1659:
1698:
40:
1236:
of
Cambyses, the great king, king of the city of Anshan, grandson of Cyrus, the great king, kity of Anshan, descendant of Teispes, the great king, king of Anshan, the perpetual seed of kingship, whose reign Bel and Nabu love, and with whose kingship, to their joy, they concern themselves.” Now in the British Museum, which has a translation of the text on its website:
981:
Was the target of Cyrus the
Younger’s “anabasis” – his ill-fated march “up country” to usurp the throne from his brother; supported Athens in the Corinthian War (supplying Conan with a fleet of ships), then switched sides to support Sparta; was eventually able to dictate terms to both sides, imposing
890:
Cousin and brother-in-law of
Cambyses II; succeeded to the throne as the result of a coup that ousted Bardiya; continued the expansion of the Persian Empire into western Anatolia and Thrace; made war on the Scythians; invaded mainland Greece in 490 to punish Athens for helping the Ionian city-states
1235:
Cyrus II had his genealogy inscribed on a fired clay cylinder found in the foundations of the ancient city of
Babylon. It reads, in part: “I am Cyrus, king of the universe, the great king, the powerful king, king of Babylon, king of Sumer and Akkad, king of the four quarters of the world, son
904:
Quelled a revolt in Egypt, then invaded Greece in 480 to finish what his father had started; ravaged Athens after the populace had abandoned the city, but lost sea and land battles at
Salamis, Plataea, and Mycale and was forced to withdraw from both the Greek mainland and Anatolian Greece. He
1248:
The story of how
Astyages dreamed that he would be supplanted by the son of his daughter, sent Cyrus away to be exposed on a mountainside, later met him as a young boy, relented his desire to kill him, and sent him to live with his parents was related in great detail by Herodotos,
926:
Came to the throne after a series of palace murders; defeated an
Athenian force in 454 that was aiding an Egyptian revolt (which began in 460); granted asylum to Themistocles; signed a second peace with Athens in 449 after losing a naval battle to Cimon’s fleet off Cyprus.
1000:
Also came to the throne as a result of a series of palace murders; revolt of
Artabazus in Phrygia; additional revolts in Egypt, Phoenicia and Cyprus; gave modest help to the Greeks’ attempt to rein in Philip II’s increasing power in Macedon (siege of Perinthus in 340).
848:
Conquered the Mede empire c. 550, thus founding the
Persian Empire; conquered Lydia in 545, which already controlled several Hellenic cities on the Anatolian coast; soon extended his control to include them; released the Hebrews enslaved by the Babylonians in 538.
753:
These were the leading tribes, on which all the other
Persians were dependent, namely the Pasargadae, Maraphians, and Maspioi. Of these, the Pasargadae are the most noble and include the family of Achaemenids, the Kings of Persia, who are descendants of
1288:(Persian text, cited above), the brother was Smerdis, the Magus, Gaumâta; in the Elamite text of the inscription, the Brother was Bardiya, the Magus, Orospastes. (https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/bardiya-son-of-cyrus).
1276:
The brother and the Magus were called by other names in various ancient sources. According to Herod. (iii.61 ff.) both brother and Magus were named Smerdis; according to Ctesias of Cnidos (
1355:
Ancient sources describing these events include, Diodorus Siculus, Ctesias, Justin, Aelian, and Aristotle. Their various version have points of agreement and divergence. See Pierre Briant,
1614:
638:
1015:
Placed on the throne as an adolescent by Bagoas, advisor to the King, after Bagoas had poisoned Artaxerxes III; poisoned by Bagoas when he threatened to punish him for his crimes.
982:
the “King’s Peace” in 387, which permanently ceded all the Anatolia cities to Persia. Had to put down repeated revolts in Egypt, during which he hired out-of-work Athenian
1046:
Satrap of Bactria; assumed title of "King" after death of Darius III; tried to resist Alexander, but was betrayed by his generals and killed by Darius' brother, Oxathres.
1625:
613:
876:
There is some confusion about this person. He was either Cambyses II's brother or an imposter - a Mede priest (Magus) pretending to be the brother.
