary 6791:

Armenian and Jewish non-Muslims were granted minority protection by the Lausanne Treaty. Except for non-Muslim populations - that is, Greeks, Jews and Armenians - none of the other minority groups' language rights have been

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is a proposed northern dialect of biblical Hebrew, believed to have existed in all eras of the language, in some cases competing with late biblical Hebrew as an explanation for non-standard linguistic features of biblical

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currently invents about 2,000 new Hebrew words each year for modern words by finding an original Hebrew word that captures the meaning, as an alternative to incorporating more English words into Hebrew vocabulary. The

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While there is no doubt that at a certain point, Hebrew was displaced as the everyday spoken language of most Jews, and that its chief successor in the Middle East was the closely related Aramaic language, then

2215:), began reviving Hebrew as a modern spoken language. Eventually, as a result of the local movement he created, but more significantly as a result of the new groups of immigrants known under the name of the 1606: 6240:

Fernández & Elwolde: "It is generally believed that the Dead Sea Scrolls, specifically the Copper Scroll and also the Bar Kokhba letters, have furnished clear evidence of the popular character of MH

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accordingly in recent translations. Nonetheless, these glosses can be interpreted as Hebrew as well. It has been argued that Hebrew, rather than Aramaic or Koine Greek, lay behind the composition of the

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Like most other languages, the vocabulary of the Hebrew language is divided into verbs, nouns, adjectives and so on, and its sentence structure can be analyzed by terms like object, subject and so on.

1998:, a Hebrew Bible with the Masoretic pointing, was written in the 10th century, likely in Tiberias, and survives into the present day. It is perhaps the most important Hebrew manuscript in existence. 7964: 7555: 2779:

Hebrew is one of several languages for which the constitution of South Africa calls to be respected in their use for religious purposes. Also, Hebrew is an official national minority language in

655: 6897:"Once 'dead' language brings Israel to life Hebrew: After 1,700 years, a revived language becomes a common thread knitting together a nation of immigrants with little in common except religion" 8753: 7354: 5896: 7035: 675: 2294:

from its local Jerusalemite tradition but adapts it with numerous neologisms, borrowed terms (often technical) from European languages and adopted terms (often colloquial) from Arabic.

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municipality has banned officials from using English words in official documents, and is fighting to stop businesses from using only English signs to market their services. In 2012, a

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in the 2nd century CE, Judaeans were forced to disperse. Many relocated to Galilee, so most remaining native speakers of Hebrew at that last stage would have been found in the north.

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primary language spoken. Alongside Aramaic, Hebrew co-existed within Israel as a spoken language. Most scholars now date the demise of Hebrew as a spoken language to the end of the

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conquered Babylon, he allowed the Jewish people to return from captivity. In time, a local version of Aramaic came to be spoken in Israel alongside Hebrew. By the beginning of the

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of the State of Israel, while pre-revival forms of Hebrew are used for prayer or study in Jewish and Samaritan communities around the world today; the latter group utilizes the

8143: 6896: 5168:. In all of these cases, however, the sounds represented by the same letter eventually merged, leaving no evidence (other than early transcriptions) of the former distinctions. 1315:

differentiation between the scripts, and between the languages themselves in that period, remains unclear", and suggested that calling the text Hebrew might be going too far.

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This implies that Turkey grants educational right in minority languages only to the recognized minorities covered by the Lausanne who are the Armenians, Greeks and the Jews.

6563: 5201:. It is known to have occurred in Hebrew by the 2nd century. After a certain point this alternation became contrastive in word-medial and final position (though bearing low 2719:

Modern Hebrew is the primary official language of the State of Israel. As of 2013, there are about 9 million Hebrew speakers worldwide, of whom 7 million speak it fluently.

2065:, in a "purified" Hebrew based on the work of these grammarians, and in Arabic quantitative or strophic meters. This literary Hebrew was later used by Italian Jewish poets. 5314:, from which nouns, adjectives, and verbs are formed in various ways: e.g. by inserting vowels, doubling consonants, lengthening vowels and/or adding prefixes, suffixes or 10021: 7685: 7086: 6640: 2254:

The major result of the literary work of the Hebrew intellectuals along the 19th century was a lexical modernization of Hebrew. New words and expressions were adapted as

1685:, Hermit, Zealot and Priest classes maintained an insistence on Hebrew, and all Jews maintained their identity with Hebrew songs and simple quotations from Hebrew texts. 8958: 7912:

Grintz, Jehoshua M., "Hebrew as the Spoken and Written Language in the Last Days of the Second Temple", Journal of Biblical Literature (1960) 79 (1): pp. 32–47.

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Hebrew was always regarded as the language of Israel's religion, history and national pride, and after it faded as a spoken language, it continued to be used as a

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from the 1st to the 3rd or 4th century CE, corresponding to the Roman Period after the destruction of the Temple in Jerusalem and represented by the bulk of the

1107:‎), meaning "beyond", "other side", "across"; interpretations of the term "Hebrew" generally render its meaning as roughly "from the other side "—i.e., an 1175:, from the 2nd century BCE. The Hebrew Bible does not use the term "Hebrew" in reference to the language of the Hebrew people; its later historiography, in the 5935:, originating in Central and Eastern Europe, is still widely used in Ashkenazi Jewish religious services and studies in Israel and abroad, particularly in the 1442:. It comprises several evolving and overlapping dialects. The phases of Classical Hebrew are often named after important literary works associated with them. 9016: 6320:

could coexist even if pronounced identically, since one would be recognized as an alternating allophone (as apparently is the case in Nestorian Syriac). See

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Studies in the Book of Ben Sira: Papers of the Third International Conference on the Deuterocanonical Books, Shime'on Centre, Pápa, Hungary, 18–20 May, 2006

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Steps have been taken to keep Hebrew the primary language of use, and to prevent large-scale incorporation of English words into the Hebrew vocabulary. The

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The exact roles of Aramaic and Hebrew remain hotly debated. A trilingual scenario has been proposed for the land of Israel. Hebrew functioned as the local

7935:הר, משה דוד (2022). "היהודים בארץ-ישראל בימי האימפריה הרומית הנוצרית" [The Jews in the Land of Israel in the Days of the Christian Roman Empire]. 7646: 7142: 5294:", meaning "of". There are many cases, however, where older declined forms are retained (especially in idiomatic expressions and the like), and "person"- 7547: 3038:

Modern Hebrew pronunciation developed from a mixture of the different Jewish reading traditions, generally tending towards simplification. In line with

2776:, stated that the bill was proposed as a response to Hebrew "losing its prestige" and children incorporating more English words into their vocabulary. 1446:

Archaic Biblical Hebrew, also called Old Hebrew or Paleo-Hebrew, from the 10th to the 6th century BCE, corresponding to the Monarchic Period until the

1853:. The Talmud contains excerpts from these works, as well as further Tannaitic material not attested elsewhere; the generic term for these passages is 6599: 8745: 2266:

In the Modern Period, from the 19th century onward, the literary Hebrew tradition revived as the spoken language of modern Israel, called variously

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The Turkish government accepts the language rights of the Jewish, Greek and Armenian minorities as being guaranteed by the 1923 Treaty of Lausanne.

7321:אברהם בן יוסף ,מבוא לתולדות הלשון העברית (Avraham ben-Yosef, Introduction to the History of the Hebrew Language), page 38, אור-עם, Tel-Aviv, 1981. 9824: 7027: 5848:, which are consonantal letters used as vowels. Further diacritics may serve to indicate variations in the pronunciation of the consonants (e.g. 2259:

language in British-ruled Palestine in 1921 (along with English and Arabic), and then in 1948 became an official language of the newly declared

2005:, important work was done by grammarians in explaining the grammar and vocabulary of Biblical Hebrew; much of this was based on the work of the 1219:

during the period from about 1200 to 586 BCE. Scholars debate the degree to which Hebrew was a spoken vernacular in ancient times following the

12235: 9871: 8002: 1693:, scholarly opinions on the exact dating of that shift have changed very much. In the first half of the 20th century, most scholars followed 8926: 8355: 6516: 5889: 8077: 10094: 7377: 6964: 5609:

Negative and interrogative sentences have the same order as the regular declarative one. A question that has a yes/no answer begins with

8116: 7578:"William M. Schniedewind, "Prolegomena for the Sociolinguistics of Classical Hebrew", The Journal of Hebrew Scriptures vol. 5 article 6" 6870: 6312:, or else and would have to be contrastive, which is cross-linguistically rare. However, Blau argues that it is possible that lenited 11258: 8559: 8491: 8586: 9065: 8528: 8419: 7825:

Spolsky, B. (1985). "Jewish Multilingualism in the First century: An Essay in Historical Sociolinguistics", Joshua A. Fishman (ed.),

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The definite article may be inserted between a preposition or a conjunction and the word it refers to, creating composite words like

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ordering, this gradually transitioned to a subject-verb-object ordering. Many Hebrew sentences have several correct orders of words.

1768:, while Aramaic was prevalent in the lower class of Jerusalem, but not in the surrounding countryside. After the suppression of the 10662: 9779: 2297:

The literary and narrative use of Hebrew was revived beginning with the Haskalah movement. The first secular periodical in Hebrew,

2219:, it replaced a score of languages spoken by Jews at that time. Those languages were Jewish dialects of local languages, including 870:

Hebrew ceased to be a regular spoken language sometime between 200 and 400 CE, as it declined in the aftermath of the unsuccessful

755:, with much of its present form in the dialect that scholars believe flourished around the 6th century BCE, during the time of the 8180: 6556: 5635:) for direct objects that would not have a preposition marker in English. The English phrase "he ate the cake" would in Hebrew be 10619: 10594: 4009: 2384:

and others. His organizational efforts and involvement with the establishment of schools and the writing of textbooks pushed the

8803: 7994: 7525: 7094: 11433: 10652: 10637: 8298: 7677: 6622: 6119: 6084: 5535: 3936: 2434: 7468: 6951:

Hoffman, Joel M. In the Beginning : A Short History of the Hebrew Language. New York, New York University Press, 2006, p. 169.

2701:(singular: Ulpan). There are government-owned, as well as private, Ulpanim offering online courses and face-to-face programs. 953:. Estimates of worldwide usage include five million speakers in 1998, and over nine million people in 2013. After Israel, the 11408: 10647: 8891: 8870: 8847: 8828: 8788: 8713: 8680: 8333: 8281: 8110: 7948: 7807: 7721: 7387: 7348: 7271: 6864: 6771: 6634: 2002: 8897: 8387: 8338: 7209: 7060: 5221:

in modern Hebrew). (The others are pronounced like the corresponding stops, as Modern Hebrew pronunciation was based on the

8228: 7799: 5048: 4052: 4044: 3747: 2830: 2101:. Subsequent rabbinic literature is written in a blend between this style and the Aramaized Rabbinic Hebrew of the Talmud. 1373:

Numerous older tablets have been found in the region with similar scripts written in other Semitic languages, for example,

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were already in use as international languages, especially among societal elites and immigrants. Hebrew survived into the

12049: 11423: 11418: 10682: 10677: 7889:, W.B. Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, Michigan 1979, 4 vols. vol.1 sub.'Aramaic' p.233: 'in the Aramaic vernacular of Palestine' 7496: 4957: 4827: 4241: 4233: 3014: 2508:

pronunciation. However, the earliest speakers of Modern Hebrew had Yiddish as their native language and often introduced

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Palestine could be divided into the Aramaic-speaking regions of Galilee and Samaria and a smaller area, Judaea, in which

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continued to be used as a vernacular in Judea until it was displaced by Aramaic, probably in the 3rd century CE. Certain

1112: 815: 591: 8675:. Linguistic studies in ancient West Semitic. Vol. 2 (revised ed.). Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns. pp. 78–81. 5187:) when occurring after a vowel and not geminated. This change probably happened after the original Old Aramaic phonemes 2317:) from 1783 onwards. In the mid-19th century, publications of several Eastern European Hebrew-language newspapers (e.g. 9103: 8197: 6930: 6807: 2723:

most of the rest speak it fluently. In 2013 Hebrew was the native language of 49% of Israelis over the age of 20, with

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Stripling, Scott; Galil, Gershon; Kumpova, Ivana; Valach, Jaroslav; Van Der Veen, Pieter Gert; Vavrik, Daniel (2023).

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According to the generally accepted view, it is unlikely that begadkefat spirantization occurred before the merger of

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that are added to words for various purposes. These are called inseparable prepositions or "Letters of Use" (Hebrew:

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century BCE, whose original pronunciation must be reconstructed. Tiberian Hebrew incorporates the scholarship of the

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in the 4th century BCE, and that as a corollary Hebrew ceased to function as a spoken language around the same time.

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Hebrew from the 3rd century BCE to the 1st century CE, corresponding to the Hellenistic and Roman Periods before the

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Hebrew has always been used as the language of prayer and study, and the following pronunciation systems are found.

10609: 8708:. Routledge language family series (2nd ed.). London New York (N. Y.) Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. p. 511. 6667:"Turkish Jews between 1923 and 1933 – What Did the Turkish Policy between 1923 and 1933 Mean for the Turkish Jews?" 3928: 3096: 2947: 1276:

In May 2023, Scott Stripling published the finding of what he claims to be the oldest known Hebrew inscription, a

736:. It is the only Canaanite language, as well as one of only two Northwest Semitic languages, with the other being 11823: 11483: 10614: 10604: 10087: 10016: 8608: 8451: 7776:

Borrás, Judit Targarona and Ángel Sáenz-Badillos (1999). Jewish Studies at the Turn of the Twentieth Century. P.3

7183: 5864:); and, in some contexts, to indicate the punctuation, accentuation and musical rendition of Biblical texts (see 5209:, the distinction has a higher functional load due to the loss of gemination, although only the three fricatives 2966: 1389:, and was the first to use a Semitic alphabet distinct from that of Egyptian. One ancient document is the famous 581: 9989: 7232: 6592:"Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 – Chapter 1: Founding Provisions | South African Government" 11251: 10877: 10046: 9735: 9730: 9098: 8943: 8392: 8227:[Jewish Soviet Culture Was Sentenced to Destruction in the 1930s] (in Russian). Berkovich-zametki.com. 8021: 7654: 4527: 2961: 2817: 2759: 2755: 2713: 2406: 2341: 2166: 1338:, the calendar presents a list of seasons and related agricultural activities. The Gezer calendar (named after 1304: 1239: 922: 729: 424: 163: 6287:

These pronunciations may have originated in learners' mistakes formed on the analogy of other suffixed forms (

2085:

family. (Original Jewish philosophical works were usually written in Arabic.) Another important influence was

1702: 1701:

in thinking that Aramaic became a spoken language in the land of Israel as early as the beginning of Israel's

12084: 12008: 10599: 10509: 10031: 9058: 7900: 3104: 2006: 571: 456: 23:

This article is about the Hebrew language in general. For the revived version as it is spoken in Israel, see

12067: 9033: 1727: 1638:

learned Aramaic, the closely related Semitic language of their captors. Thus, for a significant period, the

474: 12230: 12210: 11838: 11428: 11413: 10672: 10657: 9857: 9740: 8962: 7115: 6129: 5270:. However, inflection plays a decisive role in the formation of verbs and nouns. For example, nouns have a 3863: 3855: 3022: 2981: 2939: 2923: 1406: 6591: 6317: 6313: 6309: 6305: 5445: 5412: 5400: 5392: 5377: 5365: 5357: 5346: 5218: 5214: 5210: 5192: 5188: 5176: 5165: 5154: 5143: 5108: 5104: 5094: 5073: 5069: 5065: 5061: 4989: 4984: 4979: 4924: 4919: 4914: 4859: 4854: 4849: 4794: 4789: 4784: 4729: 4724: 4719: 4664: 4659: 4654: 4599: 4594: 4589: 4534: 4494: 4489: 4484: 4421: 4416: 4411: 4356: 4316: 4311: 4306: 4157: 4152: 4147: 4084: 4079: 4074: 3968: 3963: 3958: 3895: 3890: 3885: 3779: 3774: 3769: 3706: 3701: 3696: 3641: 3636: 3631: 3572: 3567: 3562: 3501: 3496: 3491: 3430: 3425: 3420: 3359: 3354: 3349: 3288: 3283: 3278: 3217: 3212: 3207: 3110: 3055: 3051: 3047: 3043: 2953: 2933: 2920: 2898: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2836: 2809: 2576: 12215: 12002: 11523: 11180: 10667: 10376: 9810: 9255: 6712:"EU enlargement conditions and minority protection : a reflection on Turkey's non-Muslim minorities" 6079: 5954: 4567: 4349: 4198: 4190: 2976: 2971: 2907: 2812: 1428:

In its widest sense, Biblical Hebrew refers to the spoken language of ancient Israel flourishing between

1212: 1205: 697: 419: 205: 9514: 2519:

Despite using Sephardic Hebrew pronunciation as its primary basis, modern Israeli Hebrew has adapted to

11488: 11393: 10530: 10523: 10080: 9978: 8862: 4892: 4462: 4001: 3463: 3392: 3063: 2956: 2901: 2887: 2882: 2839: 1303:

that he claimed may be the earliest Hebrew writing yet discovered, dating from around 3,000 years ago.

