1042:, they have evolved alongside humans due to pressure from humans and the environment. This began by humans and wolves sharing the same area, with a pressure to coexist eventually leading to their domestication. Evolutionary pressure from humans led to many different breeds that paralleled the needs of the time, whether it was a need for protecting livestock or assisting in the hunt. Hunting and herding were a couple of the first reasons for humans artificially selecting for traits they deemed beneficial. This selective breeding does not stop there, but extends to humans selecting for certain traits deemed desirable in their domesticated dogs, such as size and color, even if they are not necessarily beneficial to the human in a tangible way. An unintended consequence of this selection is that domesticated dogs also tend to have
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pressure will survive and reproduce at a higher rate than those who are at a disadvantage. This occurs over many generations until the population as a whole is better adapted to the pressure. This is natural selection at work, but the pressure is coming from man-made activity such as building roads or hunting. This is seen in the below examples of cliff swallows and elk. However, not all human activity that causes an evolutionary pressure happens unintentionally. This is demonstrated in dog domestication and the subsequent
47:
723:. When a drug is used on a species of bacteria, those that cannot resist die and do not produce offspring, while those that survive potentially pass on the resistance gene to the next generation (vertical gene transmission). The resistance gene can also be passed on to one bacterium by another of a different species (horizontal gene transmission). Because of this, the drug resistance increases over generations. For example, in hospitals, environments are created where pathogens such as
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evolutionary biologists to understand the mechanisms of resistance in these pathogenic bacteria, especially considering the growing number of infected hospitalized patients. The evolved virulence factors pose a threat to patients in hospitals, who are immunocompromised from illness or antibiotic treatment. Virulence factors are the characteristics that the evolved bacteria have developed to increase pathogenicity. One of the virulence factors of
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In more heavily (human) populated and trafficked areas, reports have been increasing of rattlesnakes that do not rattle. This phenomenon is commonly attributed to selective pressure by humans, who often kill the snakes when they are discovered. Non-rattling snakes are more likely to go unnoticed, so
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found that to control the spread of CDIs glove use, hand hygiene, disposable thermometers and disinfection of the environment are necessary practices in health facilities. The virulence of this pathogen is remarkable and may take a radical change at sanitation approaches used in hospitals to control
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than less active animals. Female elk who survived past two years, would decrease their activity as each year passed, leaving more shy female elk that were more likely to survive. Female elk in a separate study also showed behavioral differences, with older females displaying the timid behavior that
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shows that the evolutionary arms race between pathogenic bacteria and humans is a constant battle for evolutionary advantages in outcompeting each other. The evolutionary arms race between the rapidly evolving virulence factors of the bacteria and the treatment practices of modern medicine requires
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have developed a resistance to antibiotics. Antibiotic resistance is made worse by the misuse of antibiotics. Antibiotic resistance is encouraged when antibiotics are used to treat non-bacterial diseases, and when antibiotics are not used for the prescribed amount of time or in the prescribed dose.
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changes in their wings after many years of living next to roads. Collecting data for over 30 years, researchers noticed a decline in wingspan of living swallow populations, while also noting a decrease in the number of cliff swallows killed by passing cars. Those cliff swallows that were killed by
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Human activity can lead to unintended changes in the environment. The human activity will have a possible negative effect on a certain population, causing many individuals from said population to die due to not being adapted to this new pressure. The individuals that are better adapted to this new
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that largely constitutes its resistance to antibiotics is its toxins: enterotoxin TcdA and cytotoxin TcdB. Toxins produce spores that are difficult to inactivate and remove from the environment. This is especially true in hospitals where an infected patient's room may contain spores for up to 20
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populations. These studies do not look at morphological differences, but behavioral differences. Faster and more mobile male elk were shown to be more likely to fall prey to hunters. The hunters create an environment where the more active animals are more likely to succumb to
1481:
Lindblad-Toh, Kerstin; members, Broad
Sequencing Platform; Wade, Claire M.; Mikkelsen, Tarjei S.; Karlsson, Elinor K.; Jaffe, David B.; Kamal, Michael; Clamp, Michele; Chang, Jean L. (December 2005).