801:, though the spirit of eldest son succession was often violated through palace intrigues. The historical kings as given in Greek sources are:
2397:
1404:
1647:
1109:
1958:
606:
1687:
2433:
1655:
2438:
2114:
1028:
Placed on the throne by Bagoas; poisoned Bagoas when he learned of a plot to kill him. Spent most of his reign fighting
205:
2271:
2266:
1963:
599:
1682:
2028:
1880:
1640:
1284:, London: Routledge, 2010, 177 ff.) the brother was Tanyoxarces, the Magus, Sphandadates; according to the
1258:
Herodotos related how Cyrus eventually fulfilled the prophecy (prior note) and conquered the Medes in i.123-130.
954:
Bastard son of Artaxerxes I; murdered Xerxes II; murdered in turn by his half brother Ochus seven months later.
1712:
780:
1968:
1919:
2428:
2119:
2057:
416:
2174:
1816:
1633:
746:
94:
2062:
587:
2109:
1945:
1791:
1237:
310:
141:
130:
1176:, i.126.3. The Greeks believed that the Persians were descend from the hero Perseus. See vii.61.
2160:
2068:
1986:
1755:
906:
718:
136:
2381:
2153:
2139:
2125:
1677:
792:
663:
335:
319:
1609:(2002). Translated by Peter T. Daniels. Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns. ISBN 1-57506-031-0.
2345:
2014:
1865:
1073:
1032:; captured and killed by the Bactrian satrap Bessos after Alexander's conquest was complete.
968:
Entered into an alliance with Sparta after Athens’ losses during the Sicily campaign in 412.
453:
253:
228:
1186:
2407:
2021:
1875:
1811:
1342:
There are any number of sources for the treaty. For this as the possible date, see Plato,
1117:
633:
146:
8:
2325:
2203:
2167:
1776:
1211:
1029:
833:
Vassal of Astyages, king of the Medes (r. 584-550), and married to his daughter Mandane.
798:
407:
2373:
2339:
2258:
2007:
1973:
1722:
1078:
742:
513:
190:
1157:
891:
revolt in 499. This effort ended with the Athenian victory at the battle of Marathon.
2331:
2320:
2082:
2076:
2042:
2035:
1938:
1663:
1658:
1058:
483:
185:
163:
684:
2402:
2353:
2198:
2132:
2101:
2090:
2049:
2000:
1931:
1860:
1821:
910:
881:
762:
648:
535:
462:
428:
152:
2237:
2367:
2193:
2146:
1912:
1834:
1006:
838:
565:
556:
422:
367:
286:
237:
124:
1140:
2095:
1993:
1953:
1906:
1890:
1841:
1806:
1801:
1139:
Bresciani, Edda (1998). "EGYPT i. Persians in Egypt in the Achaemenid period".
1063:
991:
690:
678:
522:
44:
2422:
2282:
1979:
1796:
1728:
1717:
973:
694:
218:
100:
1617:. In Salazar, Christine F.; Landfester, Manfred; Gentry, Francis G. (eds.).
770:
642:
106:
918:
734:
702:
383:
351:
765:, in an effort to establish his legitimacy, later traced his genealogy to
1870:
854:
706:
20:
2276:
2223:
1827:
1763:
1020:
825:
766:
726:
114:
84:
73:
1885:
959:
945:
932:
722:
672:
1697:
986:
Endured a series of satrap revolts in the later years of his reign.
39:
2289:
2230:
1090:
1068:
940:
First in line for the throne; murdered after 45 days by Sogdianus.
896:
730:
277:
2296:
1783:
1769:
1593:
Curtius, vii.5.20-22; Justin, xii.5; Diodorus Siculus, xvii.83.7.
867:
812:
776:
755:
738:
209:
19:
This article is about the Persians. For their Greek enemies, see
1238:
https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/W_1880-0617-1941
2252:
1735:
1037:
698:
55:
862:
Focused his efforts on conquering Egypt, Libya, and Ethiopia.
717:
The history of the Achaemenid dynasty is mainly known through
2359:
1742:
1280:, xii, translated by Lloyd Llewellyn-Jones and James Robson,
783:. However, there is no historical evidence for any of these.
