426:(NFAS) became possible. NFAS is signaling that is not directly associated with the path that a conversation will traverse and may concern other information located at a centralized database such as service subscription, feature activation, and service logic. This makes possible a set of network-based services that do not rely upon the call being routed to a particular subscription switch at which service logic would be executed, but permits service logic to be distributed throughout the telephone network and executed more expediently at originating switches far in advance of call routing. It also permits the subscriber increased mobility due to the decoupling of service logic from the subscription switch. Another ISUP characteristic SS7 with NFAS enables is the exchange of signaling information during the middle of a call.
759:
the
Network Service Part (NSP). SCCP completes the functions of the OSI network layer: end-to-end addressing and routing, connectionless messages (UDTs), and management services for users of the Network Service Part (NSP). Telephone User Part (TUP) is a link-by-link signaling system used to connect calls. ISUP is the key user part, providing a circuit-based protocol to establish, maintain, and end the connections for calls. Transaction Capabilities Application Part (TCAP) is used to create database queries and invoke advanced network functionality, or links to Intelligent Network Application Part (INAP) for intelligent networks, or Mobile Application Part (MAP) for mobile services.
3024:
935:
356:), these earlier methods cannot communicate much signaling information. Usually only the dialed digits are signaled during call setup. For charged calls, dialed digits and charge number digits are outpulsed. SS7, being a high-speed and high-performance packet-based communications protocol, can communicate significant amounts of information when setting up a call, during the call, and at the end of the call. This permits rich call-related services to be developed. Some of the first such services were call management related,
548:(HSL) in contrast to the low speed (56 and 64 kbit/s) links. High-speed links are specified in ITU-T Recommendation Q.703 for the 1.5 Mbit/s and 2.0 Mbit/s rates, and ANSI Standard T1.111.3 for the 1.536 Mbit/s rate. There are differences between the specifications for the 1.5 Mbit/s rate. High-speed links utilize the entire bandwidth of a T1 (1.536 Mbit/s) or E1 (1.984 Mbit/s) transmission facility for the transport of SS7 signaling messages.
2864:
2874:
2853:
2884:
875:
on compromised computers, allowing them to collect online banking account credentials and telephone numbers. They set up redirects for the victims' telephone numbers to telephone lines controlled by them. Confirmation calls and SMS text messages of two-factor authentication procedures were routed to
837:
from virtually anywhere in the world with a success rate of approximately 70%. In addition, eavesdropping is possible by using the protocol to forward calls and also facilitate decryption by requesting that each caller's carrier release a temporary encryption key to unlock the communication after it
1677:
Data reviewed by the Bureau shows that a series of signals designed to reveal phone location were sent to a US-registered mobile belonging to the yacht's skipper, Hervé Jaubert, the day before commandos stormed the yacht and seized the princess. The effort appears to have been part of a huge bid by
758:
The
Message Transfer Part (MTP) covers a portion of the functions of the OSI network layer including: network interface, information transfer, message handling and routing to the higher levels. Signaling Connection Control Part (SCCP) is at functional Level 4. Together with MTP Level 3 it is called
269:
Another element of in-band signaling addressed by SS7 is network efficiency. With in-band signaling, the voice channel is used during call setup which makes it unavailable for actual traffic. For long-distance calls, the talk path may traverse several nodes which reduces usable node capacity. With
278:(SS6). In its 1980 Yellow Book Q.7XX-series recommendations ITU-T defined the Signalling System No. 7 as an international standard. SS7 replaced SS6 with its restricted 28-bit signal unit that was both limited in function and not amendable to digital systems. SS7 also replaced
258:, which can replicate the tones used by the network for call control and routing. As a remedy, SS6 and SS7 implements out-of-band signaling, carried in a separate signaling channel, thus keeping the call control and speech paths separate. SS6 and SS7 are referred to as
469:
through the Public
Switched Telephone Network following the same path as the associated facilities that carry the telephone call. This mode is more economical for small networks. The associated mode of signaling is not the predominant choice of modes in North America.
493:
SS7 separates signaling from the voice circuits. An SS7 network must be made up of SS7-capable equipment from end to end in order to provide its full functionality. The network can be made up of several link types (A, B, C, D, E, and F) and three signaling nodes –
1606:
1576:
407:(PSTN) calls was adopted in North America. ISUP was later used in Europe when the European networks upgraded to the ISDN. As of 2020 North America has not accomplished full upgrade to the ISDN, and the predominant telephone service is still
273:
Since 1975, CCS protocols have been developed by major telephone companies and the
International Telecommunication Union Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T); in 1977 the ITU-T defined the first international CCS protocol as
345:, in which the path and facility used by the signaling is separate and distinct from the signaling without first seizing a voice channel, leading to significant savings and performance increases in both signaling and channel usage.
1375:
812:
The Direct
Transfer Application Part (DTAP) is used for transfer of those messages which need to travel directly to mobile equipment from MSC bypassing any interpretation by BSS. These messages are generally pertaining to
305:) and Signaling Connection Control Part (SCCP) (SUA). While running on a transport based upon IP, the SIGTRAN protocols are not an SS7 variant, but simply transport existing national and international variants of SS7.
