2057:
1323:
3042:
3100:
3119:
3179:
5162:, pp. 88–89: "Preventing uprisings on the fringes of the empire was a major concern for Assyrian kings, and a number of policies developed to meet this need, among them mass deportations. When new territory was conquered or a rebellious vassal crushed, an increased imperial presence in the trouble spot was often complemented by the removal of large numbers of the indigenous population to the imperial core, effectively breaking up the rebellious population and reducing the potential for future resistance. This practice was effective, and continued throughout the Neo-Assyrian and Neo-Babylonian empires until 539 BC and Cyrus's conquest of Babylon. The majority of the immigrant population were not slaves (Yamauchi 2002: 365), and some did rise to high status positions at the core of the empire (a possibility reflected in the career of the biblical Daniel, who rises to the status of trusted royal confidant)."
3141:
3074:
1297:
1661:
1689:
1132:
more, because I thought that I should have distinguished some traces, however imperfect, of many of the principal structures of
Babylon. I imagined, I should have said: "Here were the walls, and such must have been the extent of the area. There stood the palace, and this most assuredly was the tower of Belus." – I was completely deceived: instead of a few insulated mounds, I found the whole face of the country covered with vestiges of building, in some places consisting of brick walls surprisingly fresh, in others merely of a vast succession of mounds of rubbish of such indeterminate figures, variety and extent, as to involve the person who should have formed any theory in inextricable confusion.
1238:
2512:
2205:. Babylon's walls were considered impenetrable. The only way into the city was through one of its many gates, or through the Euphrates River. Metal grates were installed underwater, allowing the river to flow through the city walls while preventing intrusion. The Persians devised a plan to enter the city via the river. During a Babylonian national feast, Cyrus' troops upstream diverted the Euphrates River, allowing Cyrus' soldiers to enter the city through the lowered water. The Persian army conquered the outlying areas of the city while the majority of Babylonians at the city center were unaware of the breach. The account was elaborated upon by
1250:
2234:
3160:
1624:
2801:
113:
85:
2725:
772:
106:
2085:
1122:
2783:
1653:
78:
1508:
61:
1421:
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Sumu-abum to
Babylon was much more complex. It was long been noted that many of Sumu-abum's year names are identical or virtually identical to the year names of Sumu-la-el, whom we know for certain was king of Babylon. Goddeeris (2002:319–320) sums these parallels up as follows: Sa 1 and 2 / Sl 5 and 6: building the wall of Babylon. Sa 9 / Sl 'b': building the wall of Dilbat. Sa 13/14 / Sl 20/21: the destruction and seizure of Kazallu."
6650:
950:
1319:. Work began in 1879, continuing until 1882, and was prompted by widespread looting of the site. Using industrial scale digging in search of artifacts, Rassam recovered a large quantity of cuneiform tablets and other finds. The zealous excavation methods, common at the time, caused significant damage to the archaeological context. Many tablets had appeared on the market in 1876 before Rassam's excavation began.
1937:
2589:, and an amphitheater constructed in the city's Hellenistic era. In 1982, the government minted a set of seven coins, displaying iconic features of Babylon. A Babylon International Festival was held in September 1987, and annually thereafter until 2002, excepting 1990 and 1991, to showcase this work. The proposed reconstruction of the Hanging Gardens and the great ziggurat never took place.
1971:, and suppressed only by the complete destruction of the city of Babylon. In 689 BC, its walls, temples and palaces were razed, and the rubble was thrown into the Arakhtu, the sea bordering the earlier Babylon on the south. The destruction of the religious center shocked many, and the subsequent murder of Sennacherib by two of his own sons while praying to the god
2641:
2698:, one of the most famous monuments from antiquity US military vehicles crushed 2,600-year-old brick pavements, archaeological fragments were scattered across the site, more than 12 trenches were driven into ancient deposits and military earth-moving projects contaminated the site for future generations of scientists.
5940:
Mesopotamian cities—and with plenty of obelisks and the odd sphinx. To this mixture is added, often and willingly, something of
Ottoman architecture, showing cupolas and minarets, clearly useful in picturing an unchangeable Near East which therefore needed to retain elements of remote antiquity in a modern age."
3041:
2585:, began the "Archaeological Restoration of Babylon Project": reconstructing features of the ancient city atop its ruins. These features included the Southern Palace of Nebuchadnezzar, with 250 rooms, five courtyards, and a 30-meter (100') entrance arch. The project reinforced the Processional Way, the
2714:
In April 2006, Colonel John
Coleman, former Chief of Staff for the I Marine Expeditionary Force, offered to issue an apology for the damage done by military personnel under his command. He also claimed that the US presence had deterred far greater damage by other looters. An April 2006 article stated
1399:
A topographical survey at the site was conducted in 1974, followed in 1977 by a review of the stratigraphical position of the main monuments and reconsideration of ancient water levels, by the Turin Centre for
Archaeological Research and Excavations in the Middle East and Asia, and the Iraqi-Italian
1131:
From the accounts of modern travellers, I had expected to have found on the site of
Babylon more, and less, than I actually did. Less, because I could have formed no conception of the prodigious extent of the whole ruins, or of the size, solidity, and perfect state, of some of the parts of them; and
969:
period, sign placement was relatively fluid and so the KI sign could be seen as the determinative, with the name of the city as BAR.BAR, perhaps pronounced Babbar. Paul-Alain
Beaulieu proposes that the original name could mean "shining" "glowing" or "white". It would be likely that it was later read
1643:
one of whose year names mentions building two temples there. Babylon was ruled by ensi (governors) for the empire. Some of the known governors were Abba, Arši-aḫ, Itūr-ilum, Murteli, Unabatal, and Puzur-Tutu. After that nothing is heard of the city until the time of Sumu-la-El. After around 1950 BC
1149:
The site covers an area of about 1,000 hectares (3¾ sq. mi.), with about 450 hectares (1¾ sq. mi.) within the several kilometer (mile) long city walls, containing a number of mounds, the most prominent of which are Kasr, Merkes (13 meters; 43' above the plain), Homera, Ishin-Aswad, Sahn, Amran, and
2839:
world, or any form of imperialist evil. It is believed that
Babylon actively seeks to exploit and oppress the people of the world, specifically people of African descent. It is believed by Rastafarians that Babylon attempts to forbid the smoking of ganja because this sacred herb opens minds to the
2938:
After
Hezekiah, the king of Judah, became ill, Baladan, king of Babylon, sent a letter and gifts to him. Hezekiah showed all of his treasures to the delegation, and the prophet Isaiah later said to him: "Behold, the days are coming when everything that is in your house, and what your fathers have
2760:
Thousands of people reside in
Babylon within the perimeter of the ancient outer city walls, and communities in and around them are "rapidly developing from compact, dense settlements to sprawling suburbia despite laws restricting constructions". Modern villages include Zwair West, Sinjar Village,
1915:
By 1155 BC, after continued attacks and annexing of territory by the Assyrians and Elamites, the Kassites were deposed in Babylon. An Akkadian south Mesopotamian dynasty then ruled for the first time. However, Babylon remained weak and subject to domination by Assyria. Its ineffectual native
1349:
at Babylon. The work was conducted daily from 1899 until 1917. A major problem for Koldewey was the large scale mining of baked bricks, which began in the 19th century and which were mainly sourced from the time of Nebuchadnezzar II. At the time, excavations for brick mining, for various building
5939:
Liverani 2016, pp. 21–22. "In practice, the solution adopted to visualize cities which were in fact unknown was a mixture of classical (Greek) and Egyptian elements, with long colonnades, even built on more than one level—which will then prove totally foreign to the unfired brick architecture of
4945:
Vedeler (2006), pp. 8–15. "However, this later tradition is almost certainly a simplification or even a reworking of the actual events surrounding Sumu-abum, who was never regarded as an actual ancestor to the other kings of the Babylon I dynasty (Edzard 1957:122); in reality the relationship of
1515:
The earliest known mention of Babylon as a small town appears on a clay tablet from the reign of Shar-Kali-Sharri (2217–2193 BC) of the Akkadian Empire. References to the city of Babylon can be found in Akkadian and Sumerian literature from the late third millennium BC. One of the earliest is a
2468:
Christianity eventually became marginalized. Ibn Hawqal (10th century) and the Arab scholar, al-Qazwini (13th century), describe Babylon (Babil) as a small village. The latter described a well referred to as the 'Dungeon of Daniel' that was visited by Christians and Jews during holidays. The
1411:
During the restoration efforts in Babylon, the Iraqi State Organization for Antiquities and Heritage conducted extensive research, excavation and clearing, but wider publication of these archaeological activities has been limited. Most of the known tablets from all modern excavations remain
2942:
The prophet Daniel lived in Babylon for most of his life. Nebuchadnezzar made Daniel ruler over the entire province of Babylon for having interpreted his dream. Years later, Belshazzar held a banquet, at which fingers of a hand appeared and wrote on a wall. Daniel was called to provide an
2069:
1560:, had built Babylon "in front of Akkad" (ABC 19:51). A later chronicle states that Sargon "dug up the dirt of the pit of Babylon, and made a counterpart of Babylon next to Akkad". (ABC 20:18–19). Van de Mieroop has suggested that those sources may refer to the much later Assyrian king
2537:
By 1905, there were several villages in Babylon, one of which was Qwaresh with about 200 households located within the boundaries of the ancient inner city walls. The village grew due to the need for laborers during the German Oriental Society excavations between 1899–1917.
1407:
A number of Iraqi excavations have occurred at Babylon, the earliest in 1938. From 1979–1981 excavation and restoration work was conducted at the Ninmah Temple, Istar Temple, and the Southern Palace. Occasional excavations and restorations continued in the 1970s and 1980s.
2856:
that acts as a trading and diplomatic nexus between many different cultures. Many stories focus on the theme of different societies and cultures uniting, respecting differences, and learning from each other rather than fighting or looking on each other with prejudice and
2946:
The Book of Isaiah says the following regarding Babylon: "It will be like Sodom and Gomorrah when God overthrew them. It will never be inhabited or lived in for all generations; no Arab will pitch his tent there; no shepherds will make their flocks lie down there." The
2646:
2642:
733:. It was perhaps the first city to reach a population above 200,000. Estimates for the maximum extent of its area range from 890 (3½ sq. mi.) to 900 ha (2,200 acres). The main sources of information about Babylon—excavation of the site itself, references in
6161:
2643:
2702:
A US military spokesman claimed that engineering operations were discussed with the "head of the Babylon museum". The head of the Iraqi State Board for Heritage and Antiquities, Donny George, said that the "mess will take decades to sort out" and criticised
3099:
2773:
is involved in research and conservation. The SBAH Provincial Inspectorate Headquarters is located within the boundaries of the ancient inner city walls on the east side. Several staff members and their families reside in subsidized housing in this area.
683:
1. However, there are questions about whether the Hanging Gardens of Babylon even existed, as there is no mention within any extant Babylonian texts of its existence. After the fall of the Neo-Babylonian Empire, the city came under the rule of the
2931:("Calneh" is now sometimes translated not as a proper name but as the phrase "all of them"). Another story is given in Genesis 11, which describes a united human race, speaking one language, migrating to Shinar to establish a city and tower—the
6153:
2765:. Some cultivate dates, citrus fruits, figs, fodder for livestock and limited cash crops, although income from the land alone is not enough to sustain a family. Both Shi'a and Sunni Muslims live in Sinjar village, with mosques for both groups.
616:. Babylon was merely a religious and cultural centre at this point and neither an independent state nor a large city, subject to the Akkadian Empire. After the collapse of the Akkadian Empire, the south Mesopotamian region was dominated by the
2268:
has traditionally been seen by biblical scholars as corroborative evidence of this policy, although the interpretation is disputed because the text identifies only Mesopotamian sanctuaries but makes no mention of Jews, Jerusalem, or Judea.
6375:
Maurice, Thomas, "Observations on the ruins of Babylon, as recently visited and described by Claudius James Rich, Esq. resident for the East India Company at Bagdad; with illustrative engravings", London: John Murray, Albemarle Street,
2812:
Before modern archaeological excavations in Mesopotamia, the appearance of Babylon was largely a mystery, and typically envisioned by Western artists as a hybrid between ancient Egyptian, classical Greek, and contemporary Ottoman culture.
3118:
2645:
3140:
2768:
The State Board of Antiquities and Heritage (SBAH) is the main authority responsible for the conservation of the archeological site. They are assisted by Antiquity and Heritage Police, and maintain a permanent presence there. The
2229:
in 1883, Herodotus' account of Babylon has largely been considered to represent Greek folklore rather than an authentic voyage to Babylon. However, recently, Dalley and others have suggested taking Herodotus' account seriously.
3346:
Pedersén, Olof, "Excavated and Unexcavated Libraries in Babylon", Babylon: Wissenskultur in Orient und Okzident, edited by Eva Cancik-Kirschbaum, Margarete van Ess and Joachim Marzahn, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, pp. 47-68,
2307:, over-taxation and the strain of numerous wars led to a deterioration of Babylon's main shrines and canals, and the destabilization of the surrounding region. There were numerous attempts at rebellion and in 522 BC (
2100:, Babylon escaped Assyrian rule, and the allied Medo-Babylonian armies destroyed the Assyrian Empire between 626 BC and 609 BC. Babylon thus became the capital of the Neo-Babylonian (sometimes called the Chaldean) Empire.
2216:
and with buildings on top, and a hundred gates to the city. He writes that the Babylonians wear turbans and perfume and bury their dead in honey, that they practice ritual prostitution, and that three tribes among them
2951:
says that Babylon will "never again be inhabited" and that "no one will live there, nor will anyone of mankind reside in it" and that it will be a land in which "no one of mankind passes". The territories of Babylon,
2592:
Hussein installed a portrait of himself and Nebuchadnezzar at the entrance to the ruins and inscribed his name on many of the bricks, in imitation of Nebuchadnezzar. One frequent inscription reads: "This was built by
1292:
in May 1856. Few antiquities from the Fresnel mission made it to France. Subsequent efforts to recover the lost antiquities from the Tigris, including a Japanese expedition in 1971–72, have been largely unsuccessful.
2690:'s Near East department, John Curtis described how parts of the archaeological site were levelled to create a landing area for helicopters, and parking lots for heavy vehicles. Curtis wrote of the occupation forces:
2315:) and 482 BC (Bel-shimani and Shamash-eriba) native Babylonian kings briefly regained independence. However, these revolts were quickly repressed and Babylon remained under Persian rule for two centuries, until
1456:—present an incomplete and sometimes contradictory picture of the ancient city, even at its peak in the sixth century BC. Babylon was described, perhaps even visited, by a number of classical historians including
5784:
4542:, Macmillan and Co., 1914. "Up to the present time only about half the work has been accomplished, although since it began we have worked daily, both summer and winter, with from 200 to 250 workmen" (p. v).
2939:
stored up to this day, will be carried to Babylon; nothing will be left." Some 200 years later, Nebuchadnezzar, the king of Babylon, invaded Judah, laid siege to Jerusalem and deported the Jews to Babylon.