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Antibiotic resistance may arise out of standing genetic variation in a population or de novo mutations in the population. Either pathway could lead to antibiotic resistance, which may be a form of
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passing cars showed a larger wingspan than the population as a whole. Confounding effects such as road usage, car size, and population size were shown to have no impact on the study.
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weeks. Combating the threat of the rapid spread of CDIs is therefore dependent on hospital sanitation practices removing spores from the environment. A study published in the
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In
England, rats in certain areas have developed such a strong resistance to rat poison that they can consume up to five times as much of it as normal rats without dying.
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318:
1122:"Increased expression and secretion of recombinant hIFNÎł through amino acid starvation-induced selective pressure on the adjacent HIS4 gene in Pichia pastoris"
749:, gram-positive bacteria species that inhabits the gut of mammals, exemplifies one type of bacteria that is a major cause of death by nosocomial infections.
1421:
Parker, Heidi G.; Dreger, Dayna L.; Rimbault, Maud; Davis, Brian W.; Mullen, Alexandra B.; Carpintero-Ramirez, Gretchen; Ostrander, Elaine A. (2017-04-25).
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Just as with the development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria, resistance to pesticides and herbicides has begun to appear with commonly used
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Sargan, David R. (2004-06-01). "IDID: Inherited
Diseases in Dogs: Web-based information for canine inherited disease genetics".
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Wang, Guo-dong; Zhai, Weiwei; Yang, He-chuan; Fan, Ruo-xi; Cao, Xue; Zhong, Li; Wang, Lu; Liu, Fei; Wu, Hong (2013-05-14).
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1423:"Genomic Analyses Reveal the Influence of Geographic Origin, Migration, and Hybridization on Modern Dog Breed Development"
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places an enormous selective pressure on the advantageous alleles of resistance passed down to future generations. The
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1682:"Learning from the mistakes of others: How female elk (Cervus elaphus) adjust behaviour with age to avoid hunters"
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Ciuti, Simone; Muhly, Tyler B.; Paton, Dale G.; McDevitt, Allan D.; Musiani, Marco; Boyce, Mark S. (2012-11-07).
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Ostrander, Elaine A; Galibert, Francis; Patterson, Donald F (2000-03-01). "Canine genetics comes of age".
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In the US, studies have shown that fruit flies that infest orange groves were becoming resistant to
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is a major health concern, because the condition grants some resistance to this infectious disease.
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1333:"The genomics of selection in dogs and the parallel evolution between dogs and humans"
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1483:"Genome sequence, comparative analysis and haplotype structure of the domestic dog"
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survive to reproduce offspring that, like themselves, are less likely to rattle.
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1220:"The Ecology of Fear: Optimal Foraging, Game Theory, and Trophic Interactions"
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can exert a selective pressure on human populations. This pressure has led to
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which is due to the transcriptional co-regulation of two adjacent genes in
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Any cause that reduces reproductive success in a proportion of a population
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in some places, a fact that contributed to a resurgence of the disease.
872: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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669:, but the formal concept is often extended to other areas of research.
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Terrier M. C. Z., Simonet M. L., Bichard P., Frossard J. L. (2014).
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Ali
Razaghi; Roger Huerlimann; Leigh Owens; Kirsten Heimann (2015).
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760:), one becomes more vulnerable to pathogens. The rapid evolution of
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1625:"Human selection of elk behavioural traits in a landscape of fear"
1592:"Rattlesnake danger grows as more serpents strike without warning"
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2042:
1629:
Proceedings of the Royal
Society of London B: Biological Sciences
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926:
825:
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Thurfjell, Henrik; Ciuti, Simone; Boyce, Mark S. (2017-06-14).
1166:—A continually evolving and problematic pathogen. Infections".
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1064: – Phrase to describe the mechanism of natural selection
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diseases depending on what specific breed they encompass.
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Brown, Joel S.; Laundré, John W.; Gurung, Mahesh (1999).
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infections: The importance of the intestinal microbiota"
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Evolutionary pressure imposed by humans is also seen in
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Brown, Charles R.; Bomberger Brown, Mary (2013-03-18).