996: 925:

as a spoken and literary language. The creation of a modern version of the ancient language was led by

10235: 2171: 1810:, excepting quotations from the Hebrew Bible. The dialects organize into Mishnaic Hebrew (also called 12220: 11387: 11382: 11244: 11096: 10483: 10459: 10446: 10182: 10162: 10127: 9910: 9025: 8424: 6166: 5306:

Like all Semitic languages, the Hebrew language exhibits a pattern of stems consisting typically of "

5241: 5046: 4955: 4890: 4825: 4760: 4695: 4630: 4565: 4525: 4460: 4454: 4452: 4387: 4347: 4282: 4274: 4239: 4231: 4196: 4188: 4125: 4123: 4117: 4115: 4050: 4042: 4007: 3999: 3934: 3926: 3861: 3853: 3820: 3818: 3812: 3810: 3745: 3737: 3672: 3607: 3532: 3461: 3390: 3319: 3248: 3177: 3102: 3094: 3086: 3078: 3070: 3020: 3012: 2945: 2937: 2828: 1846: 1531: 1265: 1093: 200: 6454: 6436: 6418: 6400: 6382: 5733: 12205: 11701: 11669: 10888: 10586: 10041: 9920: 9774: 9452: 9221: 9051: 7854:. The Hebrew and Aramaic languages. In The Biblical World (2002), Volume 2 (John Barton, ed.). P.19 7829:, Leiden: E. J. Brill, pp. 35–50. Also adopted by Smelik, Willem F. 1996. The Targum of Judges. P.9 2986: 2913: 2748: 2426: 2069: 1785: 1296: 565: 11461: 8974: 6527: 5422: 2669:

similarly in popular speech, penultimate stress in verb forms with a second person plural suffix (

11815: 11716: 11564: 11369: 10930: 10867: 10477: 10132: 9817: 9796: 9759: 9647: 9447: 9229: 9196: 9112: 8365: 6094: 5970: 5969:. This pronunciation, in the form used by the Jerusalem Sephardic community, is the basis of the 5385: 5222: 4284: 3739: 3534: 3250: 3179: 3080: 2877: 2872: 2862: 2844: 2800: 2584: 2513: 2180: 1281: 1277: 1255: 879: 733: 352: 329: 324: 158: 17: 9546: 9181: 5290:. In modern speech, the use of the construct is sometimes interchangeable with the preposition " 10308: 10145: 10122: 10117: 9457: 9108: 8069: 6124: 4276: 3609: 3124: 3088: 3003:) Jewish reading traditions, the emphatic consonants are realized as pharyngealized, while the 2228: 2016: 1723: 634: 195: 10568: 9524: 9021: 8643:

From Proto-Semitic to Hebrew: Phonology: etymological approach in a Hamito-Semitic perspective

8273: 8267: 8050:

Safrai, Shmuel, Shemuel Safrai, M. Stern. 1976. The Jewish people in the first century. P.1036

7790: 6961: 5732:(the ' indicates non-standard use). This phenomenon has also been found by researchers in the 12169: 12012: 11998: 11545: 11498: 11478: 11471: 11456: 11451: 11443: 11275: 11224: 10827: 10552: 10221: 10207: 10051: 10036: 9682: 9442: 9296: 8317: 8100: 8070:"1577 The First Printing Press in the Middle East – Safed – Center for Online Judaic Studies" 7261: 6883:

Hebrew is cited by Paulston et al. (1993:276) as 'the only true example of language revival.'

6854: 6074: 5810: 5235: 5146:, no letters were available to represent these sounds, and existing letters did double duty: 4697: 4632: 3072: 3032: 2682: 2414: 2110: 1615: 1463: 1374: 1351: 1251: 984: 864: 744: 701: 613: 320: 185: 94: 8551: 8483: 5440:

circumstances. For example, if a preposition is put before a word that begins with a moving

1760:

was used among the descendants of returning exiles." In addition, it has been surmised that

957:

has the largest Hebrew-speaking population, with approximately 220,000 fluent speakers (see

899: 170:, of which 5 million are native speakers and 3.3 million are second language speakers (2018) 11959: 11910: 11742: 11151: 10893: 10286: 9642: 9562: 9291: 9000: 8582: 8177: 7786: 7716:. Bilingual Education and Bilingualism. Vol. 17. Multilingual Matters Ltd. p. 9. 6099: 5549: 5191:

disappeared in the 7th century BCE, and most likely occurred after the loss of Hebrew

3321: 2867: 2796: 2681:

The vocabulary of Israeli Hebrew is much larger than that of earlier periods. According to

2563:) by most Hebrew speakers with uvular and glottal , respectively, by most Hebrew speakers. 2531: 2334: 2196: 1937: 1739: 1631: 1536: 1447: 1378: 1124: 756: 721: 342: 333: 8524: 8429: 7584: 5053:

in Biblical Hebrew, but no letter was available in the Phoenician alphabet, so the letter

1892:

among scholars and Jews traveling in foreign countries. After the 2nd century CE when the

8: 11949: 11503: 11493: 11165: 10834: 10777: 10705: 10691: 10562: 10357: 10318: 9880: 9689: 9677: 9595: 9399: 8979: 8948: 5983:

is actually a collection of dialects spoken liturgically by Jews in various parts of the

5905: 5865: 5818: 3674: 3383: 2462:

and others responsible for a Hebrew learning network connecting many cities of the USSR.

2455: 2390: 2330: 2050: 1982: 1386: 1343: 1201: 895: 705: 210: 143: 12101: 8198:"The Transformation of Jewish Culture in the USSR from 1930 to the Present (in Russian)" 8102:

Mishnah B'rurah – Israel Meir (ha-Kohen), Aharon Feldman, Aviel Orenstein – Google Books

1764:

was the primary vehicle of communication in coastal cities and among the upper class of

11884: 11876: 11804: 11736: 11611: 11573: 11539: 11466: 9915: 9763: 9704: 9699: 9577: 8638: 8325: 7446: 6763: 6158: 5814: 5542: 5322: 2824: 2353: 2192: 2143: 1467: 1394: 1108: 942: 926: 11776: 11008: 10898: 8985: 8140:"This week in history: Revival of the Hebrew language – Jewish World – Jerusalem Post" 5114:

Biblical Hebrew as of the 3rd century BCE apparently still distinguished the phonemes

3093:

rather than an alveolar trill, because of Ashkenazi Hebrew influences. The consonants

557: 11979: 11965: 11931: 11790: 11137: 10962: 10841: 10714: 10539: 10497: 10362: 10155: 10103: 9973: 9968: 9755: 9652: 9585: 9550: 9499: 8887: 8866: 8843: 8824: 8799: 8784: 8709: 8676: 8329: 8277: 8106: 7944: 7803: 7717: 7517: 7450: 7438: 7383: 7344: 7267: 7150: 6860: 6767: 6723: 6677: 6630: 6104: 5839: 5513: 5463:(= "from the village"). The latter also demonstrates the change in the vowel of 5339: 5247: 2446:, Hebrew studies reappeared due to people struggling for permission to go to Israel ( 2365: 2044: 1897: 1827: 1789: 1781: 1769: 1579: 1562: 1158: 972: 958: 946: 871: 844: 190: 57: 12152: 8304: 7379:

The Revival of a Classical Tongue: Eliezer Ben Yehuda and the Modern Hebrew Language

1487: 1401:, is an early example of Hebrew. Less ancient samples of Archaic Hebrew include the 587: 12240: 11939: 11896: 11891: 11880: 11859: 11848: 11797: 11621: 11586: 11549: 11400: 11377: 11330: 11267: 11217: 11172: 11158: 10991: 10950: 10913: 10818: 10804: 10770: 10740: 10721: 10516: 10490: 10465: 10441: 10415: 10408: 10348: 10331: 10303: 10279: 10171: 10063: 9948: 9803: 9208: 9171: 9138: 7464: 7428: 7336: 6114: 5940: 5932: 5844: 5674: 5267: 3028: 3004: 2995:

A number of reading traditions have been preserved in liturgical use. In Oriental (

2740: 2736: 2724: 2520: 2409:. The results of Ben-Yehuda's lexicographical work were published in a dictionary ( 2360:. Motivated by the surrounding ideals of renovation and rejection of the diaspora " 2348:

was initiated in the late 19th century by the efforts of Ben-Yehuda. He joined the

2291: 2244: 2240: 2129: 2106: 2062: 2026: 2010: 1864: 1619: 1591: 1527: 1513: 1507: 1323: 1220: 1216: 1015: 976: 681: 541: 530: 519: 338: 291: 276: 130: 74: 1497:

Late Biblical Hebrew, from the 5th to the 3rd centuries BCE, corresponding to the

1342:

in whose proximity it was found) is written in an old Semitic script, akin to the

12118: 11955: 11945: 11935: 11722: 11640: 11601: 11355: 11350: 11335: 11309: 11304: 11299: 11185: 11091: 11065: 10996: 10908: 10848: 10756: 10749: 10733: 10574: 10470: 10336: 10326: 9958: 9953: 9943: 9750: 9714: 9620: 9556: 9534: 9311: 9213: 9203: 9176: 9150: 9145: 9133: 9093: 9037: 8881: 8583:"Druse MK wins prize for helping preserve Hebrew | JPost | Israel News" 8397: 8342: 8253: 8184: 8025: 7920: 7205: 7064: 6968: 6162: 6154: 6109: 6065: 5996: 5992: 5966: 5950: 5802: 5791: 5778: 5531: 5271: 5259: 5202: 5084: 3150: 3145: 3039: 2996: 2805: 2732: 2728: 2709: 2690: 2591:, by most of the speakers, like in most varieties of standard German or Yiddish. 2505: 2501: 2493: 2422: 2373: 2369: 2248: 2236: 2232: 2150: 2090: 2073: 2022: 1991: 1987: 1953: 1949: 1909: 1831: 1819: 1801: 1757: 1744: 1710: 1706: 1670: 1646: 1546: 1459: 1423: 1402: 1367: 1335: 1300: 1292: 1235: 1054: 907: 761: 752: 713: 664: 644: 624: 508: 312: 251: 246: 241: 177: 147: 135: 123: 101: 10422: 8336: 8224: 3042:

pronunciation, emphatic consonants have shifted to their ordinary counterparts,

2952:

instead. The Tiberian reading tradition of the Middle Ages had the vowel system

2897:). The earliest Biblical Hebrew vowel system contained the Proto-Semitic vowels 1806:

The term "Mishnaic Hebrew" generally refers to the Hebrew dialects found in the

12028: 11759: 11749: 11710: 11645: 11345: 11340: 11145: 11101: 11071: 11054: 11048: 10955: 10903: 10784: 10624: 10452: 9963: 9567: 9286: 9276: 9191: 9186: 7851: 7433: 7416: 6183: 6051: 5980: 5974: 5962: 5830: 5826: 5782: 5619:, an interrogative form of 'if'), but it is largely omitted in informal speech. 5433: 3000: 2744: 2438: 2377: 2357: 2345: 2300: 2220: 2115: 2058: 1694: 1690: 1666: 1498: 1355: 1347: 1319: 1231: 1189: 1176: 1172: 1140: 980: 903: 891: 883: 316: 305: 139: 70: 8886:. Translated by John Elwolde. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. 8300:

The Proper Name: Structural Prolegomena to its Syntax – a Case Study in Coptic

7876:

Fitzmyer, Joseph A. 1979. A Wandering Armenian: Collected Aramaic Essays. P.43

7792:

Aramaic, the Death of Written Hebrew, and Language Shift in the Persian Period

7490: 6442: 6424: 6406: 6388: 6370: 5842:

marks above or below the letter representing the syllabic onset, or by use of

1211:

According to Avraham Ben-Yosef, Hebrew flourished as a spoken language in the

712:

and remained in regular use as a first language until after 200 CE and as the

12199: 11990: 11906: 11853: 11843: 11833: 11729: 11659: 11632: 11534: 11529: 11314: 11081: 11076: 11000: 10762: 10342: 9419: 9155: 7767:

The Cambridge History of Judaism: The late Roman-Rabbinic period. 2006. P.460

7616: 7442: 7154: 7143:"'One more racist law': reactions as Israel axes Arabic as official language" 6986:, edit. F.L. Cross, first edition (Oxford, 1958), 3rd edition (Oxford 1997). 6727: 6681: 6037: 5958: 5798: 5553: 5279: 5278:", to denote the relationship of "belonging to": this is the converse of the 5255: 5206: 4035: 3919: 3155: 3031:

tradition has a complex vowel system that does not correspond closely to the

3008: 2689:

The number of attested Biblical Hebrew words is 8198, of which some 2000 are

2580: 2471: 2381: 2216: 2096: 2054: 1888: 1826:

Hebrew (also called Late Rabbinic Hebrew or Mishnaic Hebrew II), which was a

1776: 1748: 1734: 1698: 1566: 1455: 1032: 968: 962: 954: 930: 498: 381: 359: 271: 167: 86: 63: 24: 10256: 9836: 8201: 7492:

See For Yourself: Analyzing the Ebal "Inscription" | Bible & Archaeology

7417:""You are Cursed by the God YHW:" an early Hebrew inscription from Mt. Ebal" 7061:"'Kometz Aleph – Au': How many Hebrew speakers are there in the world?" 6926: 2310: 1933: 1478: 11783: 11024: 9694: 9610: 9542: 9384: 9344: 9324: 9271: 8360: 8225:"ЕВРЕЙСКАЯ СОВЕТСКАЯ КУЛЬТУРА БЫЛА ПРИГОВОРЕНА К УНИЧТОЖЕНИЮ В 1930–Е ГОДЫ" 5835: 5076:, but the old spelling was largely retained, and the two pronunciations of 4948: 4688: 4445: 4389: 4108: 3992: 3170: 3058: 2787:

has made Hebrew a compulsory language taught in schools in the Gaza Strip.

2773: 2588: 2443: 1995: 1965: 1922: 1918: 1893: 1849:

etc.) and the expanded collection of Mishnah-related material known as the

1726:, or about 200 CE. It continued on as a literary language down through the 1600: 1359: 1308: 1136: 1132: 1097: 1000: 875: 748: 725: 403: 67: 8994: 6809:

Questions and Answers: Freedom of Expression and Language Rights in Turkey

6711: 6471: 5479:, the definite article is assimilated into the prefix, which then becomes 1914: 1084:). It is traditionally understood to be an adjective based on the name of 536: 525: 514: 503: 493: 11975: 11769: 11651: 10581: 10401: 9769: 9615: 9339: 9281: 8668: 6842:. Philadelphia: The Jewish Publication Society of America. pp. 1–13. 5683:

should never be used as it elongates the sentence without adding meaning.

5350: 5263: 5251: 4558: 2451: 2314: 2122: 2036: 1761: 1390: 1224: 1116: 992: 988: 887: 856: 612:

The word IVRIT ("Hebrew") written in modern Hebrew language (top) and in

2376:. However, his brand of Hebrew followed norms that had been replaced in 11902: 10263: 10214: 9659: 9012: 8989: 8250:

Protest against the suppression of Hebrew in the Soviet Union 1930–1931

7465:"Ancient tablet found on Mount Ebal predates known Hebrew inscriptions" 6447: 6429: 6411: 6393: 6375: 5921: 5311: 5307: 5172: 5139: 2894: 2594: 2385: 2086: 2080: 1682: 1650: 1635: 1471: 1382: 1077: 1069: 1019: 732:

in the 19th century, and is the only successful large-scale example of

709: 9849: 7943:] (in Hebrew). Vol. 1. ירושלים: יד יצחק בן-צבי. p. 218. 7548:"Have Israeli Archaeologists Found World's Oldest Hebrew Inscription?" 7176:"Strong's Hebrew: 5676. עֵ֫בֶר (eber) – region across or beyond, side" 7175: 4224: 3730: 1863:

speak the language and attempted to promote its use. According to the

983:, it is studied mostly by non-Israeli Jews and students in Israel, by 11828: 11677: 11626: 11606: 10228: 9634: 9605: 6361:. s. 2. Reprinted in Sweden by Universitetstryckeriet, Uppsala, 2006. 5909: 2523: 2447: 2402: 2395: 2255: 1970: 1926: 1859:. The dialect of all these works is very similar to Mishnaic Hebrew. 1765: 1718:

revealed ancient Jewish texts overwhelmingly in Hebrew, not Aramaic.

1678: 1674: 1658: 1623: 1506:(alternative of "asher", meaning "that, which, who"). It adopted the 1483: 1398: 1144: 1128: 1120: 550: 484: 466: 448: 12135: 10072: 9804:

Gesenius' Hebrew and Chaldee Lexicon to the Old Testament Scriptures

8552:"Keeping Hebrew Israel's living language – Israel Culture, Ynetnews" 8016: 6757: 6674:

Bulletin der Schweizerischen Gesellschaft für Judaistische Forschung

6557:"The relationship between official and minority languages in Poland" 5503:(the form of "min" or "mi-" used before the letter "he"), therefore 2697:

In Israel, Modern Hebrew is currently taught in institutions called

2398:, was to take its place among the current languages of the nations. 1405:, which describe events preceding the final capture of Jerusalem by 797:) since ancient times. The language was not referred to by the name 11682: 11236: 10811: 10270: 10242: 9709: 9301: 9117: 8939: 8484:"CBS: 27% of Israelis struggle with Hebrew – Israel News, Ynetnews" 6179: 6089: 6059: 5295: 5180: 2944:

in the Jewish traditions, though for the Samaritans it merged with

2184: 2030: 1957: 1377:. It is believed that the original shapes of the script go back to 1311:

said that the inscription was "proto-Canaanite" but cautioned that

1003: 911: 599: 11519: 10945: 9043: 8921: 8272:. Chicago & London: The University of Chicago Press. pp. 7913: 6978: 6976: 5403:) (= "that"; a shortened version of the Biblical conjunction 2500:

Standard Hebrew, as developed by Eliezer Ben-Yehuda, was based on

1385:

principle. The common ancestor of Hebrew and Phoenician is called

11754: 11687: 11616: 11582: 10987: 10385: 10249: 9983: 9938: 9030: 6217: 6191: 5944: 2768: 2349: 2320: 2224: 2212: 2134: 1961: 1880: 1855: 1850: 1834: 1823: 1815: 1811: 1753: 1662: 1654: 1627: 1554: 1550: 1370:

even in the places in which later Hebrew spelling requires them.

1331: 1085: 1081: 1047: 918: 852: 737: 717: 595: 151: 7678:"Who is King Cyrus, and why did Netanyahu compare him to Trump?" 6278:

is a Grecized form of the Aramaic word gabbětā, 'raised place.'"

5821:. Modern scripts derive from the "square" letter form, known as 2751:

and 12% of Arabs reported speaking Hebrew poorly or not at all.