1400:
Institute of Archaeological Sciences. The focus was on clearing up issues raised by re-examination of the old German data. Additional work in 1987–1989 concentrated on the area surrounding the Ishara and
1154:, which has shifted slightly since ancient times. The local water table has risen, making excavation of lower levels difficult. Prior to the heavy use of baked bricks in the reign of Neo-Babylonian ruler
6316:
Al-Assadi, Hind A., and Najah A. Abd, "Application of Georadar Method to Investigate Shallow Artifacts for Al-Maabid Area in Babylon Archaeological City", The Iraqi Geological Journal, pp. 288-295, 2024
2029:
Once again, Babylon was besieged by the Assyrians, starved into surrender and its allies were defeated. Ashurbanipal celebrated a "service of reconciliation", but did not venture to "take the hands" of
2088:
A reconstruction of the blue-tiled Ishtar Gate, Pergamon Museum, Berlin, which was the northern entrance to Babylon. It was named for the goddess of love and war. Bulls and dragons, symbols of the god
6319:
Al-Kassar, Awwad Abdul-Kareem, "Views and conclusions about the excavations of the northern part of the procession street for the year 1981" Sumer 41, Arabic section, pp. 137–138, 1985 (in Arabic)
6025:
3178:
3540:
2620:
completely removed the village of Qwaresh, displacing its residents. He later constructed a modern palace in that area called Saddam Hill, over some of the old ruins, in the pyramidal style of a
5737:
1847:, and the Elamites appropriated territory in eastern Mesopotamia. The Amorite dynasty remained in power in Babylon, which again became a small city state. After the destruction of the city the
5359:
Nissen, Hans J. and Heine, Peter, "Alexander and the Seleucids in Babylonia (331–141 BCE)", From Mesopotamia to Iraq: A Concise History, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp. 114-119, 2009
2056:
935:
was a loan translation of the Semitic folk etymology, and not the original name. The re-translation of the Semitic name into Sumerian would have taken place at the time of the "Neo-Sumerian"
1726:
Babylon was initially a minor city-state, and controlled little surrounding territory. Its first four Amorite rulers did not assume the title of king. The older and more powerful states of
5539:
3073:
1388:
was conducted by Heinrich J. Lenzen in 1956 and Hansjörg Schmid in 1962, working the Hellenistic, Parthian, Sasanian, and Arabic levels of the site. Lenzen's work dealt primarily with the
4412:"Potts 2020. 'Un coup terrible de la fortune:' A. Clément and the Qurna disaster of 1855. in Finkel, I.L. and Simpson, St J., eds. In Context: The Reade Festschrift. Oxford: Archaeopress"
2943:
interpretation of the writings, upon which he explained that God had put an end to Belshazzar's kingdom. Belshazzar was killed that very night, and Darius the Mede took over the kingdom.
3573:
4202:
Claudius J. Rich, "Second memoir on Babylon; containing an inquiry into the correspondence between the ancient descriptions of Babylon, and the remains still visible on the site", 1818
2644:
5172:
1322:
5617:
4927:
Rients de Boer. "Beginnings of Old Babylonian Babylon: Sumu-Abum and Sumu-La-El." Journal of Cuneiform Studies, vol. 70, The American Schools of Oriental Research, 2018, pp. 53–86
1723:. Both are credited with building the walls of Babylon. In any case, the records describe Sumu-la-El's military successes establishing a regional sphere of influence for Babylon.
2935:. God halts construction of the tower by scattering humanity across the earth and confusing their communication so they are unable to understand each other in the same language.
1203:
Babil – a mound about 25 meters (80') high at the northern end of the site. Its bricks have been subject to looting since ancient times. It held a palace built by Nebuchadnezzar.
2750:
reopened the site to tourists. Over 35,000 people visited in 2017. An oil pipeline runs through an outer wall of the city. In July 2019, the site of Babylon was inscribed as a
6707:
3389:
5559:
761:
in 2019. The site receives thousands of visitors each year, almost all of whom are Iraqis. Construction is rapidly increasing, which has caused encroachments upon the ruins.
5706:
5247:
643:
founded the short-lived Old Babylonian Empire in the 16th century BC. He built Babylon into a major city and declared himself its king. Southern Mesopotamia became known as
471:
5996:
4784:
Isḥaq, Danial, "The excavations at the southern part of the procession street and the Nabû ša ḫarê temple", Sumer 41, pp. 30–33, Arabic section, pp. 48–54, Figs. 1–18, 1985
6712:
4502:
Asshur and the Land of Nimrod: Being an Account of the Discoveries Made in the Ancient Ruins of Nineveh, Asshur, Sepharvaim, Calah, Babylon, Borsippa, Cuthah, and Van, etc
3622:
2347:, occupying Babylon. Under Alexander, Babylon again flourished as a center of learning and commerce. However, following Alexander's death in 323 BC in the palace of
5781:
3030:. Other scholars suggest that Babylon in the book of Revelation has a symbolic significance that extends beyond mere identification with the first century Roman empire.
3601:
3356:
Beaulieu, Paul-Alain (2017). A History of Babylon, 2200 BC – AD 75. Blackwell History of the Ancient World. Wiley. p. 50. ISBN 978-1-119-45907-1. Retrieved 2022-08-27.
6154:"Bible Gateway passage: Isaiah 13:19–20, Jeremiah 49:17–18, Jeremiah 49:13, Zephaniah 2:9, Ezekiel 26:14, Ezekiel 26:19–21, Jeremiah 49:33 – English Standard Version"
4488:
Rawlinson, Henry C., "On the Birs Nimrud, or the Great Temple of Borsippa", Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, vol. 18, pp. 1–34, 1861
4271:
Travels and researches in Chaldaea and Susiana: with an account of excavations at Warka, the "Erech" of Nimrod, and Shush, "Shushan the Palace" of Esther, in 1849-52
1843:
as the major religious centers of southern Mesopotamia. Hammurabi's empire destabilized after his death. The far south of Mesopotamia broke away, forming the native
993:
but grew in popularity in the Late 2nd Millennium BC and was in widespread usage in the 1st Millennium BC. The spelling E.KI also appears in the 1st Millennium BC.
5315:
2546:
The site of Babylon has been a cultural asset to Iraq since the creation of the modern Iraqi state in 1921. The site was officially protected and excavated by the
2761:
Qwaresh, and Al-Jimjmah, among which the first two are better off economically. Most residents primarily depend on daily wage earning or have government jobs in
6594:
6472:
6017:
6481:
2597:, son of Nebuchadnezzar, to glorify Iraq". These bricks became sought after as collectors' items after Hussein's downfall. Similar projects were conducted at
1284:
river in May 1855. They had been carrying over 200 crates of artifacts from various excavation missions, when they were attacked by Tigris river pirates near
2296:
and remained prominent for over two centuries. Many important archaeological discoveries have been made that can provide a better understanding of that era.
6083:
1928:
in the 9th century BC, entering and appropriating areas of Babylonia for themselves. The Arameans briefly ruled in Babylon during the late 11th century BC.
6111:
3410:
4804:
Damerji, Moayad Said Basim, "Babylon – ka.dingir.ra – “gate of god”. The story of a city killed by legends and oblivion", Mesopotamia 47, pp. 1–102, 2012
1591:, claimed to have access to manuscripts from Babylonian archives, which date the founding of Babylon to 2286 BC, under the reign of its first king,
4538:, "Das wieder erstehende Babylon, die bisherigen Ergebnisse der deutschen Ausgrabungen", J.C. Hinrichs, 1913; Agnes Sophia Griffith Johns (translator),
3532:
927:, and there are no other examples of Sumerian place-names being replaced with Akkadian translations. He deduced that it later transformed into Akkadian
5729:
6054:
6722:
4655:
Douglas Frayne, "Babylon", Old Babylonian Period (2003-1595 B.C.): Early Periods, Volume 4, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, pp. 323-438, 1990
5535:
4565:
1611:
for the siege of Troy (1229 BC), which would date Babylon's foundation to 2231 BC. All of these dates place Babylon's foundation in the
6367:
Die Orientalische Stadt: Kontinuitat. Wandel. Bruch. 1 Internationale Colloquium der Deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft. 9–10. Mai 1996 in Halle/Saale
4171:
Da Riva, Rocío, "Urban Religion in First Millennium BCE Babylonia", in Naming and Mapping the Gods in the Ancient Mediterranean, pp.763-790, 2022
2667:
496:
1862:, considered as his son. Marduk was later elevated to a higher status and Shamash lowered, perhaps reflecting Babylon's rising political power.
5888:
2161:
1982:
hastened to rebuild the old city and make it his residence for part of the year. After his death, Babylonia was governed by his elder son, the
4936:
Al-Gailani Werr, L., 1988. Studies in the chronology and regional style of Old Babylonian Cylinder Seals. Bibliotheca Mesopotamica, Volume 23.
4762:
Al-Suba’ai, ‘Ata Allha Mohammed, "Ishtar temple and the residential quarter west of the temple", Sumer 41, pp. 63–66, Arabic pp. 101–107, 1985
3565:
3159:
2160:
of the Jews, the result of an imperial technique of pacification, used also by the Assyrians, in which ethnic groups in conquered areas were
5873:
4141:
2472:
According to medieval Arabic writings, Babylon was a popular site to extract bricks, which were used to build cities from Baghdad to Basra.
5176:
1288:. Recovery efforts, assisted by the Ottoman authorities and British Residence in Baghdad, loaded the equivalent of 80 crates on a ship for
6465:
Modern Wars and Ancient Governance: Archaeology and Textual Finds from First Millennium BCE Babylon – Odette Boivin – ANE Today – Nov 2022
5609:
2707:
for causing "terrible damage" to the site. Poland resolved in 2004 to place the city under Iraq control, and commissioned a report titled
5839:
5206:
5031:
3492:
5062:
3454:
1476:. These reports are of variable accuracy and some of the content was politically motivated, but these still provide useful information.
6587:
6567:
5650:
4169:
961:, likely in the Akkadian language, refers to an unknown lord who was the governor (ENSI) of BAR.KI.BAR and constructed the temple for
5988:
5815:
1882:
took power in the city of Babylon, renaming it Karduniash, ushering in a dynasty that lasted for 435 years, until 1160 BC.
1742:'s short-lived empire about a century later. Hammurabi (r. 1792–1750 BC) is famous for codifying the laws of Babylonia into the
970:
as Babbir, and then Babbil by swapping the consonant r with l. The earliest unambiguous mention to the city Babylon came from one of
708:
empires. The last known habitation of the town dates from the 11th century, when it was referred to as the "small village of Babel".
4795:
Kamil, Ahmed Mohammed, "Excavation at the northeastern part of the inner wall", Sumer 41, pp. 20–21, Arabic section, pp. 36–42, 1985
975:
6717:
6692:
5702:
5556:
2103:
With the recovery of Babylonian independence, a new era of architectural activity ensued, particularly during the reign of his son
1087:("to speak foolish, excited, or confusing talk"), is popularly thought to derive from this name but there is no direct connection.
978:. However, the original form of the name (Babbar/Babbir) was not forgotten, as seen from the phonetic spelling ba-ab-bí-lum in the
3374:
Finkel, Irving and Seymour, Michael (2008). Babylon: City of Wonders. London: British Museum Press. p. 52. ISBN 978-0-7141-1171-1.
2724:
6687:
4099:
2731:
1296:
6501:
5680:
3639:
4585:
F. Wetzel and F.H. Weisbach, "Das Hauptheiligtum des Marduk in Babylon: Esagila und Etemenanki", WVDOG, vol. 59, pp. 1–36, 1938
6509:
6459:
6250:. Exhibition organized by British Museum, Musée du Louvre & Réunion des Musées Nationaux, and Staatliche Museen zu Berlin.
5760:
2820:, the word "Babylon" in various languages has acquired a generic meaning of a large, bustling diverse city. Examples include:
2292:
were revitalized, and Babylonian scholars completed maps of constellations. The city became the administrative capital of the
6727:
6682:
6580:
6389:
6373:
6335:
6265:
6232:
5468:
5403:
5148:
5100:
5056:
5025:
4634:
4154:
3305:
1599:, who, according to Pliny, stated that astronomical observations commenced at Babylon 490 years before the Greek era of
1378:
299:
5339:
4567:
R. Koldewey, "Das Ischtar-Tor in Babylon Nach Den Ausgrabungen Durch Die Deutsche Orient Gesellschaft", WVDOG, vol. 32, 1918
4524:
Pedersén, O., "Work on a Digital Model of Babylon Using Archaeological and Textual Evidence", Mesopotamia 46, pp. 9–22, 2011
3595:
3311:
2438:. Coins from the Parthian, Sasanian and Arabic periods excavated in Babylon demonstrate the continuity of settlement there.
1688:
1660:
6603:
3773:, ed. Staatliche Museen zu Berlin. Vorderasiatisches Museum (Kleine Schriften 4), 2nd ed., Putbus 1990, p. 2
2686:. US forces occupied the site for some time and caused irreparable damage to the archaeological record. In a report of the
1226:
explored the site briefly in 1827. In 1829, he completed a map of Babylon which includes the location of several villages.
6464:
1158:(605-562 BC), construction at Babylon was primarily of unbaked brick, with the occasional use of baked bricks or bitumen.
753:—present an incomplete and sometimes contradictory picture of the ancient city, even at its peak in the sixth century BC.
5312:
4793:
4782:
4771:
4760:
4749:
4738:
4709:
4664:
3250:
2898:(2021), depicts Babylon on its greatest extent and is shown to be protected and aided in its development by the eternals.
958:
526:
6439:
4822:
Farouk N. H. Al-Rawi, Nabopolassar's Restoration Work on the Wall "Imgur-Enlil at Babylon, Iraq, vol. 47, pp. 1–13, 1985
4729:
G. Bergamini, "Preliminary report on the 1988–1989 operations at Babylon Shu-Anna", Mesopotamia, vol. 25, pp. 5–12, 1990
2711:, which it presented at a meeting in December 2004. In 2005, the site was handed over to the Iraqi Ministry of Culture.
6322:
Alwan, Kamil Shihab, "The Vaulted Structures or the so-called Hanging Gardens", Sumer 35, pp. 127–136, 1979 (in Arabic)
5261:
5231:
4021:
3785:
I studied inscriptions from before the flood: ancient Near Eastern, literary, and linguistic approaches to Genesis 1–11
2430:. Christianity was introduced to Mesopotamia in the 1st and 2nd centuries, and Babylon was the seat of a Bishop of the
2134:
1207:
Subsequent excavation, looting, and reconstruction have reduced these original heights found by the German excavators.
676:
391:
Sumerian, Akkadian, Amorite, Kassite, Assyrian, Chaldean, Achaemenid, Hellenistic, Parthian, Sasanian, Muslim caliphate
105:
3991:
2530:, as well as measurements of its latitude. Beauchamp's memoir, published in English translation in 1792, provoked the
1916:
kings were unable to prevent new waves of foreign West Semitic settlers from the deserts of the Levant, including the
6436:
Nasir, Mohammad, "The so-called Summer Palace (Nebuchadnezzar’s life palace)" Sumer 35, pp. 150–159, 1979 (in Arabic)
6427:
6415:
6247:
5961:
5593:
5378:
5124:
4680:
4599:
4391:
4356:
3792:
3486:
3448:
3420:
2805:
5918:
1656:
A map showing the Babylonian territory upon Hammurabi's ascension in 1792 BC and upon his death in 1750 BC
1538:
821:
6469:
6075:
3424:
2718:
Two museums and a library, containing replicas of artifacts and local maps and reports, were raided and destroyed.
