64:
541:
121:
25:
603:
of 'Mordecai' (and other letters in other words) has hatef qames, tell him, 'but this sign is only a device used by some scribes to warn that the consonants should be pronounced fully, and not slurred over'.
576:
had to be written with shva rather than hataf patah when it was not pronounced as . Before a laryngeal-pharyngeal, mobile šwa was pronounced as an ultrashort copy of the following vowel (
192:
Tiberian vocalization marks vowels and stress, distinguishes consonant quality and length, and serves as punctuation. While the
Tiberian system was devised for
1774:
592:). Using ḥataf vowels was mandatory under gutturals but optional under other letters, and there was considerable variation among manuscripts.
1015:
1729:
196:, it has become the dominant system for vocalizing all forms of Hebrew. It has long since eclipsed the comparatively rudimentary
783:
1796:
946:
738:
Moreover the names were mostly so formed (but only later), that the sound of each vowel is heard in the first syllable (
1053:
984:
965:
107:
85:
812:
conjoins words into one stress unit, which normally takes only one cantillation mark on the final word in the unit.
78:
632:
The names of the vowels are mostly taken from the form and action of the mouth in producing the various sounds, as
1685:
1680:
1048:
1008:
1690:
589:
581:
573:
569:
557:
532:
527:
522:
517:
443:
431:). Each of the vowel phonemes could be allophonically lengthened; occasionally, the length is marked with
420:
403:
398:
393:
388:
383:
378:
373:
1760:
1205:
442:
The ultrashort vowels are slightly more complicated. There were two graphemes corresponding to the vowel
1464:
258:
The seven vowel qualities of
Tiberian Hebrew are indicated straightforwardly by distinct diacritics:
43:
1801:
1724:
1402:
1171:
1001:
841:
544:
Figurines holding
Tiberian vowel diacritics. Limestone and basalt artwork at the shore in Tiberias.
201:
72:
1767:
1746:
1709:
1597:
1397:
1179:
1146:
1062:
821:
197:
1619:
1496:
1131:
1407:
1058:
153:
89:
1474:
1632:
1246:
1592:
1512:
1241:
8:
1639:
1627:
1545:
1349:
826:
805:
1713:
1654:
1649:
1527:
608:
1705:
1602:
1535:
1500:
1449:
980:
961:
942:
39:
1753:
1158:
1121:
1088:
865:
779:
540:
1700:
1664:
1570:
1506:
1484:
1261:
1163:
1153:
1126:
1100:
1095:
1083:
1043:
1038:
1024:
846:
831:
428:
205:
193:
141:
1517:
1236:
1226:
1141:
1136:
237:
186:
1790:
1369:
1105:
1644:
1560:
1492:
1334:
1294:
1274:
1221:
507:
424:
182:
34:
120:
1719:
1565:
1289:
1231:
934:
808:
signs mark stress and punctuation. Metheg may mark secondary stress, and
502:
497:
450:.. In addition, one of the graphemes could also be silent:
1609:
628:
The names of the vowel diacritics are iconic and show some variation:
189:. The system soon became used to vocalize other Hebrew texts as well.
1584:
1555:
174:
164:
1754:
Gesenius' Hebrew and
Chaldee Lexicon to the Old Testament Scriptures
1659:
1251:
1067:
178:
993:
762:); in order to carry this out consistently some even write
217:
1550:
1459:
1454:
1439:
1434:
1384:
1339:
1324:
836:
809:
432:
416:
412:
363:
358:
348:
250: is consonantal, not silent, in syllable-coda position.
242:
226:
169:
1695:
1540:
1444:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1354:
1299:
1284:
1279:
1269:
353:
343:
338:
333:
328:
712:) a firmer, compression or contraction of the mouth.
423:, but shuruq is used when the text uses full spelling (with
1469:
1414:
1364:
1359:
1344:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1304:
568:), the latter also represented by hataf patah. The phoneme
492:
436:
232:
230:
indicates a consonant is geminate or unspirantized, and a
1374:
1329:
595:
That is referenced specifically by medieval grammarians:
435:. Metheg also indirectly indicates when a following
158:
556:) and as another symbol to represent the phoneme
1788:
548:Shva was used both to indicate lack of a vowel (
1775:Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament
446:, attested by alternations in manuscripts like
955:
1009:
480:
473:
466:
459:
316:
309:
302:
295:
288:
281:
274:
267:
939:Phonology and Morphology of Biblical Hebrew
1016:
1002:
878:
876:
874:
108:Learn how and when to remove this message
16:System of diacritics for the Hebrew Bible
539:
220:distinguishes between the two values of
119:
71:This article includes a list of general
888:
871:
211:
1789:
974:
918:
620:
479:
472:
465:
458:
315:
308:
301:
294:
287:
280:
273:
266:
181:to add to the consonantal text of the
997:
941:. Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns.