2364:" lifestyle, Ben-Yehuda set out to develop tools for making the 2183:

several times as a literary language, most significantly by the

1896:

exiled most of the Jewish population of Jerusalem following the

1322:

also dates back to the 10th century BCE at the beginning of the

1022: 11191: 10191: 9600: 9509: 9504: 9489: 9484: 9434: 9389: 9374: 6973: 6017: 6013: 5936: 5415:) (= "as", "like"; a shortened version of the conjunction 5287: 4818: 3846: 2780: 2509: 2481: 2418: 2380:

by different grammar and style, in the writings of people like

2361: 2306: 2260: 2188: 2068:

The need to express scientific and philosophical concepts from

1978: 1876: 1807: 1715: 1639: 1558: 1451: 1280:, dated from around 3200 years ago. The presence of the Hebrew 1269: 1260: 1153: 1148: 950: 938: 836: 830: 408: 398: 377: 113: 7636:, Harper Perennial, London, New York, Toronto, Sydney 2006 p80 7259: 6295:), rather than being examples of residual Ashkenazi influence. 5787: 2488: 2326: 1994:, also developed vowel pointing systems around this time. The 1596: 1223:

when the predominant international language in the region was

12043: 11591: 9745: 9590: 9494: 9479: 9474: 9469: 9404: 9349: 9334: 9329: 9319: 6562:. European Federation of National Institutions for Language. 6273: 6267: 6261: 5988: 5806: 5315: 5205:), but in word-initial position they remained allophonic. In 4380: 4267: 4181: 3803: 3312: 3241: 2992:, though other Medieval reading traditions had fewer vowels. 2784: 2764: 2698: 2602: 2263:. Hebrew is the most widely spoken language in Israel today. 1941: 1842: 1838: 1494:

Bible that attains much of its present form around this time.

1363: 1339: 1327: 1041: 1035: 1028: 802: 8673:

Phonology and Morphology of Biblical Hebrew: An Introduction

8347: 8178:

Eliezer Ben Yehuda and the Resurgence of the Hebrew Language

6856:

Saving Languages: An Introduction to Language Revitalization

2476: 9519: 9464: 9414: 9409: 9394: 9369: 9364: 9359: 9354: 7903:

and גבתא is (p106) "unattested in other Aramaic dialects" .

7414: 6517:"Basic Law: Israel – the Nation State of the Jewish People" 5984: 5441: 5175:

spirantization at a certain point, whereby the stop sounds

4883: 4753: 4518: 4340: 3665: 3600: 3525: 2808:

had a typical Semitic consonant inventory, with pharyngeal

2631: 2568: 1089: 1073: 6859:. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. p. 63. 2747:

being the native tongues of most of the rest. Some 26% of

2557: 2541: 1539:

of the later scrolls in the 1st century CE, also known as

1167:

One of the earliest references to the language's name as "

902:. The first dated book printed in Hebrew was published by 759:. For this reason, Hebrew has been referred to by Jews as 598:

characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see

12186: 9424: 9379: 8859:

Hebrew Handbook of the International Phonetic Association

8322:

Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew

7941:

Eretz Israel in Late Antiquity: Introductions and Studies

5600:). However, this is usually omitted. Thus, the sentence ( 5380:) (= "from"; a shortened version of the preposition 4623: 3454: 2437:

as early as 1919, as part of an overall agenda aiming to

1381:, though the phonetic values are instead inspired by the 8781:

In the Beginning: A Short History of the Hebrew Language

7785: 7623:. Harvard Semitic Studies 29. (Atlanta: Scholars Press). 5904:

This is a portion of the blessing that is traditionally

5448:(and the initial consonant may be weakened): colloquial 1948:

After the Talmud, various regional literary dialects of

1792:

for more details on Hebrew and Aramaic in the gospels.)

1569:. Also called Tannaitic Hebrew or Early Rabbinic Hebrew. 8840:

Hebrew and Zionism: A Discourse Analytic Cultural Study

6503:

A Language in Space: The Story of Israeli Sign Language

5809:, or consonant-only script, of 22 letters. The ancient 5594:), the word for "am" corresponds to the word for "he" ( 5452:(= "in a village") corresponds to the more formal 5368:) (= "to"; a shortened version of the preposition 3050:, and are not present. Most Israelis today also merge 2650:

in popular speech, penultimate stress in proper names (

2041:. A great deal of poetry was written, by poets such as 9006: 7714:

The Languages of Israel: Policy, Ideology and Practice

7343:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 156. 7087:"Table 53. Languages Spoken at Home by Language: 2009" 5133: 5127: 5121: 5115: 5040: 4972: 4946: 4907: 4881: 4842: 4816: 4777: 4751: 4712: 4686: 4647: 4621: 4582: 4556: 4516: 4477: 4443: 4404: 4378: 4338: 4299: 4265: 4222: 4179: 4140: 4106: 4067: 4033: 3990: 3951: 3917: 3878: 3844: 3801: 3762: 3728: 3689: 3663: 3624: 3598: 3555: 3549: 3523: 3484: 3478: 3452: 3413: 3407: 3381: 3342: 3336: 3310: 3271: 3265: 3239: 3200: 3194: 3168: 2142:

17-year-old" (Ibid. Introduction 1). Similarly, Rabbi

1450:

and represented by certain texts in the Hebrew Bible (

9017:

University of Texas at Austin College of Liberal Arts

8744:

Staff, Biblical Archaeology Society (15 March 2022).

7647:"Cyrus the Great: History's most merciful conqueror?" 7341:

Learning to Read Across Languages and Writing Systems

6927:"Most ancient Hebrew biblical inscription deciphered" 6621:

Yağmur, Kutlay (2001), Extra, G.; Gorter, D. (eds.),

1063: 1057: 747:

date back to the 10th century BCE. Nearly all of the

8356:"A million and a half Israelis struggle with Hebrew" 8168:(1930), Meridian Books reprint 1962, New York p. 56. 7634:

Empires of the Word: A Language History of the World

6629:, Clevedon: Multilingual Matters, pp. 407–427, 6272:

is given as an explanation of the Lithostrotos, and

6215:

would be composed. The second stage begins with the

6027: 5727: 5716: 5705: 5693: 5667: 5642: 5629: 5588: 5563: 5512:* indicates that the given example is grammatically 5333: 3069:, do not have contrastive gemination, and pronounce 2484:

and English multilingual signs on an Israeli highway

2411:

The Complete Dictionary of Ancient and Modern Hebrew

2290:

and so on. Israeli Hebrew exhibits some features of

632: 432: 294: 47: 8645:. Milano: Centro Studi Camito-Semitici. p. 72. 8222: 6202: 6200: 5995:, and in some cases influenced by Sephardi Hebrew. 5673:("He ate the cake"). Former Israeli Prime Minister 5556:

is omitted. For example, the sentence "I am here" (

5548:Hebrew sentences do not have to include verbs; the 2191:. Near the end of that century the Jewish activist 1610:

A silver matchbox holder with inscription in Hebrew

7063:. Nachman Gur for Behadrey Haredim. Archived from 5507:is a valid form, which means "from the airplane". 2929:, but this system changed dramatically over time. 2893:underwent allophonic spirantization to (known as 2429:, refused to speak Hebrew and spoke only Yiddish. 2337:; there were also novels written in the language. 8059:Fox, Marvin. 1995. Interpreting Maimonides. P.326 7260:Géza Xeravits; József Zsengellér (25 June 2008). 6853:Grenoble, Leonore A.; Whaley, Lindsay J. (2005). 6800: 5973:of Israeli native speakers. It was influenced by 5499:(= "in the plane"). This does not happen to 2450:). Several of the teachers were imprisoned, e.g. 1653:, Aramaic was the primary colloquial language of 12197: 8821:Lashon HaKodesh: History, Holiness, & Hebrew 8513:The Israeli Conflict System: Analytic Approaches 7675: 7141:Holmes, Oliver; Balousha, Hazem (19 July 2018). 6197: 2425:sects, most notably those under the auspices of 9825:Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament 8704:. In Huehnergard, John; Pat-El, Na'ama (eds.). 5797:Users of the language write Modern Hebrew from 1510:(from which the modern Hebrew script descends). 1230:Hebrew was extinct as a colloquial language by 8879: 8798:Izre'el, Shlomo (2001). Hary, Benjamin (ed.). 8444: 7711: 7234:A Concise Dictionary of the Assyrian Languages 7140: 6852: 5606:) is more often used and means the same thing. 2823:, a series of "emphatic" consonants (possibly 1665:Jews, and western and intellectual Jews spoke 1626:and exiling its population far to the east in 1127:(with the river referred to being perhaps the 11252: 10088: 9865: 9841: 9059: 9031:Phonetically Transcribed Modern Hebrew Course 8696: 8525:"Some Arabs Prefer Hebrew – Education – News" 8296: 7887:The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia 7827:Readings in The Sociology of Jewish Languages 7763: 7761: 6988:The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church 6984:The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church 1521: 1245: 16:"Hebrew" redirects here. For other uses, see 8842:. Berlin & New York: Mouton de Gruyter. 8388:"The differences between English and Hebrew" 7821: 7819: 7779: 7735: 7733: 7707: 7705: 7703: 6812:. New York: Human Rights Watch. April 2002. 5871: 5763: 5757: 5751: 5737: 5722: 5711: 5699: 5687: 5678: 5661: 5655: 5649: 5636: 5623: 5610: 5601: 5595: 5582: 5576: 5570: 5557: 5427: 4995: 4930: 4865: 4800: 4735: 4670: 4605: 4540: 4500: 4427: 4362: 4322: 4249: 4206: 4163: 4090: 4017: 3974: 3901: 3828: 3785: 3712: 3647: 3578: 3507: 3436: 3365: 3294: 3223: 3109:have become phonemic due to loan words, and 2401:While many saw his work as fanciful or even 2318: 2298: 2206: 2200: 2148: 2120: 2094: 2078: 2042: 2034: 2014: 1964:that became the standard for vocalizing the 1362:. The Gezer calendar is written without any 1268:, from the tomb of a royal steward found in 1180: 766: 685: 12226:Languages attested from the 10th century BC 8797: 8655: 8637: 8380: 7802:. University of Chicago. pp. 137–147. 7230: 6500: 5622:In Hebrew there is a specific preposition ( 5298:are widely used to "decline" prepositions. 2235:(Tajiki), or local languages spoken in the 772: 11259: 11245: 10095: 10081: 9872: 9858: 9066: 9052: 8311: 8303:. Vienna: VWGÖ. p. 33. Archived from 8098: 7937:ארץ-ישראל בשלהי העת העתיקה: מבואות ומחקרים 7832: 7758: 7753:An Introductory Grammar of Rabbinic Hebrew 7741:An Introductory Grammar of Rabbinic Hebrew 7079: 6703: 6658: 6614: 5838:. When necessary, vowels are indicated by 5183:to the corresponding fricatives (written 5060:had two pronunciations, representing both 2827:, but this is debated), lateral fricative 2329:in 1856) multiplied. Prominent poets were 1585: 1204:. Canaanite languages are a branch of the 1096:. The name is believed to be based on the 56: 8549: 8412: 8137: 7816: 7730: 7712:Spolsky, Bernard; Shohamy, Elana (1999). 7700: 7612: 7610: 7432: 7001: 6999: 6997: 6894: 6759:Minorities and nationalism in Turkish law 6749: 1561:and by the Dead Sea Scrolls, notably the 1409:and the Babylonian captivity of 586 BCE. 921:in the 19th century, the Hebrew language 66:, a second-century BCE manuscript of the 8746:"The Phoenician Alphabet in Archaeology" 8609:"Hamas-run schools in Gaza teach Hebrew" 8481: 7253: 6795:protected by the legal system in Turkey. 5953:is the traditional pronunciation of the 5786: 5421: 5138:, as witnessed by transcriptions in the 2708: 2600:the pronunciation (by many speakers) of 2526:in some respects, mainly the following: 2487: 2475: 2170: 2089:, who developed a simple style based on 1956:or Masoretic Hebrew, a local dialect of 1932: 1913: 1605: 1595: 1477: 1259: 607: 9879: 8778: 7867:, lit. 'in the Hebrew dialect/language' 7800:Margins of Writing, Origins of Cultures 7375: 7055: 7053: 6837: 6762:. Cultural Diversity and Law. Farnham: 6623:"Turkish and other languages in Turkey" 6550: 6548: 5581:). In the sentence "I am that person" ( 5444:, then the preposition takes the vowel 2749:immigrants from the former Soviet Union 1747:, by the beginning of the Common Era, " 1326:, the traditional time of the reign of 592:question marks, boxes, or other symbols 12198: 8996:A Short History of the Hebrew Language 8968: 8856: 8527:. Israel National News. 13 June 2009. 8477: 8475: 8473: 8223:Nosonovsky, Michael (25 August 1997). 7607: 7570: 6994: 6709: 6664: 6620: 6586: 6584: 6120:List of English words of Hebrew origin 6085:List of Hebrew words of Persian origin 5282:of more inflected languages. Words in 2835:, and in its older stages also uvular 2223:(also called "Judezmo" and "Ladino"), 1543:(Assyrian script), still in use today. 1393:, written in the Moabite dialect; the 142:by the 5th century CE, surviving as a 11240: 10102: 10076: 9853: 9840: 9047: 8955:by the Academy of the Hebrew Language 8837: 8818: 8806:from the original on 27 December 2011 8800:"The Corpus of Spoken Israeli Hebrew" 8743: 8661: 8580: 8353: 8265: 8200:. Jewish-heritage.org. Archived from 8138:Bensadoun, Daniel (15 October 2010). 7995:"National Virtual Translation Center" 7930: 7928: 7688:from the original on 7 September 2020 7594: 7330: 7237:. Reuther & Reichard. p. 9. 6755: 6569:from the original on 14 December 2019 6526:. The State of Israel. Archived from 6466: 6464: 6344: 6342: 6340: 5825:(Assyrian), which developed from the 2932:By the time of the Dead Sea Scrolls, 2003:Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain 1875:The later section of the Talmud, the 1867:, Megillah 1:9: "Rebbi Jonathan from 1795: 979:as their liturgical tongue. As a non- 663: 643: 73:and one of the best-preserved of the 12050: 11266: 8725:from the original on 6 November 2022 8667: 8531:from the original on 4 December 2014 8458:from the original on 3 November 2013 7528:from the original on 24 October 2010 7093:, U.S. Census Bureau, archived from 7050: 7038:from the original on 27 October 2022 6933:from the original on 27 January 2012 6816:from the original on 20 October 2023 6780:from the original on 14 October 2023 6734:from the original on 11 October 2023 6691:from the original on 15 October 2023 6643:from the original on 20 October 2023 6545: 6321: 5338:). Such items include: the definite 2013:. Important Hebrew grammarians were 1642:elite became influenced by Aramaic. 1466:. A script descended from this, the 1291:In July 2008, Israeli archaeologist 1064: 874:, which was carried out against the 855:, which is derived from the name of 9669: 9073: 9007:Tutorials, courses and dictionaries 8581:Danan, Deborah (28 December 2012). 8550:Silverman, Anav (17 January 2013). 8482:Druckman, Yaron (21 January 2013). 8470: 7755:(Fernández & Elwolde 1999, p.2) 7499:from the original on 6 October 2023 6903:. Sun Foreign Staff. Archived from 6581: 6554: 6501:Meir, Irit; Sandler, Wendy (2013). 6012:especially the distinction between 5991:world. It was derived from the old 5764: 5758: 5752: 5738: 5723: 5712: 5700: 5698:is also often contracted to ‏ 5688: 5679: 5662: 5656: 5650: 5637: 5624: 5611: 5602: 5596: 5590:ani hu ha'adam ha'ze 5583: 5577: 5571: 5558: 5428: 5326: 5213:are still preserved (the fricative 4996: 4931: 4866: 4801: 4736: 4671: 4606: 4541: 4501: 4428: 4363: 4323: 4250: 4207: 4164: 4091: 4018: 3975: 3902: 3829: 3786: 3713: 3648: 3579: 3508: 3437: 3366: 3295: 3224: 2435:People's Commissariat for Education 2201: 1412: 1181: 1111:for the inhabitants of the land of 882:. Aramaic and, to a lesser extent, 825: 810: 767: 686: 164:Revived in the late 19th century CE 13: 11223:Languages between parentheses are 8589:from the original on 18 March 2013 8562:from the original on 24 April 2013 8494:from the original on 15 April 2013 8080:from the original on 4 August 2018 7934: 7925: 7621:The Hebrew of the Dead Sea Scrolls 7558:from the original on 6 August 2011 7186:from the original on 17 April 2018 6461: 6364: 6337: 6178:Later Hellenistic writers such as 6169:: or , strict pronunciation or . 5943:communities. It was influenced by 5890:Audio example of liturgical Hebrew 5878: 5660:, however, can be omitted, making 5644:hu akhal et ha'ugah 5083:were distinguished graphically in 3113:has similarly been re-introduced. 2610:‎> as in some contexts ( 1903: 1814:Hebrew, Early Rabbinic Hebrew, or 1614:In the early 6th century BCE, the 1462:(Judges 5). It was written in the 1417: 1171:" is found in the prologue to the 1115:, perhaps from the perspective of 937:) became the main language of the 14: 12252: 8914: 8900:from the original on 8 April 2023 8146:from the original on 1 April 2019 8119:from the original on 8 April 2023 7975:from the original on 28 July 2024 7965:"Jerusalem Talmud Megillah 1:9:3" 7518:"'Oldest Hebrew script' is found" 7396:from the original on 8 April 2023 7382:. The Hague: Mouton. p. 12. 7357:from the original on 8 April 2023 7241:from the original on 8 April 2023 7005:Sáenz-Badillos (1993), p. 170–171 6873:from the original on 8 April 2023 6260:Fitzmyer, Joseph A.: "The adverb 5772: 5569:) has only two words; one for I ( 3062: 3057: 2985: 2980: 2975: 2970: 2965: 2960: 2955: 2922: 2912: 2906: 2900: 2886: 2881: 2876: 2871: 2866: 2861: 2843: 2838: 2816: 2811: 2704: 2629:the partial elimination of vocal 2305:(The Gatherer), was published by 743:The earliest examples of written 362:(oral Hebrew accompanied by sign) 12178: 12161: 12144: 12127: 12110: 12093: 12076: 12059: 8920: 8883:A History of the Hebrew Language 8779:Hoffman, Joel M. (August 2004). 8756:from the original on 15 May 2024 8737: 8690: 8687:No text access via Google Books. 8649: 8619:from the original on 5 June 2024 8231:from the original on 7 July 2011 8099:(Ha-Kohen), Israel Meir (1980). 8074:Center for Online Judaic Studies 7739:Fernandez, Miguel Perez (1997). 7604:(Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1927). 7471:from the original on 9 June 2023 7290:. 2. Taylor & Francis. p. 7. 6895:Fesperman, Dan (26 April 1998). 6602:from the original on 18 May 2019 6482:from the original on 14 May 2020 6453: 6435: 6417: 6399: 6381: 6298: 6058: 6044: 6030: 5920:Problems playing this file? See 5894: 2797:Biblical Hebrew § Phonology 2465: 1977:meaning "tradition"), who added 1278:curse tablet found at Mount Ebal 1068:), one of several names for the 923:experienced a full-scale revival 708:, it was natively spoken by the 434:ha-akademyah la-lashon ha-ʿivrit 8880:Sáenz-Badillos, Angel (1993) . 8697:Wilson-Wright, Aren M. (2019). 8631: 8601: 8574: 8543: 8517: 8506: 8290: 8259: 8243: 8216: 8190: 8171: 8158: 8131: 8092: 8062: 8053: 8044: 8031: 8009: 7999:Federal Bureau of Investigation 7987: 7957: 7914:https://doi.org/10.2307/3264497 7906: 7892: 7879: 7870: 7857: 7844: 7838:Spolsky, B. (1985), p. 40. and 7789:(2006). Seth L. Sanders (ed.). 7770: 7746: 7669: 7639: 7626: 7540: 7510: 7483: 7457: 7408: 7369: 7324: 7315: 7302: 7293: 7280: 7224: 7212:from the original on 2 May 2013 7198: 7168: 7134: 7108: 7020: 7008: 6954: 6945: 6929:. Physorg.com. 7 January 2010. 6919: 6888: 6846: 6831: 6281: 6254: 6244: 6234: 6225: 6172: 5961:in the countries of the former 5638:הוא אכל את העוגה 5584:אני הוא האדם הזה 2195:, owing to the ideology of the 1952:evolved. The most important is 1272:, dates to the 7th century BCE. 11227:of the language on their left. 8944:Academy of the Hebrew Language 8927:Hebrew language and literature 8393:Frankfurt International School 7863:E.g. Acts 21:40; 22:2; 26:14: 7028:"Abraham Ben Isaac Ben Garton" 6509: 6494: 6351: 6148: 5426:The Hebrew word for "Hebrew" ( 2858:in later Biblical Hebrew, and 2760:Hebrew University of Jerusalem 2756:Academy of the Hebrew Language 2714:Academy of the Hebrew Language 2407:Academy of the Hebrew Language 2342:revival of the Hebrew language 2167:Revival of the Hebrew language 2157:Berurah without any trouble." 2095: 2079: 2043: 2035: 2015: 1053:, all ultimately derived from 1018:word "Hebrew" is derived from 425:Academy of the Hebrew Language 1: 12236:Verb–subject–object languages 12009:Algerian Jewish Sign Language 8953:Historical Dictionary Project 8933: 8802:. (CoSIH): Working Papers I. 8354:Klein, Zeev (18 March 2013). 8297:Shisha Halevy, Ariel (1989). 7901:Christian Palestinian Aramaic 7231:Muss-Arnolt, William (1905). 7116:"Arabic Downgraded in Israel" 7091:The 2012 Statistical Abstract 6627:The Other Languages of Europe 6407:Samaritan Hebrew (liturgical) 6389:Classical Hebrew (liturgical) 6136: 5301: 5195: 5171:Hebrew and Aramaic underwent 3116: 2093:for use in his law code, the 1490:" on tops of certain letters. 1436: 1429: 898:, intra-Jewish commerce, and 8819:Klein, Reuven Chaim (2014). 8750:Biblical Archaeology Society 8269:A Textbook of Israeli Hebrew 8039:Penguin Book of Hebrew Verse 7653:. 6 May 2019. Archived from 7602:A Grammar of Mishnaic Hebrew 6840:Hebrew: The Eternal Language 6331: 6207:which the Mishnah, Tosefta, 6190:to refer to both Hebrew and 6130:Study of the Hebrew language 5134: 5128: 5122: 5116: 5041: 4973: 4947: 4908: 4882: 4843: 4817: 4778: 4752: 4713: 4687: 4648: 4622: 4583: 4557: 4517: 4478: 4444: 4405: 4379: 4339: 4300: 4266: 4223: 4180: 4141: 4107: 4068: 4034: 3991: 3952: 3918: 3879: 3845: 3802: 3763: 3729: 3690: 3664: 3625: 3599: 3556: 3550: 3524: 3485: 3479: 3453: 3414: 3408: 3382: 3343: 3337: 3311: 3272: 3266: 3240: 3201: 3195: 3169: 3085:or a voiced velar fricative 2790: 2391:British Mandate of Palestine 2105:this generalization such as 1284:, Yahweh, as three letters, 1240:revival as a spoken language 1202:Canaanite group of languages 1058: 1042: 1009: 730:revived as a spoken language 704:. A regional dialect of the 7: 8963:Israeli Ministry of Tourism 7310:Introducing Biblical Hebrew 7286:Barton, John, ed. (2004) . 6080:List of Hebrew dictionaries 6023: 5955:Spanish and Portuguese Jews 5728: 5717: 5706: 5694: 5668: 5643: 5630: 5589: 5564: 5334: 5250:, expressing such forms as 5225:which lost the distinction) 2319: 2299: 2207: 2149: 2121: 843:, meaning Hebrew; however, 702:Afroasiatic language family 633: 433: 48: 10: 12257: 11394:Jewish Palestinian Aramaic 9109:Transliteration to English 9040:by Polyglot Daniel Epstein 8863:Cambridge University Press 8771: 7885:Geoffrey W. Bromley (ed.) 7434:10.1186/s40494-023-00920-9 6960:Sáenz-Badillos (1993), p. 6274: 6268: 6262: 5776: 5669:hu akhal ha'ugah 5239: 5233: 5229: 2794: 2469: 2352:and in 1881 immigrated to 2164: 2160: 2146:'s purpose in writing the 1907: 1799: 1669:, but a form of so-called 1589: 1522:Early post-Biblical Hebrew 1421: 1403:ostraca found near Lachish 1368:consonants to imply vowels 1249: 1246:Oldest Hebrew inscriptions 1242:in the late 19th century. 