1304:
6105:
5854:
Maryam U. Musa, "The Situation of the Babylon Archaeological Site until 2006", in Cancik-Kirschbaum et al. (2011).
4993:
3344:
1676:(about 65 km or 40 mi north of Babylon on the map above) either during, or shortly before, the reign of
1639:
The first attested mention of Babylon was in the late 3rd millennium BC during the Akkadian Empire reign of ruler
1479:
Historical knowledge of early Babylon must be pieced together from epigraphic remains found elsewhere, such as at
1377:, stored in private houses, with Sumerian literature and lexical documents. The German archaeologists fled before
4501:
4467:"The Report of The Japan Mission For The Survey of Under-Water Antiquities At Qurnah: The First Season (1971-72)"
3220:
3209:
3006:
refers to Babylon many centuries after it ceased to be a major political center. The city is personified by the "
2495:
travelled to the village of Babil in Babylon in the 17th century and noted the existence of both baked and dried
2280:(Babylonia in the south and Athura in the north), as well as a center of learning and scientific advancement. In
1385:
1366:
77:
6528:, Issued in connection with an exhibition held Nov. 18, 2008-Mar. 15, 2009, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
4711:
G. Bergamini, "Preliminary Report on the 1987 Season of Excavations at Babylon, Iraq", Sumer 47, pp. 30-34, 1995
2511:
2397:
relinquished his conquests east of the Euphrates river, which became again the Roman Empire's eastern boundary.
5020:
Cuneiform Texts in The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Vol. IV. Metropolitan Museum of Art. pp. 288–290.
4856:
4343:
J. Oppert, "Expédition scientifique en Mésopotamie exécutée par ordre du gouvernement de 1851 à 1854", Tome I:
4226:
Travels in Chaldaea: Including a Journey from Bussorah to Bagdad, Hillah and Babylon, Performed on Foot in 1827
4090:
2559:
2060:
A cuneiform cylinder from reign of Nebuchadnezzar II, honoring the exorcism and reconstruction of the ziggurat
2038:
was appointed as ruler of the city. Ashurbanipal did collect texts from Babylon for inclusion in his extensive
1227:
4304:
4288:
1615:. However, cuneiform records have not been found to correspond with these classical, post-cuneiform accounts.
2107:(604–561 BC). Nebuchadnezzar ordered the complete reconstruction of the imperial grounds, including the
793:
667:
domination. After the Assyrians destroyed and then rebuilt it, Babylon became the capital of the short-lived
6523:
6470:– The Babylonian Akītu Festival and the Ritual Humiliation of the King – Sam Mirelman – ANE Today – Sep 2022
4611:
4040:, Stephanie (1994). "Nineveh, Babylon and the Hanging Gardens: Cuneiform and Classical Sources Reconciled".
2983:, Babylon symbolizes worldliness and evil. Prophecies sometimes symbolically link the kings of Babylon with
1196:
remains are here. Most of the remains of the ziggurat Etemenanki were heaped here when it was demolished by
6697:
5810:
4180:
van de Mieroop, Marc, "Reading Babylon", American Journal of Archaeology, vol. 107, no. 2, pp. 257–75, 2003
3185:
2675:
2390:
1338:
1308:
6046:
4740:
Abdul-Razzak, Wahbi, "Ishtar gate and the inner wall" Sumer 41, pp. 19, 22, Arabic section pp. 34–35, 1985
3717:
1350:
projects, including the Hindiya dam were under way. The primary efforts of the dig involved the temple of
2165:
2118:—the most prominent of eight gates around Babylon. A reconstruction of the Ishtar Gate is located in the
1257:, depicts Alexander the Great's uncontested entry into the city of Babylon, envisioned with pre-existing
6347:
2832:
1516:
tablet describing the Akkadian king Šar-kali-šarri laying the foundations in Babylon of new temples for
1237:
974:
year names, spelled as KA.DINGIR.KI, indicating that the folk etymology was already widely known in the
6549:
6490:
6018:"Bible Gateway passage: 2 Kings 24-25, 2 Chronicles 36, Jeremiah 39:1-10 – New American Standard Bible"
4551:
4213:
Claudius J. Rich, "Narrative of a journey to the site of Babylon in 1811", Posthumous compilation, 1839
3052:
2531:
2527:
2483:, a 12th-century traveller, mentions Babylon, but it is not clear if he went there. Others referred to
2130:
1258:
1219:
672:
617:
2570:. Babylonian images periodically appear on Iraqi postcards and stamps. In the 1960s, a replica of the
2404:, and who continued to refer to their homeland as Babylon. Examples of their culture are found in the
6349:
Koldewey, Robert, "Pflastersteine Von Aiburschabu In Babylon", J. C. Hinrichs'sch Buchhandlung, 1901
5976:
5896:
4613:
Di Chiara, Anita, et al., "An archaeomagnetic study of the Ishtar Gate, Babylon", Plos one 19.1, 2024
4300:
2715:
that UN officials and Iraqi leaders have plans to restore Babylon, making it into a cultural center.
2551:
2447:
1170:
of Nebuchadnezzar II. It lies in the center of the site and rises to 19 meters (62') above the plain.
1041:
1030:
705:
195:
181:
6532:
6354:
6314:
6139:
4691:
Schmidt, J., "Das Bīt Akītu von Babylon. Mit einem Beitrag von B. Finster", BaM 33, pp. 281–31, 2002
2145:
speculated that he had discovered its foundations, but many historians disagree about the location.
1249:
4773:
Alwan, Kamil Shihab, "The Vaulted Structure", Sumer 41, pp. 58–59, Arabic section, pp. 94–97., 1985
3225:
3190:
2586:
2516:
1720:
1719:, whose dates may be concurrent with those of Sumu-abum, is usually given as the progenitor of the
1346:
1105:
Ancient records in some situations use "Babylon" as a name for other cities, including cities like
475:
28:
5865:
5483:
4522:
4323:
L'expédition scientifique et artistique de Mésopotamie et de Médie, 1851-1855 / Maurice Pillet,...
1904:, following his eighth campaign against Mitanni. Kassite Babylon eventually became subject to the
6677:
4466:
4437:
4002:
3921:
3748:
3019:
2534:
to direct its agents in Baghdad and Basra to acquire Mesopotamian relics for shipment to London.
2233:
2039:
522:
516:
21:
6554:
3942:
3061:
2359:
soon began. Babylon declined somewhat in importance but remained active throughout this period.
907:, writing in the 1870s, postulated that the Semitic name was a loan-translation of the original
6619:
6518:
5951:
5092:
3015:
3011:
2979:
tradition, Babylon symbolizes an oppressor against which righteous believers must struggle. In
2435:
1905:
1604:
416:
221:
5831:
5198:
5015:
4751:
Ali, Shah Mohammed, "The Southern Palace", Sumer 41, pp. 52–54, Arabic section pp. 77–82, 1985
4624:
4539:
3783:
Gelb, I. J. (1994). "The Name of Babylon". In Hess, Richard S.; Tsumura, David Toshio (eds.).
3476:
901:) is a determinative indicating that the previous signs are to be understood as a place name.
6308:
Abdul-Razzak, Wahbi, "Ishtar gate and its inner wall" Sumer 35, pp. 112–117, 1979 (in Arabic)
5046:
4594:
F. Wetzel et al., "Das Babylon der Spätzeit", WVDOG, vol. 62, Gebr. Mann, 1957 (1998 reprint
3438:
3109:
3090:
2800:
2659:
2629:
2226:
2176:
2051:
1964:
1808:, coalescing them into one kingdom, ruled from Babylon. Hammurabi also invaded and conquered
1465:
1370:
1018:
990:
668:
632:
570:
566:
3638:
2487:
as Babylon or New Babylon and described various structures encountered in the region as the
6344:
Kamil, Ahmed Mohammed, "The inner wall of Babylon", Sumer 35, pp. 137–149, 1979 (in Arabic)
5642:
3481:. Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta. Vol. 136. Leuven: Peeters Publishers. p. 233.
3131:
2770:
2651:
2356:
2172:
1623:
1608:
1436:
The main sources of information about Babylon—excavation of the site itself, references in
1425:
1173:
Amran Ibn Ali – about 22 meters (72') high and at the south of the site. It is the site of
1064:
209:
5805:
4720:
G. Bergamini, "Excavations in Shu-anna Babylon 1987", Mesopotamia, vol. 23, pp. 5–17, 1988
4252:
2972:
are all predicted in the Bible to become like Sodom and Gomorrah, or uninhabited forever.
1326:
989:
Another attested spelling for the city of Babylon is TIN.TIR.KI, attested sparsely in the
8:
4284:
3125:
2872:
2792:
2754:
2704:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2316:
2253:
2168:
1952:
1821:
1565:
1525:
1361:
and hundreds of recovered tablets, were sent back to Germany, where Koldewey's colleague
1231:
1197:
1182:
979:
936:
799:
758:
621:
444:
4224:
4189:
3742:
1074:
6433:
Nasir, Mohammad, "The Temple of Ishtar of Agade", Sumer 35, pp. 61–81, 1979 (in Arabic)
6127:
5085:
5017:
The Ebabbar Temple Archive and Other Texts from the Fourth to the First Millennium B.C.
4985:
4852:
4700:
G. Bergamini, "Levels of Babylon Reconsidered", Mesopotamia, vol. 12, pp. 111–152, 1977
4065:
3902:
3894:
3713:
2999:
2492:
2480:
2475:
European travellers, in many cases, could not discover the city's location, or mistook
2465:
2431:
2368:
2308:
1592:
1429:
966:
582:
5173:"British Museum – Cuneiform tablet with part of the Babylonian Chronicle (605–594 BC)"
3703:
Wilfred G. Lambert, "Babylon: Origins"; in Cancik-Kirschbaum et al. (2011), pp. 71–76.
2709:
Report Concerning the Condition of the Preservation of the Babylon Archaeological Site
2149:
has argued that the hanging gardens were actually located near the Assyrian capital,
565:. Its rulers established two important empires in antiquity, the 19th–16th century BC
6460:
Iranian archaeologists to perform survey in Babylon - Tehran Times - January 29, 2023
6423:
6411:
6385:
6331:
6283:
6261:
6243:
6228:
5957:
5672:
5589:
5582:
5464:
5399:
5374:
5239:
5144:
5120:
5096:
5052:
5021:
4977:
4676:
4630:
4595:
4533:
4387:
4352:
4230:
4211:
4200:
4150:
4103:
4057:
3906:
3886:
3815:
3798:
3788:
3752:
3723:
3630:
3482:
3444:
3416:
3404:
3301:
3254:
3056:
3048:
2988:
2804:"The Walls of Babylon and the Temple of Bel (Or Babel)", by 19th-century illustrator
2747:
2563:
2405:
2312:
2293:
2138:
2104:
1987:
1744:
1155:
908:
578:
574:
558:
167:
153:
6649:
5730:"Lost cities #1: Babylon – how war almost erased 'mankind's greatest heritage site'"
5509:
John Curtis, "The Present Condition of Babylon"; in Cancik-Kirschbaum et al. (2011).
4553:
R. Koldewey, "Die Tempel von Babylon und Borsippa", WVDOG, vol. 15, pp. 37–49, 1911
2141:. Whether the gardens actually existed is a matter of dispute. German archaeologist
1831:
After the reign of Hammurabi, the whole of southern Mesopotamia came to be known as
1748:. He conquered all of the cities and city states of southern Mesopotamia, including
1692:
Linescan camera image of the cylinder seal above, reversed to resemble an impression
911:
name. However, the "gate of god" interpretation is increasingly viewed as a Semitic
6672:
6629:
6506:
5757:
5136:
4969:
4915:
4848:
4379:
4086:
4049:
4037:
3878:
3291:
3283:
3214:
3169:
3007:
2948:
2567:
2416:
2157:
2146:
1941:
1640:
1584:
1580:
1557:
1265:
971:
609:
259:
247:
6296:
A Social and Economic Survey of the Reign of Samsuiluna of Babylon (1794–1712 BC).
6260:. Translated from Italian to English by Ailsa Campbell. Boston: De Gruyter, 2016.
5989:"Bible Gateway passage: 2 Kings 20:12-19, Isaiah 39 – New American Standard Bible"
4513:
Julian Reade, "Hormuzd Rassam and his discoveries", Iraq, vol. 55, pp. 39–62, 1993
4348:
4344:
4321:
4269:
3623:"In Beleaguered Babylon, Doing Battle Against Time, Water and Modern Civilization"
2522:
The eighteenth century saw an increasing flow of travellers to Babylon, including
2212:
Herodotus also described a moat, an enormously tall and broad wall, cemented with
1998:. Shamash-shum-ukin enlisted the help of other peoples against Assyria, including
1963:
of Assyria, Babylonia was in a constant state of revolt, led by a chieftain named
771:
6702:
6513:
6476:
5843:
5819:
5788:
5764:
5563:
5433:
Julian E. Reade, "Disappearance and rediscovery"; in Finkel & Seymour, eds.,
5335:
5319:
4890:
4535:
3533:"'It Was Like Magic': Iraqis Visit Babylon And Other Heritage Sites For 1st Time"
3300:. The Cambridge Ancient History. Vol. 1 Part 1. Cambridge University Press.
3295:
3150:
3081:
3003:
2908:
2894:
2849:
2671:
2555:
2523:
2385:
for nine centuries, until after AD 650. Although it was captured briefly by
2378:
2374:
2194:
2188:
2142:
2119:
2077:
2031:
1879:
1844:
1612:
1546:
1342:
1277:
1245:, where hundreds of cases of antiquities from Fresnel's mission were lost in 1855
1242:
1151:
1060:
1049:
1010:
1005:
983:
904:
701:
693:
689:
656:
613:
408:
233:
139:
6311:
Ali, Shah Mohammed, "The Southern Palace", Sumer 35, pp. 82–93, 1979 (in Arabic)
1276:
heavily excavated Babylon from 1852 to 1854. Much of their work was lost in the
1121:
6572:
6253:
6223:
Cancik-Kirschbaum, Eva, Margarete van Ess, & Joachim Marzahn, eds. (2011).
4497:
3230:
2932:
2782:
2687:
2617:
2594:
2582:
2547:
2488:
2452:
In the mid-7th century, Mesopotamia was conquered and settled by the expanding
2427:
2400:
However, Babylon maintained its own culture and people, who spoke varieties of
2382:
2348:
2265:
2202:
2084:
1875:
1316:
1312:
1254:
1163:
923:, of unknown meaning and origin, as there were other similarly named places in
912:
899:
404:
6543:
4234:
3922:"Eine syllabische Schreibung des Namens Babylon in einem Ur III-Text aus Umma"
3882:
2299:
The early Persian kings had attempted to maintain the religious ceremonies of
1333:
on either side of the processional street. Ancient Babylon, Mesopotamia, Iraq.
1300:
Original tiles of the processional street. Ancient Babylon, Mesopotamia, Iraq.
6666:
6355:"The Ancient Middle Eastern Capital City – Reflection and Navel of the World"
6287:
5141:
The Mystery of the Hanging Garden of Babylon: an elusive World Wonder traced,
4981:
4486:
4107:
4061:
3965:
3890:
3756:
3727:
3719:
The history of Esarhaddon (son of Sennacherib) King of Assyria, B.C. 681-668;
3634:
2965:
2853:
2663:
1990:, who eventually started a civil war in 652 BC against his own brother,
1665:
1628:
1507:
1362:
1269:
1234:
made some soundings during a brief visit in 1850 before abandoning the site.