977:Introduction to the Tiberian Masorah
933:
906:
894:
882:
868:use the same system of vocalization.
864:The portions of the Hebrew Bible in
700: also denotes a slighter, as
57:
18:
1023:
724:) takes its name from its form. So
481:
474:
467:
460:
317:
310:
303:
296:
289:
282:
275:
268:
253:
145:
124:Closeup of Aleppo Codex, Joshua 1:1
13:
77:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
1813:
958:A History of the Hebrew Language
448:ארֲריך~ארְריך, ואשמֳעָה~ואשמְעָה
62:
23:
800:
960:. Cambridge University Press.
956:Sáenz-Badillos, Angel (1993).
912:
900:
858:
1:
852:
49:Proposed since February 2024.
1797:Language of the Hebrew Bible
580: ) and as preceding
572:had a number of allophones;
7:
815:
159:
32:It has been suggested that
10:
1818:
1059:Transliteration to English
927:
688:, i.e. of the mouth (also
1738:
1673:
1618:
1583:
1526:
1483:
1383:
1260:
1214:
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677:
669:
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633:
585:
577:
447:
402:
247:
221:
146:
1747:Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar
842:Palestinian vocalization
785:Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar
202:Palestinian vocalization
147:הַנִּקּוּד הַטְבֶרְיָנִי
975:Yeivin, Israel (1980).
822:Babylonian vocalization
599:If one argues that the
92:more precise citations.
798:
732:) is another name for
684:, according to others
626:
545:
160:hanniqquḏ haṭṭəḇeryāni
125:
694:fullness of the mouth
648:(of the mouth), also
630:
597:
543:
130:Tiberian vocalization
123:
1768:Strong's Concordance
1054:Ancient inscriptions
212:Consonant diacritics
204:systems for writing
42:into this article. (
1761:Brown–Driver–Briggs
827:Hebrew cantillation
1610:Law of attenuation
1115:Reading traditions
979:. Scholars Press.
609:Abu al-Faraj Harun
546:
126:
1784:
1783:
1640:Verbal morphology
1579:
1578:
1092:
948:978-1-57506-129-0
538:
537:
409:
408:
173:) devised by the
163:) is a system of
157:
134:Tiberian pointing
118:
117:
110:
56:
55:
51:
1809:
1730:Unicode and HTML
1196:
1195:
1184:
1176:
1168:
1149:
1089:northern dialect
1086:
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994:
990:
971:
952:
922:
916:
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904:
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892:
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880:
869:
866:Biblical Aramaic
862:
796:
794:
790:
780:Wilhelm Gesenius
761:
757:
754:,
753:
749:
746:,
745:
741:
727:
726:שָׁלשׁ נְקֻדּוֹת
719:
711:
707:
703:
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691:
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651:
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254:Vowel diacritics
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99:
93:
88:this article by
79:inline citations
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1802:Hebrew alphabet
1787:
1786:
1785:
1780:
1739:Reference works
1734:
1669:
1665:Vav-consecutive
1614:
1593:Biblical Hebrew
1575:
1522:
1507:Mater lectionis
1479:
1379:
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1210:
1187:
1182:
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1025:Hebrew language
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917:
913:
905:
901:
893:
889:
881:
872:
863:
859:
855:
847:Tiberian Hebrew
832:Cardinal vowels
818:
803:
797:
792:
788:
778:
737:
722:bunch of grapes
660:(cf. the Arab.