1195: 1036: 847:refers to the language as 839:refers to the language as 698:Northwest Semitic language 30:Northwest Semitic language 22: 15: 12022: 11989: 11924: 11869: 11839:Judaeo-Hamedani–Borujerdi 11814: 11700: 11668: 11581: 11572: 11563: 11512: 11442: 11368: 11323: 11292: 11283: 11274: 11209: 11136: 11037: 10978: 10971: 10938: 10929: 10922: 10875: 10866: 10796: 10704: 10551: 10432: 10393: 10384: 10375: 10317: 10296: 10199: 10190: 10181: 10143: 10110: 10060: 9999: 9931: 9903: 9887: 9847: 9842:Links to related articles 9788: 9723: 9668: 9633: 9576: 9533: 9433: 9310: 9264: 9248: 9241: 9164: 9126: 9081: 9026:Foreign Service Institute 8699:"The Canaanite languages" 8425:University College London 7333:"Learning to Read Hebrew" 6838:Chomsky, William (1957). 5981:Mizrahi (Oriental) Hebrew 5872:Liturgical use in Judaism 5813:resembles those used for 5521: 5246:Hebrew grammar is partly 5242:History of Hebrew grammar 5159: 5148: 5099: 5089: 5078: 5055: 5028: 5016: 4965: 4900: 4835: 4770: 4705: 4640: 4575: 4493: 4488: 4476: 4470: 4468: 4397: 4315: 4310: 4298: 4292: 4290: 4156: 4151: 4146: 4139: 4133: 4131: 4060: 3967: 3962: 3957: 3950: 3944: 3942: 3871: 3778: 3773: 3768: 3761: 3755: 3753: 3682: 3617: 3542: 3471: 3400: 3329: 3258: 3187: 3141: 3136: 3133: 3130: 3123: 3011:), and show the shift of 2636: 2607: 2569: 2556: 2540: 2128:in Hebrew, as opposed to 1730:from the 4th century CE. 1532:destruction of the Temple 1104: 687: 628: 578: 564: 548: 482: 464: 446: 441: 428: 418: 388: 373:Official language in 371: 366: 349: 343:Samaritan Biblical Hebrew 302: 285: 262: 234: 174: 157: 129: 119: 109: 81: 55: 43: 42: 37: 11220:or historical languages. 9797:Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar 8266:Rosén, Haiim B. (1966). 7787:Schniedewind, William M. 7331:Share, David L. (2017). 6141: 5965:, with the exception of 5686:In spoken Hebrew ‏ 5321:Hebrew uses a number of 5286:are often combined with 5045:was still pronounced as 2783:, since 6 January 2005. 2516:of international words. 2514:phono-semantic matchings 2350:Jewish national movement 1786:Hebrew Gospel hypothesis 1164:, of identical meaning. 1139:; or maybe the northern 999:, and by theologians in 900:Jewish poetic literature 829: "the language of 166:. 9 million speakers of 11970:Portuguese-based Creole 8783:. New York: NYU Press. 8452:"Why Learn a Language?" 8183:15 January 2010 at the 8105:. Feldheim Publishers. 7554:. AP. 30 October 2008. 7312:, Baker Academic, 2001. 7266:. Brill. pp. 43–. 6716:East European Quarterly 6665:Zetler, Reyhan (2014). 6095:Hebraization of English 5912:(reading of the Torah). 5663:הוא אכל העוגה 5541:In Hebrew, there is no 5223:Sephardic pronunciation 2801:Modern Hebrew phonology 2673:"you wrote" instead of 2585:voiced uvular fricative 2532:pharyngeal articulation 2284:Israeli Standard Hebrew 1818:Hebrew I), which was a 1586:Displacement by Aramaic 1508:Imperial Aramaic script 1470:, is still used by the 1336:Archaic Biblical Hebrew 1256:Ancient Hebrew writings 1023: 945:, and subsequently the 330:Imperial Aramaic script 325:Archaic Biblical Hebrew 18:Hebrew (disambiguation) 8857:Laufer, Asher (1999). 8028:, Venice 1546 (Hebrew) 7865:têi hebraḯdi dialéktôi 7850:Huehnergard, John and 7676:Andrew Silow-Carroll. 7376:Fellman, Jack (1973). 7335:. In Verhoeven, Ludo; 6125:Romanization of Hebrew 5883: 5794: 5603:אני האדם הזה 5436: 5266:particles rather than 3077:as a uvular fricative 2716: 2695: 2666:) and some other words 2497: 2485: 2460:Yevgeny Korostyshevsky 2176: 2017:Judah ben David Hayyuj 1945: 1944:, India, dated to 1344 1930: 1929:pointing (Joshua 1:1). 1618:conquered the ancient 1611: 1603: 1491: 1484:writing a Torah scroll 1482:Hebrew script used in 1366:, and it does not use 1346:one that, through the 1273: 1200:Hebrew belongs to the 740:, still spoken today. 617: 580:This article contains 12013:village sign language 11999:Israeli Sign Language 10510:Christian Palestinian 10222:Ancient North Arabian 8706:The Semitic languages 6756:Bayır, Derya (2013). 6710:Toktaş, Şule (2006). 6348:Sáenz-Badillos (1993) 6075:Paleo-Hebrew alphabet 5882: 5811:paleo-Hebrew alphabet 5790: 5654:the cake"). The word 5425: 5240:Further information: 5236:Modern Hebrew grammar 5068:. Later on, however, 2795:Further information: 2712: 2687: 2643:instead of Sephardic 2618:instead of Sephardic 2491: 2479: 2415:Ben-Yehuda Dictionary 2356:, then a part of the 2272:Modern Israeli Hebrew 2174: 2111:mutually intelligible 1936: 1917: 1622:, destroying much of 1616:Neo-Babylonian Empire 1609: 1599: 1481: 1464:Paleo-Hebrew alphabet 1263: 1252:Paleo-Hebrew alphabet 1250:Further information: 1208:family of languages. 865:Paleo-Hebrew alphabet 614:Paleo-Hebrew alphabet 611: 321:Paleo-Hebrew alphabet 11849:Judaeo-Yazdi–Kermani 11489:Judaeo-Tripolitanian 10610:Koy Sanjaq Christian 10287:Pre-classical Arabic 9818:Strong's Concordance 9104:Ancient inscriptions 9001:Chaim Menachem Rabin 8341:13 June 2019 at the 8076:. 7 September 2017. 7919:28 July 2024 at the 6967:8 April 2023 at the 6100:Hebrew abbreviations 5734:Bar Kokhba documents 5648:(literally, "He ate 5575:) and one for here ( 5142:. As in the case of 2496:and English keyboard 2335:Shaul Tchernichovsky 1938:Kochangadi Synagogue 1740:William Schniedewind 1632:Babylonian captivity 1537:Hebrew square script 1458:(Exodus 15) and the 1379:Egyptian hieroglyphs 1151:). Compare the word 991:specializing in the 792:the tongue holiness 757:Babylonian captivity 722:Second Temple period 429:האקדמיה ללשון העברית 334:Late Biblical Hebrew 12231:Languages of Israel 12211:Canaanite languages 10453:Ashurian and Hatran 9881:Languages of Israel 9811:Brown–Driver–Briggs 9036:26 May 2022 at the 9022:Hebrew Basic Course 8980:Jewish Encyclopedia 8969:General information 8838:Kuzar, Ron (2001). 8318:Zuckermann, Ghil'ad 8204:on 22 December 2012 8187:by Libby Kantorwitz 8024:1 July 2021 at the 8005:on 17 January 2009. 7682:The Times of Israel 7657:on 8 September 2020 7590:on 4 February 2012. 7524:. 30 October 2008. 7097:on 25 December 2007 7016:Who Wrote the Bible 6357:H. S. Nyberg 1952. 6269:Ἑβραιστὶ δὲ Γαββαθᾶ 5866:Hebrew cantillation 5677:was convinced that 5323:one-letter prefixes 5199: 200 BCE 2566:the conversion of ( 2530:the replacement of 2456:Ephraim Kholmyansky 2370:liturgical language 2331:Hayim Nahman Bialik 2051:Solomon ibn Gabirol 1990:, precursor to the 1486:. Note ornamental " 1354:, later became the 914:, Italy) in 1475. 896:rabbinic literature 890:as the language of 728:. The language was 714:liturgical language 706:Canaanite languages 390:Recognised minority 144:liturgical language 12216:Fusional languages 11877:Jewish Koine Greek 11737:Judaeo-Piedmontese 11484:Judaeo-Palestinian 11324:Reading traditions 10524:Jewish Palestinian 9660:Law of attenuation 9165:Reading traditions 8432:on 6 November 2013 8400:on 6 November 2013 8368:on 4 November 2013 8326:Palgrave Macmillan 8015:Abraham ibn Ezra, 7288:The Biblical World 7067:on 4 November 2013 6766:. pp. 89–90. 6764:Ashgate Publishing 6359:Hebreisk Grammatik 5884: 5795: 5543:indefinite article 5437: 5395:) (= "and"), 5349:) (= "the"); 5310:", or 3-consonant 2717: 2683:Ghil'ad Zuckermann 2498: 2486: 2193:Eliezer Ben-Yehuda 2177: 2175:Eliezer Ben-Yehuda 2144:Yisrael Meir Kagan 1946: 1931: 1796:Mishnah and Talmud 1703:Hellenistic period 1612: 1604: 1492: 1468:Samaritan alphabet 1395:Siloam inscription 1274: 1266:Shebna Inscription 1213:Kingdoms of Israel 1179:, refers to it as 927:Eliezer Ben-Yehuda 837:Mishnah Gittin 9:8 734:linguistic revival 618: 12041: 12040: 12035: 12034: 12029:extinct languages 11966:Judaeo-Papiamento 11920: 11919: 11860:Judaeo-Golpaygani 11791:Judaeo-Portuguese 11696: 11695: 11559: 11558: 11364: 11363: 11234: 11233: 11205: 11204: 11201: 11200: 11132: 11131: 11128: 11127: 10862: 10861: 10858: 10857: 10700: 10699: 10663:Koy Sanjaq Jewish 10460:Jewish Babylonian 10371: 10370: 10104:Semitic languages 10070: 10069: 9834: 9833: 9690:Verbal morphology 9629: 9628: 9142: 8986:A Guide to Hebrew 8925:Works related to 8893:978-0-521-55634-7 8872:978-0-521-65236-0 8849:978-3-11-016993-5 8830:978-1-937887-36-0 8823:. Mosaica Press. 8790:978-0-8147-3654-8 8715:978-0-415-73195-9 8682:978-1-57506-129-0 8656:Dolgopolsky (1999 8639:Dolgopolsky, Aron 8334:978-1-4039-1723-2 8283:978-0-226-72603-8 8164:Spiegel, Shalom. 8112:978-0-87306-198-8 7950:978-965-217-444-4 7809:978-1-885923-39-4 7723:978-1-85359-451-9 7632:Nicholas Ostler, 7389:978-90-279-2495-7 7350:978-1-107-09588-5 7337:Perfetti, Charles 7273:978-90-04-16906-7 7208:. Lib.cet.ac.il. 7120:Language Magazine 6901:The Baltimore Sun 6866:978-0-521-01652-0 6773:978-1-4094-7254-4 6636:978-1-85359-510-3 6555:Pisarek, Walery. 6451:(19th ed., 2016) 6443:Edomite (extinct) 6433:(19th ed., 2016) 6425:Moabite (extinct) 6415:(19th ed., 2016) 6397:(19th ed., 2016) 6379:(19th ed., 2016) 6231:See original text 6105:Hebrew literature 5899: 5360:) (= "in"), 5332: 5312:consonantal roots 5268:grammatical cases 5033: 5032: 2512:from Yiddish and 2386:vernacularization 2045:Dunash ben Labrat 1898:Bar Kokhba revolt 1881:aggadah midrashes 1828:literary language 1790:Language of Jesus 1782:Gospel of Matthew 1770:Bar Kokhba revolt 1580:Bar Kokhba revolt 1305:Hebrew University 1206:Northwest Semitic 997:its civilizations 977:Samaritan dialect 973:official language 959:Israeli Americans 947:official language 917:With the rise of 872:Bar Kokhba revolt 859:, in contrast to 857:the alphabet used 662: 606: 605: 588:rendering support 584:phonetic symbols. 420:Regulated by 206:Northwest Semitic 12248: 12221:Jewish languages 12191: 12183: 12182: 12181: 12174: 12166: 12165: 12164: 12157: 12156:from Wikiversity 12149: 12148: 12147: 12140: 12132: 12131: 12130: 12123: 12115: 12114: 12113: 12106: 12098: 12097: 12096: 12089: 12081: 12080: 12079: 12072: 12064: 12063: 12062: 12052: 11946:Judaeo-Malayalam 11798:Judaeo-Aragonese 11777:Judaeo-Provençal 11723:Judaeo-Livornese 11579: 11578: 11570: 11569: 11290: 11289: 11281: 11280: 11268:Jewish languages 11261: 11254: 11247: 11238: 11237: 10976: 10975: 10936: 10935: 10927: 10926: 10873: 10872: 10741:northern dialect 10416:Biblical Aramaic 10409:Imperial Aramaic 10391: 10390: 10382: 10381: 10280:Nabataean Arabic 10197: 10196: 10188: 10187: 10163:Canaano-Akkadian 10097: 10090: 10083: 10074: 10073: 10064:Jewish languages 10047:Levantine Arabic 9874: 9867: 9860: 9851: 9850: 9838: 9837: 9780:Unicode and HTML 9246: 9245: 9234: 9226: 9218: 9199: 9139:northern dialect 9136: 9068: 9061: 9054: 9045: 9044: 8940:Official website 8924: 8909: 8907: 8905: 8876: 8853: 8834: 8815: 8813: 8811: 8794: 8766: 8765: 8763: 8761: 8741: 8735: 8734: 8732: 8730: 8724: 8703: 8694: 8688: 8686: 8665: 8659: 8653: 8647: 8646: 8635: 8629: 8628: 8626: 8624: 8605: 8599: 8598: 8596: 8594: 8578: 8572: 8571: 8569: 8567: 8558:. Ynetnews.com. 8547: 8541: 8540: 8538: 8536: 8521: 8515: 8510: 8504: 8503: 8501: 8499: 8490:. Ynetnews.com. 8479: 8468: 8467: 8465: 8463: 8448: 8442: 8441: 8439: 8437: 8428:. Archived from 8416: 8410: 8409: 8407: 8405: 8396:. Archived from 8384: 8378: 8377: 8375: 8373: 8364:. Archived from 8351: 8345: 8315: 8309: 8308: 8307:on 21 July 2011. 8294: 8288: 8287: 8263: 8257: 8247: 8241: 8240: 8238: 8236: 8220: 8214: 8213: 8211: 8209: 8194: 8188: 8175: 8169: 8162: 8156: 8155: 8153: 8151: 8135: 8129: 8128: 8126: 8124: 8096: 8090: 8089: 8087: 8085: 8066: 8060: 8057: 8051: 8048: 8042: 8035: 8029: 8013: 8007: 8006: 8001:. Archived from 7991: 7985: 7984: 7982: 7980: 7961: 7955: 7954: 7932: 7923: 7910: 7904: 7896: 7890: 7883: 7877: 7874: 7868: 7861: 7855: 7848: 7842: 7836: 7830: 7823: 7814: 7813: 7797: 7783: 7777: 7774: 7768: 7765: 7756: 7750: 7744: 7737: 7728: 7727: 7709: 7698: 7697: 7695: 7693: 7673: 7667: 7666: 7664: 7662: 7643: 7637: 7630: 7624: 7614: 7605: 7598: 7592: 7591: 7589: 7583:. Archived from 7582: 7574: 7568: 7567: 7565: 7563: 7544: 7538: 7537: 7535: 7533: 7514: 7508: 7507: 7506: 7504: 7487: 7481: 7480: 7478: 7476: 7461: 7455: 7454: 7436: 7421:Heritage Science 7412: 7406: 7405: 7403: 7401: 7373: 7367: 7366: 7364: 7362: 7328: 7322: 7319: 7313: 7306: 7300: 7297: 7291: 7284: 7278: 7277: 7257: 7251: 7250: 7248: 7246: 7228: 7222: 7221: 7219: 7217: 7206:"הספריה של מט"ח" 7202: 7196: 7195: 7193: 7191: 7172: 7166: 7165: 7163: 7161: 7138: 7132: 7131: 7129: 7127: 7122:. 14 August 2018 7112: 7106: 7105: 7104: 7102: 7083: 7077: 7076: 7074: 7072: 7057: 7048: 7047: 7045: 7043: 7032:Encyclopedia.com 7024: 7018: 7012: 7006: 7003: 6992: 6980: 6971: 6958: 6952: 6949: 6943: 6942: 6940: 6938: 6923: 6917: 6916: 6914: 6912: 6907:on 29 March 2017 6892: 6886: 6885: 6880: 6878: 6850: 6844: 6843: 6835: 6829: 6828: 6823: 6821: 6804: 6798: 6797: 6787: 6785: 6753: 6747: 6746: 6741: 6739: 6707: 6701: 6700: 6698: 6696: 6690: 6671: 6662: 6656: 6655: 6650: 6648: 6618: 6612: 6611: 6609: 6607: 6588: 6579: 6578: 6576: 6574: 6568: 6561: 6552: 6543: 6542: 6540: 6538: 6533:on 10 April 2021 6532: 6521: 6513: 6507: 6506: 6498: 6492: 6491: 6489: 6487: 6468: 6459: 6458: 6457: 6440: 6439: 6422: 6421: 6404: 6403: 6386: 6385: 6368: 6362: 6355: 6349: 6346: 6325: 6319: 6315: 6311: 6307: 6302: 6296: 6285: 6279: 6277: 6276: 6271: 6270: 6265: 6264: 6258: 6252: 6248: 6242: 6238: 6232: 6229: 6223: 6204: 6195: 6176: 6170: 6152: 6115:Jewish languages 6068: 6063: 6062: 6054: 6049: 6048: 6047: 6040: 6035: 6034: 6033: 5971:Hebrew phonology 5933:Ashkenazi Hebrew 5901: 5900: 5881: 5845:matres lectionis 5767: 5766: 5761: 5760: 5755: 5754: 5749: 5748: 5731: 5726: 5725: 5720: 5715: 5714: 5709: 5703: 5702: 5697: 5691: 5690: 5682: 5681: 5675:David Ben-Gurion 5671: 5665: 5664: 5659: 5658: 5653: 5652: 5646: 5640: 5639: 5633: 5627: 5626: 5614: 5613: 5605: 5604: 5599: 5598: 5592: 5586: 5585: 5580: 5579: 5574: 5573: 5567: 5561: 5560: 5447: 5431: 5430: 5414: 5402: 5394: 5379: 5367: 5359: 5348: 5337: 5335:Otiyot HaShimush 5331:romanized: 5330: 5328: 5220: 5216: 5212: 5200: 5197: 5194: 5190: 5178: 5167: 5161: 5156: 5150: 5145: 5137: 5131: 5125: 5119: 5110: 5106: 5101: 5096: 5091: 5080: 5075: 5071: 5067: 5063: 5057: 5052: 5044: 5002: 5001: 4991: 4986: 4981: 4976: 4967: 4961: 4952: 4937: 4936: 4926: 4921: 4916: 4911: 4902: 4896: 4887: 4872: 4871: 4861: 4856: 4851: 4846: 4837: 4831: 4822: 4807: 4806: 4796: 4791: 4786: 4781: 4772: 4766: 4757: 4742: 4741: 4731: 4726: 4721: 4716: 4707: 4701: 4692: 4677: 4676: 4666: 4661: 4656: 4651: 4642: 4636: 4627: 4612: 4611: 4601: 4596: 4591: 4586: 4577: 4571: 4562: 4547: 4546: 4536: 4531: 4522: 4507: 4506: 4496: 4491: 4486: 4481: 4472: 4466: 4458: 4449: 4434: 4433: 4423: 4418: 4413: 4408: 4399: 4393: 4384: 4369: 4368: 4358: 4353: 4344: 4329: 4328: 4318: 4313: 4308: 4303: 4294: 4288: 4280: 4271: 4256: 4255: 4245: 4237: 4228: 4213: 4212: 4202: 4194: 4185: 4170: 