429:
SS7 also enables Non-Call-Associated
Signaling, which is signaling not directly related to establishing a telephone call. This includes the exchange of registration information used between a mobile telephone and a
529:
facility. One or more signaling links can be connected to the same two endpoints that together form a signaling link set. Signaling links are added to link sets to increase the signaling capacity of the link set.
1678:
the
Emiratis – mobilising boats, a surveillance plane and electronic means – to track down the fleeing princess. Signals were sent via mobile networks in Jersey, Guernsey, Cameroon, Israel, Laos and the USA.
1664:
270:
SS7, the connection is not established between the end points until all nodes on the path confirm availability. If the far end is busy, the caller gets a busy signal without consuming a voice channel.
1454:
1403:
1614:
1584:
537:. In North America, SS7 links are normally indirectly connected between switching exchanges using an intervening network of STPs (Signalling Transfer Points). This indirect connection is called
739:(TCAP) is the primary SCCP User in the Core Network, using SCCP in connectionless mode. SCCP in connection oriented mode provides transport layer for air interface protocols such as BSSAP and
320:
associated with the setup and release of a telephone call on a telecommunications circuit. Examples of control information are the digits dialed by the caller and the caller's billing number.
1010:
Kaskey, B.; Colson, J. S.; Mills, R. F.; Myers, F. H.; Raleigh, J. T.; Schweizer, A. F.; Tauson, R. A. (February 1978). "Common
Channel Interoffice Signaling: Technology and Hardware".
579:
423:
509:
The links between nodes are full-duplex 56, 64, 1,536, or 1,984 kbit/s graded communications channels. In Europe they are usually one (64 kbit/s) or all (1,984 kbit/s)
506:(SCPs). Each node is identified on the network by a number, a signaling point code. Extended services are provided by a database interface at the SCP level using the SS7 network.
485:. This mode is more economical for large networks with lightly loaded signaling links. The quasi-associated mode of signaling is the predominant choice of modes in North America.
1509:
301:
protocols which translate the common channel signaling paradigm to the IP Message
Transfer Part (MTP) level 2 (M2UA and M2PA), Message Transfer Part (MTP) level 3 (
450:
Apart from signaling with these various degrees of association with call set-up and the facilities used to carry calls, SS7 is designed to operate in two modes:
1660:
891:. The nature of SS7 normally being used between consenting network operators on dedicated links means that any bad actor's traffic can be traced to its source.
1447:
2128:
805:
The BSS Mobile
Application Part (BSSMAP) supports procedures to facilitate communication between the MSC and the BSS pertaining to resource management and
983:
Cieslak, T. J.; Croxall, L. M.; Roberts, J. B.; Saad, M. W.; Scanlon, J. M. (September 1977). "No.4 ESS: Software Organization and Basic Call Handling".
544:
SS7 links at higher signaling capacity (1.536 and 1.984 Mbit/s, simply referred to as the 1.5 Mbit/s and 2.0 Mbit/s rates) are called
912:
3047:
163:
1690:
1056:
1340:
2836:
2808:
2803:
1828:
1530:
391:
The earliest deployed upper-layer protocols in the SS7 suite were dedicated to the setup, maintenance, and release of telephone calls. The
431:
173:
SS7 has been shown to have several security vulnerabilities, allowing location tracking of callers, interception of voice data, intercept
1434:
1491:
1322:
876:
telephone numbers controlled by the attackers. This enabled them to log into victims' online bank accounts and effect money transfers.
154:
and No. 4A crossbar toll offices. The SS7 protocol is defined for international use by the Q.700-series recommendations of 1988 by the
923:
had been used "numerous attempts" to acquire location data, voice and text messages, deliver spyware, and influence voters in the US.
736:
621:
1505:
856:
The security vulnerabilities of SS7 have been highlighted in U.S. governmental bodies, for example when in April 2016 Congressman
533:
In Europe, SS7 links normally are directly connected between switching exchanges using F-links. This direct connection is called
723:(SCCP) of the SS7 protocol (together referred to as the Network Service Part (NSP)); for circuit related signaling, such as the
541:, which reduces the number of SS7 links necessary to interconnect all switching exchanges and SCPs in an SS7 signaling network.
2830:
571:
567:
167:
2825:
2815:
2795:
2597:
1773:
1270:
1175:
422:
Because SS7 signaling does not require seizure of a channel for a conversation prior to the exchange of control information,
335:
159:
17:
735:(ISUP), the User Part provides layer 7. Currently there are no protocol components that provide OSI layers 4 through 6. The
905:
555:
193:
1962:
411:. Due to its richness and the need for an out-of-band channel for its operation, SS7 is mostly used for signaling between
2990:
2887:
2820:
2666:
694:
396:
2592:
901:
791:
720:
646:
2920:
2686:
1754:
1735:
1102:
916:
787:
404:
132:
2471:
2019:
1821:
1284:
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one signalling connection is used by BSSAP having at least one active transactions for the transfer of messages.