745:. According to Herodotus, the Achaemenids were a clan of the
119:
905:
probably signed a peace treaty with Athens in 469 after the
2244:
1428:
Ctesias, §49-52; Diodorus, xii.71. See also Briant, 588-91.
105:
1612:
1607:
From Cyrus to Alexander: A History of the Persian Empire
1096:
779:, and from him came in turn Ariaramnes, Arsames, and
657:
1578:
History of the Life and Reign of Alexander the Great
1582:
Epitome of the Philippic History of Pompeius Trogus
1613:Kuhrt, Amélie; Sancisi-Weerdenburg, Helen (2006).
2420:
1463:, iv.3.11, 8.1-2, 8.6-10; Diodorus, xiv.39.1-3.
1405:"Photius' Excerpt of Ctesias' Persica - Livius"
1282:Ctesias’ History of Persia: Tales of the Orient
1540:See Briant, 682-85 for discussion and sources.
1641:
607:
2398:2,500-year celebration of the Persian Empire
1212:"ACHAEMENID DYNASTY – Encyclopaedia Iranica"
1648:
1634:
653:
614:
600:
38:
1138:
1149:
1142:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol VIII, Fasc. 3
2421:
1629:
820:King of the city of Anshan in Persia
1155:
1097:Kuhrt & Sancisi-Weerdenburg 2006
1359:, 563-567 for a review and summary.
689:) was a royal house that ruled the
652:
588:List of kings by Period and Dynasty
13:
2272:Persepolis Administrative Archives
1584:, xi.15; Diodorus Siculus, xvii.73
1514:, §26-30; Justin, x.1-3; Aeolian,
1204:
693:, which eventually stretched from
14:
2450:
733:. Additional sources include the
1696:
1657:
1370:History of the Peloponnesian War
1587:
1570:
1561:
1552:
1543:
1534:
1525:
1504:
1495:
1475:
1466:
1453:
1440:
1431:
1422:
1397:
1384:
1375:
1362:
1349:
1336:
1327:
1318:
1309:
1300:
1291:
1270:
1261:
1252:
803:
683:
1713:Achaemenid Persian Lion Rhyton
1481:Diodorus, xv.29; Demosthenes,
1242:
1229:
1179:
1166:
1132:
1102:
1:
1969:Scythian campaign of Darius I
1881:Xerxes I's inscription at Van
1084:
391:
375:
359:
343:
327:
294:
261:
245:
16:Ancient Persian royal dynasty
2434:Dynasties in Persia and Iran
1959:Conquest of the Indus Valley
1920:Battle of the Persian Border
1518:, ix.42; Valerius Maximus,
870:(or Smerdis or Tanyoxarces)
771:
673:
643:
107:
7:
2439:Monarchy in Persia and Iran
2120:Wars of Alexander the Great
1052:
658:
10:
2455:
2175:Battle of the Persian Gate
1817:Mausoleum at Halicarnassus
1599:
1520:Facta et dicta memorabilia
830:early 6th century–559 BCE
790:
786:
712:
667:
637:
18:
2390:
2308:
2212:
2186:
2063:Wars of the Delian League
1899:
1853:
1754:
1705:
1694:
1670:
1297:Herod., iii.70-79, 85-87.
797:The Persian Empire was a
178:
170:
164:Achaemenid Persian Empire
158:
90:
80:
69:
61:
51:
37:
31:
28:
2115:Second conquest of Egypt
1946:Siege of Sardis (547 BC)
1792:Palace of Darius in Susa
1531:Diodorus, xvi.21-22.1-2.
1030:Alexander III of Macedon
775:". His son was given as
142:King of the Four Corners
2267:Districts of the Empire
2069:Battle of the Eurymedon
1987:Siege of Naxos (499 BC)
1964:First conquest of Egypt
1357:From Cyrus to Alexander
1187:"Behistun (3) - Livius"
137:King of Sumer and Akkad
2382:Seven Achaemenid clans
2154:Siege of Tyre (332 BC)
2140:Siege of Halicarnassus
2126:Battle of the Granicus
1446:Related in Xenophon's
1437:Thuc., viii.17-18, 58.