4169: 4159: 4154: 4149: 4144: 4135: 4129: 4121: 4112: 4097: 4096: 4086: 4081: 4076: 4071: 4062: 4056: 4048: 4039: 4024: 4023: 4013: 4005: 3996: 3981: 3980: 3970: 3965: 3960: 3955: 3946: 3940: 3932: 3923: 3908: 3907: 3897: 3892: 3887: 3882: 3873: 3867: 3859: 3850: 3835: 3834: 3824: 3816: 3807: 3792: 3791: 3781: 3776: 3771: 3766: 3757: 3751: 3743: 3734: 3719: 3718: 3708: 3703: 3698: 3693: 3684: 3678: 3669: 3654: 3653: 3643: 3638: 3633: 3628: 3619: 3613: 3604: 3589: 3588: 3574: 3569: 3564: 3559: 3553: 3544: 3538: 3529: 3514: 3513: 3503: 3498: 3493: 3488: 3482: 3473: 3467: 3458: 3443: 3442: 3432: 3427: 3422: 3417: 3411: 3402: 3396: 3387: 3372: 3371: 3361: 3356: 3351: 3346: 3340: 3331: 3325: 3316: 3301: 3300: 3290: 3285: 3280: 3275: 3269: 3260: 3254: 3245: 3230: 3229: 3219: 3214: 3209: 3204: 3198: 3189: 3183: 3174: 3121: 3120: 3112: 3108: 3100: 3092: 3084: 3076: 3068: 3066: 3061: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3026: 3018: 2991: 2989: 2984: 2979: 2974: 2969: 2964: 2959: 2951: 2943: 2935: 2928: 2926: 2918: 2916: 2910: 2904: 2892: 2890: 2885: 2880: 2875: 2870: 2865: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2847: 2842: 2834: 2822: 2820: 2815: 2638: 2609: 2578: 2571: 2560: 2554: 2544: 2521:Ashkenazi Hebrew 2324: 2304: 2292:Sephardic Hebrew 2210: 2204: 2203: 2197:national revival 2179:Hebrew has been 2154: 2132:, as a guide to 2126: 2100: 2099: 2084: 2083: 2063:Abraham ibn Ezra 2048: 2047: 2040: 2039: 2027:Abraham ibn Ezra 2020: 2019: 2011:Classical Arabic 1865:Jerusalem Talmud 1728:Byzantine period 1620:Kingdom of Judah 1592:Aramaic language 1565:letters and the 1514:Israelian Hebrew 1448:Babylonian exile 1441: 1438: 1434: 1431: 1413:Classical Hebrew 1334:. Classified as 1324:Monarchic period 1314: 1221:Babylonian exile 1184: 1183: 1113:Israel and Judah 1106: 1067: 1066: 1061: 1045: 1039: 1038: 1026: 963:Jewish Americans 845:Mishnah Megillah 834: 827: 819: 812: 796: 793: 790: 786: 783: 780: 777: 774: 770: 769: 768:לְשׁוֹן הַקֹּדֶש 692: 691: 689: 682:Samaritan script 679: 678: 677: 671: 668: 660: 659: 658: 657: 651: 648: 642: 638: 630: 574: 560: 539: 528: 520:Samaritan Hebrew 517: 509:Classical Hebrew 506: 496: 487: 478: 477: 469: 460: 459: 451: 436: 430: 392:language in 355: 339:Samaritan script 308: 296: 292:Israelian Hebrew 180: 105: 98: 90: 75:Dead Sea Scrolls 60: 51: 45: 35: 34: 12256: 12255: 12251: 12250: 12249: 12247: 12246: 12245: 12206:Hebrew language 12196: 12195: 12194: 12184: 12179: 12177: 12173:from Wikivoyage 12167: 12162: 12160: 12150: 12145: 12143: 12133: 12128: 12126: 12122:from Wikisource 12116: 12111: 12109: 12099: 12094: 12092: 12082: 12077: 12075: 12071:from Wiktionary 12065: 12060: 12058: 12055: 12051:sister projects 12048:at Knowledge's 12046:Hebrew language 12042: 12037: 12036: 12031: 12018: 11985: 11956:Judaeo-Georgian 11916: 11865: 11810: 11692: 11664: 11646:Judaeo-Alsatian 11555: 11508: 11499:Judaeo-Tunisian 11479:Judaeo-Moroccan 11472:Judaeo-Baghdadi 11457:Judaeo-Egyptian 11452:Judaeo-Algerian 11438: 11429:Lishanid Noshan 11360: 11319: 11270: 11265: 11235: 11230: 11197: 11124: 11033: 10980: 10967: 10918: 10879: 10854: 10792: 10696: 10638:Urmia Christian 10554: 10547: 10434: 10428: 10367: 10327:Egyptian Arabic 10313: 10309:Modern Standard 10292: 10177: 10139: 10106: 10101: 10071: 10066: 10056: 9995: 9927: 9899: 9883: 9878: 9843: 9835: 9830: 9789:Reference works 9784: 9719: 9715:Vav-consecutive 9664: 9643:Biblical Hebrew 9625: 9572: 9557:Mater lectionis 9529: 9429: 9306: 9260: 9237: 9232: 9224: 9216: 9195: 9160: 9122: 9077: 9075:Hebrew language 9072: 9038:Wayback Machine 9013:Hebrew language 9009: 8975:Hebrew language 8971: 8936: 8917: 8912: 8903: 8901: 8894: 8873: 8850: 8831: 8809: 8807: 8791: 8774: 8769: 8759: 8757: 8742: 8738: 8728: 8726: 8722: 8716: 8701: 8695: 8691: 8683: 8666: 8662: 8654: 8650: 8636: 8632: 8622: 8620: 8607: 8606: 8602: 8592: 8590: 8579: 8575: 8565: 8563: 8548: 8544: 8534: 8532: 8523: 8522: 8518: 8511: 8507: 8497: 8495: 8480: 8471: 8461: 8459: 8450: 8449: 8445: 8435: 8433: 8418: 8417: 8413: 8403: 8401: 8386: 8385: 8381: 8371: 8369: 8352: 8348: 8343:Wayback Machine 8316: 8312: 8295: 8291: 8284: 8264: 8260: 8256:, among others. 8254:Albert Einstein 8248: 8244: 8234: 8232: 8221: 8217: 8207: 8205: 8196: 8195: 8191: 8185:Wayback Machine 8176: 8172: 8163: 8159: 8149: 8147: 8136: 8132: 8122: 8120: 8113: 8097: 8093: 8083: 8081: 8068: 8067: 8063: 8058: 8054: 8049: 8045: 8036: 8032: 8026:Wayback Machine 8014: 8010: 7993: 7992: 7988: 7978: 7976: 7969:www.sefaria.org 7963: 7962: 7958: 7951: 7933: 7926: 7921:Wayback Machine 7911: 7907: 7897: 7893: 7884: 7880: 7875: 7871: 7862: 7858: 7849: 7845: 7837: 7833: 7824: 7817: 7810: 7795: 7784: 7780: 7775: 7771: 7766: 7759: 7751: 7747: 7738: 7731: 7724: 7710: 7701: 7691: 7689: 7674: 7670: 7660: 7658: 7645: 7644: 7640: 7631: 7627: 7615: 7608: 7599: 7595: 7587: 7580: 7576: 7575: 7571: 7561: 7559: 7546: 7545: 7541: 7531: 7529: 7516: 7515: 7511: 7502: 7500: 7495:, 19 May 2023, 7489: 7488: 7484: 7474: 7472: 7467:. 14 May 2023. 7463: 7462: 7458: 7413: 7409: 7399: 7397: 7390: 7374: 7370: 7360: 7358: 7351: 7329: 7325: 7320: 7316: 7308:Ross, Allen P. 7307: 7303: 7299:Kings II 18:26. 7298: 7294: 7285: 7281: 7274: 7258: 7254: 7244: 7242: 7229: 7225: 7215: 7213: 7204: 7203: 7199: 7189: 7187: 7174: 7173: 7169: 7159: 7157: 7139: 7135: 7125: 7123: 7114: 7113: 7109: 7100: 7098: 7085: 7084: 7080: 7070: 7068: 7059: 7058: 7051: 7041: 7039: 7026: 7025: 7021: 7013: 7009: 7004: 6995: 6981: 6974: 6969:Wayback Machine 6959: 6955: 6950: 6946: 6936: 6934: 6925: 6924: 6920: 6910: 6908: 6893: 6889: 6876: 6874: 6867: 6851: 6847: 6836: 6832: 6819: 6817: 6806: 6805: 6801: 6783: 6781: 6774: 6754: 6750: 6742:. p. 514: 6737: 6735: 6708: 6704: 6694: 6692: 6688: 6669: 6663: 6659: 6646: 6644: 6637: 6619: 6615: 6605: 6603: 6590: 6589: 6582: 6572: 6570: 6566: 6559: 6553: 6546: 6536: 6534: 6530: 6519: 6515: 6514: 6510: 6499: 6495: 6485: 6483: 6470: 6469: 6462: 6452: 6441: 6434: 6423: 6416: 6405: 6398: 6387: 6380: 6369: 6365: 6356: 6352: 6347: 6338: 6334: 6329: 6328: 6303: 6299: 6286: 6282: 6259: 6255: 6249: 6245: 6239: 6235: 6230: 6226: 6205: 6198: 6177: 6173: 6153: 6149: 6144: 6139: 6134: 6110:Hebrew numerals 6066:Language portal 6064: 6057: 6050: 6045: 6043: 6036: 6031: 6029: 6026: 5997:Yemenite Hebrew 5993:Arabic language 5977:pronunciation. 5967:Yemenite Hebrew 5951:Sephardi Hebrew 5947:pronunciation. 5927: 5926: 5918: 5916: 5915: 5914: 5913: 5910:Aliyah La-Torah 5902: 5895: 5892: 5885: 5879: 5874: 5803:Hebrew alphabet 5792:Hebrew alphabet 5785: 5779:Hebrew alphabet 5777:Main articles: 5775: 5532:Biblical Hebrew 5524: 5304: 5272:construct state 5244: 5238: 5232: 5203:functional load 5198: 5163: 5152: 5103: 5093: 5085:Tiberian Hebrew 5082: 5059: 5003: 4969: 4938: 4904: 4873: 4839: 4808: 4774: 4743: 4709: 4678: 4644: 4613: 4579: 4548: 4508: 4474: 4435: 4401: 4370: 4330: 4296: 4257: 4214: 4171: 4137: 4098: 4064: 4025: 3982: 3948: 3909: 3875: 3836: 3793: 3759: 3720: 3686: 3655: 3621: 3590: 3546: 3515: 3475: 3444: 3404: 3373: 3333: 3302: 3262: 3231: 3191: 3126: 3119: 3040:Sephardi Hebrew 2936:had shifted to 2806:Biblical Hebrew 2803: 2793: 2707: 2574: 2562: 2552: 2546: 2534:in the letters 2506:Sephardi Hebrew 2474: 2468: 2421:and a very few 2374:spoken language 2288:Standard Hebrew 2261:State of Israel 2237:Jewish diaspora 2169: 2163: 2151:Mishnah Berurah 2091:Mishnaic Hebrew 2074:Medieval Arabic 2070:Classical Greek 2023:Jonah ibn Janah 1992:Arabic alphabet 1988:Syriac alphabet 1954:Tiberian Hebrew 1950:Medieval Hebrew 1921:: 10th century 1912: 1910:Medieval Hebrew 1906: 1904:Medieval Hebrew 1820:spoken language 1804: 1802:Mishnaic Hebrew 1798: 1758:Rabbinic Hebrew 1745:Bernard Spolsky 1711:Joseph Klausner 1707:Moshe Zvi Segal 1671:Rabbinic Hebrew 1647:Cyrus the Great 1594: 1588: 1582:around 135 CE. 1547:Mishnaic Hebrew 1528:Dead Sea Scroll 1524: 1460:Song of Deborah 1454:), notably the 1439: 1433: 1000 BCE 1432: 1426: 1424:Biblical Hebrew 1420: 1418:Biblical Hebrew 1415: 1312: 1301:Khirbet Qeiyafa 1297:a ceramic shard 1293:Yossi Garfinkel 1258: 1248: 1236:Medieval Hebrew 1198: 1092:, mentioned in 1055:Biblical Hebrew 1012: 951:State of Israel 888:medieval period 878:by the Jews of 828: 813: 794: 791: 788: 784: 782:the holy tongue 781: 778: 775: 762:Lashon Hakodesh 753:Biblical Hebrew 673: 672: 666: 653: 652: 646: 640: 625:Hebrew alphabet 586:Without proper 570: 556: 535: 534: 524: 523: 513: 512: 502: 501: 492: 491: 483: 473: 472: 465: 455: 454: 447: 427: 414: 413: 393: 391: 374: 367:Official status 356: 351: 337: 328: 319: 315: 313:Hebrew alphabet 309: 304: 281: 265: 258: 252:Medieval Hebrew 247:Mishnaic Hebrew 242:Biblical Hebrew 237: 230: 201:Central Semitic 181: 178:Language family 176: 148:Biblical Hebrew 140:spoken language 136:Mishnaic Hebrew 124:Southern Levant 100: 99: 93: 92: 91: 85: 77: 62:Portion of the 31: 28: 21: 12: 11: 5: 12254: 12244: 12243: 12238: 12233: 12228: 12223: 12218: 12213: 12208: 12193: 12192: 12187:Hebrew edition 12175: 12158: 12141: 12139:from Wikibooks 12124: 12107: 12105:from Wikiquote 12090: 12073: 12044: 12039: 12038: 12033: 12032: 12023: 12020: 12019: 12017: 12016: 12006: 11995: 11993: 11991:Sign languages 11987: 11986: 11984: 11983: 11973: 11963: 11953: 11943: 11928: 11926: 11922: 11921: 11918: 11917: 11915: 11914: 11907:Judaeo-Marathi 11900: 11888: 11873: 11871: 11867: 11866: 11864: 11863: 11856: 11854:Judaeo-Kashani 11851: 11846: 11844:Judaeo-Shirazi 11841: 11836: 11834:Judaeo-Persian 11831: 11826: 11820: 11818: 11816:Judaeo-Iranian 11812: 11811: 11809: 11808: 11801: 11794: 11787: 11780: 11773: 11766: 11765: 11764: 11763: 11762: 11750:Judaeo-Spanish 11747: 11746: 11745: 11740: 11733: 11730:Judaeo-Mantuan 11726: 11717:Judaeo-Italian 11714: 11711:Judaeo-Catalan 11706: 11704: 11702:Judaeo-Romance 11698: 11697: 11694: 11693: 11691: 11690: 11685: 11680: 11674: 11672: 11670:Jewish English 11666: 11665: 11663: 11662: 11657: 11656: 11655: 11648: 11638: 11637: 11636: 11629: 11624: 11619: 11614: 11609: 11598: 11596: 11576: 11567: 11561: 11560: 11557: 11556: 11554: 11553: 11543: 11527: 11516: 11514: 11510: 11509: 11507: 11506: 11501: 11496: 11491: 11486: 11481: 11476: 11475: 11474: 11464: 11459: 11454: 11448: 11446: 11440: 11439: 11437: 11436: 11431: 11426: 11421: 11416: 11411: 11406: 11405: 11404: 11390: 11385: 11380: 11374: 11372: 11370:Judaeo-Aramaic 11366: 11365: 11362: 11361: 11359: 11358: 11353: 11348: 11343: 11338: 11333: 11327: 11325: 11321: 11320: 11318: 11317: 11312: 11307: 11302: 11296: 11294: 11287: 11278: 11272: 11271: 11264: 11263: 11256: 11249: 11241: 11232: 11231: 11229: 11228: 11221: 11210: 11207: 11206: 11203: 11202: 11199: 11198: 11196: 11195: 11188: 11183: 11178: 11177: 11176: 11162: 11155: 11148: 11142: 11140: 11134: 11133: 11130: 11129: 11126: 11125: 11123: 11122: 11121: 11120: 11119: 11118: 11117: 11116: 11113: 11110: 11107: 11104: 11094: 11089: 11088: 11087: 11074: 11069: 11059: 11058: 11057: 11052: 11041: 11039: 11035: 11034: 11032: 11031: 11030: 11029: 11028: 11027: 11022: 11021: 11020: 11017: 11014: 10994: 10984: 10982: 10973: 10969: 10968: 10966: 10965: 10960: 10959: 10958: 10953: 10942: 10940: 10933: 10924: 10920: 10919: 10917: 10916: 10911: 10906: 10901: 10896: 10891: 10885: 10883: 10870: 10864: 10863: 10860: 10859: 10856: 10855: 10853: 10852: 10845: 10838: 10831: 10824: 10823: 10822: 10815: 10800: 10798: 10794: 10793: 10791: 10790: 10789: 10788: 10774: 10767: 10766: 10765: 10760: 10753: 10746: 10745: 10744: 10725: 10718: 10710: 10708: 10702: 10701: 10698: 10697: 10695: 10694: 10689: 10688: 10687: 10686: 10685: 10680: 10675: 10670: 10665: 10660: 10655: 10650: 10642: 10641: 10640: 10635: 10634: 10633: 10630: 10622: 10617: 10612: 10607: 10602: 10597: 10584: 10579: 10578: 10577: 10572: 10559: 10557: 10549: 10548: 10546: 10545: 10544: 10543: 10536: 10535: 10534: 10527: 10520: 10513: 10501: 10494: 10480: 10475: 10474: 10473: 10468: 10463: 10456: 10444: 10438: 10436: 10430: 10429: 10427: 10426: 10423:Middle Aramaic 10419: 10412: 10405: 10397: 10395: 10388: 10379: 10373: 10372: 10369: 10368: 10366: 10365: 10360: 10355: 10354: 10353: 10352: 10351: 10334: 10329: 10323: 10321: 10319:Dialect groups 10315: 10314: 10312: 10311: 10306: 10300: 10298: 10294: 10293: 10291: 10290: 10283: 10276: 10275: 10274: 10267: 10260: 10253: 10246: 10239: 10232: 10218: 10211: 10203: 10201: 10194: 10185: 10179: 10178: 10176: 10175: 10168: 10167: 10166: 10151: 10149: 10141: 10140: 10138: 10137: 10136: 10135: 10130: 10120: 10114: 10112: 10108: 10107: 10100: 10099: 10092: 10085: 10077: 10068: 10067: 10061: 10058: 10057: 10055: 10054: 10049: 10044: 10039: 10034: 10029: 10024: 10019: 10014: 10009: 10003: 10001: 10000:Sign languages 9997: 9996: 9994: 9993: 9986: 9981: 9976: 9971: 9966: 9961: 9956: 9951: 9946: 9941: 9935: 9933: 9929: 9928: 9926: 9925: 9924: 9923: 9918: 9907: 9905: 9904:Special status 9901: 9900: 9898: 9897: 9891: 9889: 9885: 9884: 9877: 9876: 9869: 9862: 9854: 9848: 9845: 9844: 9832: 9831: 9829: 9828: 9821: 9814: 9807: 9800: 9792: 9790: 9786: 9785: 9783: 9782: 9777: 9772: 9767: 9764:modern Israeli 9753: 9748: 9743: 9738: 9733: 9727: 9725: 9721: 9720: 9718: 9717: 9712: 9707: 9702: 9697: 9692: 9686: 9685: 9680: 9674: 9672: 9666: 9665: 9663: 9662: 9657: 9655: 9653:Philippi's law 9650: 9645: 9639: 9637: 9631: 9630: 9627: 9626: 9624: 9623: 9618: 9613: 9608: 9603: 9598: 9593: 9588: 9582: 9580: 9574: 9573: 9571: 9570: 9568:Plene scriptum 9565: 9560: 9553: 9539: 9537: 9531: 9530: 9528: 9527: 9522: 9517: 9512: 9507: 9502: 9497: 9492: 9487: 9482: 9477: 9472: 9467: 9461: 9460: 9455: 9450: 9445: 9439: 9437: 9431: 9430: 9428: 9427: 9422: 9417: 9412: 9407: 9402: 9397: 9392: 9387: 9382: 9377: 9372: 9367: 9362: 9357: 9352: 9347: 9342: 9337: 9332: 9327: 9322: 9316: 9314: 9308: 9307: 9305: 9304: 9299: 9294: 9289: 9284: 9279: 9274: 9268: 9266: 9262: 9261: 9259: 9258: 9252: 9250: 9243: 9239: 9238: 9236: 9235: 9227: 9219: 9211: 9206: 9201: 9189: 9184: 9179: 9174: 9168: 9166: 9162: 9161: 9159: 9158: 9153: 9148: 9143: 9130: 9128: 9124: 9123: 9121: 9120: 9115: 9106: 9101: 9096: 9091: 9085: 9083: 9079: 9078: 9071: 9070: 9063: 9056: 9048: 9042: 9041: 9028: 9019: 9008: 9005: 9004: 9003: 8992: 8983: 8970: 8967: 8966: 8965: 8959:Hebrew Phrases 8956: 8946: 8935: 8932: 8931: 8930: 8916: 8915:External links 8913: 8911: 8910: 8892: 8877: 8871: 8854: 8848: 8835: 8829: 8816: 8795: 8789: 8775: 8773: 8770: 8768: 8767: 8736: 8714: 8689: 8681: 8660: 8648: 8630: 8600: 8573: 8542: 8516: 8505: 8469: 8443: 8420:"Hebrew – UCL" 8411: 8379: 8346: 8310: 8289: 8282: 8258: 8242: 8215: 8189: 8170: 8157: 8130: 8111: 8091: 8061: 8052: 8043: 8030: 8018:Hebrew Grammar 8008: 7986: 7956: 7949: 7924: 7905: 7891: 7878: 7869: 7856: 7852:Jo Ann Hackett 7843: 7831: 7815: 7808: 7778: 7769: 7757: 7745: 7729: 7722: 7699: 7668: 7638: 7625: 7617:Qimron, Elisha 7606: 7593: 7569: 7539: 7509: 7482: 7456: 7407: 7388: 7368: 7349: 7323: 7314: 7301: 7292: 7279: 7272: 7252: 7223: 7197: 7167: 7133: 7107: 7078: 7049: 7019: 7007: 6993: 6972: 6953: 6944: 6918: 6887: 6865: 6845: 6830: 6799: 6772: 6748: 6722:(4): 489–519. 