2582:
1124:
381:
294:
181:
3052:
2929:
2577:
313:
2602:
254:. Since the bearer channels are directly accessible by users, they can be exploited with devices such as the
128:
2877:
2638:
2535:
2078:
1873:
1845:
324:
317:
1323:"3GPP TS 48.008, Mobile Switching Centre - Base Station System (MSC-BSS) interface; Layer 3 specification"
3057:
2867:
2374:
1814:
416:
408:
174:
867:, a German mobile service provider, confirmed that the SS7 vulnerabilities had been exploited to bypass
3072:
3067:
2726:
2648:
2587:
2294:
1551:
830:
In 2008, several SS7 vulnerabilities were published that permitted the tracking of mobile phone users.
188:
protocol suite that implements levels 2, 3, and 4 protocols compatible with SS7. Sometimes also called
1471:
2995:
2498:
2459:
2304:
2204:
2133:
2066:
1893:
868:
728:
283:
247:
158:. Of the many national variants of the SS7 protocols, most are based on variants standardized by the
2970:
2857:
2099:
2034:
1987:
1947:
879:
In March 2018, a method was published for the detection of the vulnerabilities, through the use of
872:
439:
342:
259:
136:
3005:
2696:
2681:
2525:
2476:
2399:
2299:
1977:
1863:
1858:
1336:
775:
744:
687:
612:
495:
481:
to the terminating switch, following a path through a separate SS7 signaling network composed of
1531:"US congressman calls for investigation into vulnerability that lets hackers spy on every phone"
3000:
2618:
2404:
2219:
2164:
2159:
1972:
1937:
963:
958:
779:
752:
724:
625:
279:
275:
239:
323:
When signaling is performed on the same circuit as the conversation of the call, it is termed
2913:
2520:
2324:
2289:
2209:
2189:
2111:
1999:
1920:
783:
716:
670:
658:
642:
503:
499:
482:
140:
1853:
864:
521:
facility; in North America one (56 or 64 kbit/s) or all (1,536 kbit/s) timeslots (
2434:
2394:
2364:
2121:
2056:
1878:
1607:"Analysis of attacks/vulnerabilities SS7/Sigtran using Wireshark (and/or tshark) and Snort"
1577:"Análisis de ataques/vulnerabilidades SS7/Sigtran empleando Wireshark (y/o tshark) y Snort"
1138:
880:
353:
8:
2444:
2384:
2143:
2105:
1903:
1888:
1408:
1380:
920:
834:
814:
435:
392:
124:
3062:
2671:
2628:
2559:
2429:
2359:
2334:
2269:
2116:
1837:
1023:
996:
680:
478:
466:
412:
385:
348:
Because of the mechanisms in use by signaling methods prior to SS7 (battery reversal,
3028:
2711:
2633:
2547:
2530:
2493:
2339:
2169:
2138:
2004:
1898:
1769:
1750:
1731:
1698:
1430:
1376:"For sale: Systems that can secretly track where cellphone users go around the globe"
1171:
1098:
1064:
940:
603:
559:
243:
197:
166:(ETSI). National variants with striking characteristics are the Chinese and Japanese
2379:
1404:"German researchers discover a flaw that could let anyone listen to your cell calls"
2906:
2716:
2676:
2656:
2623:
2552:
2510:
2424:
2279:
2264:
2239:
2214:
2174:
2024:
1883:
1868:
1308:
1262:
1245:
1205:
1191:
1128:
1042:
1019:
992:
953:
888:
871:
to achieve unauthorized withdrawals from bank accounts. The perpetrators installed
2965:
2898:
2344:
2199:
1967:
1942:
1930:
853:, became unstable due to "unusual SS7 signaling from another European operator".
818:
653:
545:
369:
357:
349:
328:
1141:
1118:
833:
In 2014, the media reported a protocol vulnerability of SS7 by which anyone can
146:
The protocol was introduced in the Bell System in the United States by the name
2542:
2414:
2389:
2349:
2319:
2194:
2029:
1982:
1957:
1915:
1506:"SS7 signalering – Et ondsinnet angrep mot Telenor ville hatt samme konsekvens"
849:
In February 2016, 30% of the network of the largest mobile operator in Norway,
795:
782:(BSS) to communicate with each other using signaling messages supported by the
732:
708:
665:
629:
400:
377:
212:
1787:
1346:
743:. TCAP provides transaction capabilities to its Users (TC-Users), such as the
715:
of a packetized digital protocol stack. OSI layers 1 to 3 are provided by the
3041:
2975:
2691:
2464:
2454:
2369:
2259:
2254:
2244:
2229:
2051:
1910:
1702:
1068:
904:
revealed that the SS7 protocol was exploited in an attempt to locate Sheikha
637:
1640:
Full Research on SS7/Sigtran Attack Vector, Exploits and Preventive Measures
2960:
2950:
2569:
2409:
2354:
2284:
2249:
2184:
2083:
2073:
1925:
1783:
1535:
896:
843:
365:
287:
434:
database, which tracks the location of the mobile. Other examples include
2955:
2769:
2419:
2329:
2314:
2274:
2234:
2093:
1476:
151:
2985:
2774:
2481:
2179:
2088:
2044:
2014:
1992:
1635:
1552:"Real-World SS7 Attack — Hackers Are Stealing Money From Bank Accounts"
361:
1661:"Spy companies using Channel Islands to track phones around the world"
250:
tones transmitted on the telephone line audio channels, also known as
108:
2940:
2759:
2224:
2039:
1806:
1728:
Signaling System No. 7 (SS7/C7): Protocol, Architecture, and Services
1133:
948:
884:
712:
526:
518:
373:
98:
1095:
The Digital Network Introduction to Digital Communications Switching
842:
can warn when certain SS7 attacks occur against a phone, and detect
246:, in which the call-setup information is sent by generating special
2980:
2945:
2754:
2744:
2661:
2486:
2309:
857:
806:
510:
255:
201:
2749:
2734:
1952:
1799:
1285:"Understanding the Sigtran Protocol Suite: A Tutorial | EE Times"
850:
563:
551:
298:
185:
1636:"Definitive guide to SS7/Sigtran Attack and Preventive Measures"
2779:
2739:
2061:
1265:
Additions for a national option for high speed signaling links
2764:
2701:
2009:
1749:(1st ed.). Indianapolis: Howard W. Sams & Co., Inc.