793:Achaemenid family tree
760:
743:native Iranian sources
739:Jewish religious texts
682:
421:(combined rule of the
336:Second Sealand dynasty
320:Second Dynasty of Isin
108:Xšāyaθiya Xšāyaθiyānām
45:Royal Persian Standard
2110:Great Satraps' Revolt
2029:Destruction of Athens
2015:Battle of Thermopylae
1866:Old Persian cuneiform
1558:Diodorus, xvii.5.3-5.
1381:Thuc., i.137.3-138.2.
1333:Herod., books vii-ix.
1114:www.iranicaonline.org
1074:Kingdom of Cappadocia
817:late 7th century BCE
751:
254:First Sealand dynasty
2408:Cappadocian calendar
2022:Battle of Artemisium
1927:Lydian-Persian Wars
1876:Behistun Inscription
1688:History of democracy
1516:Varieties of History
1485:, xlix.3; Plutarch,
1286:Behiston Inscription
1110:"ACHAEMENID DYNASTY"
147:King of the Universe
2204:Peace of Antalcidas
2168:Battle of Gaugamela
1777:Gate of All Nations
1567:Diodorus, xvii.5.6.
1549:Diodorus, xvi.75.1.
1392:Library of History,
1145:. pp. 247–249.
907:Battle of Eurymedon
808:
799:hereditary monarchy
29:House of Achaemenes
2429:Achaemenid dynasty
2058:Babylonian revolts
2008:Battle of Marathon
1974:Greco-Persian Wars
1723:Achaemenid coinage
1580:, v.8.35; Justin,
1512:Life of Artaxerxes
1390:Diodorus Siculus,
1315:Herod., vi.95-116.
1079:Pishdadian dynasty
804:
639:𐏃𐎧𐎠𐎶𐎴𐎡𐏁𐎡𐎹
630:Achaemenid dynasty
493:Achaemenid dynasty
191:Ariarathid dynasty
32:𐏃𐎧𐎠𐎶𐎴𐎡𐏁𐎡𐎹
2416:
2415:
2083:Battle of Cyzicus
2077:Peloponnesian War
2043:Battle of Plataea
2036:Battle of Salamis
1939:Battle of Thymbra
1812:Ka'ba-ye Zartosht
1664:Achaemenid Empire
1619:Brill’s New Pauly
1483:Against Timotheus
1267:Herod., iii.1-38.
1216:iranicaonline.org
1059:Achaemenid Empire
1050:
1049:
806:Achaemenid rulers
624:
623:
577:
576:
547:
546:
504:
503:
474:
473:
444:
443:
434:
398:
397:
311:Middle Babylonian
301:
300:
268:
267:
199:
198:
186:Pharnacid dynasty
2446:
2403:Xanthian Obelisk
2376:
2362:
2348:
2334:
2299:
2292:
2285:
2261:
2247:
2240:
2233:
2226:
2199:Peace of Callias
2177:
2170:
2163:
2156:
2149:
2142:
2135:
2133:Siege of Miletus
2128:
2104:
2102:Battle of Cnidus
2091:Battle of Cunaxa
2085:
2071:
2052:
2050:Battle of Mycale
2045:
2038:
2031:
2024:
2017:
2010:
2003:
2001:Siege of Eretria
1996:
1989:
1982:
1948:
1941:
1934:
1932:Battle of Pteria
1922:
1915:
1861:Achaemenid music
1844:
1837:
1830:
1822:Tombs at Xanthos
1786:
1779:
1772:
1745:
1738:
1731:
1700:
1662:
1661:
1650:
1643:
1636:
1627:
1626:
1622:
1605:Briant, Pierre,
1594:
1591:
1585:
1574:
1568:
1565:
1559:
1556:
1550:
1547:
1541:
1538:
1532:
1529:
1523:
1508:
1502:
1501:Diodorus, xv.90.
1499:
1493:
1479:
1473:
1472:Xen., v.1.25-36.
1470:
1464:
1457:
1451:
1444:
1438:
1435:
1429:
1426:
1420:
1419:
1417:
1415:
1401:
1395:
1388:
1382:
1379:
1373:
1372:, i.104, 109-10.
1366:
1360:
1353:
1347:
1340:
1334:
1331:
1325:
1322:
1316:
1313:
1307:
1306:Herod., book iv.