6702: 6657: 6635: 6613: 6580: 6544: 6508: 6493: 6460: 6363: 6350: 6335: 6333: 6330: 6327: 6326: 6297: 6280: 6253: 6243: 6233: 6224: 6211:and Tannaitic 6196: 6186:used the term 6184:Gospel of John 6171: 6146: 6145: 6143: 6140: 6138: 6135: 6133: 6132: 6127: 6122: 6117: 6112: 6107: 6102: 6097: 6092: 6087: 6082: 6077: 6071: 6070: 6069: 6055: 6052:Judaism portal 6041: 6025: 6022: 5963:Ottoman Empire 5917: 5903: 5893: 5888: 5887: 5886: 5877: 5876: 5875: 5873: 5870: 5831:cursive Hebrew 5827:Aramaic script 5805:– an "impure" 5783:Hebrew braille 5774: 5773:Writing system 5771: 5770: 5769: 5684: 5620: 5607: 5546: 5539: 5523: 5520: 5519: 5518: 5303: 5300: 5234:Main article: 5231: 5228: 5227: 5226: 5217:is pronounced 5169: 5158: 5147: 5112: 5098: 5088: 5077: 5054: 5039:Proto-Semitic 5031: 5030: 5027: 5024: 5021: 5018: 5015: 5012: 5011:Proto-Semitic 5008: 5007: 5004: 4994: 4992: 4987: 4982: 4977: 4970: 4964: 4962: 4953: 4943: 4942: 4939: 4929: 4927: 4922: 4917: 4912: 4905: 4899: 4897: 4888: 4878: 4877: 4874: 4864: 4862: 4857: 4852: 4847: 4840: 4834: 4832: 4823: 4813: 4812: 4809: 4799: 4797: 4792: 4787: 4782: 4775: 4769: 4767: 4758: 4748: 4747: 4744: 4734: 4732: 4727: 4722: 4717: 4710: 4704: 4702: 4693: 4683: 4682: 4679: 4669: 4667: 4662: 4657: 4652: 4645: 4639: 4637: 4628: 4618: 4617: 4614: 4604: 4602: 4597: 4592: 4587: 4580: 4574: 4572: 4563: 4553: 4552: 4549: 4539: 4537: 4532: 4523: 4513: 4512: 4509: 4499: 4497: 4492: 4487: 4482: 4475: 4469: 4467: 4450: 4440: 4439: 4436: 4426: 4424: 4419: 4414: 4409: 4402: 4396: 4394: 4385: 4375: 4374: 4371: 4361: 4359: 4354: 4345: 4335: 4334: 4331: 4321: 4319: 4314: 4309: 4304: 4297: 4291: 4289: 4272: 4262: 4261: 4258: 4248: 4246: 4229: 4219: 4218: 4215: 4205: 4203: 4186: 4176: 4175: 4172: 4162: 4160: 4155: 4150: 4145: 4138: 4132: 4130: 4113: 4103: 4102: 4099: 4089: 4087: 4082: 4077: 4072: 4065: 4059: 4057: 4040: 4030: 4029: 4026: 4016: 4014: 3997: 3987: 3986: 3983: 3973: 3971: 3966: 3961: 3956: 3949: 3943: 3941: 3924: 3914: 3913: 3910: 3900: 3898: 3893: 3888: 3883: 3876: 3870: 3868: 3851: 3841: 3840: 3837: 3827: 3825: 3808: 3798: 3797: 3794: 3784: 3782: 3777: 3772: 3767: 3760: 3754: 3752: 3735: 3725: 3724: 3721: 3711: 3709: 3704: 3699: 3694: 3687: 3681: 3679: 3670: 3660: 3659: 3656: 3646: 3644: 3639: 3634: 3629: 3622: 3616: 3614: 3605: 3595: 3594: 3591: 3577: 3575: 3570: 3565: 3560: 3547: 3541: 3539: 3530: 3520: 3519: 3516: 3506: 3504: 3499: 3494: 3489: 3476: 3470: 3468: 3459: 3449: 3448: 3445: 3435: 3433: 3428: 3423: 3418: 3405: 3399: 3397: 3388: 3378: 3377: 3374: 3364: 3362: 3357: 3352: 3347: 3334: 3328: 3326: 3317: 3307: 3306: 3303: 3293: 3291: 3286: 3281: 3276: 3263: 3257: 3255: 3246: 3236: 3235: 3232: 3222: 3220: 3215: 3210: 3205: 3192: 3186: 3184: 3175: 3165: 3164: 3161: 3158: 3153: 3148: 3143: 3139: 3138: 3135: 3132: 3129: 3118: 3115: 2792: 2789: 2706: 2705:Current status 2703: 2691:hapax legomena 2679: 2678: 2667: 2648: 2627: 2598: 2567: 2564: 2555: 2539: 2492:Dual language 2470:Main article: 2467: 2464: 2378:Eastern Europe 2372:into everyday 2358:Ottoman Empire 2268:Israeli Hebrew 2221:Judaeo-Spanish 2165:Main article: 2162: 2159: 2116:Avraham Danzig 2059:Moses ibn Ezra 2029:and later (in 1983:grammar points 1908:Main article: 1905: 1902: 1800:Main article: 1797: 1794: 1775:The Christian 1695:Abraham Geiger 1587: 1584: 1571: 1570: 1544: 1523: 1520: 1519: 1518: 1511: 1499:Persian period 1495: 1475: 1422:Main article: 1419: 1416: 1414: 1411: 1407:Nebuchadnezzar 1375:Proto-Sinaitic 1356:Latin alphabet 1320:Gezer calendar 1307:archaeologist 1247: 1244: 1232:late antiquity 1197: 1194: 1173:Book of Sirach 1141:Arabian Desert 1011: 1008: 985:archaeologists 981:first language 904:Abraham Garton 892:Jewish liturgy 863:, meaning the 751:is written in 604: 603: 590:, you may see 576: 575: 568: 562: 561: 554: 546: 545: 488: 480: 479: 470: 462: 461: 452: 444: 443: 442:Language codes 439: 438: 422: 416: 415: 412: 411: 406: 397: 396: 394: 389: 386: 385: 375: 372: 369: 368: 364: 363: 357: 350: 347: 346: 317:Hebrew Braille 310: 306:Writing system 303: 300: 299: 298: 297: 287: 283: 282: 280: 279: 274: 268: 266: 264:Standard forms 263: 260: 259: 257: 256: 255: 254: 240: 238: 235: 232: 231: 229: 228: 227: 226: 225: 224: 223: 222: 221: 220: 219: 218: 184: 182: 175: 172: 171: 161: 155: 154: 133: 127: 126: 121: 117: 116: 111: 110:Native to 107: 106: 83: 79: 78: 71:Book of Isaiah 61: 53: 52: 40: 39: 29: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12253: 12242: 12239: 12237: 12234: 12232: 12229: 12227: 12224: 12222: 12219: 12217: 12214: 12212: 12209: 12207: 12204: 12203: 12201: 12189: 12188: 12176: 12172: 12171: 12159: 12155: 12154: 12142: 12138: 12137: 12125: 12121: 12120: 12108: 12104: 12103: 12091: 12087: 12086: 12074: 12070: 12069: 12057: 12056: 12053: 12047: 12030: 12026: 12021: 12014: 12010: 12007: 12004: 12000: 11997: 11996: 11994: 11992: 11988: 11981: 11977: 11974: 11971: 11967: 11964: 11961: 11957: 11954: 11951: 11947: 11944: 11941: 11937: 11933: 11930: 11929: 11927: 11923: 11912: 11908: 11904: 11901: 11898: 11894: 11893: 11889: 11886: 11882: 11878: 11875: 11874: 11872: 11868: 11862: 11861: 11857: 11855: 11852: 11850: 11847: 11845: 11842: 11840: 11837: 11835: 11832: 11830: 11827: 11825: 11822: 11821: 11819: 11817: 11813: 11807: 11806: 11802: 11800: 11799: 11795: 11793: 11792: 11788: 11786: 11785: 11784:Judaeo-Gascon 11781: 11779: 11778: 11774: 11772: 11771: 11767: 11761: 11758: 11757: 11756: 11753: 11752: 11751: 11748: 11744: 11741: 11739: 11738: 11734: 11732: 11731: 11727: 11725: 11724: 11720: 11719: 11718: 11715: 11713: 11712: 11708: 11707: 11705: 11703: 11699: 11689: 11686: 11684: 11681: 11679: 11676: 11675: 11673: 11671: 11667: 11661: 11660:Scots-Yiddish 11658: 11654: 11653: 11649: 11647: 11644: 11643: 11642: 11639: 11635: 11634: 11633:Klezmer-loshn 11630: 11628: 11625: 11623: 11620: 11618: 11615: 11613: 11610: 11608: 11605: 11604: 11603: 11600: 11599: 11597: 11594: 11593: 11588: 11584: 11580: 11577: 11575: 11571: 11568: 11566: 11565:Indo-European 11562: 11551: 11547: 11546:Judaeo-Berber 11544: 11541: 11537: 11536: 11531: 11528: 11525: 11521: 11518: 11517: 11515: 11511: 11505: 11504:Judaeo-Yemeni 11502: 11500: 11497: 11495: 11494:Judaeo-Syrian 11492: 11490: 11487: 11485: 11482: 11480: 11477: 11473: 11470: 11469: 11468: 11465: 11463: 11460: 11458: 11455: 11453: 11450: 11449: 11447: 11445: 11444:Judaeo-Arabic 11441: 11435: 11432: 11430: 11427: 11425: 11422: 11420: 11417: 11415: 11412: 11410: 11407: 11403: 11402: 11398: 11397: 11396: 11395: 11391: 11389: 11386: 11384: 11381: 11379: 11376: 11375: 11373: 11371: 11367: 11357: 11354: 11352: 11349: 11347: 11344: 11342: 11339: 11337: 11334: 11332: 11329: 11328: 11326: 11322: 11316: 11313: 11311: 11308: 11306: 11303: 11301: 11298: 11297: 11295: 11291: 11288: 11286: 11282: 11279: 11277: 11273: 11269: 11262: 11257: 11255: 11250: 11248: 11243: 11242: 11239: 11226: 11222: 11219: 11215: 11212: 11211: 11208: 11194: 11193: 11189: 11187: 11184: 11182: 11179: 11175: 11174: 11170: 11169: 11168: 11167: 11163: 11161: 11160: 11156: 11154: 11153: 11149: 11147: 11144: 11143: 11141: 11139: 11135: 11114: 11111: 11108: 11105: 11103: 11100: 11099: 11098: 11095: 11093: 11090: 11085: 11084: 11083: 11080: 11079: 11078: 11075: 11073: 11070: 11068: 11067: 11063: 11062: 11060: 11056: 11053: 11051: 11050: 11046: 11045: 11043: 11042: 11040: 11036: 11026: 11023: 11018: 11015: 11012: 11011: 11010: 11007: 11006: 11004: 11003: 11002: 10998: 10995: 10993: 10989: 10986: 10985: 10983: 10977: 10974: 10970: 10964: 10961: 10957: 10954: 10952: 10949: 10948: 10947: 10944: 10943: 10941: 10937: 10934: 10932: 10931:Ethio-Semitic 10928: 10925: 10921: 10915: 10912: 10910: 10907: 10905: 10902: 10900: 10897: 10895: 10892: 10890: 10887: 10886: 10884: 10881: 10874: 10871: 10869: 10865: 10851: 10850: 10846: 10844: 10843: 10839: 10837: 10836: 10832: 10830: 10829: 10825: 10821: 10820: 10816: 10814: 10813: 10809: 10808: 10807: 10806: 10802: 10801: 10799: 10795: 10787: 10786: 10782: 10781: 10780: 10779: 10775: 10773: 10772: 10768: 10764: 10761: 10759: 10758: 10754: 10752: 10751: 10747: 10743: 10742: 10738: 10737: 10736: 10735: 10731: 10730: 10729: 10726: 10724: 10723: 10719: 10717: 10716: 10712: 10711: 10709: 10707: 10703: 10693: 10690: 10684: 10681: 10679: 10676: 10674: 10671: 10669: 10666: 10664: 10661: 10659: 10656: 10654: 10651: 10649: 10646: 10645: 10643: 10639: 10636: 10631: 10628: 10627: 10626: 10623: 10621: 10618: 10616: 10613: 10611: 10608: 10606: 10603: 10601: 10598: 10596: 10593: 10592: 10590: 10589: 10588: 10585: 10583: 10580: 10576: 10573: 10571: 10570: 10566: 10565: 10564: 10561: 10560: 10558: 10556: 10550: 10542: 10541: 10537: 10533: 10532: 10528: 10526: 10525: 10521: 10519: 10518: 10514: 10512: 10511: 10507: 10506: 10505: 10502: 10500: 10499: 10495: 10493: 10492: 10488: 10487: 10486: 10485: 10481: 10479: 10478:Judeo-Aramaic 10476: 10472: 10469: 10467: 10464: 10462: 10461: 10457: 10455: 10454: 10450: 10449: 10448: 10445: 10443: 10440: 10439: 10437: 10431: 10425: 10424: 10420: 10418: 10417: 10413: 10411: 10410: 10406: 10404: 10403: 10399: 10398: 10396: 10392: 10389: 10387: 10383: 10380: 10378: 10374: 10364: 10361: 10359: 10356: 10350: 10347: 10346: 10345: 10344: 10343:Siculo-Arabic 10340: 10339: 10338: 10335: 10333: 10330: 10328: 10325: 10324: 10322: 10320: 10316: 10310: 10307: 10305: 10302: 10301: 10299: 10295: 10289: 10288: 10284: 10282: 10281: 10277: 10273: 10272: 10268: 10266: 10265: 10261: 10259: 10258: 10254: 10252: 10251: 10247: 10245: 10244: 10240: 10238: 10237: 10233: 10231: 10230: 10226: 10225: 10224: 10223: 10219: 10217: 10216: 10212: 10210: 10209: 10205: 10204: 10202: 10198: 10195: 10193: 10189: 10186: 10184: 10180: 10174: 10173: 10169: 10165: 10164: 10160: 10159: 10158: 10157: 10153: 10152: 10150: 10148: 10147: 10142: 10134: 10131: 10129: 10126: 10125: 10124: 10121: 10119: 10116: 10115: 10113: 10109: 10105: 10098: 10093: 10091: 10086: 10084: 10079: 10078: 10075: 10065: 10059: 10053: 10050: 10048: 10045: 10043: 10040: 10038: 10035: 10033: 10030: 10028: 10025: 10023: 10020: 10018: 10015: 10013: 10010: 10008: 10005: 10004: 10002: 9998: 9992: 9991: 9987: 9985: 9982: 9980: 9977: 9975: 9972: 9970: 9967: 9965: 9962: 9960: 9957: 9955: 9952: 9950: 9947: 9945: 9942: 9940: 9937: 9936: 9934: 9930: 9922: 9919: 9917: 9914: 9913: 9912: 9909: 9908: 9906: 9902: 9896: 9893: 9892: 9890: 9886: 9882: 9875: 9870: 9868: 9863: 9861: 9856: 9855: 9852: 9846: 9839: 9827: 9826: 9822: 9820: 9819: 9815: 9813: 9812: 9808: 9806: 9805: 9801: 9799: 9798: 9794: 9793: 9791: 9787: 9781: 9778: 9776: 9773: 9771: 9768: 9765: 9761: 9757: 9754: 9752: 9749: 9747: 9744: 9742: 9739: 9737: 9734: 9732: 9729: 9728: 9726: 9722: 9716: 9713: 9711: 9708: 9706: 9703: 9701: 9698: 9696: 9695:Semitic roots 9693: 9691: 9688: 9687: 9684: 9681: 9679: 9676: 9675: 9673: 9671: 9667: 9661: 9658: 9656: 9654: 9651: 9649: 9648:Modern Hebrew 9646: 9644: 9641: 9640: 9638: 9636: 9632: 9622: 9619: 9617: 9614: 9612: 9609: 9607: 9604: 9602: 9599: 9597: 9594: 9592: 9589: 9587: 9584: 9583: 9581: 9579: 9575: 9569: 9566: 9564: 9563:Abbreviations 9561: 9559: 9558: 9554: 9552: 9548: 9544: 9541: 9540: 9538: 9536: 9532: 9526: 9523: 9521: 9518: 9516: 9513: 9511: 9508: 9506: 9503: 9501: 9500:Kubutz/shuruk 9498: 9496: 9493: 9491: 9488: 9486: 9483: 9481: 9478: 9476: 9473: 9471: 9468: 9466: 9463: 9462: 9459: 9456: 9454: 9451: 9449: 9446: 9444: 9441: 9440: 9438: 9436: 9432: 9426: 9423: 9421: 9418: 9416: 9413: 9411: 9408: 9406: 9403: 9401: 9398: 9396: 9393: 9391: 9388: 9386: 9383: 9381: 9378: 9376: 9373: 9371: 9368: 9366: 9363: 9361: 9358: 9356: 9353: 9351: 9348: 9346: 9343: 9341: 9338: 9336: 9333: 9331: 9328: 9326: 9323: 9321: 9318: 9317: 9315: 9313: 9309: 9303: 9300: 9298: 9295: 9293: 9290: 9288: 9285: 9283: 9280: 9278: 9275: 9273: 9270: 9269: 9267: 9263: 9257: 9254: 9253: 9251: 9247: 9244: 9240: 9231: 9228: 9223: 9220: 9215: 9212: 9210: 9207: 9205: 9202: 9198: 9193: 9190: 9188: 9185: 9183: 9180: 9178: 9175: 9173: 9170: 9169: 9167: 9163: 9157: 9154: 9152: 9149: 9147: 9144: 9140: 9135: 9132: 9131: 9129: 9125: 9119: 9116: 9114: 9110: 9107: 9105: 9102: 9100: 9097: 9095: 9092: 9090: 9087: 9086: 9084: 9080: 9076: 9069: 9064: 9062: 9057: 9055: 9050: 9049: 9046: 9039: 9035: 9032: 9029: 9027: 9023: 9020: 9018: 9014: 9011: 9010: 9002: 8998: 8997: 8993: 8991: 8987: 8984: 8982: 8981: 8976: 8973: 8972: 8964: 8960: 8957: 8954: 8950: 8947: 8945: 8941: 8938: 8937: 8929:at Wikisource 8928: 8923: 8919: 8918: 8899: 8895: 8889: 8885: 8884: 8878: 8874: 8868: 8864: 8860: 8855: 8851: 8845: 8841: 8836: 8832: 8826: 8822: 8817: 8805: 8801: 8796: 8792: 8786: 8782: 8777: 8776: 8755: 8751: 8747: 8740: 8721: 8717: 8711: 8707: 8700: 8693: 8684: 8678: 8674: 8670: 8664: 8657: 8652: 8644: 8640: 8634: 8618: 8614: 8610: 8604: 8588: 8584: 8577: 8561: 8557: 8553: 8546: 8530: 8526: 8520: 8514: 8509: 8493: 8489: 8485: 8478: 8476: 8474: 8457: 8453: 8447: 8431: 8427: 8426: 8421: 8415: 8399: 8395: 8394: 8389: 8383: 8367: 8363: 8362: 8357: 8350: 8344: 8340: 8337: 8335: 8331: 8327: 8323: 8319: 8314: 8306: 8302: 8301: 8293: 8285: 8279: 8275: 8271: 8270: 8262: 8255: 8251: 8246: 8230: 8226: 8219: 8203: 8199: 8193: 8186: 8182: 8179: 8174: 8167: 8166:Hebrew Reborn 8161: 8145: 8141: 8134: 8118: 8114: 8108: 8104: 8103: 8095: 8079: 8075: 8071: 8065: 8056: 8047: 8040: 8034: 8027: 8023: 8020: 8019: 8012: 8004: 8000: 7996: 7990: 7974: 7970: 7966: 7960: 7952: 7946: 7942: 7938: 7931: 7929: 7922: 7918: 7915: 7909: 7902: 7895: 7888: 7882: 7873: 7866: 7860: 7853: 7847: 7841: 7835: 7828: 7822: 7820: 7811: 7805: 7801: 7794: 7793: 7788: 7782: 7773: 7764: 7762: 7754: 7749: 7742: 7736: 7734: 7725: 7719: 7715: 7708: 7706: 7704: 7687: 7683: 7679: 7672: 7656: 7652: 7648: 7642: 7635: 7629: 7622: 7618: 7613: 7611: 7603: 7597: 7586: 7579: 7573: 7557: 7553: 7549: 7543: 7527: 7523: 7519: 7513: 7498: 7494: 7493: 7486: 7470: 7466: 7460: 7452: 7448: 7444: 7440: 7435: 7430: 7426: 7422: 7418: 7411: 7395: 7391: 7385: 7381: 7380: 7372: 7356: 7352: 7346: 7342: 7338: 7334: 7327: 7318: 7311: 7305: 7296: 7289: 7283: 7275: 7269: 7265: 7264: 7256: 7240: 7236: 7235: 7227: 7211: 7207: 7201: 7185: 7181: 7177: 7171: 7156: 7152: 7148: 7144: 7137: 7121: 7117: 7111: 7096: 7092: 7088: 7082: 7066: 7062: 7056: 7054: 7037: 7033: 7029: 7023: 7017: 7011: 7002: 7000: 6998: 6989: 6985: 6979: 6977: 6970: 6966: 6963: 6957: 6948: 6932: 6928: 6922: 6906: 6902: 6898: 6891: 6884: 6872: 6868: 6862: 6858: 6857: 6849: 6841: 6834: 6827: 6815: 6811: 6810: 6803: 6796: 6794: 6779: 6775: 6769: 6765: 6761: 6760: 6752: 6745: 6733: 6729: 6725: 6721: 6717: 6713: 6706: 6687: 6683: 6679: 6675: 6668: 6661: 6654: 6642: 6638: 6632: 6628: 6624: 6617: 6601: 6597: 6593: 6587: 6585: 6565: 6558: 6551: 6549: 6529: 6525: 6518: 6512: 6504: 6497: 6481: 6477: 6473: 6467: 6465: 6456: 6450: 6449: 6444: 6438: 6432: 6431: 6426: 6420: 6414: 6413: 6408: 6402: 6396: 6395: 6390: 6384: 6378: 6377: 6372: 6371:Modern Hebrew 6367: 6360: 6354: 6345: 6343: 6341: 6336: 6323: 6301: 6294: 6290: 6284: 6257: 6247: 6237: 6228: 6220: 6219: 6214: 6210: 6203: 6201: 6193: 6189: 6185: 6181: 6175: 6168: 6164: 6160: 6156: 6151: 6147: 6131: 6128: 6126: 6123: 6121: 6118: 6116: 6113: 6111: 6108: 6106: 6103: 6101: 6098: 6096: 6093: 6091: 6088: 6086: 6083: 6081: 6078: 6076: 6073: 6072: 6067: 6061: 6056: 6053: 6042: 6039: 6038:Israel