740:
616:
332:
155:
72:
127:
protocols developed in the 1970s that is used to set up and
2706:
1097:(1 ed.). Indianapolis: Howard W. Sams & Co., Inc.
748:
608:
575:
522:
302:
982:
514:
1581:
MetodologĂa de detecciĂłn de vulnerabilidades SS7/Sigtran
135:(PSTN). The protocol also performs number translation,
1009:
177:
keys, and possibly the delivery of spyware to phones.
1508:(in Norwegian). digi.no / Teknisk Ukeblad Media AS.
930:
825:
1691:"It is dangerously easy to hack the world's phones"
1057:"It is dangerously easy to hack the world's phones"
846:that allow call interception and other activities.
207:In North America, SS7 is also often referred to as
2928:
415:and not for signaling between local exchanges and
860:called for an oversight committee investigation.
3039:
1747:Introduction to Digital Communications Switching
1745:Ronayne, John P. (1986). "The Digital Network".
913:Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency
477:, SS7 signaling progresses from the originating
1611:Vulnerability detection methodology SS7/Sigtran
1092:
290:variants are still used in numerous countries.
164:European Telecommunications Standards Institute
1725:
1494:(in Norwegian). Telenor ASA. 21 February 2016.
1232:
1219:
1120:Framework Architecture for Signaling Transport
2914:
1822:
1653:
908:on 3 March 2018, a day before her abduction.
688:
327:(CAS). This is the case for analogue trunks,
1604:
1574:
1445:
131:telephone calls on most parts of the global
2837:Global telecommunications regulation bodies
1246:"ITU-T Recommendation Q.700, section 2.2.3"
1192:"ITU-T Recommendation Q.700, section 3.2.1"
2921:
2907:
2873:
1829:
1815:
1782:
1492:"Feilen i mobilnettet er funnet og rettet"
1356:. 25th Chaos Communication Congress (25C3)
911:In 2024, Kevin Briggs, an official at the
695:
681:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1153:
1151:
1132:
1088:
1086:
1084:
835:track the movements of mobile phone users
737:Transaction Capabilities Application Part
1257:
1255:
227:(CCIS7). In Germany, it is often called
150:in the 1970s for signalling between No.
1768:(4th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
1763:
1744:
1401:
1373:
1309:"ITU-T Recommendation Q.711, section 1"
1165:
801:BSSAP provides two kinds of functions:
14:
3048:Computer-related introductions in 1984
3040:
1836:
1549:
1263:"ITU-T Recommendation Q.703, Annex A,
1148:
1111:
1081:
1037:
1035:
1033:
225:Common Channel Interoffice Signaling 7
196:(SCTP) transport mechanism for use on
168:Telecommunication Technology Committee
2902:
1810:
1789:Exposing The Flaw In Our Phone System
1667:from the original on 19 December 2020
1583:(in European Spanish). Archived from
1344:
1271:International Telecommunication Union
1252:
1170:(4 ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
838:has been recorded. The software tool
585:
160:American National Standards Institute
2883:
1726:Dryburgh, Lee; Hewitt, Jeff (2004).
906:Latifa bint Mohammed Al Maktoum (II)
749:Intelligent Network Application Part
395:(TUP) was adopted in Europe and the
358:call forwarding (busy and no answer)
264:Common Channel Interoffice Signaling
194:Stream Control Transmission Protocol
148:Common Channel Interoffice Signaling
27:Set of telephony signaling protocols
1402:Timburg, Craig (18 December 2014).
1030:
774:) is a protocol in SS7 used by the
488:
397:Integrated Services Digital Network
229:Zentraler Zeichengabekanal Nummer 7
109:https://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-Q.700
24:
1719:
1347:"Locating Mobile Phones using SS7"
1024:10.1002/j.1538-7305.1978.tb02093.x
997:10.1002/j.1538-7305.1977.tb00558.x
902:Bureau of Investigative Journalism
721:Signalling Connection Control Part
445:
25:
3084:
1374:Timburg, Craig (24 August 2014).
826:Protocol security vulnerabilities
424:non-facility associated signaling
405:public switched telephone network
209:Common Channel Signaling System 7
133:public switched telephone network
3022:
2882:
2872:
2863:
2862:
2851:
2472:Free-space optical communication
1460:from the original on 2014-12-31.