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676:, selective pressure is usually expressed as a
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657:is exerted by factors that reduce or increase
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1159:Dawson L.F., Valiente E., Wren B.W. (2009). "
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1313:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1200:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
696:gene under amino acid selective pressure in
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888:Learn how and when to remove this message
3051:Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance
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949:In the southern United States, the weed
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832:Resistance to herbicides and pesticides
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1030:one would expect from this selection.
938:is no longer effective in controlling
661:in a portion of a population, driving
2814:Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion
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1058: – Expected reproductive success
977:Humans exerting evolutionary pressure
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870:adding citations to reliable sources
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780:American Journal of Gastroenterology
756:populations are disrupted (e.g., by
700:causes enhancement of expression of
1590:Jim Herron Zamora (June 24, 2011).
1543:"Where has all the road kill gone?"
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2219:Evolutionary developmental biology
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688:It has been shown that putting an
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1269:World Journal of Gastroenterology
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2876:Extended evolutionary synthesis
2065:Gene-centered view of evolution
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1602:from the original on 2010-06-10
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1129:European Pharmaceutical Journal
1102:from the original on 2019-10-30
989:
857:needs additional citations for
594:Evolutionary biology portal
3004:Hologenome theory of evolution
2871:History of molecular evolution
2097:Evolutionarily stable strategy
1986:Last universal common ancestor
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684:Amino acids selective pressure
553:Creation–evolution controversy
307:History of evolutionary theory
13:
1:
2798:Renaissance and Enlightenment
1397:10.1016/S0168-9525(99)01958-7
3009:Missing heritability problem
2636:Gamete differentiation/sexes
1707:10.1371/journal.pone.0178082
1439:10.1016/j.celrep.2017.03.079
1180:10.1016/j.meegid.2009.06.005
538:Evolution as fact and theory
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1596:The San Francisco Chronicle
1049:
1007:in Nebraska have displayed
787:Natural selection in humans
692:bio-synthesizing gene like
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2641:Life cycles/nuclear phases
2193:Trivers–Willard hypothesis
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1568:10.1016/j.cub.2013.02.023
915:In Hawaii and Japan, the
460:Evolutionary neuroscience
435:Evolutionary epistemology
415:Evolutionary anthropology
395:Applications of evolution
2992:Cultural group selection
2856:The eclipse of Darwinism
2828:On the Origin of Species
2803:Transmutation of species
1282:10.3748/wjg.v20.i23.7416
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450:Evolutionary linguistics
445:Evolutionary game theory
420:Evolutionary computation
2997:Dual inheritance theory
2836:History of paleontology
1142:10.1515/afpuc-2015-0031
1062:Survival of the fittest
563:Objections to evolution
470:Evolutionary psychology
465:Evolutionary physiology
410:Evolutionary aesthetics
389:Fields and applications
371:History of paleontology
2685:Punctuated equilibrium
2006:Non-adaptive radiation
1954:Evolutionary arms race
1641:10.1098/rspb.2012.1483
1168:Genetics and Evolution
1096:evolution.berkeley.edu
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922:Bacillus thuringiensis
902:agricultural chemicals
495:Speciation experiments
475:Experimental evolution
430:Evolutionary economics
252:Recent human evolution
110:Processes and outcomes
2977:Evolutionary medicine
2851:Mendelian inheritance
2559:Biological complexity
2547:Programmed cell death
2239:Phenotypic plasticity
1959:Evolutionary pressure
1949:Evidence of evolution
1847:Timeline of evolution
1337:Nature Communications
1263:Clostridium difficile
1040:domestication of dogs
836:Further information:
762:antibiotic resistance
746:Clostridium difficile
740:Nosocomial infections
712:Antibiotic resistance
678:selection coefficient
647:Evolutionary pressure
455:Evolutionary medicine
400:Biosocial criminology
366:History of speciation
279:Evolutionary taxonomy
242:Timeline of evolution
3100:Evolutionary biology
2951:Teleology in biology
2846:Blending inheritance
2224:Genetic assimilation
2087:Artificial selection
1826:Evolutionary biology
1224:Journal of Mammalogy
866:improve this article
838:Pesticide resistance
766:Red Queen hypothesis
667:evolutionary biology
659:reproductive success
425:Evolutionary ecology
39:Evolutionary biology
3014:Molecular evolution
2972:Ecological genetics
2841:Transitional fossil
2631:Sexual reproduction
2471:endomembrane system
2400:pollinator-mediated
2356:dolphins and whales
2134:Parental investment
1698:2017PLoSO..1278082T
1635:(1746): 4407–4416.