1223:
1215:
1137:
877:
624:, which encompassed the whole of Mesopotamia, including the town of Babylon.
314:
301:
6486:
6404:
5610:"Iraq's ancient city of Babylon gets long-overdue international recognition"
5269:
3871:
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London
3802:
2816:
Due to Babylon's historical significance as well as references to it in the
1652:
573:. Babylon was also used as a regional capital of other empires, such as the
188:
5243:
3027:
2980:
2920:
2861:
2578:
2457:
2419:
2257:
2097:
1991:
1901:
1777:
1273:
997:
697:
586:
6560:
6445:
4626:
Antiquity on Display: Regimes of the Authentic in Berlin's Pergamon Museum
4383:
4006:
5910:
5832:
Monuments to Self: Baghdad's grands projects in the age of Saddam Hussein
5521:
John Curtis, "The Site of Babylon Today"; in Finkel & Seymour, eds.,
3670:
2695:
2625:
2571:
2423:
2289:
2115:
2073:
2023:
1960:
1825:
1813:
1781:
1492:
1473:
1389:
1358:
1193:
916:
784:
652:
605:
542:
287:
4576:
F. Wetzel, "Die Stadtmauren von Babylon", WVDOG, vol. 48, pp. 1–83, 1930
6525:
Beyond Babylon: art, trade, and diplomacy in the second millennium B.C.
6399:
6380:
Mommsen, Theodor; Dickson, William Purdie; Haverfield, Francis (2004).
5485:
Champdor, Albert, "Babylon", translated from French by Elsa Coult, 1958
5048:
With Arrow, Sword, and Spear: A History of Warfare in the Ancient World
4989:
4957:
4813:"Excavations in Iraq 1981–1982, Iraq, vol. 45, no. 2, pp. 199–224, 1983
4675:
Hansjörg Schmid, "Der Tempelturm Etemenanki in Babylon", Zabern, 1995,
4069:
3566:"Ancient city of Babylon heads list of new Unesco world heritage sites"
3287:
3023:
2883:
2836:
2332:
2328:
2304:
2281:
2260:, Cyrus later issued a decree permitting captive people, including the
2108:
2061:
2015:
1979:
1797:
1716:
1393:
1167:
942:
811:
685:
628:
412:
6359:
Stanford Presidential Lectures and Symposia in the Humanities and Arts
6277:
3898:
3866:
3820:
Geschichte Mesopotamiens. Von den Sumerern bis zu Alexander dem Großen
3744:
The Origin of Semitic Civilisation, Chiefly Upon Philological Evidence
1607:
wrote that Babylon was built 1002 years before the date given by
1381:
in 1917, and again, many objects went missing in the following years.
1354:
and the processional way leading up to it, as well as the city wall.
1150:
Babil. It is roughly bisected by the Shatt Al-Hillah, a branch of the
557:. Babylon functioned as the main cultural and political centre of the
6441:
Sollberger, Edmond, "Babylon’s beginnings", Sumer 41, pp. 10–13, 1985
6382:
The provinces of the Roman Empire: from Caesar to Diocletian, Vol. II
5782:
US colonel offers Iraq an apology of sorts for devastation of Babylon
4666:
Lenzen, H. J., "The Greek theatre in Babylon", Sumer 15, pp. 39, 1959
3086:
2992:
2887:
2876:
2868:
2844:
2412:
2285:
2218:
2206:
2035:
1885:
1871:
1832:
1793:
1739:
1708:
1677:
1600:
1561:
1517:
1461:
1445:
1437:
1420:
1374:
1285:
815:
742:
734:
711:
It has been estimated that Babylon was the largest city in the world
644:
640:
562:
538:
486:
342:
4973:
4836:
4411:
4053:
3840:
2678:
were criticized for building the military base "Camp Alpha", with a
1222:
in Baghdad, excavated Babylon in 1811–12 and again in 1817. Captain
60:
6076:"Bible Gateway passage: Isaiah 13:19-20 – English Standard Version"
5536:
Babylon Journal; Ancient King's Instructions to Iraq: Fix My Palace
3841:"What's in a Name? Babylon and its Designations throughout History"
2683:
2621:
2496:
2476:
2352:
2273:
2245:
2111:
1968:
1917:
1889:
1848:
1785:
1669:
1596:
1453:
1311:
worked there briefly in 1854. The next excavation was conducted by
1289:
1106:
1095:
750:
660:
636:
604:
The earliest known mention of Babylon as a small town appears on a
590:
6279:
The idea of Babylon: archaeology and representation in Mesopotamia
4326:(in French). Bibliothèque nationale de France: É. Champion (Paris)
965:, indicating that the city could very well be Babylon. During the
651:
as the region's holy city. The empire waned under Hammurabi's son
6639:
2984:
2890:
that uses allusions to ancient Biblical themes to discuss gossip.
2787:
2679:
2598:
2500:
2484:
2461:
2409:
2401:
2394:
2277:
2213:
2150:
2068:
2011:
2007:
1995:
1983:
1972:
1956:
1945:
1925:
1921:
1893:
1855:
1712:
1697:
1681:
1576:
1496:
1457:
1449:
1401:
1174:
1110:
746:
554:
36:
1530:
1162:
Kasr – also called Palace or Castle, it was the location of the
949:
6210:(New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press, 2014), 506, 684
3996:
2976:
2957:
2928:
2924:
2912:
2828:
2762:
2751:
2602:
2453:
2386:
2300:
2198:
2123:
2089:
2003:
1859:
1836:
1801:
1789:
1769:
1765:
1711:, who declared independence from the neighboring city-state of
1680:. It depicts the king making an animal offering to the sun god
1673:
1632:
1488:
1484:
1469:
1351:
1330:
1281:
1192:
Homera – a reddish-colored mound on the west side. Most of the
1178:
962:
859:
754:
648:
631:
with the rise of the first Babylonian Empire, now known as the
594:
546:
276:
6365:"Die altorientalische Hauptstadt – Abbild und Nabel der Wel".
5949:
5584:
The Rape of Mesopotamia: Behind the Looting of the Iraq Museum
4438:"The Qurnah Disaster: Archaeology & Piracy in Mesopotamia"
2335:
king of the Persian Empire, was defeated by the forces of the
1936:
202:
6634:
6614:
5463:. Great Britain: Bloomsbury Academic. pp. Ch. 2, p. 21.
3204:
2969:
2817:
2610:
2606:
2222:
2129:
Nebuchadnezzar is also credited with the construction of the
2019:
1912:
to the east, with both powers vying for control of the city.
1897:
1840:
1805:
1773:
1753:
1735:
1644:
Amorite kingdoms will appear in Uruk and Larsa in the south.
1521:
1441:
1373:. These included 967 clay tablets, with 564 tablets from the
924:
791:
738:
598:
577:. Babylon was one of the most important urban centres of the
6047:"Bible Gateway passage: Daniel 5 – English Standard Version"
3511:
3509:
3014:, and drunk on the blood of the righteous. Some scholars of
2682:
and other facilities on ancient Babylonian ruins during the
2628:
line constructed over Babylon, but plans were halted by the
1828:, he forced his successor to pay tribute late in his reign.
1524:. Babylon also appears in the administrative records of the
1125:
A map of ruins in 1905, with locations and names of villages
6446:"Experts: Iraq invasion harmed historic Babylon - NBC News"
5911:"Maps and Plans: Excavations and Investigations at Babylon"
5488:
5440:
3106:
The Daughters of Jerusalem Weeping by the Waters of Babylon
2961:
2953:
2916:
2574:
and a reconstruction of Ninmakh Temple were built on site.
2261:
1999:
1909:
1817:
1809:
1761:
1749:
1731:
1727:
1480:
1186:
1091:
664:
550:
6175:
5294:
2670:
in September 2003. US forces under the command of General
775:
A map of Babylon, with major areas and modern-day villages
6496:
3506:
3385:
Four Thousand Years of Urban Growth: An Historical Census
2808: – influenced by early archaeological investigations
2175:
the Jews to Babylon. The defeat was also recorded in the
1858:, the sun-god of Sippar, treated as a supreme deity, and
1444:, descriptions in other classical writing, especially by
741:, descriptions in other classical writing, especially by
6379:
5670:
5153:
4191:
Claudius J. Rich, "Memoir on the Ruins of Babylon", 1815
3845:
Journal of the Canadian Society for Mesopotamian Studies
2389:
in AD 116 to be part of the newly conquered province of
1528:, which collected in-kind tax payments and appointed an
1440:
texts found elsewhere in Mesopotamia, references in the
737:
texts found elsewhere in Mesopotamia, references in the
679:, allegedly existing between approximately 600 BC and AD
5412:
5262:"Herodotus' Description of Babylon and the Babylonians"
4912:
The Seven Great Monarchies of the Ancient Eastern World
4376:
The Conquest of Assyria: Excavations in an Antique Land
3787:. Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns. pp. 266–269.
2613:, to demonstrate the magnificence of Arab achievement.
2156:
Nebuchadnezzar is also notoriously associated with the
1757:
1369:. The Koldewey expedition recovered artifacts from the
1113:
for a short period after the Assyrian sack of Babylon.
6555:
Babylon wrecked by war, The Guardian, January 15, 2005
6258:
Imagining Babylon: The Modern Story of an Ancient City
4305:
Exploration in the Bible Lands During the 19th Century
4121:
2469:
grave-shrine of Amran ibn Ali was visited by Muslims.
2303:, who was the most important god, but by the reign of
2264:, to return to their own lands. The text found on the
1253:"Entry of Alexander into Babylon", a 1665 painting by
915:
to explain an unknown original non-Semitic placename.
887:
881:
871:
857:
845:
833:
827:
804:
174:
160:
49:
6708:
Populated places established in the 3rd millennium BC
2566:, also officially called the Iraqi Republic, and the
2221:. The hundred gates can be considered a reference to
1631:
relief. The figure could be an aspect of the goddess
553:, about 85 kilometers (55 miles) south of modern day
6545:
Iraq elections: The palace that Nebuchadnezzar built
5557:
Saddam removed from ancient Babylon 'brick by brick'
5165:
4250:
4092:
Babylon as a name for other cities including Nineveh
3929:
NABU: Nouvelles Assyriologiques Brèves et Utilitaire
2875:
name for "Babylon") is a real estate development in
2865:
takes place in New York City, decades in the future.
2662:, the area around Babylon came under the control of
2381:, Babylon (like Assyria) became a province of these
1738:
overshadowed Babylon until it became the capital of
240:
146:
6713:
Populated places disestablished in the 10th century
6568:
UNESCO Final Report on Damage Assessment in Babylon
5398:. Great Britain: Bloomsbury Academic. p. 158.
2995:, appears as the foremost ruler in this narrative.
2351:, his empire was divided amongst his generals, the
1892:era, and as a result, Kassite Babylon began paying
1854:Texts from Old Babylon often include references to
1392:theatre, and Schmid focused on the temple ziggurat
1280:, when a transport ship and four rafts sank on the
745:, and second-hand descriptions, citing the work of
6403:
6369:. Saarbrücker Druckerei und Verlag: 109–124. 1997.
6328:The City of Babylon: A History c. 2000 BC – AD 116
5581:
5579:
5084:
4378:(1st ed.). Routledge. pp. 344–9, 350–3.
4289:Discoveries among the Ruins of Nineveh and Babylon
3282:
3217: – Legendary tunnel under the river Euphrates
2460:followed. Babylon was dissolved as a province and
2193:In 539 BC, the Neo-Babylonian Empire fell to
2164:to the capital. According to the Hebrew Bible, he
2072:Detail of a relief from the reconstruction of the
1959:domination or direct control. During the reign of
1448:, and second-hand descriptions citing the work of
4435:
2635:
2137:, said to have been built for his homesick wife,
1404:temples in the Shu-Anna city-quarter of Babylon.
20:"Babilu" redirects here. Not to be confused with
6664:
6602:
6561:"Experts: Iraq invasion harmed historic Babylon"
6507:Site Photographs of Babylon – Oriental Institute
3409:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
2209:and is mentioned in parts of the Hebrew Bible.
1955:(911–609 BC), Babylonia was under constant
832:). This would correspond to the Sumerian phrase
5806:Unesco intends to put the magic back in Babylon
5640:
4345:"Rélation du voyage et résultat de l'expédition
4307:", Philadelphia: A. J. Holman and Company, 1903
3712:
3597:Bringing Babylon back from the dead - CNN Video
3443:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 95.
1672:. This seal was probably made in a workshop at
1595:. A similar figure is found in the writings of
65:A reconstructed portion of the ruins of Babylon
6482:The Babylon Project – Freie Universität Berlin
6282:(Doctoral thesis). University College London.
5889:"Babylon Ruins Reopen in Iraq, to Controversy"
5517:
5515:
5505:
5503:
5238:. Vol. Book 1. Harvard University Press.
5051:. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 47–48.
4841:Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies
3699:
3697:
3695:
3693:
3691:
982:, and the spellings Pambalu and Babalu in the
893:
865:
851:
839:
819:
6588:
6225:Babylon: Wissenskultur in Orient und Okzident
5429:
5427:
4081:
4079:
2911:, Babel (Babylon) is described as founded by
2276:, Babylon became the capital city of the 9th
2237:A Babylonian soldier in the Achaemenid army,
1081:
6298:PhD dissertation accepted at Yale, May 2006.
5814:, April 21, 2006. Retrieved April 19, 2008.
5641:McCarthy, Rory; Kennedy, Maev (2005-01-15).
5225:
5223:
4830:
4828:
4373:
4019:
3253:for more discussion on dating events in the
3012:scarlet beast with seven heads and ten horns
2548:Kingdom of Iraq under British Administration
2272:Under Cyrus and the subsequent Persian king
1820:to the northwest. After a conflict with the
1432:listing rulers of Babylon grouped by dynasty
1072:
1021:
627:The town became part of a small independent
5953:Chanting Down Babylon: The Rastafari Reader
5950:Samuel Murrell; Spencer; McFarlane (1998).
5795:, April 15, 2006. Retrieved April 19, 2008.
5636:
5634:
5512:
5500:
3688:
6595:
6581:
6502:Iraq Image – Babylon Satellite Observation
5424:
5119:, p. 165. University of California Press.
4076:
3392:. Archived from the original on 2008-02-11
2835:belief system, denoting the materialistic
2746:In May 2009, the provincial government of
2201:, with a military engagement known as the
1109:within Babylon's sphere of influence, and
1079:, "to confuse"). The modern English verb,
919:in 1955 argued that the original name was
620:for a few decades, before the rise of the
5220:
5082:
5013:
4834:
4825:
4349:Déchiffrement des inscriptions cuneiforms
3776:
537:was an ancient city located on the lower
5721:
5631:
5044:
4291:", New York: Harper & Brothers, 1853
4139:
3838:
3340:
3338:
3336:
3334:
3332:
3330:
3328:
3147:Figured Apocalypse of the Dukes of Savoy
2799:
2781:
2735:Panoramic view of ruins in Babylon, 2005
2639:
2510:
2232:
2083:
2067:
2055:
2045:
1935:
1924:in the 11th century BC, and finally the
1870:In 1595 BC, the city was sacked by
1687:
1659:
1651:
1647:
1622:
1506:
1419:
1365:reconstructed them into displays at the
1321:
1295:
1248:
1236:
1120:
957:A fragmentary inscription dating to the
948:
770:
6723:Populated places on the Euphrates River
6275:
6181:
5956:. Temple University Press. p. 24.