1453:. Chaos Communication Congress.
933:
465:, SS7 signaling progresses from
350:multi-frequency digit outpulsing
331:(MF) and R2 digital trunks, and
316:in telephony is the exchange of
308:
1683:
1628:
1598:
1568:
1543:
1523:
1512:from the original on 2022-09-26
1498:
1484:
1464:
1439:
1423:
1395:
1367:
1329:
1315:
1301:
1277:
1238:
1225:
1212:
711:may be partially mapped to the
382:malicious caller identification
374:calling name and number display
295:Internet Engineering Task Force
182:Internet Engineering Task Force
2930:Signaling (telecommunications)
1198:
1184:
1049:
1003:
976:
919:that hacks related to SS7 and
13:
1:
1730:. Indianapolis: Cisco Press.
1605:Corletti Estrada, Alejandro.
1575:Corletti Estrada, Alejandro.
1012:Bell System Technical Journal
985:Bell System Technical Journal
969:
2858:Telecommunication portal
2639:Telecommunications equipment
1345:Engel, Tobias (2008-12-27).
1206:"ITU-T Recommendation Q.700"
1043:"ITU-T Recommendation Q.700"
883:monitoring software such as
788:connection-oriented services
325:channel-associated signaling
7:
2375:Alexander Stepanovich Popov
1446:Karsten Nohl (2014-12-27).
1433:Android mobile phones with
1248:. 1993-03-01. pp. 4–5.
926:
417:customer-premises equipment
409:Plain Old Telephone Service
143:(SMS), and other services.
10:
3089:
2079:Telecommunications history
1233:Dryburgh & Hewitt 2004
1220:Dryburgh & Hewitt 2004
598:SS7 protocols by OSI layer
539:quasi-associated signaling
234:
211:(CCSS7) (or CCS7). In the
170:(TTC) national variants.
3019:
2996:Multi-frequency signaling
2991:Dual-tone multi-frequency
2936:
2846:
2788:
2725:
2687:Public Switched Telephone
2647:
2611:
2568:
2509:
2499:telecommunication circuit
2460:Fiber-optic communication
2443:
2205:Francis Blake (telephone)
2152:
2000:Optical telecommunication
1844:
869:two-factor authentication
729:Telephone User Part (TUP)
676:
664:
652:
636:
602:
597:
554:provides signaling using
175:two-factor authentication
104:
94:
86:
78:
68:
58:
50:
42:
37:
2971:Special information tone
2598:Orbital angular-momentum
2035:Satellite communications
1874:Communications satellite
1764:Russell, Travis (2002).
1208:. 1993-03-01. p. 4.
1194:. 1993-03-01. p. 7.
1166:Russell, Travis (2002).
1093:Ronayne, John P (1986).
762:
496:Service Switching Points
440:local number portability
343:common channel signaling
260:common-channel signaling
242:and earlier systems use
137:local number portability
3011:Signalling System No. 7
3006:Signalling System No. 6
2477:Molecular communication
2300:Gardiner Greene Hubbard
2129:Undersea telegraph line
1864:Cable protection system
776:Mobile Switching Center
745:Mobile Application Part
192:, it is layered on the
184:(IETF) has defined the
117:Signalling System No. 7
38:Signalling System No. 7
3001:Signaling System No. 5
2619:Communication protocol
2405:Charles Sumner Tainter
2220:Walter Houser Brattain
2165:Edwin Howard Armstrong
1973:Information revolution
964:Signaling System No. 6
959:Signaling System No. 5
780:Base station subsystem
753:CAMEL Application Part
558:associations over the
504:Service Control Points
500:Signal Transfer Points
483:signal transfer points
473:When operating in the
461:When operating in the
432:home location register
354:A- and B-bit signaling
341:In contrast, SS7 uses
280:Signaling System No. 5
276:Signaling System No. 6
240:Signaling System No. 5
200:networks, such as the
3053:ITU-T recommendations
3029:Telephones portal
2593:Polarization-division
2325:Narinder Singh Kapany
2290:Erna Schneider Hoover
2210:Jagadish Chandra Bose
2190:Alexander Graham Bell
1921:online video platform
1448:"Mobile self-defence"
717:Message Transfer Part
475:quasi-associated mode
456:quasi-associated mode
141:Short Message Service
18:Signaling System No 7
2435:Vladimir K. Zworykin
2395:Almon Brown Strowger
2365:Charles Grafton Page
2020:Prepaid mobile phone
1948:Electrical telegraph
1663:. 16 December 2020.
894:An investigation by
768:BSS Application Part
562:. The protocols for
535:associated signaling
262:(CCS) protocols, or
82:Study Group XI, WTSC
2385:Johann Philipp Reis
2144:Wireless revolution
2106:The Telephone Cases
1963:Hydraulic telegraph
1766:Signaling System #7
1550:Khandelwal, Swati.