1559:2013CBio...23.R233B
1508:10.1038/nature04338
1499:2005Natur.438..803L
1349:2013NatCo...4.1860W
1092:"Natural selection"
822:sickle cell anaemia
734:evolutionary rescue
674:population genetics
527:Social implications
515:Universal Darwinism
505:Island biogeography
440:Evolutionary ethics
405:Ecological genetics
351:Molecular evolution
289:Transitional fossil
117:Population genetics
33:Part of a series on
2987:Cultural evolution
2102:Fisher's principle
2031:Handicap principle
2021:Parallel evolution
1885:Adaptive radiation
1385:Trends in Genetics
1358:10.1038/ncomms2814
1068:Conserved sequence
984:selective breeding
952:Amaranthus palmeri
655:selection pressure
651:selective pressure
558:Theistic evolution
490:Selective breeding
202:Parallel evolution
167:Adaptive radiation
18:Selective pressure
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2703:Uniformitarianism
2656:Sex-determination
2161:Sexual dimorphism
2156:Natural selection
2060:Unit of selection
2026:Signalling theory
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1034:Dog domestication
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335:Origin of Species
137:Natural selection
16:(Redirected from
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2188:Social selection
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2166:Sexual selection
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577:
528:
520:
519:
390:
382:
381:
380:
308:
300:
299:
298:
247:Human evolution
237:History of life
221:
220:Natural history
213:
212:
211:
111:
103:
58:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3113:
3103:
3102:
3085:
3084:
3082:
3081:
3071:
3060:
3057:
3056:
3054:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3032:
3031:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
3000:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2963:
2961:
2957:
2956:
2954:
2953:
2948:
2947:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2935:
2934:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2894:
2888:
2886:
2882:
2881:
2879:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2832:
2831:
2822:Charles Darwin
2819:
2818:
2817:
2805:
2800:
2794:
2792:
2786:
2785:
2783:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2760:Non-ecological
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2721:
2719:
2713:
2712:
2710:
2709:
2700:
2691:
2677:
2675:
2669:
2668:
2666:
2665:
2660:
2659:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2577:
2576:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2550:
2549:
2544:
2533:
2531:
2524:
2523:
2521:
2520:
2519:
2518:
2513:
2511:nervous system
2508:
2503:
2498:
2490:
2489:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2437:
2435:
2428:
2427:
2425:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2403:
2402:
2392:
2391:
2390:
2385:
2384:
2383:
2378:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2347:
2346:
2341:
2331:
2321:
2316:
2315:
2314:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2288:
2287:
2277:
2272:
2271:
2270:
2260:
2254:
2252:
2245:
2244:
2242:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2210:
2208:
2204:
2203:
2201:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2184:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2142:
2141:
2136:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2115:
2114:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2083:
2081:
2073:
2072:
2070:
2069:
2068:
2067:
2057:
2052:
2051:
2050:
2045:
2035:
2034:
2033:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2011:Origin of life
2008:
2003:
1998:
1996:Microevolution
1993:
1991:Macroevolution
1988:
1983:
1978:
1977:
1976:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1929:Common descent
1926:
1925:
1924:
1914:
1909:
1907:Baldwin effect
1904:
1903:
1902:
1897:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1871:
1869:
1863:
1862:
1860:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1833:
1830:
1829:
1822:
1821:
1814:
1807:
1799:
1791:
1790:
1755:(6): 503–506.
1739:
1672:
1612:
1582:
1530:
1470:
1433:(4): 697–708.
1410:
1391:(3): 117–124.
1372:
1320:
1251:
1230:(2): 385–399.
