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Sonneborn–Berger score

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system. In modern chess, these scores are used only to break ties between equally scoring players, where adding the square of the player's raw score has no impact on the tie-break, so the improvement of Sonneborn and Berger is omitted in modern usage. However the system kept the Sonneborn-Berger name and the result is widely called the Sonneborn-Berger score.
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In 1873, at the Vienna International tournament, not all competitors had played the same number of games and there were disagreements about the final standings. Austrian lawyer and contestant Oscar Gelbfuhs proposed a weighted scoring method that both avoided most ties and provided a full ranking of
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The rationale of using the Sonneborn-Berger score in Round Robin tournaments is that it is better to score well against higher-ranking players than against lower-ranking players. Therefore the top players of the tournament are more in a battle with each other than counting how much they defeat the
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Both the Gelbfuhs and the non-Neustadtl Sonneborn-Berger score provide a full weighted score to replace the raw score, but this is not needed for breaking ties between players with conventional scoring. As a result, it is the Neustadtl Sonneborn-Berger score that is in common use for tiebreaks in
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In 1886, Sonneborn criticized the Neustadtl score and suggested adding the square of the player's points to the weighted score. In 1887 and 1888, Berger studied Gelbfuhs' system and Sonneborn's suggestion, and adopted Sonneborn's approach for tournaments. This was known as the Sonneborn-Berger
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in 1873, to be used as a weighted score in place of the raw score; his system was also designed to work for tournaments where not everyone had played the same number of games. The scoring system is often called the Sonneborn–Berger score, though this is something of a misnomer, since
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Since players may share the same score, further means of breaking ties may be required; common methods include considering the score in games played between the tied players or favouring the player with the most wins. Some tournaments do not use Neustadtl to break ties at all
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finished with 11 points from 14 games, but Sloth won the tournament because his Neustadtl score of 69.5 was higher than Zagovorsky's 66.75. Kosenkov had a higher Neustadl score (67.5) than Zagovorsky, but finished third due to his lower points total of
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should not have trouble beating lower-ranking opponents in addition to scoring well against higher-ranking opponents, and therefore wins against lower and higher ranked opponents should be counted equally.
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As a result, when talking about their original scoring system, it is called the non-Neustadtl Sonneborn–Berger score. For comparison, in a tournament where everyone has played
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against. The main point is to give more value for a win/draw against a player performing well at the tournament, than for a win/draw against a player performing poorly.
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score is calculated by adding the sum of the conventional scores of the players they have defeated to half the sum of the conventional scores of those they have
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score is the original scoring system proposed by William Sonneborn and Johann Berger as an improvement to the
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playoff between the tied players. Neustadtl remains the most common tie-breaking method in
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Other common tiebreaking methods in chess tournaments include the head-to-head score, the
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Harkness 1967:136–37; The Oxford Companion to Chess, Hooper and Whyld, 1992, p. 270
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A counter-argument would be that the champion of a chess tournament such as the
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The Oxford Companion To Chess First Edition By David Hooper & Kenneth Whyld
159: 119: 63: 4746: 4706: 4696: 4679: 4352: 4335: 4257: 4146: 4104: 4084: 3866: 3848: 3839: 3802: 3735: 3658: 3643: 3598: 3581: 3576: 3566: 3398: 3160: 3098: 72: 1990:{\displaystyle G_{i}=\sum _{j\neq i}x_{ij}\left(1+{\frac {s_{j}}{n}}\right)} 1141: 4726: 4652: 4637: 4367: 4188: 4171: 4079: 4013: 3956: 3951: 3683: 3678: 3618: 3561: 3452: 3408: 3180: 3165: 3155: 3091: 3057: 3030: 2998: 2946: 155: 135: 4001: 3991: 3740: 3703: 3586: 3197: 3192: 3150: 3003: 2941: 2457:-round tournament, a player's Gelbfuhs score is the sum of his raw score 147: 91:
The Sonneborn–Berger score is the most popular tiebreaker method used in
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players even when not all have played the same number of games.