1429:SnoopSnitch is for
1409:The Washington Post
1381:The Washington Post
1168:Signaling System #7
815:mobility management
594:
436:Intelligent Network
393:Telephone User Part
318:control information
139:, prepaid billing,
125:telephony signaling
34:
3058:Signaling System 7
2583:Frequency-division
2560:Telephone exchange
2430:Charles Wheatstone
2360:Jun-ichi Nishizawa
2335:Innocenzo Manzetti
2270:Reginald Fessenden
2005:Optical telegraphy
1838:Telecommunications
1480:. August 15, 2016.
1222:, pp. 22–23).
915:, reported to the
794:. For each active
592:SS7 protocol suite
590:
586:SS7 protocol suite
525:or DS0s) within a
413:telephone switches
399:(ISDN) User Part (
370:conference calling
219:(CCITT number 7),
32:
3073:Telephony signals
3068:Network protocols
3035:
3034:
2896:
2895:
2634:Store and forward
2629:Data transmission
2543:Network switching
2494:Transmission line
2340:Guglielmo Marconi
2305:Internet pioneers
2170:Mohamed M. Atalla
2139:Whistled language
1775:978-0-07-138772-9
1539:. April 19, 2016.
1273:. pp. 81–86.
1177:978-0-07-138772-9
941:Telephones portal
705:
704:
560:Internet Protocol
244:in-band signaling
198:Internet Protocol
114:
113:
87:Related standards
16:(Redirected from
3080:
3027:
3026:
3025:
2923:
2916:
2909:
2900:
2899:
2886:
2885:
2876:
2875:
2866:
2865:
2856:
2855:
2854:
2727:Notable networks
2717:Wireless network
2657:Cellular network
2649:Types of network
2624:Computer network
2511:Network topology
2425:Thomas A. Watson
2280:Oliver Heaviside
2265:Philo Farnsworth
2240:Daniel Davis Jr.
2215:Charles Bourseul
2175:John Logie Baird
1884:Data compression
1879:Computer network
1831:
1824:
1817:
1808:
1807:
1803:
1797:
1796:
1779:
1760:
1741:
1713:
1712:
1710:
1709:
1687:
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1674:
1672:
1657:
1651:
1650:
1648:
1647:
1632:
1626:
1625:
1623:
1622:
1613:. Archived from
1602:
1596:
1595:
1593:
1592:
1572:
1566:
1565:
1563:
1562:
1547:
1541:
1540:
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1502:
1496:
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1210:
1209:
1202:
1196:
1195:
1188:
1182:
1181:
1163:
1146:
1145:
1136:
1134:10.17487/RFC2719
1115:
1109:
1108:
1090:
1079:
1078:
1076:
1075:
1053:
1047:
1046:
1039:
1028:
1027:
1007:
1001:
1000:
991:(7): 1113–1138.
980:
954:Out-of-band data
943:
938:
937:
936:
796:mobile equipment
697:
690:
683:
595:
589:
546:high-speed links
489:Physical network
467:switch to switch
266:(CCIS) systems.
35:
31:
21:
3088:
3087:
3083:
3082:
3081:
3079:
3078:
3077:
3038:
3037:
3036:
3031:
3023:
3021:
3015:
2966:Disconnect tone
2932:
2927:
2897:
2892:
2852:
2850:
2842:
2784:
2721:
2643:
2607:
2564:
2513:
2505:
2446:
2439:
2345:Robert Metcalfe
2200:Tim Berners-Lee
2148:
1968:Information Age
1840:
1835:
1794:
1792:
1776:
1757:
1738:
1722:
1720:Further reading
1717:
1716:
1707:
1705:
1689:
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1603:
1599:
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1588:
1573:
1569:
1560:
1558:
1556:The Hacker News
1548:
1544:
1529:
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1515:
1513:
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1414:
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1400:
1396:
1386:
1384:
1372:
1368:
1359:
1357:
1349:
1341:Wayback Machine
1334:
1330:
1321:
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1306:
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1199:
1190:
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1178:
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1117:
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1112:
1105:
1091:
1082:
1073:
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1055:
1054:
1050:
1041:
1040:
1031:
1008:
1004:
981:
977:
972:
939:
934:
932:
929:
828:
819:call management
765:
701:
620:
588:
491:
463:associated mode
452:associated mode
448:
446:Signaling modes
329:multi-frequency
311:
297:(IETF) defined
252:bearer channels
248:multi-frequency
237:
215:, it is called
162:(ANSI) and the
63:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3086:
3076:
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2636:
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2621:
2615:
2613:
2609:
2608:
2606:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2578:Space-division
2574:
2572:
2566:
2565:
2563:
2562:
2557:
2556:
2555:
2550:
2540:
2539:
2538:
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2504:
2503:
2502:
2501:
2491:
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2479:
2474:
2469:
2468:
2467:
2457:
2451:
2449:
2441:
2440:
2438:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2415:Camille Tissot
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2390:Claude Shannon
2387:
2382:
2380:Tivadar Puskás
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2350:Antonio Meucci
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2320:Charles K. Kao
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2295:Harold Hopkins
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2195:Emile Berliner
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2156:
2154:
2150:
2149:
2147:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2134:Videotelephony
2131:
2126:
2125:
2124:
2119:
2109:
2102:
2097:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2070:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2049:
2048:
2047:
2037:
2032:
2030:Radiotelephone
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1996:
1995:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1934:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1916:Internet video
1908:
1907:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1850:
1848:
1842:
1841:
1834:
1833:
1826:
1819:
1811:
1805:
1804:
1786:(2024-09-21).