portal 6028: 6021: 6019: 6015: 6009: 6005: 6002: 5998: 5994: 5990: 5986: 5982: 5978: 5976: 5972: 5968: 5964: 5960: 5959:Sephardi Jews 5956: 5952: 5948: 5946: 5942: 5938: 5934: 5930: 5925: 5923: 5911: 5907: 5891: 5869: 5867: 5863: 5859: 5855: 5851: 5847: 5846: 5841: 5837: 5832: 5828: 5824: 5820: 5816: 5812: 5808: 5804: 5800: 5799:right to left 5793: 5789: 5784: 5780: 5762:, as well as 5746: 5742: 5739:מעיד אני עלי 5735: 5730: 5729:et ha-anashim 5719: 5708: 5696: 5685: 5676: 5672: 5670: 5647: 5645: 5634: 5632: 5621: 5618: 5608: 5593: 5591: 5568: 5566: 5555: 5554:present tense 5551: 5547: 5544: 5540: 5537: 5533: 5530:Though early 5529: 5528: 5527: 5516: 5515: 5510: 5509: 5508: 5506: 5502: 5498: 5494: 5490: 5486: 5482: 5478: 5474: 5470: 5466: 5462: 5457: 5455: 5451: 5443: 5435: 5424: 5420: 5418: 5410: 5406: 5398: 5390: 5387: 5383: 5375: 5371: 5363: 5355: 5352: 5344: 5341: 5336: 5327:אותיות השימוש 5324: 5319: 5317: 5313: 5309: 5299: 5297: 5293: 5289: 5285: 5281: 5280:genitive case 5277: 5273: 5269: 5265: 5264:prepositional 5261: 5257: 5253: 5249: 5243: 5237: 5224: 5208: 5207:Modern Hebrew 5204: 5186: 5182: 5174: 5170: 5141: 5136: 5130: 5124: 5118: 5113: 5086: 5050: 5043: 5038: 5037: 5036: 5025: 5022: 5019: 5013: 5010: 5009: 5005: 4999: 4993: 4988: 4983: 4978: 4975: 4971: 4963: 4959: 4954: 4951: 4950: 4945: 4944: 4940: 4934: 4928: 4923: 4918: 4913: 4910: 4906: 4898: 4894: 4889: 4886: 4885: 4880: 4879: 4875: 4869: 4863: 4858: 4853: 4848: 4845: 4841: 4833: 4829: 4824: 4821: 4820: 4815: 4814: 4810: 4804: 4798: 4793: 4788: 4783: 4780: 4776: 4768: 4764: 4759: 4756: 4755: 4750: 4749: 4745: 4739: 4733: 4728: 4723: 4718: 4715: 4711: 4703: 4699: 4694: 4691: 4690: 4685: 4684: 4680: 4674: 4668: 4663: 4658: 4653: 4650: 4646: 4638: 4634: 4629: 4626: 4625: 4620: 4619: 4615: 4609: 4603: 4598: 4593: 4588: 4585: 4581: 4573: 4569: 4564: 4561: 4560: 4555: 4554: 4550: 4544: 4538: 4533: 4529: 4524: 4521: 4520: 4515: 4514: 4510: 4504: 4498: 4483: 4480: 4464: 4456: 4451: 4448: 4447: 4442: 4441: 4437: 4431: 4425: 4420: 4415: 4410: 4407: 4403: 4395: 4391: 4386: 4383: 4382: 4377: 4376: 4372: 4366: 4360: 4355: 4351: 4346: 4343: 4342: 4337: 4336: 4332: 4326: 4320: 4305: 4302: 4286: 4278: 4273: 4270: 4269: 4264: 4263: 4259: 4253: 4247: 4243: 4235: 4230: 4227: 4226: 4221: 4220: 4216: 4210: 4204: 4200: 4192: 4187: 4184: 4183: 4178: 4177: 4173: 4167: 4161: 4143: 4127: 4119: 4114: 4111: 4110: 4105: 4104: 4100: 4094: 4088: 4083: 4078: 4073: 4070: 4066: 4058: 4054: 4046: 4041: 4038: 4037: 4032: 4031: 4027: 4021: 4015: 4011: 4003: 3998: 3995: 3994: 3989: 3988: 3984: 3978: 3972: 3954: 3938: 3930: 3925: 3922: 3921: 3916: 3915: 3911: 3905: 3899: 3894: 3889: 3884: 3881: 3877: 3869: 3865: 3857: 3852: 3849: 3848: 3843: 3842: 3838: 3832: 3826: 3822: 3814: 3809: 3806: 3805: 3800: 3799: 3795: 3789: 3783: 3765: 3749: 3741: 3736: 3733: 3732: 3727: 3726: 3722: 3716: 3710: 3705: 3700: 3695: 3692: 3688: 3680: 3676: 3671: 3668: 3667: 3662: 3661: 3657: 3651: 3645: 3640: 3635: 3630: 3627: 3623: 3615: 3611: 3606: 3603: 3602: 3597: 3596: 3592: 3586: 3582: 3576: 3571: 3566: 3561: 3558: 3552: 3548: 3540: 3536: 3531: 3528: 3527: 3522: 3521: 3517: 3511: 3505: 3500: 3495: 3490: 3487: 3481: 3477: 3469: 3465: 3460: 3457: 3456: 3451: 3450: 3446: 3440: 3434: 3429: 3424: 3419: 3416: 3410: 3406: 3398: 3394: 3389: 3386: 3385: 3380: 3379: 3375: 3369: 3363: 3358: 3353: 3348: 3345: 3339: 3335: 3327: 3323: 3318: 3315: 3314: 3309: 3308: 3304: 3298: 3292: 3287: 3282: 3277: 3274: 3268: 3264: 3256: 3252: 3247: 3244: 3243: 3238: 3237: 3233: 3227: 3221: 3216: 3211: 3206: 3203: 3197: 3193: 3185: 3181: 3176: 3173: 3172: 3167: 3166: 3162: 3159: 3157: 3154: 3152: 3149: 3147: 3144: 3140: 3128: 3122: 3114: 3106: 3098: 3090: 3082: 3074: 3065: 3060: 3041: 3036: 3034: 3030: 3024: 3016: 3010: 3009:Torah reading 3006: 3002: 2998: 2993: 2988: 2983: 2978: 2973: 2968: 2963: 2958: 2949: 2941: 2930: 2925: 2915: 2909: 2903: 2896: 2889: 2884: 2879: 2874: 2869: 2864: 2846: 2841: 2832: 2826: 2819: 2814: 2807: 2802: 2798: 2788: 2786: 2782: 2777: 2775: 2770: 2766: 2761: 2757: 2752: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2720: 2715: 2711: 2702: 2700: 2694: 2692: 2686: 2684: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2649: 2646: 2642: 2639:‎> ( 2634: 2633: 2628: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2605: 2604: 2599: 2597: 2596: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2581:alveolar flap 2573: 2565: 2559: 2550: 2543: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2528: 2527: 2525: 2522: 2517: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2504:spelling and 2503: 2495: 2490: 2483: 2478: 2473: 2472:Modern Hebrew 2466:Modern Hebrew 2463: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2440: 2436: 2430: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2399: 2397: 2392: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2346:mother tongue 2343: 2338: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2325:, founded in 2323: 2322: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2303: 2302: 2295: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2276:Modern Hebrew 2273: 2269: 2264: 2262: 2257: 2252: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2217:Second Aliyah 2214: 2209: 2208:Shivat Tziyon 2198: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2173: 2168: 2158: 2155: 2153: 2152: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2136: 2131: 2127: 2125: 2124: 2117: 2112: 2108: 2102: 2098: 2097:Mishneh Torah 2092: 2088: 2082: 2075: 2071: 2066: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2055:Judah ha-Levi 2052: 2046: 2038: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2018: 2012: 2008: 2004: 1999: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1911: 1901: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1890: 1889:lingua franca 1884: 1882: 1878: 1873: 1870: 1866: 1860: 1858: 1857: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1803: 1793: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1778: 1777:New Testament 1773: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1750: 1749:Judeo-Aramaic 1746: 1741: 1736: 1735:mother tongue 1731: 1729: 1725: 1719: 1717: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1699:Gustaf Dalman 1696: 1692: 1686: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1643: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1630:. During the 1629: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1608: 1602: 1598: 1593: 1583: 1581: 1575: 1568: 1567:Copper Scroll 1564: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1545: 1542: 1538: 1533: 1529: 1526: 1525: 1515: 1512: 1509: 1505: 1500: 1496: 1489: 1485: 1480: 1476: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1456:Song of Moses 1453: 1449: 1445: 1444: 1443: 1440: 400 CE 1425: 1410: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1397:, found near 1396: 1392: 1391:Moabite Stone 1388: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1371: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1316: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1289: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1271: 1267: 1262: 1257: 1253: 1243: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1228: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1209: 1207: 1203: 1193: 1192:(language)". 1191: 1187: 1178: 1177:Book of Kings 1174: 1170: 1165: 1163: 1160: 1156: 1155: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1102: 1099: 1095: 1094:Genesis 10:21 1091: 1088:'s ancestor, 1087: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1049: 1044: 1034: 1033:Ancient Greek 1030: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1007: 1005: 1002: 998: 994: 990: 986: 982: 978: 974: 970: 969:Modern Hebrew 966: 964: 960: 956: 955:United States 952: 948: 944: 940: 936: 932: 931:Modern Hebrew 928: 924: 920: 915: 913: 909: 905: 901: 897: 893: 889: 885: 881: 877: 873: 868: 866: 862: 858: 854: 850: 846: 842: 838: 832: 823: 822:Səpaṯ Kəna'an 817: 808: 804: 800: 764: 763: 758: 754: 750: 746: 741: 739: 735: 731: 727: 723: 719: 715: 711: 707: 703: 699: 695: 683: 676: 670: 656: 650: 637: 636: 626: 622: 615: 610: 601: 597: 593: 589: 585: 583: 577: 573: 569: 567: 563: 559: 555: 553: 552: 547: 543: 540: – 538: 532: 529: – 527: 521: 518: – 516: 510: 507: – 505: 500: 499:Modern Hebrew 497: – 495: 489: 486: 481: 476: 471: 468: 463: 458: 453: 450: 445: 440: 435: 426: 423: 421: 417: 410: 407: 405: 402: 401: 400: 395: 387: 383: 382:Modern Hebrew 379: 376: 370: 365: 361: 360:Signed Hebrew 358: 354: 348: 344: 340: 335: 331: 326: 322: 318: 314: 311: 307: 301: 293: 290: 289: 288: 284: 278: 275: 273: 270: 269: 267: 261: 253: 250: 249: 248: 245: 244: 243: 239: 233: 217: 214: 213: 212: 209: 208: 207: 204: 203: 202: 199: 198: 197: 194: 193: 192: 189: 188: 187: 183: 179: 173: 169: 168:Modern Hebrew 165: 162: 160: 156: 153: 149: 145: 141: 138:extinct as a 137: 134: 132: 128: 125: 122: 118: 115: 112: 108: 103: 96: 88: 84: 82:Pronunciation 80: 76: 72: 69: 65: 64:Isaiah Scroll 59: 54: 50: 41: 36: 33: 26: 25:Modern Hebrew 19: 12190:of Knowledge 12185: 12168: 12151: 12134: 12117: 12100: 12088:from Commons 12083: 12066: 12045: 12024: 11976:Judaeo-Malay 11890: 11858: 11803: 11796: 11789: 11782: 11775: 11770:Judaeo-Latin 11768: 11743:Judaeo-Roman 11735: 11728: 11721: 11709: 11650: 11631: 11590: 11533: 11524:Ethiosemitic 11467:Judaeo-Iraqi 11462:Judaeo-Fessi 11424:Lishán Didán 11419:Lishana Deni 11399: 11392: 11284: 11213: 11190: 11171: 11164: 11157: 11150: 11064: 11047: 11005:East Gurage 10847: 10840: 10833: 10826: 10817: 10810: 10803: 10783: 10776: 10769: 10755: 10748: 10739: 10732: 10727: 10720: 10713: 10678:Urmia Jewish 10587:Northeastern 10567: 10538: 10529: 10522: 10515: 10508: 10503: 10496: 10489: 10482: 10458: 10451: 10421: 10414: 10407: 10400: 10358:Mesopotamian 10341: 10285: 10278: 10269: 10262: 10255: 10248: 10241: 10234: 10227: 10220: 10213: 10208:Proto-Arabic 10206: 10170: 10161: 10154: 10144: 9988: 9932:Non-official 9894: 9823: 9816: 9809: 9802: 9795: 9611:Inverted nun 9596:Cantillation 9555: 9525:Sin/Shin dot 9297:Paleo-Hebrew 9113:from English 9088: 9074: 8995: 8978: 8902:. 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Retrieved 6475: 6446: 6428: 6410: 6392: 6374: 6366: 6358: 6353: 6300: 6292: 6288: 6283: 6256: 6246: 6236: 6227: 6222:literature." 6216: 6212: 6208: 6187: 6174: 6150: 6010: 6006: 6000: 5979: 5949: 5931: 5928: 5919: 5861: 5857: 5853: 5849: 5843: 5836:Rashi script 5822: 5796: 5744: 5743:… שאני נותן 5740: 5666: 5641: 5628: 5616: 5587: 5562: 5525: 5514:non-standard 5511: 5504: 5500: 5496: 5492: 5488: 5484: 5480: 5476: 5472: 5468: 5464: 5460: 5458: 5453: 5449: 5438: 5434:cursive form 5416: 5408: 5404: 5396: 5388: 5386:conjunctions 5381: 5373: 5369: 5361: 5353: 5351:prepositions 5342: 5320: 5305: 5291: 5283: 5275: 5245: 5185:ḇ ḡ ḏ ḵ p̄ ṯ 5184: 5072:merged with 5034: 4997: 4932: 4867: 4802: 4737: 4672: 4607: 4542: 4502: 4429: 4364: 4324: 4251: 4208: 4165: 4092: 4019: 3976: 3903: 3830: 3787: 3714: 3649: 3584: 3580: 3509: 3438: 3367: 3296: 3225: 3037: 2994: 2931: 2854:merged into 2804: 2778: 2774:Akram Hasson 2753: 2721: 2718: 2696: 2688: 2680: 2674: 2670: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2644: 2640: 2630: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2601: 2592: 2589:uvular trill 2548: 2535: 2518: 2499: 2431: 2410: 2400: 2339: 2296: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2265: 2253: 2229:Judeo-Arabic 2178: 2147: 2139: 2133: 2119: 2103: 2067: 2000: 1996:Aleppo Codex 1979:vowel points 1974: 1966:Hebrew Bible 1947: 1923:Hebrew Bible 1919:Aleppo Codex 1894:Roman Empire 1887: 1885: 1874: 1861: 1854: 1805: 1774: 1732: 1724:Roman period 1720: 1687: 1644: 1613: 1601:Rashi script 1576: 1572: 1541:ketav Ashuri 1540: 1503: 1427: 1372: 1360:ancient Rome 1317: 1309:Amihai Mazar 1290: 1285: 1275: 1238:, until its 1229: 1210: 1199: 1185: 1168: 1166: 1161: 1152: 1100: 1098:Semitic root 1050: 1013: 967: 934: 916: 876:Roman Empire 869: 860: 848: 840: 821: 806: 798: 760: 749:Hebrew Bible 745:Paleo-Hebrew 742: 726:Samaritanism 693: 620: 619: 579: 566:Linguasphere 549: 522:(liturgical) 511:(liturgical) 404:South Africa 353:Signed forms 215: 196:West Semitic 186:Afro-Asiatic 32: 12068:Definitions 12003:German Sign 11903:Judaeo-Urdu 11652:Lachoudisch 11276:Afroasiatic 11152:Hadramautic 11138:Old Arabian 11077:West Gurage 11001:East Gurage 10880:ern Arabian 10582:Neo-Mandaic 10504:Palestinian 10402:Old Aramaic 9916:Palestinian 9616:Shekel sign 9578:Punctuation 9543:with Niqqud 9453:Palestinian 9242:Orthography 9222:Palestinian 7692:7 September 7661:7 September 7503:9 September 7101:27 December 6524:The Knesset 5908:before the 5756:instead of 5721:instead of 5565:ani po 5559:אני פה 5505:mé-ha-matos 5493:be-ha-matos 2919:as well as 2662:instead of 2654:instead of 2452:Yosef Begun 2403:blasphemous 2315:Kaliningrad 2301:Ha-Me'assef 2123:Chayei Adam 2037:David Kimhi 2007:grammarians 2001:During the 1869:Bet Guvrrin 1784:. 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Thus * 5454:bi-khfar 5256:ablative 5248:analytic 5181:softened 5177:/bɡdkpt/ 5029:Example 4746:prophet 4260:laughed 3163:Meaning 3151:Tiberian 3146:Biblical 3142:written 3137:Example 3033:Tiberian 2997:Sephardi 2825:ejective 2675:kĕtavtém 2671:katávtem 2579:from an 2502:Mishnaic 2480:Hebrew, 2366:literary 2307:maskilim 2239:such as 2211:, later 2185:Haskalah 2031:Provence 1958:Tiberias 1856:Baraitot 1847:Mekhilta 1832:halachic 1816:Mishnaic 1679:Pharisee 1675:Sadducee 1655:Samarian 1340:the city 1190:Judahite 1159:Assyrian 1143:between 1043:hebraîos 912:Calabria 853:Assyrian 814: ' 688:ࠏࠨࠁࠬࠓࠪࠉࠕ 629:עִבְרִית 616:(bottom) 600:Help:IPA 572:12-AAB-a 558:hebr1246 286:Dialects 102:Biblical 95:Tiberian 68:Biblical 44:עִבְרִית 12241:Hebrews 12025:Italics 11980:Malayic 11892:Knaanic 11881:Yevanic 11824:Bukhori 11760:Tetuani 11755:Haketia 11688:Heblish 11641:Western 11617:Poylish 11612:Litvish 11602:Eastern 11583:Yiddish 11414:Hulaulá 11409:Barzani 11346:Italian 11341:Mizrahi 11218:extinct 11214:Italics 11159:Minaean 11086:Endegen 11013:Inneqor 10992:Argobba 10988:Amharic 10951:Dahalik 10923:Western 10914:Soqotri 10894:Ḥarsusi 10889:Baṭḥari 10805:Amorite 10771:Moabite 10722:Edomite 10692:Western 10648:Barzani 10644:Jewish 10563:Central 10555:Aramaic 10484:Western 10466:Mandaic 10447:Eastern 10442:Armazic 10433:Dialect 10386:Aramaic 10349:Maltese 10250:Hismaic 10183:Central 10172:Eblaite 10128:Central 10052:Russian 10037:Israeli 10022:El-Naim 10007:Abu Kaf 9984:Yiddish 9979:Russian 9969:Kurdish 9949:English 9939:Amharic 9921:Bedouin 9760:ancient 9736:Academy 9731:Revival 9670:Grammar 9547:missing 9287:Cursive 9277:Braille 9265:Scripts 9192:Mizrahi 9187:Italian 9099:History 9024:by the 9015:at the 8977:at the 8961:by the 8942:of the 8772:Sources 8150:6 April 7979:10 June 7651:Culture 7552:Haaretz 7532:3 March 7245:10 June 6793:de jure 6486:4 April 6289:katávta 6275:Γαββαθᾶ 6218:Amoraim 6192:Aramaic 6001:Temanit 5989:Islamic 5945:Yiddish 5906:chanted 5823:Ashurit 5759:את הללו 5747:ברגליכם 5713:ת'אנשים 5710:, e.g. 5552:in the 5467:. 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