5727:
5673:"History lost in dust of war-torn Iraq"
5671:Bajjaly, Joanne Farchakh (2005-04-25).
5494:
5446:
5418:
5368:
5300:
5159:
4464:
4246:
4244:
4127:
4100:Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale
3919:
3864:
3530:
3515:
3478:Late Achaemenid and Hellenistic Babylon
3436:
3377:
2362:
2284:Persia, the ancient Babylonian arts of
655:, and Babylon spent long periods under
527:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
6665:
6519:1901–1906 Jewish Encyclopedia, Babylon
6325:
6238:Finkel, I. L. and M. J. Seymour, eds.
5700:
5458:
5393:
5229:
5199:"ABC 5 (Jerusalem Chronicle) – Livius"
4958:"The Foreign Gifts Offered to Pharaoh"
4955:
4622:
4319:
4267:
4222:
4102:. SAOC. Vol. 62. pp. 25–33.
4085:
4036:
3979:BC: The Archaeology of the Bible Lands
3722:. Trübner & Co. pp. 135–136.
3430:
3387:(1987), St. David's University Press (
2777:
2694:They caused substantial damage to the
6576:
6398:
5886:
5866:"Bringing Babylon back from the dead"
5863:
4859:from the original on 14 November 2021
4460:
4458:
4436:Samuel D. Pfister (20 January 2021).
4405:
4403:
4369:
4367:
4365:
4315:
4313:
4229:. Henry Colburn and Richard Bentley.
3981:. BBC Publications 1977, pp. 198–199.
3860:
3858:
3834:
3832:
3830:
3828:
3740:
3665:
3663:
3661:
3659:
3657:
3620:
3576:from the original on 29 November 2019
3560:
3558:
3526:
3524:
3325:
3278:
3276:
3274:
2902:
2322:
1975:was considered an act of atonement.
1835:. From this time, Babylon supplanted
1696:According to a Babylonian king list,
1635:, Babylonian goddess of sex and love.
886:(-r) followed by the genitive suffix
6533:Visiting the ancient city of Babylon
6352:
5342:from the original on 6 December 2010
4241:
3782:
3474:
2666:troops, before being handed over to
1045:
1034:
199:
185:
6197:, Inter-varsity Press, 1985, p. 383
5903:
5758:Heritage News from around the world
4962:The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology
4837:"Herodotus' Description of Babylon"
3769:Liane Jakob-Rost, Joachim Marzahn:
3531:Fordham, Alice (23 February 2021).
3468:
3251:Chronology of the ancient Near East
2541:
2182:
1571:
1502:
1428:of fragment K. 8532, a part of the
1357:Artifacts, including pieces of the
1053:
1022:
1009:
237:
143:
13:
6648:
6563:. Associated Press. July 10, 2009.
6302:
5709:from the original on March 3, 2016
5014:Spar, Ira; Jursa, Michael (2014).
4893:, 2nd series, Vol. 1, 1888, p. 11.
4853:10.1111/j.2041-5370.1986.tb00185.x
4455:
4400:
4362:
4310:
3855:
3825:
3654:
3555:
3521:
3271:
2441:
2369:Babylonia § Persian Babylonia
2135:Seven Wonders of the Ancient World
1940:Sennacherib of Assyria during his
1931:
677:Seven Wonders of the Ancient World
14:
6739:
6453:
6363:– originally published in German
6242:. Oxford University Press, 2009.
6114:from the original on 24 June 2021
5580:Lawrence Rothfield (1 Aug 2009).
4409:
3051:ordering the construction of the
3033:
2624:. In 2003, he intended to have a
2225:. Following the pronouncement of
2022:dwelling in the deserts south of
2014:of southern Mesopotamia, and the
1908:(1365–1053 BC) to the north, and
1865:
1812:to the east, and the kingdoms of
1511:Brick structures in Babylon, 2016
16:Ancient Mesopotamian city in Iraq
6200:
6187:
6146:
6097:
6068:
6039:
6010:
5981:
5970:
5943:
5933:
5921:from the original on 5 July 2020
5887:Myers, Steven Lee (2 May 2009).
5880:
5876:from the original on 2017-06-06.
5857:
5848:
5824:
5798:
5774:
5751:
5703:"Damage seen to ancient Babylon"
5701:Leeman, Sue (January 16, 2005).
5694:
5664:
5602:
5573:
5549:
5528:
5477:
5452:
5387:
5362:
5353:
5328:
5306:
5034:from the original on 2020-05-18.
4629:. OUP Oxford. pp. 163–183.
4268:Loftus, William Kennett (1857).
3425:Historical urban community sizes
3257:, including the Sack of Babylon.
3177:
3158:
3139:
3117:
3098:
3072:
3040:
2723:
2654:video on conservation of Babylon
1098:literature, the name appears as
111:
104:
83:
76:
59:
6718:1811 archaeological discoveries
6693:Former populated places in Iraq
6542:Video of reconstructed palace:
6164:from the original on 2022-06-02
6086:from the original on 2022-06-02
6057:from the original on 2022-06-02
6028:from the original on 2022-06-02
5999:from the original on 2022-06-02
5740:from the original on 2020-04-13
5683:from the original on 2018-07-08
5653:from the original on 2016-09-20
5620:from the original on 2021-10-21
5588:. University of Chicago Press.
5285:
5276:
5250:from the original on 2023-03-16
5209:from the original on 2019-05-05
5191:
5130:
5109:
5076:
5065:from the original on 2020-05-19
5038:
5007:
4996:from the original on 2021-11-16
4949:
4939:
4930:
4921:
4905:
4896:
4880:
4871:
4816:
4807:
4798:
4787:
4776:
4765:
4754:
4743:
4732:
4723:
4714:
4703:
4694:
4685:
4669:
4658:
4649:
4616:
4605:
4588:
4579:
4570:
4559:
4545:
4527:
4516:
4507:
4491:
4480:
4429:
4337:
4294:
4278:
4274:. Robert Carter & Brothers.
4261:
4216:
4205:
4194:
4183:
4174:
4163:
4133:
4089:, Stephanie (18–22 July 2005).
4030:
4023:Dictionary of Pāli Proper Names
4013:
3984:
3971:
3959:
3935:
3913:
3809:
3763:
3741:Sayce, Archibald Henry (1872).
3734:
3706:
3614:
3604:from the original on 2022-01-07
3588:
3543:from the original on 2021-02-23
3495:from the original on 2015-10-15
3457:from the original on 2020-05-18
3314:from the original on 2020-05-19
3243:
3210:Cities of the ancient Near East
2796:, depicting the fall of Babylon
1568:, rather than Sargon of Akkad.
1386:German Archaeological Institute
1367:Vorderasiatisches Museum Berlin
1345:conducted the first scientific
1181:that also contained shrines to
783:is the Latin representation of
581:, until its decline during the
352:9 km (3.5 sq mi)
112:
84:
6688:History of Babylon Governorate
6330:. Cambridge University Press.
5728:Marozzi, Justin (2016-08-08).
3368:
3359:
3350:
2741:
2636:Under US and Polish occupation
2114:, and the construction of the
1705: 19th or 18th century BC
1210:
1142:Memoir on the Ruins of Babylon
1116:
850:) is the logogram for "gate",
635:, in the 17th century BC. The
1:
6227:. Berlin/Boston: De Gruyter.
5864:Damon, Arawa (4 April 2013).
5230:Godley, Alfred Denis (1920).
4504:", Curts & Jennings, 1897
4251:World Monuments Fund (2015).
3839:Beaulieu, Paul-Alain (2019).
3747:. Harrison and Sons. p.
3440:The Ancient Mesopotamian City
3437:Mieroop, Marc van de (1997).
3264:
3128:receiving the keys of Babylon
2506:
2238:
2034:. An Assyrian governor named
1978:Consequently, his successor,
1701:
1550:
931:, and that the Sumerian name
723:
712:
569:, and the 7th–6th century BC
378:
365:
6728:World Heritage Sites in Iraq
6683:Archaeological sites in Iraq
6604:World Heritage Sites in Iraq
6217:
6104:"Jeremiah Chapters 50, 51".
5838:. Retrieved April 19, 2008.
5811:International Herald Tribune
5338:. Wsu.edu:8080. 1999-06-06.
5045:Bradford, Alfred S. (2001).
4254:Babylon Site Management Plan
3822:, Beck, Munich 2004, p. 121.
3671:"Management Plan of Babylon"
3221:Jehoiachin's Rations Tablets
2676:I Marine Expeditionary Force
1944:, relief from his palace in
1851:rose to control the region.
888:
882:
872:
858:
846:
834:
828:
805:
798:), derived from the native (
203:
189:
175:
161:
50:
7:
5771:. Retrieved April 19, 2008.
5336:"Mesopotamia: The Persians"
5091:. Wm. B. Eerdmans. p.
5083:von Soden, Wolfram (1994).
4026:. Vol. 2. p. 280.
4020:Malalasekera, G.P. (1938).
3198:
2991:, sometimes conflated with
2852:series set on a futuristic
1603:, indicating 2243 BC.
585:. Nearby ancient sites are
241:
147:
10:
6744:
6326:Dalley, Stephanie (2021).
6268:. Originally published as
5842:December 10, 2005, at the
5461:A Short History of Babylon
5396:A Short History of Babylon
5325:. Retrieved July 23, 2011.
4540:The Excavations at Babylon
4098:. Proceedings of the 51st
3621:Arraf, Jane (2021-02-06).
3297:Prolegomena and Prehistory
3053:Hanging Gardens of Babylon
2831:music as a concept in the
2554:, and its successors: the
2532:British East India Company
2528:Pierre-Joseph de Beauchamp
2445:
2366:
2186:
2131:Hanging Gardens of Babylon
2049:
1618:
1415:
1347:archaeological excavations
1220:British East India Company
894:
866:
852:
840:
820:
792:
675:were ranked as one of the
673:Hanging Gardens of Babylon
671:, from 626 to 539 BC. The
463:Cultural: (iii), (vi)
445:UNESCO World Heritage Site
251:
225:
213:
171:
157:
34:
18:
6646:
6610:
6537:Ancient History Et Cetera
4425:– via Academia.edu.
3883:10.1017/S0041977X00022102
2968:, Hazor, and the sons of
2581:government of Iraq under
2552:Hashemite Kingdom of Iraq
2550:, which later became the
2448:Muslim conquest of Persia
2319:'s entry in 331 BC.
1707:) with a chieftain named
1082:
1073:
506:
502:
492:
482:
467:
459:
451:
442:
438:
430:
422:
400:
395:
387:
374:
361:
356:
348:
338:
330:
293:
283:
279:, Babil Governorate, Iraq
272:
132:
70:
58:
47:
6294:Vedeler, Harold Torger.
6107:Prophecy against Babylon
5643:"Babylon wrecked by war"
5371:Trajan: Optimus Princeps
5369:Bennett, Julian (1997).
5236:Herodotus, The Histories
4877:Vedeler (2006), pp. 7–8.
4835:MacGinnis, John (1986).
4416:Archaeopress Archaeology
4320:Pillet, Maurice (1922).
3236:
3226:List of Kings of Babylon
3191:Pieter Bruegel the Elder
2456:Empire, and a period of
1888:was weakened during the
1721:First Babylonian dynasty
1375:Middle Babylonian period
1259:Hellenistic architecture
766:
264:Karanduniash, Karduniash
35:Not to be confused with
29:Babylon (disambiguation)
6276:Seymour, M. J. (2006).
4223:Mignan, Robert (1829).
4143:Babylon: The Great City
4140:Pedersen, Olof (2021).
4003:Oxford University Press
3865:Lambert, W. G. (1984).
3020:New Testament "Babylon"
1967:, in alliance with the
1951:During the rule of the
1700:rule in Babylon began (
1379:oncoming British troops
1339:German Oriental Society
1230:visited there in 1849.
810:, meaning "gate of the
757:inscribed Babylon as a
647:, and Babylon eclipsed
612:(2217–2193 BC), of the
22:Babalu (disambiguation)
6654:
6620:Ahwar of Southern Iraq
5818:June 12, 2006, at the
5459:Radner, Karen (2020).
5394:Radner, Karen (2020).
5268:. 2017. Archived from
5115:Saggs, H.W.F. (2000).
4956:Aldred, Cyril (1970).
4009:on September 29, 2020.
3055:to please his consort
3016:apocalyptic literature
2809:
2797:
2700:
2655:
2577:In February 1978, the
2519:
2327:In October of 331 BC,
2249:
2093:
2081:
2065:
1948:
1906:Middle Assyrian Empire
1693:
1685:
1657:
1636:
1605:Stephanus of Byzantium
1554: 23rd century BC
1512:
1433:
1334:
1301:
1262:
1246:
1134:
1126:
1059:), interpreted in the
1000:, the name appears as
954:
776:
515:This article contains
6652:
6410:. Thames and Hudson.
6384:. Gorgias Press LLC.
6353:Maul, Stefan (1997).
5769:World Heritage Alert!
5614:Middle East Institute
4918:, Vol. 4, p. 526–527.
4384:10.4324/9781315862859
4374:Larsen, M.T. (1996).
3999:UK English Dictionary
3851:– via Academia.
3149:– Escorial E Vit.5 –
2803:
2785:
2692:
2660:2003 invasion of Iraq
2649:
2630:2003 invasion of Iraq
2514:
2436:Arab/Islamic conquest
2434:until well after the
2236:
2227:Archibald Henry Sayce
2177:Babylonian Chronicles
2092:, decorated the gate.
2087:
2071:
2059:
2052:Neo-Babylonian Empire
2046:Neo-Babylonian Empire
1939:
1691:
1663:
1655:
1648:Old Babylonian period
1626:
1510:
1466:Quintus Curtius Rufus
1423:
1371:Old Babylonian period
1325:
1299:
1252:
1240:
1129:
1124:
991:Old Babylonian period
959:Early Dynastic Period
952:
774:
669:Neo-Babylonian Empire
633:Old Babylonian Empire
571:Neo-Babylonian Empire
567:Old Babylonian Empire
315:32.54250°N 44.42111°E
133:Alternative name
123:Show map of Near East
6195:New Testament Survey
5804:Gettleman, Jeffrey.
5705:. The Boston Globe.
5525:(2009); pp. 213–220.
4623:Bilsel, Can (2012).
3947:oracc.iaas.upenn.edu
3920:Koslova, N. (1998).
3166:The Walls of Babylon
3132:Johann Georg Platzer
2771:World Monuments Fund
2652:World Monuments Fund
2363:Renewed Persian rule
2219:eat nothing but fish
1609:Hellanicus of Lesbos
1426:Leonard William King
1384:Further work by the
1241:The location of the
545:, within modern-day
27:For other uses, see
6698:Hebrew Bible cities
6539:, 17 November 2014.
6531:Osama S. M. Amin, "
5497:, pp. 169–173.
5449:, pp. 148–151.
5303:, pp. 107–115.