625:
617:Horayat Ha-Qore
613:Hidāyat al-Qāri
607:
429:mater lectionis
419:both represent
411:The diacritics
256:
246:indicates that
214:
206:Biblical Hebrew
194:Tiberian Hebrew
185:to produce the
138:Tiberian niqqud
114:
103:
97:
94:
84:Please help to
83:
67:
63:
52:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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1804:
1799:
1782:
1781:
1779:
1778:
1771:
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1757:
1750:
1742:
1740:
1736:
1735:
1733:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1714:modern Israeli
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1677:
1675:
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1670:
1668:
1667:
1662:
1657:
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1642:
1636:
1635:
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1624:
1622:
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1613:
1612:
1607:
1605:
1603:Philippi's law
1600:
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1589:
1587:
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1580:
1577:
1576:
1574:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1553:
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1518:Plene scriptum
1515:
1510:
1503:
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1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
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1395:
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1367:
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1357:
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1307:
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1277:
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1249:
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1239:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1218:
1216:
1212:
1211:
1209:
1208:
1202:
1200:
1193:
1189:
1188:
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1185:
1177:
1169:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1118:
1116:
1112:
1111:
1109:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1080:
1078:
1074:
1073:
1071:
1070:
1065:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1035:
1033:
1029:
1028:
1021:
1020:
1013:
1006:
998:
992:
991:
985:
972:
966:
953:
947:
929:
926:
924:
923:
911:
899:
887:
870:
856:
854:
851:
850:
849:
844:
839:
834:
829:
824:
817:
814:
802:
799:
776:
708: (also
674:narrow opening
668: (also
646:a wide parting
605:
586:תְדַמְּיוּ֫נִי
536:
535:
530:
525:
520:
515:
511:
510:
505:
500:
495:
490:
486:
485:
478:
471:
464:
457:
456:niqqud with א
407:
406:
401:
396:
391:
386:
381:
376:
371:
367:
366:
361:
356:
351:
346:
341:
336:
331:
326:
322:
321:
314:
307:
300:
293:
286:
279:
272:
265:
264:niqqud with א
255:
252:
238:spirantization
213:
210:
187:Masoretic Text
116:
115:
70:
68:
61:
54:
53:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1814:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1794:
1792:
1777:
1776:
1772:
1770:
1769:
1765:
1763:
1762:
1758:
1756:
1755:
1751:
1749:
1748:
1744:
1743:
1741:
1737:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1678:
1676:
1672:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1645:Semitic roots
1643:
1641:
1638:
1637:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1617:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1598:Modern Hebrew
1596:
1594:
1591:
1590:
1588:
1586:
1582:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1525:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1513:Abbreviations
1511:
1509:
1508:
1504:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1491:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1482:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1450:Kubutz/shuruk
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1412:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1382:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1267:
1265:
1263:
1259:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1219:
1217:
1213:
1207:
1204:
1203:
1201:
1197:
1194:
1190:
1181:
1178:
1173:
1170:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1148:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1119:
1117:
1113:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1090:
1085:
1082:
1081:
1079:
1075:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1036:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1019:
1014:
1012:
1007:
1005:
1000:
999:
996:
988:
986:0-89130-373-1
982:
978:
973:
969:
967:0-521-55634-1
963:
959:
954:
950:
944:
940:
936:
932:
931:
920:
915:
908:
903:
896:
891:
884:
879:
877:
875:
867:
861:
857:
848:
845:
843:
840:
838:
835:
833:
830:
828:
825:
823:
820:
819:
813:
811:
807:
795:
786:
781:
775:
773:
769:
765:
735:
731:
723:
715:
695:
687:
683:
675:
663:
659:
655:
652: (=ĭ)
647:
639:
629:
622:
619:), quoted in
618:
614:
610:
604:
602:
596:
593:
590:/θăðammĭjuni/
567:
563:
555:
551:
550:quiescent šwa
542:
531:
526:
521:
516:
513:
512:
509:
506:
504:
501:
499:
496:
494:
491:
488:
487:
455:
454:
451:
440:
438:
434:
430:
426:
418:
414:
397:
392:
387:
382:
377:
372:
369:
368:
365:
362:
360:
357:
355:
352:
350:
347:
345:
342:
340:
337:
335:
332:
330:
327:
324:
323:
263:
262:
259:
251:
245:
244:
239:
235:
234:
229:
228:
219:
209:
207:
203:
199:
195:
190:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
171:
166:
161:
155:
143:
139:
135:
131:
122:
112:
109:
101:
91:
87:
81:
80:
74:
69:
60:
59:
50:
45:
41:
37:
36:
30:
21:
20:
1773:
1766:
1759:
1752:
1745:
1561:Inverted nun
1546:Cantillation
1505:
1475:Sin/Shin dot
1392:
1247:Paleo-Hebrew
1063:from English
976:
957:
938:
935:Blau, Joshua
919:Yeivin (1980
914:
902:
890:
860:
806:Cantillation
804:
801:Cantillation
784:
771:
767:
763:
758: for
750: for
742: for
733:
730:three points
729:
721:
713:
704: and
693:
685:
681:
673:
661:
657:
653:
645:
637:
631:
627:
621:Yeivin (1980
616:
612:
600:
598:
594:
565:
561:
553:
549:
547:
508:hataf qamatz
441:
410:
257:
241:
231:
225:
215:
191:
183:Hebrew Bible
168:
137:
133:
129:
127:
104:
95:
76:
48:
35:Ktiv menuqad
33:
1566:Shekel sign
1528:Punctuation
1493:with Niqqud
1403:Palestinian
1192:Orthography
1172:Palestinian
768:Qomeṣ-ḥatûf
503:hataf segol
498:hataf patah
224:. A
90:introducing
1791:Categories
1716:literature
1536:Diacritics
1398:Babylonian
1180:Babylonian
907:Blau (2010
895:Blau (2010
883:Blau (2010
853:References
710:קבוץ פּוּם
690:מְלֹא פוּם
562:mobile šwa
439:is vocal.