1207:
1148:
1112:
1079:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1072:
1071:
1065:
1059:
1051:
1048:
1035:
1032:
1017:
1014:
1005:cliff swallows
1000:
999:Cliff swallows
997:
991:
988:
978:
975:
974:
973:
969:Fucus radicans
960:
947:
942:that transmit
933:
930:
913:
896:
895:
854:
852:
845:
833:
830:
788:
785:
741:
738:
713:
710:
702:adjacent genes
685:
682:
642:
641:
639:
638:
631:
624:
616:
613:
612:
611:
610:
597:
580:
579:
576:
575:
570:
565:
560:
555:
550:
548:Social effects
545:
540:
535:
529:
526:
525:
522:
521:
518:
517:
512:
507:
502:
497:
492:
487:
482:
477:
472:
467:
462:
457:
452:
447:
442:
437:
432:
427:
422:
417:
412:
407:
402:
397:
391:
388:
387:
384:
383:
379:
378:
368:
363:
358:
353:
348:
343:
338:
331:
326:
321:
316:
310:
309:
306:
305:
302:
301:
297:
296:
291:
286:
281:
276:
274:Classification
271:
266:
261:
256:
255:
254:
244:
239:
234:
232:Common descent
229:
227:Origin of life
223:
222:
219:
218:
215:
214:
210:
209:
204:
199:
194:
189:
184:
179:
174:
169:
164:
159:
154:
149:
144:
139:
134:
129:
124:
119:
113:
112:
109:
108:
105:
104:
102:
101:
96:
91:
85:
84:
79:
74:
69:
63:
60:
59:
50:
42:
41:
35:
34:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3112:
3101:
3098:
3097:
3095:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3070:
3062:
3061:
3058:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3030:
3027:
3026:
3025:
3024:Phylogenetics
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2984:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2964:
2962:
2958:
2952:
2949:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2933:
2930:
2929:
2928:
2927:Structuralism
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2902:Catastrophism
2900:
2899:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2889:
2887:
2883:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2861:Neo-Darwinism
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2830:
2829:
2825:
2824:
2823:
2820:
2816:
2815:
2811:
2810:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2795:
2793:
2791:
2787:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2775:Reinforcement
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2722:
2720:
2718:
2714:
2708:
2707:Catastrophism
2704:
2701:
2699:
2698:Macromutation
2695:
2694:Micromutation
2692:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2679:
2678:
2676:
2674:
2670:
2664:
2661:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2633:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2601:Immune system
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2575:
2572:
2571:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2539:
2538:
2535:
2534:
2532:
2530:
2525:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2493:
2491:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2461:symbiogenesis
2459:
2458:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2438:
2436:
2434:
2429:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2401:
2398:
2397:
2396:
2393:
2389:
2386:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2373:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2336:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2326:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2313:
2310:
2309:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2286:
2283:
2282:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2269:
2266:
2265:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2255:
2253:
2251:
2246:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2211:
2209:
2205:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2168:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2131:
2130:
2129:Kin selection
2127:
2125:
2124:Genetic drift
2122:
2120:
2117:
2113:
2110:
2109:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2084:
2082:
2080:
2074:
2066:
2063:
2062:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2040:
2039:
2036:
2032:
2029:
2028:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1975:
1972:
1971:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1923:
1920:
1919:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1892:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1872:
1870:
1868:
1864:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1834:
1831:
1827:
1820:
1815:
1813:
1808:
1806:
1801:
1800:
1797:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1743:
1735:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1676:
1668:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1619:
1617:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1586:
1578:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1537:
1535:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1477:
1475:
1466:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1417:
1415:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1379:
1377:
1368:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1327:
1325:
1316:
1310:
1302:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1264:
1255:
1247:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1214:
1212:
1203:
1197:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1162:
1155:
1153:
1143:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1123:
1116:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1087:
1085:
1080:
1069:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1057:
1054:
1053:
1047:
1045:
1041:
1031:
1028:
1023:
1013:
1010:
1009:morphological
1006:
996:
987:
985:
971:
970:
965:
961:
958:
954:
953:
948:
945:
941:
937:
934:
931:
928:
924:
923:
918:
914:
911:
907:
906:
905:
903:
892:
889:
881:
871:
867:
861:
860:
855:This section
853:
849:
844:
843:
839:
829:
827:
823:
819:
815:
812:
809:
806:
803:carrying the
802:
798:
794:
784:
781:
776:
772:
767:
763:
759:
755:
750:
748:
747:
737:
735:
730:
726:
722:
718:
709:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
681:
679:
675:
670:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
637:
632:
630:
625:
623:
618:
617:
615:
614:
608:
598:
595:
590:
584:
583:
582:
581:
574:
571:
569:
566:
564:
561:
559:
556:
554:
551:
549:
546:
544:
541:
539:
536:
534:
531:
530:
524:
523:
516:
513:
511:
508:
506:
503:
501:
498:
496:
493:
491:
488:
486:
483:
481:
480:Phylogenetics
478:
476:
473:
471:
468:
466:
463:
461:
458:
456:
453:
451:
448:
446:
443:
441:
438:
436:
433:
431:
428:
426:
423:
421:
418:
416:
413:
411:
408:
406:
403:
401:
398:
396:
393:
392:
386:
385:
376:
372:
369:
367:
364:
362:
359:
357:
354:
352:
349:
347:
344:
342:
339:
337:
336:
332:
330:
327:
325:
324:Before Darwin
322:
320:
317:
315:
312:
311:
304:
303:
295:
292:
290:
287:
285:
282:
280:
277:
275:
272:
270:
267:
265:
262:
260:
257:
253:
250:
249:
248:
245:
243:
240:
238:
235:
233:
230:
228:
225:
224:
217:
216:
208:
205:
203:
200:
198:
195:
193:
190:
188:
185:
183:
180:
178:
175:
173:
170:
168:
165:
163:
160:
158:
155:
153:
152:Genetic drift
150:
148:
145:
143:
140:
138:
135:
133:
130:
128:
125:
123:
120:
118:
115:
114:
107:
106:
100:
97:
95:
92:
90:
87:
86:
83:
80:
78:
75:
73:
70:
68:
65:
64:
62:
61:
57:
53:
48:
44:
43:
40:
37:
36:
32:
31:
19:
3036:Polymorphism
3019:Astrobiology
2967:Biogeography
2922:Saltationism
2912:Orthogenesis
2897:Alternatives
2826:
2812:
2745:Cospeciation
2740:Cladogenesis
2689:Saltationism
2646:Mating types
2569:Color vision
2554:Avian flight
2476:mitochondria
2214:Canalisation
2092:Biodiversity
1958:
1837:Introduction
1752:
1748:
1742:
1689:
1685:
1675:
1632:
1628:
1604:. Retrieved
1595:
1585:
1550:
1546:
1490:
1486:
1430:
1427:Cell Reports
1426:
1388:
1384:
1340:
1336:
1309:cite journal
1272:
1268:
1262:
1254:
1227:
1223:
1196:cite journal
1171:
1167:
1163:
1160:
1135:(2): 43–50.
1132:
1128:
1115:
1104:. Retrieved
1095:
1037:
1019:
1002:
993:
990:Rattlesnakes