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in 1882. A similar scoring system was first proposed by
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Scoring system used to break ties in chess tournaments
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However in contrast to 4758:Chess tournament systems 4408:World Chess Championship 3369:World Chess Hall of Fame 1501:'s score against player 103:lower-ranked players. 4702:Simultaneous exhibition 4612:Chess newspaper columns 4301:Rook and bishop vs rook 4286:Queen and pawn vs queen 2582:), and Gelbfuhs score ( 2176:{\displaystyle s_{j}/n} 1823:is defined as follows: 1693:Similar scoring systems 152:round-robin tournaments 93:Round Robin tournaments 4152:Richter–Veresov Attack 4140:Queen's Indian Defence 2843: 2750: 2650: 2541: 2478: 2451: 2428: 2408: 2388: 2368: 2348: 2328: 2308: 2288: 2247: 2246:{\displaystyle x_{ij}} 2217: 2197: 2177: 2142: 2122: 2102: 2082: 2062: 2042: 2011: 1991: 1898: 1878: 1817: 1790: 1770: 1769:{\displaystyle x_{ij}} 1740: 1720: 1683: 1620:'s Neustadtl score is 1614: 1594: 1535: 1515: 1495: 1475: 1474:{\displaystyle x_{ij}} 1443: 1298: 27:Sonneborn–Berger score 4418:Candidates Tournament 4306:Rook and pawn vs rook 4271:King and pawn vs king 4222:List of chess gambits 4125:King's Indian Defence 3803:Isolated Queen's Pawn 3327:List of chess players 3269:Top player comparison 3068:Internet chess server 2844: 2751: 2651: 2542: 2479: 2477:{\displaystyle s_{i}} 2452: 2429: 2409: 2389: 2369: 2349: 2329: 2309: 2289: 2248: 2218: 2198: 2178: 2148:if he lost), so that 2143: 2123: 2103: 2083: 2063: 2043: 2041:{\displaystyle s_{j}} 2012: 1992: 1899: 1879: 1818: 1816:{\displaystyle G_{i}} 1796:, his Gelbfuhs score 1791: 1771: 1741: 1721: 1684: 1615: 1595: 1536: 1516: 1496: 1476: 1444: 1299: 4130:Nimzo-Indian Defence 4026:Scandinavian Defense 3987:Semi-Italian Opening 3892:King's Indian Attack 3781:first-move advantage 3434:Threefold repetition 3359:Bobby Fischer Center 3244:Charlemagne chessmen 3238:Göttingen manuscript 3202: 3043:Correspondence chess 2884:Wiener Schachzeitung 2760: 2660: 2592: 2488: 2461: 2441: 2418: 2398: 2378: 2358: 2338: 2318: 2298: 2257: 2227: 2207: 2187: 2152: 2132: 2112: 2092: 2072: 2052: 2025: 2001: 1909: 1888: 1829: 1800: 1780: 1750: 1730: 1710: 1624: 1604: 1545: 1525: 1505: 1485: 1455: 1307: 1165: 4363:Two knights endgame 4110:Bogo-Indian Defence 3997:Two Knights Defense 3937:Nimzowitsch Defence 3627:Artificial castling 3264:Soviet chess school 3139:Dubrovnik chess set 2877:Ahrens, W. (1901), 2367:{\displaystyle 0.5} 2128:won every game and 2017:'s Gelbfuhs score. 1904:'s raw point total; 1146:Vladimir Zagorovsky 4593:endgame literature 4135:Old Indian Defense 4045:Accelerated Dragon 3917:Alekhine's Defence 3649:Checkmate patterns 3518:symbols in Unicode 3513:annotation symbols 3276:Geography of chess 3144:Staunton chess set 2839: 2746: 2646: 2537: 2474: 2447: 2424: 2404: 2384: 2364: 2344: 2324: 2304: 2284: 2243: 2213: 2193: 2173: 2138: 2118: 2098: 2078: 2058: 2038: 2007: 1987: 1940: 1894: 1874: 1860: 1813: 1786: 1766: 1736: 1716: 1679: 1655: 1610: 1590: 1576: 1541:'s point total is 1531: 1511: 1491: 1471: 1439: 1294: 4740: 4739: 4617:Chess periodicals 4546:Chess in the arts 4478:Chess composition 4316:Philidor position 4252: 4251: 4194:Trompowsky Attack 4177:Semi-Slav Defence 4067:Queen's Pawn Game 3947:Four Knights Game 3922:Caro–Kann Defence 3887:Zukertort Opening 3674:Discovered attack 3394:Cheating in chess 3231:Versus de scachis 2827: 2734: 2634: 2525: 2450:{\displaystyle n} 2437:At the end of an 2427:{\displaystyle 2} 2407:{\displaystyle 1} 2387:{\displaystyle 1} 2347:{\displaystyle 0} 2327:{\displaystyle 2} 2307:{\displaystyle 1} 2216:{\displaystyle 1} 2196:{\displaystyle 0} 2141:{\displaystyle 0} 2121:{\displaystyle j} 2101:{\displaystyle n} 2081:{\displaystyle n} 2061:{\displaystyle 0} 2010:{\displaystyle i} 1980: 1925: 1897:{\displaystyle i} 1845: 1789:{\displaystyle j} 1746:games and scored 1739:{\displaystyle n} 1719:{\displaystyle i} 1640: 1613:{\displaystyle i} 1561: 1534:{\displaystyle i} 1514:{\displaystyle j} 1494:{\displaystyle i} 1138: 1137: 97:Swiss tournaments 83:modern chess. 