1304:
1298:
1295:
1289:
1274:
1268:
1265:
1259:
1256:
1250:
1246:
1240:
1233:
1227:
1226:
1224:
1222:
1208:
1202:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1183:
1177:
1170:
1164:
1163:
1153:
1147:
1146:
1136:
1130:
1129:
1127:
1125:
1120:on 29 April 2011
1116:. Archived from
1106:
1100:
1094:
911:Peace of Callias
809:
774:
763:Darius the Great
747:Pasargadae tribe
719:Greek historians
687:
676:
671:
670:
661:
656:
655:
646:
641:
616:
609:
602:
562:
561:
536:Seleucid dynasty
519:
518:
489:
488:
463:Chaldean dynasty
459:
458:
420:
417:Assyrian dynasty
413:
412:
393:
377:
361:
345:
329:
316:
315:
296:
283:
282:
263:
247:
234:
233:
201:
200:
166:
153:Pharaoh of Egypt
110:
42:
26:
25:
2454:
2453:
2449:
2448:
2447:
2445:
2444:
2443:
2419:
2418:
2417:
2412:
2386:
2372:
2358:
2344:
2330:
2304:
2295:
2288:
2281:
2257:
2243:
2236:
2229:
2222:
2208:
2194:Earth and water
2182:
2173:
2166:
2159:
2152:
2147:Battle of Issus
2145:
2138:
2131:
2124:
2100:
2081:
2067:
2048:
2041:
2034:
2027:
2020:
2013:
2006:
1999:
1992:
1985:
1978:
1944:
1937:
1930:
1918:
1913:Battle of Hyrba
1911:
1895:
1849:
1840:
1835:Nereid Monument
1833:
1826:
1782:
1775:
1768:
1750:
1741:
1734:
1727:
1701:
1692:
1666:
1656:
1654:
1621:. Brill Online.
1602:
1597:
1592:
1588:
1575:
1571:
1566:
1562:
1557:
1553:
1548:
1544:
1539:
1535:
1530:
1526:
1509:
1505:
1500:
1496:
1480:
1476:
1471:
1467:
1458:
1454:
1445:
1441:
1436:
1432:
1427:
1423:
1413:
1411:
1403:
1402:
1398:
1389:
1385:
1380:
1376:
1367:
1363:
1354:
1350:
1341:
1337:
1332:
1328:
1323:
1319:
1314:
1310:
1305:
1301:
1296:
1292:
1275:
1271:
1266:
1262:
1257:
1253:
1247:
1243:
1234:
1230:
1220:
1218:
1210:
1209:
1205:
1195:
1193:
1185:
1184:
1180:
1171:
1167:
1154:
1150:
1137:
1133:
1123:
1121:
1108:
1107:
1103:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1055:
795:
789:
715:
701:in the west to
668:
620:
591:
579:
578:
566:Arsacid dynasty
559:
549:
548:
516:
506:
505:
486:
476:
475:
456:
446:
445:
430:
424:
419:
410:
400:
399:
368:Elamite dynasty
313:
303:
302:
287:Kassite dynasty
280:
270:
269:
238:Amorite dynasty
231:
221:
195:
162:
151:
131:King of Babylon
129:
52:Place of origin
47:
33:
30:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2452:
2442:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2414:
2413:
2411:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2394:
2392:
2388:
2387:
2385:
2384:
2379:
2378:
2377:
2365:
2364:
2363:
2351:
2350:
2349:
2337:
2336:
2335:
2323:
2318:
2312:
2310:
2306:
2305:
2303:
2302:
2301:
2300:
2293:
2286:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2263:
2262:
2250:
2249:
2248:
2241:
2234:
2227:
2216:
2214:
2213:Administration
2210:
2209:
2207:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2190:
2188:
2184:
2183:
2181:
2180:
2179:
2178:
2171:
2164:
2157:
2150:
2143:
2136:
2129:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2106:
2105:
2096:Corinthian War
2093:
2088:
2087:
2086:
2074:
2073:
2072:
2060:
2055:
2054:
2053:
2046:
2039:
2032:
2025:
2018:
2011:
2004:
1997:
1994:Battle of Lade
1990:
1983:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1954:Battle of Opis
1951:
1950:
1949:
1942:
1935:
1925:
1924:
1923:
1916:
1907:Persian Revolt
1903:
1901:
1897:
1896:
1894:
1893:
1891:Cyrus Cylinder
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1857:
1855:
1851:
1850:
1848:
1847:
1846:
1845:
1842:Tomb of Payava
1838:
1831:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1807:Naqsh-e Rostam
1804:
1802:Persian column
1799:
1794:
1789:
1788:
1787:
1780:
1773:
1760:
1758:
1752:
1751:
1749:
1748:
1747:
1746:
1739:
1732:
1720:
1715:
1709:
1707:
1703:
1702:
1695:
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1674:
1672:
1668:
1667:
1653:
1652:
1645:
1638:
1630:
1624:
1623:
1610:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1595:
1586:
1569:
1560:
1551:
1542:
1533:
1524:
1503:
1494:
1474:
1465:
1452:
1439:
1430:
1421:
1409:www.livius.org
1396:
1383:
1374:
1361:
1348:
1335:
1326:
1324:Herod., vii.7.