1780:
1774:
1761:
1755:
1742:
1736:
1721:
1718:
1715:
1714:
1682:
1652:
1627:
1597:
1567:
1542:
1522:
1497:
1483:
1463:
1438:
1422:
1394:
1366:
1328:
1314:
1311:. p. 1-2.
1300:
1276:
1251:
1237:
1235:, p. 23).
1224:
1211:
1197:
1183:
1176:
1147:
1110:
1103:
1080:
1048:
1029:
1018:(2): 379–428.
1002:
974:
973:
971:
968:
967:
966:
961:
956:
951:
945:
944:
928:
925:
827:
824:
823:
822:
810:
778:(MSC) and the
764:
761:
733:ISDN User Part
719:(MTP) and the
709:protocol stack
703:
702:
700:
699:
692:
685:
677:
674:
673:
668:
662:
661:
656:
654:Data link
650:
649:
640:
634:
633:
606:
600:
599:
587:
584:
490:
487:
447:
444:
403:) adapted for
378:call screening
310:
307:
236:
233:
213:United Kingdom
123:) is a set of
112:
111:
106:
102:
101:
96:
92:
91:
88:
84:
83:
80:
76:
75:
70:
66:
65:
60:
59:Latest version
56:
55:
52:
48:
47:
44:
40:
39:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3085:
3074:
3071:
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3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3045:
3043:
3030:
3018:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2976:Off-hook tone
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
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2938:
2935:
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2924:
2919:
2917:
2912:
2910:
2905:
2904:
2901:
2889:
2881:
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2871:
2869:
2861:
2859:
2849:
2848:
2845:
2838:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2801:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2793:
2791:
2787:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2732:
2730:
2728:
2724:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2654:
2652:
2650:
2646:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2616:
2614:
2610:
2604:
2603:Code-division
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2588:Time-division
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2575:
2573:
2571:
2567:
2561:
2558:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2545:
2544:
2541:
2537:
2534:
2533:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2518:
2516:
2514:and switching
2512:
2508:
2500:
2497:
2496:
2495:
2492:
2488:
2485:
2484:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2466:
2465:optical fiber
2463:
2462:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2455:Coaxial cable
2453:
2452:
2450:
2448:
2442:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2370:Radia Perlman
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2260:Lee de Forest
2258:
2256:
2255:Thomas Edison
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2245:Donald Davies
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2230:Claude Chappe
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2157:
2155:
2151:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2114:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2107:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2074:Smoke signals
2072:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2054:
2053:
2052:Semiconductor
2050:
2046:
2043:
2042:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1994:
1991:
1990:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1913:
1912:
1911:Digital media
1909:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1886:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
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1867:
1865:
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1857:
1855:
1852:
1851:
1849:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1832:
1827:
1825:
1820:
1818:
1813:
1812:
1809:
1801:
1791:
1790:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1771:
1767:
1762:
1758:
1756:0-672-22498-4
1752:
1748:
1743:
1739:
1737:1-58705-040-4
1733:
1729:
1724:
1723:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1695:The Economist
1692:
1686:
1679:
1666:
1662:
1656:
1641:
1637:
1631:
1617:on 2018-04-03
1616:
1612:
1608:
1601:
1587:on 2018-04-03
1586:
1582:
1578:
1571:
1557:
1553:
1546:
1538:
1537:
1532:
1526:
1511:
1507:
1501:
1493:
1487:
1479:
1478:
1473:
1472:"SnoopSnitch"
1467:
1456:
1449:
1442:
1436:
1435:Qualcomm chip
1432:
1426:
1411:
1410:
1405:
1398:
1383:
1382:
1377:
1370:
1355:
1348:
1342:
1338:
1332:
1324:
1318:
1310:
1304:
1290:
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1268:
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1247:
1241:
1234:
1228:
1221:
1215:
1207:
1201:
1193:
1187:
1179:
1173:
1169:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1152:
1143:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1121:
1114:
1106:
1104:0-672-22498-4
1100:
1096:
1089:
1087:
1085:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1061:The Economist
1058:
1052:
1045:. 1993-03-01.