4887:Records of the Past
4442:Bible History Daily
3867:"Studies in Marduk"
3518:, pp. 140–142.
3365:Finkel (1988) P.58.
3126:Alexander the Great
3064:ené-Antoine Houasse
2793:Nuremberg Chronicle
2778:Cultural importance
2755:World Heritage Site
2426:of the philosopher
2357:decades of fighting
2345:Battle of Gaugamela
2341:Alexander the Great
2317:Alexander the Great
1953:Neo-Assyrian Empire
1822:Old Assyrian period
1566:Neo-Assyrian Empire
1534:as local governor.
1526:Third Dynasty of Ur
1232:Austen Henry Layard
1198:Alexander the Great
937:Third Dynasty of Ur
864:) means "god", and
759:World Heritage Site
720: 1670 BC
622:Third Dynasty of Ur
311: /
120:Babylon (Near East)
44:
6655:
6512:2009-04-27 at the
6475:2023-06-30 at the
6206:Craig R. Koester,
6184:, pp. 91–101.
5893:The New York Times
5787:2011-09-19 at the
5780:Cornwell, Rupert.
5763:2016-02-02 at the
5562:2017-10-18 at the
5437:(2009); pp. 13–30.
5323:The British Museum
5318:2011-12-01 at the
5179:on 30 October 2014
5087:The Ancient Orient
4347:", 1863 Tome II: "
3977:Magnus Magnusson,
3627:The New York Times
3383:Tertius Chandler.
3186:The Tower of Babel
3000:Book of Revelation
2903:Biblical narrative
2810:
2798:
2656:
2520:
2493:Pietro della Valle
2481:Benjamin of Tudela
2466:Church of the East
2432:Church of the East
2337:Ancient Macedonian
2323:Hellenistic period
2309:Nebuchadnezzar III
2250:
2094:
2082:
2066:
1949:
1896:to the Pharaoh of
1878:. Thereafter, the
1694:
1686:
1658:
1637:
1629:Queen of the Night
1513:
1434:
1430:Dynastic Chronicle
1335:
1302:
1263:
1247:
1218:, working for the
1127:
972:Shar-Kali-Sharri's
955:
777:
731: 320 BC
608:from the reign of
583:Hellenistic period
541:river in southern
517:special characters
483:Reference no.
320:32.54250; 44.42111
42:
6660:
6659:
6391:978-1-59333-026-2
6337:978-1-316-50177-1
6270:Immaginare Babele
6266:978-1-61451-602-6
6233:978-3-11-022212-8
5830:McBride, Edward.
5470:978-1-8386-0169-0
5405:978-1-8386-0169-0
5149:978-0-19-966226-5
5102:978-0-8028-0142-5
5058:978-0-275-95259-4
5027:978-1-57506-327-0
4636:978-0-19-957055-3
4351:", 1859 (also as
4156:978-3-96327-136-6
3816:Dietz-Otto Edzard
3475:Boiy, T. (2004).
3307:978-0-521-29821-6
3292:Hammond, N. G. L.
3284:Edwards, I. E. S.
3255:2nd millennium BC
3049:Nebuchadnezzar II
2989:Nebuchadnezzar II
2647:
2406:Babylonian Talmud
2313:Nebuchadnezzar IV
2162:deported en masse
2105:Nebuchadnezzar II
1988:Shamash-shum-ukin
1745:Code of Hammurabi
1539:Weidner Chronicle
1315:on behalf of the
1156:Nebuchadnezzar II
1067:", from the verb
876:) represents the
579:ancient Near East
575:Achaemenid Empire
559:Akkadian-speaking
523:rendering support
510:
509:
92:Shown within Iraq
6735:
6630:Citadel of Erbil
6597:
6590:
6583:
6574:
6573:
6564:
6546:
6449:
6421:
6409:
6395:
6370:
6362:
6341:
6291:
6211:
6204:
6198:
6193:Merrill Tenney,
6191:
6185:
6179:
6173:
6172:
6170:
6169:
6150:
6144:
6143:
6137:
6133:
6131:
6123:
6121:
6119:
6101:
6095:
6094:
6092:
6091:
6072:
6066:
6065:
6063:
6062:
6043:
6037:
6036:
6034:
6033:
6014:
6008:
6007:
6005:
6004:
5985:
5979:
5974:
5968:
5967:
5947:
5941:
5937:
5931:
5930:
5928:
5926:
5907:
5901:
5900:
5895:. Archived from
5884:
5878:
5877:
5861:
5855:
5852:
5846:
5828:
5822:
5802:
5796:
5778:
5772:
5755:
5749:
5748:
5746:
5745:
5725:
5719:
5718:
5716:
5714:
5698:
5692:
5691:
5689:
5688:
5668:
5662:
5661:
5659:
5658:
5638:
5629:
5628:
5626:
5625:
5606:
5600:
5599:
5587:
5577:
5571:
5553:
5547:
5546:, 19 April 1989.
5532:
5526:
5519:
5510:
5507:
5498:
5492:
5486:
5481:
5475:
5474:
5456:
5450:
5444:
5438:
5431:
5422:
5416:
5410:
5409:
5391:
5385:
5384:
5366:
5360:
5357:
5351:
5350:
5348:
5347:
5332:
5326:
5310:
5304:
5298:
5292:
5289:
5283:
5280:
5274:
5273:
5258:
5256:
5255:
5227:
5218:
5217:
5215:
5214:
5195:
5189:
5188:
5186:
5184:
5175:. Archived from
5169:
5163:
5157:
5151:
5137:Stephanie Dalley
5134:
5128:
5113:
5107:
5106:
5090:
5080:
5074:
5073:
5071:
5070:
5042:
5036:
5035:
5011:
5005:
5004:
5002:
5001:
4953:
4947:
4943:
4937:
4934:
4928:
4925:
4919:
4916:George Rawlinson
4909:
4903:
4900:
4894:
4884:
4878:
4875:
4869:
4868:
4866:
4864:
4832:
4823:
4820:
4814:
4811:
4805:
4802:
4796:
4791:
4785:
4780:
4774:
4769:
4763:
4758:
4752:
4747:
4741:
4736:
4730:
4727:
4721:
4718:
4712:
4707:
4701:
4698:
4692:
4689:
4683:
4673:
4667:
4662:
4656:
4653:
4647:
4646:
4644:
4643:
4620:
4614:
4609:
4603:
4592:
4586:
4583:
4577:
4574:
4568:
4563:
4557:
4556:
4549:
4543:
4531:
4525:
4520:
4514:
4511:
4505:
4495:
4489:
4484:
4478:
4477:
4475:
4474:
4462:
4453:
4452:
4450:
4448:
4433:
4427:
4426:
4424:
4423:
4407:
4398:
4397:
4371:
4360:
4341:
4335:
4334:
4332:
4331:
4317:
4308:
4298:
4292:
4282:
4276:
4275:
4265:
4259:
4258:
4248:
4239:
4238:
4220:
4214:
4209:
4203:
4198:
4192:
4187:
4181:
4178:
4172:
4167:
4161:
4160:
4148:
4137:
4131:
4125:
4119:
4118:
4116:
4114:
4097:
4083:
4074:
4073:
4034:
4028:
4027:
4017:
4011:
4010:
4005:. Archived from
3988:
3982:
3975:
3969:
3963:
3957:
3956:
3954:
3953:
3939:
3933:
3932:
3926:
3917:
3911:
3910:
3862:
3853:
3852:
3836:
3823:
3813:
3807:
3806:
3780:
3774:
3767:
3761:
3760:
3738:
3732:
3731:
3710:
3704:
3701:
3686:
3685:
3683:
3681:
3667:
3652:
3651:
3649:
3648:
3642:
3637:. Archived from
3618:
3612:
3611:
3610:
3609:
3600:, 3 April 2013,
3592:
3586:
3585:
3583:
3581:
3562:
3553:
3552:
3550:
3548:
3528:
3519:
3513:
3504:
3503:
3501:
3500:
3472:
3466:
3465:
3463:
3462:
3434:
3428:
3414:
3408:
3400:
3398:
3397:
3381:
3375:
3372:
3366:
3363:
3357:
3354:
3348:
3342:
3323:
3322:
3320:
3319:
3280:
3258:
3247:
3215:Euphrates Tunnel
3181:
3170:Antonio Tempesta
3162:
3143:
3121:
3102:
3076:
3044:
3008:Whore of Babylon
2949:Book of Jeremiah
2927:—all of them in
2727:
2648:
2568:Republic of Iraq
2542:Iraqi government
2393:, his successor
2379:Sassanid Empires
2311:), 521 BC (
2243:
2240:
2183:Persian conquest
2169:Solomon's Temple
2158:Babylonian exile
2147:Stephanie Dalley
2064:by Nabopolassar.
1965:Merodach-Baladan
1706:
1703:
1641:Shar-Kali-Sharri
1585:George Syncellus
1581:Diodorus Siculus
1572:Classical dating
1558:short chronology
1555:
1552:
1503:Early references
1424:Illustration by
1337:A team from the
1266:Fulgence Fresnel
1145:
1144:(1815), pp. 1–2.
1138:Claudius J. Rich
1085:
1084:
1078:
1077:
1055:
1047:
1042:Imperial Aramaic
1036:
1031:Classical Syriac
1025:
1024:
1013:
897:
896:
891:
885:
875:
869:
868:
863:
855:
854:
849:
843:
842:
837:
831:
825:
824:
808:
797:
796:
732:
728:
725:
721:
717:
714:
682:
610:Shar-Kali-Sharri
383:
380:
370:
367:
326:
325:
323:
322:
321:
316:
312:
309:
308:
307:
304:
253:
244:
239:
227:
215:
206:
201:
196:Classical Syriac
192:
187:
182:Imperial Aramaic
178:
173:
164:
159:
150:
145:
124:
115:
114:
108:
96:
95:Show map of Iraq
87:
86:
80:
63:
53:
45:
41:
32:
25:
6743:
6742:
6738:
6737:
6736:
6734:
6733:
6732:
6663:
6662:
6661:
6656:
6644:
6606:
6601:
6559:
6544:
6514:Wayback Machine
6477:Wayback Machine
6456:
6448:. 10 July 2009.
6444:
6418:
6392:
6364:
6338:
6305:
6303:Further reading
6254:Liverani, Mario
6220:
6215:
6214:
6205:
6201:
6192:
6188:
6180:
6176:
6167:
6165:
6152:
6151:
6147:
6135:
6134:
6125:
6124:
6117:
6115:
6103:
6102:
6098:
6089:
6087:
6074:
6073:
6069:
6060:
6058:
6045:
6044:
6040:
6031:
6029:
6016:
6015:
6011:
6002:
6000:
5987:
5986:
5982:
5975:
5971:
5964:
5948:
5944:
5938:
5934:
5924:
5922:
5909:
5908:
5904:
5885:
5881:
5862:
5858:
5853:
5849:
5844:Wayback Machine
5829:
5825:
5820:Wayback Machine
5803:
5799:
5793:The Independent
5789:Wayback Machine
5779:
5775:
5765:Wayback Machine
5756:
5752:
5743:
5741:
5726:
5722:
5712:
5710:
5699:
5695:
5686:
5684:
5669:
5665:
5656:
5654:
5639:
5632:
5623:
5621:
5608:
5607:
5603:
5596:
5578:
5574:
5564:Wayback Machine
5554:
5550:
5533:
5529:
5520:
5513:
5508:
5501:
5493:
5489:
5482:
5478:
5471:
5457:
5453:
5445:
5441:
5432:
5425:
5417:
5413:
5406:
5392:
5388:
5381:
5367:
5363:
5358:
5354:
5345:
5343:
5334:
5333:
5329:
5320:Wayback Machine
5311:
5307:
5299:
5295:
5290:
5286:
5281:
5277:
5260:
5253:
5251:
5228:
5221:
5212:
5210:
5197:
5196:
5192:
5182:
5180:
5171:
5170:
5166:
5158:
5154:
5135:
5131:
5114:
5110:
5103:
5081:
5077:
5068:
5066:
5059:
5043:
5039:
5028:
5012:
5008:
4999:
4997:
4974:10.2307/3856046
4954:
4950:
4944:
4940:
4935:
4931:
4926:
4922:
4910:
4906:
4901:
4897:
4891:Archibald Sayce
4885:
4881:
4876:
4872:
4862:
4860:
4833:
4826:
4821:
4817:
4812:
4808:
4803:
4799:
4792:
4788:
4781:
4777:
4770:
4766:
4759:
4755:
4748:
4744:
4737:
4733:
4728:
4724:
4719:
4715:
4708:
4704:
4699:
4695:
4690:
4686:
4674:
4670:
4663:
4659:
4654:
4650:
4641:
4639:
4637:
4621:
4617:
4610:
4606:
4593:
4589:
4584:
4580:
4575:
4571:
4564:
4560:
4554:
4550:
4546:
4536:Robert Koldewey
4532:
4528:
4521:
4517:
4512:
4508:
4496:
4492:
4485:
4481:
4472:
4470:
4469:. pp. 1–45
4463:
4456:
4446:
4444:
4434:
4430:
4421:
4419:
4408:
4401:
4394:
4372:
4363:
4342:
4338:
4329:
4327:
4318:
4311:
4299:
4295:
4283:
4279:
4266:
4262:
4249:
4242:
4221:
4217:
4210:
4206:
4199:
4195:
4188:
4184:
4179:
4175:
4168:
4164:
4157:
4146:
4138:
4134:
4126:
4122:
4112:
4110:
4095:
4084:
4077:
4054:10.2307/4200384
4035:
4031:
4018:
4014:
3990:
3989:
3985:
3976:
3972:
3964:
3960:
3951:
3949:
3943:"ribo/babylon7"
3941:
3940:
3936:
3924:
3918:
3914:
3863:
3856:
3837:
3826:
3814:
3810:
3795:
3781:
3777:
3768:
3764:
3739:
3735:
3714:Ernest A. Budge
3711:
3707:
3702:
3689:
3679:
3677:
3669:
3668:
3655:
3646:
3644:
3619:
3615:
3607:
3605:
3594:
3593:
3589:
3579:
3577:
3572:. 5 July 2019.