1317:
1308:
1299:
1290:
1269:
1260:
1251:
1241:
1228:
1203:
1191:www.livius.org
1178:
1165:
1162:. p. 149.
1148:
1131:
1101:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1082:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1064:Argead dynasty
1061:
1054:
1051:
1048:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1034:
1033:
1026:
1023:
1017:
1016:
1013:
1010:
1003:
1002:
998:
995:
992:Artaxerxes III
988:
987:
979:
976:
970:
969:
966:
963:
956:
955:
952:
949:
942:
941:
938:
935:
929:
928:
924:
921:
915:
914:
902:
899:
893:
892:
888:
885:
884:("the Great")
878:
877:
874:
871:
864:
863:
860:
857:
851:
850:
846:
843:
835:
834:
831:
828:
822:
821:
818:
815:
788:
785:
714:
711:
691:Persian Empire
622:
621:
619:
618:
611:
604:
596:
593:
592:
584:
581:
580:
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571:
568:
560:
555:
554:
551:
550:
545:
544:
541:
538:
532:
531:
528:
525:
523:Argead dynasty
517:
512:
511:
508:
507:
502:
501:
498:
495:
487:
482:
481:
478:
477:
472:
471:
468:
465:
457:
454:Neo-Babylonian
452:
451:
448:
447:
442:
441:
438:
435:
411:
406:
405:
402:
401:
396:
395:
389:
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348:
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276:
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266:
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259:
256:
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243:
240:
232:
229:Old Babylonian
227:
226:
223:
222:
217:All years are
216:
213:
212:
197:
196:
194:
193:
188:
182:
180:
179:Cadet branches
176:
175:
172:
168:
167:
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156:
155:
150:
149:
144:
139:
133:
128:
127:
125:King of Anshan
122:
117:
112:
103:
97:
95:Shah of Persia
92:
88:
87:
82:
78:
77:
71:
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59:
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53:
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35:
34:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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2427:
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2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2313:
2311:
2307:
2298:
2294:
2291:
2287:
2284:
2283:Chapar Khaneh
2280:
2279:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2260:
2256:
2255:
2254:
2251:
2246:
2242:
2239:
2235:
2232:
2228:
2225:
2221:
2220:
2218:
2217:
2215:
2211:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2191:
2189:
2185:
2176:
2172:
2169:
2165:
2162:
2161:Siege of Gaza
2158:
2155:
2151:
2148:
2144:
2141:
2137:
2134:
2130:
2127:
2123:
2122:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2103:
2099:
2098:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2084:
2080:
2079:
2078:
2075:
2070:
2066:
2065:
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2061:
2059:
2056:
2051:
2047:
2044:
2040:
2037:
2033:
2030:
2026:
2023:
2019:
2016:
2012:
2009:
2005:
2002:
1998:
1995:
1991:
1988:
1984:
1981:
1980:Ionian Revolt
1977:
1976:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1947:
1943:
1940:
1936:
1933:
1929:
1928:
1926:
1921:
1917:
1914:
1910:
1909:
1908:
1905:
1904:
1902:
1898:
1892:
1889:
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1884:
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1879:
1877:
1874:
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1859:
1858:
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1852:
1843:
1839:
1836:
1832:
1829:
1825:
1824:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1797:Tomb of Cyrus
1795:
1793:
1790:
1785:
1781:
1778:
1774:
1771:
1767:
1766:
1765:
1762:
1761:
1759:
1757:
1753:
1744:
1740:
1737:
1733:
1730:
1729:Apadana hoard
1726:
1725:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1718:Oxus Treasure
1716:
1714:
1711:
1710:
1708:
1704:
1699:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
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1660:
1651:
1646:
1644:
1639:
1637:
1632:
1631:
1628:
1620:
1616:
1615:"Achaemenids"
1611:
1608:
1604:
1603:
1590:
1583:
1579:
1573:
1564:
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1537:
1528:
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1264:
1255:
1245:
1239:
1232:
1217:
1213:
1207:
1192:
1188:
1182:
1175:
1174:The Histories
1169:
1161:
1160:
1152:
1144:
1143:
1135:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1105:
1098:
1093:
1089:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1056:
1045:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1018:
1014:
1011:
1008:
1007:Artaxerxes IV
1005:
1004:
999:
996:
993:
990:
989:
985:
980:
977:
975:
974:Artaxerxes II
972:
971:
967:
964:
961:
958:
957:
953:
950:
948:(Secydianus)
947:
944:
943:
939:
936:
934:
931:
930:
925:
922:
920:
917:
916:
912:
908:
903:
900:
898:
895:
894:
889:
886:
883:
880:
879:
875:
872:
869:
866:
865:
861:
858:
856:
853:
852:
847:
844:
842:
841:
837:
836:
832:
829:
827:
824:
823:
819:
816:
814:
811:
810:
807:
802:
800:
794:
784:
782:
778:
773:
768:
764:
759:
757:
750:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
710:
709:in the east.
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
686:
680:
675:
665:
664:Ancient Greek
660:
650:
645:
640:
635:
631:
626:
617:
612:
610:
605:
603:
598:
597:
595:
594:
590:
589:
583:
582:
573:141 BC–AD 224
572:
569:
567:
564:
563:
558:
553:
552:
542:
539:
537:
534:
533:
529:
526:
524:
521:
520:
515:
510:
509:
499:
496:
494:
491:
490:
485:
480:
479:
469:
466:
464:
461:
460:
455:
450:
449:
439:
436:
432:
426:
418:
415:
414:
409:
404:
403:
390:
387:
385:
382:
381:
374:
371:
369:
366:
365:
358:
355:
353:
350:
349:
342:
339:
337:
334:
333:
326:
323:
321:
318:
317:
312:
307:
306:
293:
290:
288:
285:
284:
279:
274:
273:
260:
257:
255:
252:
251:
244:
241:
239:
236:
235:
230:
225:
224:
220:
215:
214:
211:
207:
203:
202:
192:
189:
187:
184:
183:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
154:
148:
145:
143:
140:
138:
135:
134:
132:
126:
123:
121:
120:King of Media
118:
116:
113:
111:
109:
104:
102:
101:King of Kings
99:
98:
96:
93:
89:
86:
83:
79:
76:(traditional)
75:
72:
68:
64:
60:
57:
54:
50:
46:
41:
36:
27:
22:
2315:
1756:Architecture
1618:
1606:
1589:
1581:
1577:
1572:
1563:
1554:
1545:
1536:
1527:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1506:
1497:
1489:
1486:
1482:
1477:
1468:
1460:
1455:
1447:
1442:
1433:
1424:
1412:. Retrieved
1408:
1399:
1391:
1386:
1377:
1369:
1368:Thucydides,
1364:
1356:
1351:
1346:, 241d-242a.