980:
967:
950:
920:
899:
884:
875:
864:Please help
859:verification
856:
801:erythrocytes
790:
779:
774:
770:
751:
744:
743:
728:
724:
715:
693:
687:
671:
654:
650:
646:
645:
500:Sociobiology
485:Paleontology
333:
269:Biogeography
264:Biodiversity
182:Coextinction
172:Co-operation
147:Polymorphism
72:Introduction
3046:Systematics
2917:Mutationism
2735:Catagenesis
2663:Snake venom
2596:Eusociality
2574:in primates
2564:Cooperation
2492:In animals
2312:butterflies
2285:Cephalopods
2275:Brachiopods
2207:Development
2181:Mate choice
1934:Convergence
1917:Coevolution
1875:Abiogenesis
1261:"Recurrent
1161:Clostridium
820:S)—causing
805:sickle cell
758:antibiotics
510:Systematics
319:Renaissance
197:Convergence
187:Contingency
177:Coevolution
2907:Lamarckism
2885:Philosophy
2808:David Hume
2770:Peripatric
2765:Parapatric
2750:Ecological
2730:Anagenesis
2725:Allopatric
2717:Speciation
2681:Gradualism
2606:Metabolism
2466:chromosome
2456:Eukaryotes
2234:Modularity
2151:Population
2077:Population
2038:Speciation
2016:Panspermia
1969:Extinction
1964:Exaptation
1939:Divergence
1912:Cladistics
1900:Reciprocal
1880:Adaptation
1606:2019-05-04
1106:2017-11-29
1038:Since the
964:Baltic Sea
957:glyphosate
940:mosquitoes
808:hemoglobin
690:amino acid
284:Cladistics
207:Extinction
192:Divergence
162:Speciation
142:Adaptation
56:John Gould
3041:Protocell
2892:Darwinism
2780:Sympatric
2529:processes
2417:Tetrapods
2366:Kangaroos
2292:Dinosaurs
2229:Inversion
2198:Variation
2119:Gene flow
2112:Inclusive
1922:Mutualism
1867:Evolution
1769:0938-8990
1716:1932-6203
1649:0962-8452
1517:1476-4687
1447:2211-1247
1164:difficile
1044:heritable
1027:predation
910:malathion
878:July 2016
775:difficile
754:gut flora
729:difficile
706:Eukaryota
543:Dysgenics
259:Phylogeny
157:Gene flow
127:Diversity
122:Variation
3094:Category
3069:Category
2944:Vitalism
2939:Theistic
2932:Spandrel
2616:Morality
2611:Monogamy
2486:plastids
2451:Flagella
2407:Reptiles
2388:sea cows
2371:primates
2280:Molluscs
2258:Bacteria
2146:Mutation
2079:genetics
2055:Taxonomy
2001:Mismatch
1981:Homology
1895:Cheating
1890:Altruism
1785:19306779
1777:15181542
1734:28614406
1686:PLOS ONE
1667:22951744
1600:Archived
1577:23518051
1525:16341006
1465:28445722
1405:10689352
1367:23673645
1343:: 1860.
1301:24966611
1188:19539054
1100:Archived
1050:See also
814:mutation
607:Category
533:Eugenics
375:timeline
356:Evo-devo
314:Overview
132:Mutation
94:Evidence
89:Glossary
2960:Related
2790:History
2651:Meiosis
2586:Empathy
2581:Emotion
2481:nucleus
2422:Viruses
2412:Spiders
2324:Mammals
2307:Insects
2107:Fitness
2043:Species
1842:Outline
1725:5470680
1694:Bibcode
1658:3479801
1555:Bibcode
1495:Bibcode
1456:5492993
1345:Bibcode
1292:4064086
1246:1383287
962:In the
944:malaria
927:Bt corn
826:malaria
99:History
82:Outline
3079:Portal
2755:Hybrid
2591:Ethics
2433:organs
2395:Plants
2381:lemurs
2376:humans
2361:horses
2351:hyenas
2339:wolves
2334:canids
2268:origin
1783:
1775:
1767:
1732:
1722:
1714:
1665:
1655:
1647:
1575:
1523:
1515:
1487:Nature
1463:
1453:
1445:
1403:
1365:
1299:
1289:
1244:
1186:
605:
329:Darwin
2542:Death
2537:Aging
2516:brain
2302:Fungi
2263:Birds
2176:Fungi
1974:Event
1857:Index
1781:S2CID
1242:JSTOR
1125:(PDF)
1075:Notes
698:yeast
67:Index
3029:Tree
2501:hair
2441:Cell
2344:dogs
2329:cats
2319:Life
2297:Fish
2250:taxa
1773:PMID
1765:ISSN
1730:PMID
1712:ISSN
1663:PMID
1645:ISSN
1573:PMID
1521:PMID
1513:ISSN
1461:PMID
1443:ISSN
1401:PMID
1363:PMID
1315:link
1297:PMID
1202:link
1184:PMID
811:gene
799:for
791:The
694:HIS4
77:Main
2527:Of
2496:eye
2446:DNA
2431:Of
2248:Of
1757:doi
1720:PMC
1702:doi
1653:PMC
1637:doi
1633:279
1563:doi
1503:doi
1491:438
1451:PMC
1435:doi
1393:doi
1353:doi
1287:PMC
1277:doi
1232:doi
1176:doi
1137:doi
1022:elk
1016:Elk
936:DDT
868:by
672:In
653:or
54:by
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