236:indicates
198:Babylonian
165:diacritics
98:April 2015
73:references
1585:Phonology
1556:Gershayim
1408:Samaritan
1183:(extinct)
1175:(extinct)
1167:(extinct)
1159:Samaritan
1132:Romaniote
1122:Ashkenazi
1032:Overviews
897::117–118)
885::105–106)
728: (
672:)
623::283–284)
578:וּבָקְעָה
175:Masoretes
154:romanized
1725:Surnames
1701:Keyboard
1674:Academic
1660:Segolate
1655:Suffixes
1650:Prefixes
1628:Biblical
1571:Numerals
1485:Spelling
1393:Tiberian
1262:Alphabet
1252:Solitreo
1242:Crowning
1206:Biblical
1164:Tiberian
1154:Yemenite
1127:Sephardi
1101:Medieval
1096:Mishnaic
1084:Biblical
1068:Gematria
1044:Alphabet
1039:Language
937:(2010).
816:See also
777:—
720:
692:
686:fullness
680:
654:breaking
644:
636:
606:—
588:
566:shva naʻ
554:shva naḥ
179:Tiberias
1710:ancient
1686:Academy
1681:Revival
1620:Grammar
1497:missing
1237:Cursive
1227:Braille
1215:Scripts
1142:Mizrahi
1137:Italian
1049:History
928:Sources
706:קִבּוּץ
702:שׁוּרֶק
682:closing
678:ח֫וֹלֶם
666:חִ֫ירֶק
658:parting
650:שֶׁ֫בֶר
638:opening
634:פַּ֫תַח
218:sin dot
156::
149:
86:improve
44:Discuss
1706:Hebrew
1633:Modern
1551:Geresh
1460:Mappiq
1455:Dagesh
1440:Kamatz
1385:Niqqud
1340:Samech
1232:Ashuri
1147:Syrian
1106:Modern
983:
964:
945:
837:Niqqud
810:maqqaf
789:
772:Qübbûṣ
752:פֶּתַח
748:פַּתַח
734:Qibbûṣ
718:סְגוֹל
698:קָ֫מֶץ
642:צֵ֫רֵי
514:value
433:metheg
417:shuruq
413:qubutz
370:value
364:shuruq
359:qubutz
349:qamatz
243:mappiq
240:. The
227:dagesh
170:niqqud
142:Hebrew
75:, but
40:merged
1720:Names
1696:Ulpan
1691:Study
1541:Meteg
1465:Maqaf
1445:Holam
1435:Pataḥ
1430:Segol
1425:Tzere
1420:Hiriq
1355:Tsadi
1325:Lamed
1300:Zayin
1285:Dalet
1280:Gimel
1222:Rashi
921::283)
909::118)
764:Sägôl
760:צְרִי
756:צֵרִי
744:קֹמֶץ
740:קָמֶץ
714:Sĕgôl
670:חִרֶק
601:dalet
518:/ă/,⌀
489:name
427:as a
354:holam
344:hiriq
339:tzere
334:segol
329:patah
325:name
297:אָ אׇ
233:raphe
136:, or
1501:full
1470:Rafe
1415:Shva
1370:Shin
1365:Resh
1345:Ayin
1270:Alef
1199:Eras
1077:Eras
981:ISBN
962:ISBN
943:ISBN
662:kasr
533:/ɔ̆/
528:/ɛ̆/
493:shva
437:shva
415:and
216:The
200:and
128:The
1375:Tav
1360:Kuf
1350:Pei
1335:Nun
1330:Mem
1320:Kaf
1315:Yud
1310:Tet
1305:Ḥet
1295:Vav
1290:Hei
1275:Bet
793:d-e
696:).
664:);
584:, (
582:/j/
574:/ă/
570:/ă/
558:/ă/
523:/ă/
444:/ă/
425:waw
421:/u/
404:/u/
399:/o/
394:/ɔ/
389:/i/
384:/e/
379:/ɛ/
374:/a/
318:אוּ
177:of
38:be
1793::
1712:/
1708:/
1499:/
1495:/
1061:/
873:^
791:§8
782:,
770:,
766:,
676:;
656:,
640:;
611:,
564:,
552:,
482:אֳ
475:אֱ
468:אֲ
461:אְ
311:אֻ
304:אֹ
290:אִ
283:אֵ
276:אֶ
269:אַ
208:.
151:,
144::
132:,
1150:)
1144:(
1091:)
1087:(
1017:e
1010:t
1003:v
989:.
970:.
951:.
787:,
774:.
736:.
716:(
615:(
560:(
248:ה
222:ש
167:(
140:(
111:)
105:(
100:)
96:(
82:.
46:)
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