3564:
3563:
3556:
3546:
3544:
3529:
3522:
3514:
3507:
3498:
3496:
3489:
3473:
3469:
3460:
3458:
3451:
3435:
3431:
3402:
3401:
3395:
3393:
3388:
3382:
3378:
3373:
3369:
3364:
3360:
3355:
3351:
3343:
3326:
3317:
3315:
3308:
3281:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3261:
3248:
3244:
3239:
3201:
3194:
3182:
3173:
3163:
3154:
3151:Fall of Babylon
3144:
3135:
3122:
3113:
3103:
3094:
3082:Fall of Babylon
3077:
3068:
3065:
3045:
3036:
3010:", riding on a
3004:Christian Bible
2909:Book of Genesis
2905:
2886:" is a song by
2850:science fiction
2806:William Simpson
2780:
2744:
2739:
2738:
2737:
2736:
2733:
2728:
2672:James T. Conway
2640:
2638:
2587:Lion of Babylon
2556:Arab Federation
2544:
2524:Carsten Niebuhr
2517:Lion of Babylon
2509:
2450:
2444:
2442:Muslim conquest
2383:Persian Empires
2371:
2365:
2325:
2241:
2195:Cyrus the Great
2191:
2189:Fall of Babylon
2185:
2143:Robert Koldewey
2120:Pergamon Museum
2078:Pergamon Museum
2054:
2048:
1994:, who ruled in
1934:
1932:Assyrian period
1880:Kassite dynasty
1874:, ruler of the
1868:
1845:Sealand Dynasty
1704:
1664:Old Babylonian
1650:
1621:
1613:23rd century BC
1574:
1553:
1547:Sargon of Akkad
1541:(also known as
1505:
1418:
1343:Robert Koldewey
1305:Henry Rawlinson
1278:Qurnah Disaster
1243:Qurnah Disaster
1213:
1152:Euphrates river
1147:
1136:
1119:
1061:Book of Genesis
976:Sargonic period
953:Babylon in 1932
905:Archibald Sayce
769:
730:
726:
719:
715:
680:
614:Akkadian Empire
532:
531:
530:
521:Without proper
447:
415:, recent Iraqi
409:Robert Koldewey
381:
368:
319:
317:
313:
310:
305:
302:
300:
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128:
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94:
93:
90:
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66:
54:
40:
33:
26:
19:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6741:
6731:
6730:
6725:
6720:
6715:
6710:
6705:
6700:
6695:
6690:
6685:
6680:
6678:Amorite cities
6675:
6658:
6657:
6647:
6645:
6643:
6642:
6637:
6632:
6627:
6622:
6617:
6611:
6608:
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6600:
6599:
6592:
6585:
6577:
6571:
6570:
6565:
6557:
6552:
6540:
6529:
6521:
6516:
6504:
6499:
6484:
6479:
6467:
6462:
6455:
6454:External links
6452:
6451:
6450:
6442:
6437:
6434:
6431:
6416:
6396:
6390:
6377:
6371:
6350:
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6336:
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6236:
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6216:
6213:
6212:
6199:
6186:
6174:
6145:
6096:
6067:
6038:
6009:
5980:
5969:
5962:
5942:
5932:
5902:
5899:on 2017-08-06.
5879:
5856:
5847:
5823:
5797:
5773:
5750:
5720:
5693:
5663:
5630:
5601:
5594:
5572:
5570:20 April 2003.
5548:
5544:New York Times
5527:
5511:
5499:
5487:
5476:
5469:
5451:
5439:
5423:
5421:, p. 148.
5411:
5404:
5386:
5379:
5361:
5352:
5327:
5313:Cyrus Cylinder
5305:
5293:
5291:Jeremiah 50–51
5284:
5275:
5272:on 2017-05-05.
5219:
5203:www.livius.org
5190:
5164:
5152:
5129:
5108:
5101:
5075:
5057:
5037:
5026:
5006:
4948:
4938:
4929:
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4904:
4895:
4879:
4870:
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4815:
4806:
4797:
4786:
4775:
4764:
4753:
4742:
4731:
4722:
4713:
4702:
4693:
4684:
4668:
4657:
4648:
4635:
4615:
4604:
4587:
4578:
4569:
4558:
4544:
4526:
4515:
4506:
4498:Hormuzd Rassam
4490:
4479:
4454:
4428:
4399:
4392:
4361:
4336:
4309:
4301:H V. Hilprecht
4293:
4277:
4260:
4240:
4215:
4204:
4193:
4182:
4173:
4162:
4155:
4132:
4130:, p. 175.
4120:
4075:
4029:
4012:
3983:
3970:
3958:
3934:
3912:
3854:
3824:
3808:
3793:
3775:
3762:
3733:
3705:
3687:
3653:
3613:
3587:
3554:
3520:
3505:
3487:
3467:
3449:
3429:
3376:
3367:
3358:
3349:
3324:
3306:
3269:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3260:
3259:
3241:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3234:
3233:
3231:Tomb of Daniel
3228:
3223:
3218:
3212:
3207:
3200:
3197:
3196:
3195:
3183:
3176:
3174:
3164:
3157:
3155:
3153:, 15th century
3145:
3138:
3136:
3123:
3116:
3114:
3104:
3097:
3095:
3078:
3071:
3069:
3063:
3046:
3039:
3035:
3034:Babylon in art
3032:
2933:Tower of Babel
2904:
2901:
2900:
2899:
2891:
2880:
2866:
2858:
2841:
2779:
2776:
2743:
2740:
2734:
2730:
2729:
2722:
2721:
2720:
2688:British Museum
2658:Following the
2637:
2634:
2618:Saddam Hussein
2616:In the 1980s,
2595:Saddam Hussein
2583:Saddam Hussein
2564:Ba'athist Iraq
2560:Iraqi Republic
2543:
2540:
2508:
2505:
2499:cemented with
2489:Tower of Babel
2446:Main article:
2443:
2440:
2367:Main article:
2364:
2361:
2349:Nebuchadnezzar
2324:
2321:
2294:Persian Empire
2266:Cyrus Cylinder
2203:Battle of Opis
2187:Main article:
2184:
2181:
2050:Main article:
2047:
2044:
1942:Babylonian war
1933:
1930:
1876:Hittite Empire
1867:
1866:Middle Babylon
1864:
1649:
1646:
1620:
1617:
1573:
1570:
1545:) states that
1537:The so-called
1504:
1501:
1417:
1414:
1329:(sirrush) and
1317:British Museum
1313:Hormuzd Rassam
1255:Charles LeBrun
1228:William Loftus
1212:
1209:
1205:
1204:
1201:
1190:
1177:, a temple of
1171:
1164:Neo-Babylonian
1128:
1118:
1115:
984:Kassite period
913:folk etymology
768:
765:
618:Gutian Dynasty
525:, you may see
513:
512:
511:
508:
507:
504:
503:
500:
499:
494:
490:
489:
484:
480:
479:
469:
465:
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457:
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453:
449:
448:
443:
440:
439:
436:
435:
432:
428:
427:
424:
420:
419:
405:Hormuzd Rassam
402:
401:Archaeologists
398:
397:
393:
392:
389:
385:
384:
382: 1000 AD
376:
372:
371:
369: 1894 BC
363:
359:
358:
354:
353:
350:
346:
345:
340:
336:
335:
332:
328:
327:
295:
291:
290:
285:
281:
280:
274:
270:
269:
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257:
245:
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207:
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165:
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136:
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130:
129:
119:
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103:
102:
101:
100:
91:
82:
81:
75:
74:
73:
72:
71:
68:
67:
64:
56:
55:
48:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6740:
6729:
6726:
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6716:
6714:
6711:
6709:
6706:
6704:
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6691:
6689:
6686:
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6681:
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6674:
6671:
6670:
6668:
6651:
6641:
6638:
6636:
6633:
6631:
6628:
6626:
6623:
6621:
6618:
6616:
6613:
6612:
6609:
6605:
6598:
6593:
6591:
6586:
6584:
6579:
6578:
6575:
6569:
6566:
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6551:
6547:
6541:
6538:
6534:
6530:
6527:
6526:
6522:
6520:
6517:
6515:
6511:
6508:
6505:
6503:
6500:
6498:
6494:
6493:
6488:
6485:
6483:
6480:
6478:
6474:
6471:
6468:
6466:
6463:
6461:
6458:
6457:
6447:
6443:
6440:
6438:
6435:
6432:
6429:
6428:0-500-27384-7
6425:
6419:
6417:0-500-02095-7
6413:
6408:
6407:
6401:
6397:
6393:
6387:
6383:
6378:
6374:
6372:
6368:
6360:
6356:
6351:
6348:
6346:
6343:
6339:
6333:
6329:
6324:
6321:
6318:
6315:
6313:
6310:
6307:
6306:
6297:
6293:
6289:
6285:
6281:
6280:
6274:
6271:
6267:
6263:
6259:
6255:
6252:
6249:
6248:0-19-538540-3
6245:
6241:
6237:
6234:
6230:
6226:
6222:
6221:
6209:
6203:
6196:
6190:
6183:
6178:
6163:
6159:
6158:Bible Gateway
6155:
6149:
6141:
6129:
6113:
6109:
6108:
6100:
6085:
6081:
6080:Bible Gateway
6077:
6071:
6056:
6052:
6051:Bible Gateway
6048:
6042:
6027:
6023:
6022:Bible Gateway
6019:
6013:
5998:
5994:
5993:Bible Gateway
5990:
5984:
5978:
5977:Genesis 10:10
5973:
5965:
5963:9781566395847
5959:
5955:
5954:
5946:
5936:
5920:
5916:
5912:
5906:
5898:
5894:
5890:
5883:
5875:
5871:
5867:
5860:
5851:
5845:
5841:
5837:
5836:MetropolisMag
5833:
5827:
5821:
5817:
5813:
5812:
5807:
5801:
5794:
5790:
5786:
5783:
5777:
5770:
5766:
5762:
5759:
5754:
5739:
5735:
5731:
5724:
5708:
5704:
5697:
5682:
5678:
5674:
5667:
5652:
5648:
5644:
5637:
5635:
5619:
5615:
5611:
5605:
5597:
5595:9780226729435
5591:
5586:
5585:
5576:
5569:
5565:
5561:
5558:
5552:
5545:
5541:
5537:
5534:Paul Lewis, "
5531:
5524:
5518:
5516:
5506:
5504:
5496:
5491:
5484:
5480:
5472:
5466:
5462:
5455:
5448:
5443:
5436:
5430:
5428:
5420:
5415:
5407:
5401:
5397:
5390:
5382:
5380:0-415-16524-5
5376:
5373:. Routledge.
5372:
5365:
5356:
5341:
5337:
5331:
5324:
5321:
5317:
5314:
5309:
5302:
5297:
5288:
5279:
5271:
5267:
5263:
5249:
5245:
5241:
5237:
5233:
5232:"Ch. 178-200"
5226:
5224:
5208:
5204:
5200:
5194:
5178:
5174:
5168:
5161:
5156:
5150:
5146:
5142:
5138:
5133:
5126:
5125:0-520-20222-8
5122:
5118:
5112:
5104:
5098:
5094:
5089:
5088:
5079:
5064:
5060:
5054:
5050:
5049:
5041:
5033:
5029:
5023:
5019:
5018:
5010:
4995:
4991:
4987:
4983:
4979:
4975:
4971:
4967:
4963:
4959:
4952:
4942:
4933:
4924:
4917:
4913:
4908:
4899:
4892:
4888:
4883:
4874:
4858:
4854:
4850:
4846:
4842:
4838:
4831:
4829:
4819:
4810:
4801:
4794:
4790:
4783:
4779:
4772:
4768:
4761:
4757:
4750:
4746:
4739:
4735:
4726:
4717:
4710:
4706:
4697:
4688:
4682:
4681:3-8053-1610-0
4678:
4672:
4665:
4661:
4652:
4638:
4632:
4628:
4627:
4619:
4612:
4608:
4601:
4600:3-7861-2001-3
4597:
4591:
4582:
4573:
4566:
4562:
4552:
4548:
4541:
4537:
4534:
4530:
4523:
4519:
4510:
4503:
4499:
4494:
4487:
4483:
4468:
4465:Namio Egami.
4461:
4459:
4443:
4439:
4432:
4417:
4413:
4410:Potts, D. T.
4406:
4404:
4395:
4393:9781317949954
4389:
4385:
4381:
4377:
4370:
4368:
4366:
4359:) (in French)
4358:
4357:0-543-74939-8
4354:
4350:
4346:
4340:
4325:
4324:
4316:
4314:
4306:
4302:
4297:
4290:
4286:
4281:
4273:
4272:
4264:
4256:
4255:
4247:
4245:
4236:
4232:
4228:
4227:
4219:
4212:
4208:
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4158:
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4016:
4008:
4004:
4000:
3998:
3993:
3987:
3980:
3974:
3967:
3962:
3948:
3944:
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3916:
3908:
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3900:
3896:
3892:
3888:
3884:
3880:
3876:
3872:
3868:
3861:
3859:
3850:
3846:
3842:
3835:
3833:
3831:
3829:
3821:
3817:
3812:
3804:
3800:
3796:
3794:9780931464881
3790:
3786:
3779:
3772:
3766:
3758:
3754:
3750:
3746:
3745:
3737:
3729:
3725:
3721:
3720:
3715:
3709:
3700:
3698:
3696:
3694:
3692:
3676:
3672:
3666:
3664:
3662:
3660:
3658:
3643:on 2021-12-28
3641:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3617:
3603:
3599:
3598:
3591:
3575:
3571:
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3559:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3527:
3525:
3517:
3512:
3510:
3494:
3490:
3488:9789042914490
3484:
3480:
3479:
3471:
3456:
3452:
3450:9780191588457
3446:
3442:
3441:
3433:
3426:
3422:
3421:0-88946-207-0
3418:
3412:
3406:
3391:
3386:
3380:
3371:
3362:
3353:
3345:
3341:
3339:
3337:
3335:
3333:
3331:
3329:
3313:
3309:
3303:
3299:
3298:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3279:
3277:
3275:
3270:
3256:
3252:
3246:
3242:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3202:
3192:
3188:
3187:
3180:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3161:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3142:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3127:
3120:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3101:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3083:
3075:
3070:
3066:
3059:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3043:
3038:
3037:
3031:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3018:believe this
3017:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2996:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2973:
2971:
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2944:
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2922:
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2914:
2910:
2897:
2896:
2892:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2867:
2864:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2854:space station
2851:
2847:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2823:
2822:
2821:
2819:
2814:
2807:
2802:
2795:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2775:
2772:
2766:
2764:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2749:
2732:
2726:
2719:
2716:
2712:
2710:
2706:
2705:Polish troops
2699:
2697:
2691:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2668:Polish forces
2665:
2661:
2653:
2633:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2614:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2590:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2575:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2539:
2535:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2518:
2513:
2504:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2473:
2470:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2449:
2439:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2418:
2414:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2398:
2396:
2392:
2388:
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2380:
2376:
2370:
2360:
2358:
2354:
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2334:
2330:
2320:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2297:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2270:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2252:According to
2247:
2242: 470 BC
2235:
2231:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2190:
2180:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2154:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2133:, one of the
2132:
2127:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2110:
2106:
2101:
2099:
2091:
2086:
2079:
2075:
2070:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2043:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2027:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1976:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1947:
1943:
1938:
1929:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1913:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
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1877:
1873:
1863:
1861:
1857:
1852:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1829:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1746:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1724:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1699:
1690:
1683:
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1671:
1667:
1666:cylinder seal
1662:
1654:
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1614:
1610:
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1598:
1594:
1590:
1589:Chronographia
1586:
1582:
1578:
1569:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1535:
1533:
1532:
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1500:
1498:
1494:
1490:
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1463:
1459:
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1447:
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1439:
1431:
1427:
1422:
1413:
1412:unpublished.