1343:
1338:
1329:
1320:
1311:
1302:
1293:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1272:
1263:
1254:
1244:
1231:
1219:. Retrieved
1215:
1206:
1194:. Retrieved
1190:
1181:
1173:
1168:
1158:
1151:
1141:
1134:
1122:. Retrieved
1118:the original
1113:
1104:
1092:
1043:330–329 BCE
1038:Artaxerxes V
1025:336–330 BCE
1012:338–336 BCE
997:358–338 BCE
983:
978:404–358 BCE
965:423–404 BCE
951:424–423 BCE
923:465–424 BCE
919:Artaxerxes I
901:486–465 BCE
887:522–486 BCE
859:530–522 BCE
845:559–530 BCE
839:
805:
796:
761:
752:
735:Hebrew Bible
716:
707:Indus Valley
703:Central Asia
685:Achaemenides
674:Achaimenidai
644:Haxāmanišyaʰ
629:
627:
625:
585:
492:
408:Neo-Assyrian
384:Dynasty of E
352:Bazi dynasty
204:Periods and
2326:Mithridatic
1871:Old Persian
1678:Family tree
1414:13 December
1221:13 November
1196:13 December
1172:Herodotus,
1040:("Bessus")
855:Cambyses II
769:, Persian "
669:Ἀχαιμενίδαι
634:Old Persian
514:Hellenistic
171:Dissolution
81:Final ruler
21:Alcmaeonids
2423:Categories
2346:Cappadocia
2340:Ariarathid
2316:Achaemenid
2277:Royal Road
2224:Pasargadae
1828:Harpy Tomb
1764:Persepolis
1510:Plutarch,
1490:Artaxerxes
1459:Xenophon,
1394:xii.4.4-6.
1156:Eusebius.
1124:5 February
1085:References
1021:Darius III
1009:("Arses")
994:("Ochus")
984:strategoi.
962:("Ochus")
826:Cambyses I
791:See also:
767:Achaemenes
727:Thucydides
721:, such as
659:Haxâmaneši
586:See also:
115:Great King
85:Darius III
74:Achaemenes
2321:Pharnacid
2309:Dynasties
2253:Satrapies
2219:Capitals
2187:Diplomacy
1886:Ganjnameh
1576:Curtius,
1522:, ix.2.7.
1461:Hellenica
1344:Menexenus
1249:i.95-122.
1159:Chronicle
960:Darius II
946:Sogdianus
933:Xerxes II
781:Hystaspes
772:Haxāmaniš
723:Herodotus
346:1025–1005
330:1157–1026
297:1594–1155
264:1732–1475
248:1894–1595
206:dynasties
159:Estate(s)
2354:Lygdamid
2290:Angarium
2231:Ecbatana
1683:Timeline
1448:Anabasis
1069:Teispids
1053:See also
937:424 BCE
897:Xerxes I
882:Darius I
873:522 BCE
840:Cyrus II
737:, other
731:Xenophon
705:and the
557:Parthian
429:Sargonid
427:and the
362:1004–985
2391:Related
2374:Armenia
2368:Orontid
2297:Angarum
2259:Armenia
2238:Babylon
1900:Warfare
1854:Culture
1784:Tachara
1770:Apadana
1671:History
1600:Sources
1487:Life of
1278:Persika
868:Bardiya
813:Cyrus I
787:Dynasty
777:Teispes
756:Perseus
713:Origins
654:هخامنشی
649:Persian
543:311–141
530:331–309
500:539–331
484:Persian
470:626–539
440:732–626
431:dynasty
425:dynasty
423:Adaside
394:978–732
378:984–979
278:Kassite
210:Babylon
174:330 BCE
70:Founder
65:705 BCE
62:Founded
2332:Pontus
1736:Danake
1492:, §24.
741:, and
729:, and
699:Thrace
91:Titles
56:Persis
2360:Caria
1743:Daric
695:Egypt
679:Latin
2245:Susa
1416:2023
1223:2020
1198:2023
1126:2020
697:and
628:The
540:XIII
388:VIII
1706:Art
913:).
570:XIV
527:XII
372:VII
291:III
208:of
2425::
1407:.
1214:.
1189:.
1112:.
725:,
681::
677:;
666::
662:;
651::
647:;
636::
497:XI
437:IX
392:c.
376:c.
360:c.
356:VI
344:c.
328:c.
324:IV
295:c.
262:c.
258:II
246:c.
219:BC
1649:e
1642:t
1635:v
1450:.
1418:.
1225:.
1200:.
1128:.
1099:.
909:(
758:.
749::
632:(
615:e
608:t
601:v
467:X
433:)
340:V
242:I
23:.
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