1044:
1038:
1036:
1034:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1006:
998:
994:
990:
986:
979:
975:
965:
962:
960:
957:
955:
952:
950:
947:
946:
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865:O2 TelefĂłnica
863:In May 2017,
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845:
844:IMSI-catchers
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3010:
2961:Reorder tone
2951:Ringing tone
2570:Multiplexing
2445:Transmission
2410:Nikola Tesla
2400:Henry Sutton
2355:Samuel Morse
2285:Robert Hooke
2250:Amos Dolbear
2185:John Bardeen
2104:
2084:Telautograph
1988:Mobile phone
1943:Edholm's law
1926:social media
1859:Broadcasting
1798:– via
1793:. Retrieved
1788:
1765:
1746:
1727:
1706:. Retrieved
1694:
1685:
1676:
1669:. Retrieved
1655:
1644:. Retrieved
1642:. 2019-01-28
1639:
1630:
1619:. Retrieved
1615:the original
1610:
1600:
1589:. Retrieved
1585:the original
1580:
1570:
1559:. Retrieved
1555:
1545:
1536:The Guardian
1534:
1525:
1514:. Retrieved
1500:
1486:
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1466:
1441:
1425:
1413:. Retrieved
1407:
1397:
1385:. Retrieved
1379:
1369:
1358:. Retrieved
1353:
1337:Ghostarchive
1335:Archived at
1331:
1317:
1303:
1292:. Retrieved
1288:
1279:
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1240:
1227:
1214:
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1072:. Retrieved
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988:
984:
978:
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897:The Guardian
895:
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517:) within an
508:
502:(STPs), and
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366:call waiting
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90:Q.701, Q.711
69:Organization
51:Year started
33:Q.700 series
29:
2956:Busy signal
2770:NPL network
2482:Radio waves
2420:Alfred Vail
2330:Hedy Lamarr
2315:Dawon Kahng
2275:Elisha Gray
2235:Yogen Dalal
2160:Nasir Ahmed
2094:Teleprinter
1958:Heliographs
1671:19 December
1477:Google Play
1415:19 December
1387:27 December
881:open-source
840:SnoopSnitch
671:MTP Level 1
659:MTP Level 2
643:MTP Level 3
604:Application
442:databases.
152:4ESS switch
3042:Categories
2816:Antarctica
2775:Toasternet
2697:Television
2180:Paul Baran
2112:Television
2096:(teletype)
2089:Telegraphy
2067:transistor
2045:Phryctoria
2015:Photophone
1993:Smartphone
1983:Mass media
1795:2024-09-24
1784:Veritasium
1708:2024-05-28
1646:2020-07-03
1621:2018-03-31
1591:2018-03-31
1561:2017-05-05
1516:2024-09-23
1360:2016-04-19
1294:2016-06-30
1074:2024-05-28
970:References
362:voice mail
190:Pseudo SS7
64:March 1993
3063:Telephony
2941:Dial tone
2800:Americas
2789:Locations
2760:Internet2
2521:Bandwidth
2225:Vint Cerf
2122:streaming
2100:Telephone
2040:Semaphore
1931:streaming
1703:0013-0613
1069:0013-0613
949:SS7 probe
885:Wireshark
731:, or the
713:OSI Model
511:timeslots
333:DSS1/DASS
314:Signaling
231:(ZZK-7).
129:tear down
99:telephony
79:Committee
2981:Zip tone
2946:Ringtone
2868:Category
2755:Internet
2745:CYCLADES
2662:Ethernet
2612:Concepts
2536:terminal
2487:wireless
2310:Bob Kahn
2153:Pioneers
1978:Internet
1869:Cable TV
1665:Archived
1510:Archived
1455:Archived
1339:and the
927:See also
921:Diameter
900:and the
858:Ted Lieu
817:(MM) or
809:control.
807:handover
751:and the
707:The SS7
666:Physical
498:(SSPs),
338:trunks.
256:blue box
221:number 7
202:Internet
46:In force
2986:2600 Hz
2888:Commons
2878:Outline
2831:Oceania
2750:FidoNet
2735:ARPANET
2548:circuit
2117:digital
1846:History
1800:YouTube
1354:Youtube
1350:(Video)
1289:EETimes
873:malware
851:Telenor
790:of the
638:Network
564:SIGTRAN
552:SIGTRAN
299:SIGTRAN
235:History
186:SIGTRAN
105:Website
62:(03/93)
2826:Europe
2796:Africa
2780:Usenet
2740:BITNET
2677:Mobile
2553:packet
2062:MOSFET
2057:device
1854:Beacon
1772:
1753:
1734:
1701:
1431:rooted
1174:
1101:
1067:
747:, the
725:BT IUP
479:switch
95:Domain
43:Status
2809:South
2804:North
2765:JANET
2702:Telex
2692:Radio
2531:Nodes
2526:Links
2447:media
2025:Radio
2010:Pager
1938:Drums
1904:video
1899:image
1889:audio
1458:(PDF)
1451:(PDF)
889:Snort
821:(CM).
772:BSSAP
763:BSSAP
741:RANAP
632:, ...
617:IS-41
523:DS0As
156:ITU-T
73:ITU-T
2821:Asia
2707:UUCP
2667:ISDN
1770:ISBN
1751:ISBN
1732:ISBN
1699:ISSN
1673:2020
1417:2014
1389:2014
1172:ISBN
1142:2719
1125:IETF
1099:ISBN
1065:ISSN
887:and
792:SCCP
786:and
647:SCCP
630:ISUP
622:TCAP
609:INAP
578:and
576:M3UA
572:M2UA
568:M2PA
566:are
556:SCTP
515:DS0s
454:and
438:and
401:ISUP
303:M3UA
293:The
286:and
223:and
180:The
54:1984
2712:WAN
2682:NGN
2672:LAN
1953:Fax
1894:DCT
1139:RFC
1129:doi
1020:doi
993:doi
917:FCC
784:MTP
626:CAP
619:...
613:MAP
580:SUA
336:PBX
121:SS7
3044::
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1638:.
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