1409:
1405:
1403:
1397:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1382:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1363:Walter Andrae
1360:
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1348:
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1318:
1314:
1310:
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1279:
1275:
1271:
1270:Julius Oppert
1267:
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1224:Robert Mignan
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1216:Claudius Rich
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980:Ur III period
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817:
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779:The spelling
773:
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452:Official name
450:
446:
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417:Assyriologist
414:
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278:
275:
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249:
246:
243:
235:
232:
230:
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222:Ancient Greek
220:
218:
211:
208:
205:
197:
194:
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6653:Flag of Iraq
6624:
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6224:
6207:
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6194:
6189:
6182:Seymour 2006
6177:
6166:. Retrieved
6157:
6148:
6116:. Retrieved
6106:
6099:
6088:. Retrieved
6079:
6070:
6059:. Retrieved
6050:
6041:
6030:. Retrieved
6021:
6012:
6001:. Retrieved
5992:
5983:
5972:
5952:
5945:
5935:
5923:. Retrieved
5914:
5905:
5897:the original
5892:
5882:
5869:
5859:
5850:
5835:
5826:
5809:
5800:
5792:
5776:
5768:
5753:
5742:. Retrieved
5734:The Guardian
5733:
5723:
5713:February 21,
5711:. Retrieved
5696:
5685:. Retrieved
5676:
5666:
5655:. Retrieved
5647:The Guardian
5646:
5622:. Retrieved
5613:
5604:
5583:
5575:
5567:
5551:
5543:
5530:
5522:
5495:Seymour 2006
5490:
5479:
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5447:Seymour 2006
5442:
5434:
5419:Seymour 2006
5414:
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5389:
5370:
5364:
5355:
5344:. Retrieved
5330:
5322:
5308:
5301:Seymour 2006
5296:
5287:
5282:Isaiah 44:27
5278:
5270:the original
5265:
5252:. Retrieved
5235:
5211:. Retrieved
5202:
5193:
5181:. Retrieved
5177:the original
5167:
5160:Seymour 2006
5155:
5140:
5132:
5116:
5111:
5086:
5078:
5067:. Retrieved
5047:
5040:
5016:
5009:
4998:. Retrieved
4965:
4961:
4951:
4941:
4932:
4923:
4911:
4907:
4902:N.H. vii. 57
4898:
4886:
4882:
4873:
4861:. Retrieved
4844:
4840:
4818:
4809:
4800:
4789:
4778:
4767:
4756:
4745:
4734:
4725:
4716:
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4660:
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4640:. Retrieved
4625:
4618:
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4581:
4572:
4561:
4547:
4529:
4518:
4509:
4493:
4482:
4471:. Retrieved
4445:. Retrieved
4441:
4431:
4420:. Retrieved
4415:
4375:
4339:
4328:. Retrieved
4322:
4296:
4285:A. H. Layard
4280:
4270:
4263:
4253:
4225:
4218:
4207:
4196:
4185:
4176:
4165:
4142:
4135:
4128:Seymour 2006
4123:
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4091:
4045:
4041:
4032:
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4007:the original
3995:
3986:
3978:
3973:
3961:
3950:. Retrieved
3946:
3937:
3928:
3915:
3874:
3870:
3848:
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3784:
3778:
3770:
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3743:
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3678:. Retrieved
3674:
3645:. Retrieved
3640:the original
3626:
3616:
3606:, retrieved
3596:
3590:
3578:. Retrieved
3570:The Guardian
3569:
3545:. Retrieved
3536:
3516:Seymour 2006
3497:. Retrieved
3477:
3470:
3459:. Retrieved
3439:
3432:
3394:. Retrieved
3384:
3379:
3370:
3361:
3352:
3316:. Retrieved
3296:
3245:
3184:
3165:
3146:
3124:
3105:
3079:
3047:
3028:Roman Empire
2997:
2981:Christianity
2974:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2923:and perhaps
2906:
2893:
2862:Babylon A.D.
2860:
2843:
2824:
2815:
2811:
2791:
2767:
2759:
2745:
2717:
2713:
2708:
2701:
2693:
2657:
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2576:
2545:
2536:
2521:
2474:
2471:
2458:Islamization
2451:
2424:the religion
2420:Christianity
2417:Eastern Rite
2399:
2372:
2326:
2298:
2271:
2258:Hebrew Bible
2254:2 Chronicles
2251:
2211:
2192:
2155:
2128:
2102:
2098:Nabopolassar
2095:
2042:at Ninevah.
2028:
1992:Ashurbanipal
1977:
1950:
1914:
1902:Thutmose III
1884:
1869:
1853:
1830:
1743:
1725:
1695:
1638:
1588:
1579:, quoted by
1575:
1542:
1536:
1529:
1514:
1478:
1435:
1410:
1406:
1398:
1383:
1356:
1336:
1309:George Smith
1303:
1274:Felix Thomas
1264:
1214:
1206:
1148:
1141:
1135:
1130:
1104:
1099:
1089:
1080:
1068:
1056:
1037:
1026:
1014:
1001:
998:Hebrew Bible
995:
988:
956:
940:
933:Kan-dig̃irak
932:
928:
920:
903:
892:. The final
880:of the word
835:Kan dig̃irak
829:KÁ.DIG̃IR.RA
803:
787:
780:
778:
763:
722:, and again
710:
626:
603:
534:
533:
514:
339:Part of
263:
254:
228:
216:
214:𐎲𐎠𐎲𐎡𐎽𐎢
176:KÁ.DIG̃IR.RA
6492:In Our Time
6430:(paperback)
6400:Oates, Joan
6136:|work=
5117:Babylonians
4968:: 105–116.
4555:(in German)
3390:"etext.org"
3288:Gadd, C. J.
3249:Please see
3110:John Martin
3091:John Martin
2915:along with
2827:is used in
2742:Present-day
2696:Ishtar Gate
2572:Ishtar Gate
2391:Mesopotamia
2331:, the last
2290:mathematics
2116:Ishtar Gate
2074:Ishtar Gate
2024:Mesopotamia
1961:Sennacherib
1826:Ishme-Dagan
1474:Cleitarchus
1390:Hellenistic
1359:Ishtar Gate
1211:Excavations
1194:Hellenistic
1117:Archaeology
838:. The sign
716: 1770
653:Samsu-iluna
606:clay tablet
543:Mesopotamia
497:Arab States
318: /
294:Coordinates
288:Mesopotamia
210:Old Persian
6667:Categories
6208:Revelation
6168:2022-06-02
6090:2022-06-02
6061:2022-06-02
6032:2022-06-02
6003:2022-06-02
5915:unesco.org
5744:2016-08-20
5687:2013-06-07
5657:2016-08-20
5624:2021-10-01
5346:2010-11-09
5254:2019-08-19
5213:2020-03-26
5183:30 October
5069:2019-08-18
5000:2021-11-16
4642:2019-08-18
4473:2021-04-13
4422:2021-04-13
4330:2021-04-13
4235:1003963534
4149:. Zaphon.
3952:2023-08-20
3877:(1): 1–9.
3675:unesco.org
3647:2021-09-29
3608:2021-09-29
3499:2015-06-20
3461:2015-06-20
3396:2010-04-18
3318:2019-08-18
3265:References
3024:dysphemism
2873:Lithuanian
2857:suspicion.
2848: – A
2837:capitalist
2507:Modern era
2415:religion,
2373:Under the
2333:Achaemenid
2329:Darius III
2305:Darius III
2282:Achaemenid
2256:36 of the
2197:, king of
2109:Etemenanki
2062:Etemenanki
2016:Canaanites
1980:Esarhaddon
1798:Bad-tibira
1717:Sumu-la-El
1518:Annūnı̄tum
1394:Etemenanki
1200:in 331 BC.
1168:Etemenanki
1048:Bāḇel; in
929:Bāb-ili(m)
917:I. J. Gelb
800:Babylonian
729: – c.
727: 612
718: – c.
686:Achaemenid
629:city-state
561:region of
468:Designated
413:Taha Baqir
396:Site notes
334:Settlement
306:44°25′16″E
303:32°32′33″N
6288:500097655
6138:ignored (
6128:cite book
5259:; or see
5139:, (2013)
4982:0307-5133
4847:: 67–86.
4418:: 235–244
4108:938410607
4062:0021-0889
4048:: 45–58.
3966:Gen. 11:9
3907:162349822
3891:0041-977X
3757:459000074
3728:977799662
3635:0362-4331
3134:, c. 1740
3087:mezzotint
2993:Nabonidus
2888:Lady Gaga
2877:Lithuania
2869:Babilonas
2845:Babylon 5
2833:Rastafari
2763:Al-Hillah
2626:cable car
2579:Ba'athist
2497:mudbricks
2286:astronomy
2207:Herodotus
2166:destroyed
2036:Kandalanu
2008:Chaldeans
1926:Chaldeans
1872:Mursili I
1833:Babylonia
1794:Shuruppak
1740:Hammurabi
1709:Sumu-abum
1678:Hammurabi
1601:Phoroneus
1562:Sargon II
1462:Herodotus
1446:Herodotus
1438:cuneiform
1286:Al-Qurnah
1166:ziggurat
1083:to babble
1065:confusion
1063:to mean "
816:cuneiform
743:Herodotus
735:cuneiform
645:Babylonia
641:Hammurabi
563:Babylonia
539:Euphrates
431:Ownership
423:Condition
375:Abandoned
343:Babylonia
6510:Archived
6473:Archived
6402:(1986).
6272:in 2013.
6162:Archived
6112:Archived
6084:Archived
6055:Archived
6026:Archived
5997:Archived
5919:Archived
5874:Archived
5840:Archived
5816:Archived
5785:Archived
5761:Archived
5738:Archived
5707:Archived
5681:Archived
5677:BBC News
5651:Archived
5618:Archived
5568:ABC News
5560:Archived
5340:Archived
5316:Archived
5266:shsu.edu
5248:Archived
5207:Archived
5063:Archived
5032:Archived
4994:Archived
4863:18 March
4857:Archived
4447:13 April
4113:11 April
3992:"babble"
3931:: 23–24.
3803:31239619
3716:(1880).
3602:archived
3574:Archived
3541:Archived
3493:Archived
3455:Archived
3405:cite web
3312:Archived
3294:(1981).
3199:See also
3026:for the
3022:to be a
2895:Eternals
2684:Iraq War
2622:ziggurat
2479:for it.
2477:Fallujah
2413:Mandaean
2375:Parthian
2353:Diadochi
2274:Darius I
2246:Xerxes I
2112:ziggurat
2080:, Berlin
1984:Assyrian
1969:Elamites
1957:Assyrian
1918:Arameans
1849:Kassites
1786:Eshnunna
1670:hematite
1597:Berossus
1454:Berossus
1327:Mušḫuššu
1290:Le Havre
1107:Borsippa
1096:Sanskrit
909:Sumerian
822:𒆍𒀭𒊏𒆠
751:Berossus
702:Sassanid
694:Parthian
690:Seleucid
657:Assyrian
591:Borsippa
460:Criteria
388:Cultures
273:Location
252:𒀸𒁀𒉿𒇷
172:𒆍𒀭𒊏𒆠
168:Sumerian
158:𒆍𒀭𒊏𒆠
154:Akkadian
6673:Babylon
6640:Samarra
6625:Babylon
6550:YouTube
6495:at the
6487:Babylon
6406:Babylon
6240:Babylon
6218:Sources
6118:22 June
5925:29 July
5540:archive
5523:Babylon
5435:Babylon
5244:4559420
4990:3856046
4070:4200384
3771:Babylon
3680:29 July
3547:29 July
3537:NPR.org
3002:in the
2985:Lucifer
2907:In the
2884:Babylon
2825:Babylon
2790:in the
2788:woodcut
2786:A 1493
2680:helipad
2674:of the
2599:Nineveh
2501:bitumen
2485:Baghdad
2462:Aramaic
2410:Gnostic
2402:Aramaic
2395:Hadrian
2343:at the
2278:Satrapy
2214:bitumen
2151:Nineveh
2076:in the
2040:library
2012:Suteans
1996:Nineveh
1986:prince
1973:Nisroch
1946:Nineveh
1922:Suteans
1894:tribute
1890:Kassite
1886:Babylon
1856:Shamash
1713:Kazallu
1698:Amorite
1682:Shamash
1619:History
1583:and in
1577:Ctesias
1564:of the
1556:in the
1497:Haradum
1458:Ctesias
1450:Ctesias
1416:Sources
1402:Ninurta
1341:led by
1331:aurochs
1175:Esagila
1111:Nineveh
996:In the
921:Babilla
814:". The
806:Bābilim
794:Βαβυλών
788:Babylṓn
781:Babylon
747:Ctesias
665:Elamite
661:Kassite
637:Amorite
555:Baghdad
535:Babylon
476:session
455:Babylon
362:Founded
357:History
260:Kassite
248:Elamite
229:Babylṓn
226:Βαβυλών
162:Bābilim
51:Bābilim
43:Babylon
37:Babalon
6703:Nimrod
6426:
6414:
6388:
6334:
6286:
6264:
6246:
6231:
5960:
5592:
5467:
5402:
5377:
5242:
5147:
5123:
5099:
5055:
5024:
4988:
4980:
4679:
4633:
4598:
4390:
4355:
4233:
4153:
4106:
4087:Dalley
4068:
4060:
4038:Dalley
3997:Lexico
3905:
3899:618314
3897:
3889:
3801:
3791:
3755:
3726:
3633:
3580:5 July
3485:
3447:
3423:. See
3419:
3304:
3193:, 1563
3172:, 1610
3112:, 1834
3093:, 1831
3067:, 1676
3057:Amytis
2977:Jewish
2958:Bozrah
2929:Shinar
2925:Calneh
2913:Nimrod
2840:truth.
2829:reggae
2752:UNESCO
2603:Nimrud
2558:, the
2454:Muslim
2408:, the
2387:Trajan
2355:, and
2339:ruler
2301:Marduk
2199:Persia
2173:exiled
2139:Amytis
2124:Berlin
2096:Under
2090:Marduk
2010:, and
2006:, the
2004:Persia
1860:Marduk
1837:Nippur
1804:, and
1802:Sippar
1790:Akshak
1770:Lagash
1766:Nippur
1734:, and
1674:Sippar
1633:Ishtar
1543:ABC 19
1495:, and
1489:Sippar
1485:Nippur
1472:, and
1470:Strabo
1352:Marduk
1282:Tigris
1179:Marduk
1100:Bāveru
1069:bilbél
1054:بَابِل
1050:Arabic
1023:בָּבֶל
1011:בָּבֶל
1006:Hebrew
967:ED III
963:Marduk
883:dig̃ir
860:DIG̃IR
812:god(s)
755:UNESCO
706:Muslim
704:, and
681:
649:Nippur
597:, and
595:Dilbat
547:Hillah
493:Region
474:(43rd
434:Public
426:Ruined
284:Region
277:Hillah
255:Babili
238:בָּבֶל
234:Hebrew
217:Bābiru
186:𐡁𐡁𐡋
140:Arabic
6635:Hatra
6615:Assur
4986:JSTOR
4147:(PDF)
4096:(PDF)
4066:JSTOR
3925:(PDF)
3903:S2CID
3895:JSTOR
3237:Notes
3205:Akitu
3130:, by
2970:Ammon
2921:Akkad
2818:Bible
2748:Babil
2611:Hatra
2607:Assur
2223:Homer
2020:Arabs
1898:Egypt
1841:Eridu
1824:king
1806:Girsu
1774:Eridu
1754:Larsa
1736:Larsa
1593:Belus
1522:Ilaba
1442:Bible
1057:Bābil
1038:Bāwēl
1027:Bāḇel
1015:Bavel
1002:Babel
925:Sumer
785:Greek
767:Names
739:Bible
698:Roman
639:king
599:Kutha
242:Bāvel
204:Bāḇel
190:Bāḇel
148:Bābil
6424:ISBN
6422:and
6412:ISBN
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