69:William Sonneborn 54:Hermann Neustadtl 47:chess tournaments 4765: 4727:Chess portal 4725: 4724: 4668:Leela Chess Zero 4599:Oxford Companion 4551:early literature 4541:Chess aesthetics 4281:Pawnless endgame 4232:Bongcloud Attack 4210:List of openings 4182:Chigorin Defense 4120:Grünfeld Defence 4031:Sicilian Defence 3977:Ponziani Opening 3972:Philidor Defence 3967:Petrov's Defence 3909:King's Pawn Game 3882:Larsen's Opening 3845: 3844: 3206: 2976: 2969: 2962: 2953: 2952: 2929: 2926: 2920: 2919: 2910: 2904: 2899: 2893: 2892: 2874: 2848: 2846: 2845: 2840: 2838: 2837: 2828: 2820: 2815: 2814: 2802: 2801: 2755: 2753: 2752: 2747: 2745: 2744: 2735: 2727: 2722: 2721: 2709: 2708: 2696: 2695: 2655: 2653: 2652: 2647: 2645: 2644: 2635: 2627: 2622: 2621: 2546: 2544: 2543: 2538: 2536: 2535: 2526: 2518: 2513: 2512: 2500: 2499: 2483: 2481: 2480: 2475: 2473: 2472: 2456: 2454: 2453: 2448: 2433: 2431: 2430: 2425: 2413: 2411: 2410: 2405: 2393: 2391: 2390: 2385: 2373: 2371: 2370: 2365: 2353: 2351: 2350: 2345: 2333: 2331: 2330: 2325: 2313: 2311: 2310: 2305: 2293: 2291: 2290: 2285: 2280: 2275: 2274: 2252: 2250: 2249: 2244: 2242: 2241: 2222: 2220: 2219: 2214: 2202: 2200: 2199: 2194: 2182: 2180: 2179: 2174: 2169: 2164: 2163: 2147: 2145: 2144: 2139: 2127: 2125: 2124: 2119: 2107: 2105: 2104: 2099: 2087: 2085: 2084: 2079: 2067: 2065: 2064: 2059: 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Gambit 4061: 4019:Austrian Attack 3903: 3872:English Opening 3834: 3830:School of chess 3813:Minority attack 3745: 3714:Queen sacrifice 3613: 3474: 3470:White and Black 3465:Touch-move rule 3424:Perpetual check 3419:Fifty-move rule 3375: 3211: 3208: 3115: 2985: 2980: 2938: 2933: 2932: 2927: 2923: 2912: 2911: 2907: 2900: 2896: 2875: 2871: 2866: 2854: 2833: 2829: 2819: 2810: 2806: 2797: 2793: 2761: 2758: 2757: 2756: 2740: 2736: 2726: 2717: 2713: 2704: 2700: 2691: 2687: 2661: 2658: 2657: 2656: 2640: 2636: 2626: 2617: 2613: 2593: 2590: 2589: 2561:Neustadtl score 2553: 2531: 2527: 2517: 2508: 2504: 2495: 2491: 2489: 2486: 2485: 2468: 2464: 2462: 2459: 2458: 2442: 2439: 2438: 2419: 2416: 2415: 2399: 2396: 2395: 2379: 2376: 2375: 2359: 2356: 2355: 2339: 2336: 2335: 2319: 2316: 2315: 2299: 2296: 2295: 2276: 2270: 2266: 2258: 2255: 2254: 2234: 2230: 2228: 2225: 2224: 2208: 2205: 2204: 2188: 2185: 2184: 2165: 2159: 2155: 2153: 2150: 2149: 2133: 2130: 2129: 2113: 2110: 2109: 2093: 2090: 2089: 2073: 2070: 2069: 2053: 2050: 2049: 2032: 2028: 2026: 2023: 2022: 2018: 2002: 1999: 1998: 1971: 1967: 1965: 1958: 1954: 1945: 1941: 1929: 1916: 1912: 1910: 1907: 1906: 1905: 1889: 1886: 1885: 1865: 1861: 1849: 1836: 1832: 1830: 1827: 1826: 1807: 1803: 1801: 1798: 1797: 1781: 1778: 1777: 1776:against player 1757: 1753: 1751: 1748: 1747: 1731: 1728: 1727: 1726:who has played 1711: 1708: 1707: 1700: 1695: 1673: 1669: 1660: 1656: 1644: 1631: 1627: 1625: 1622: 1621: 1605: 1602: 1601: 1581: 1577: 1565: 1552: 1548: 1546: 1543: 1542: 1526: 1523: 1522: 1506: 1503: 1502: 1486: 1483: 1482: 1481:denotes player 1462: 1458: 1456: 1453: 1452: 1451:In general, if 1308: 1305: 1304: 1166: 1163: 1162: 1155: 1151: 1150: 201: 178:of the 1975–80 172: 160:Buchholz scores 128: 120:Buchholz scores 89: 31:Neustadtl score 23: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4771: 4761: 4760: 4755: 4738: 4737: 4735: 4734: 4729: 4716: 4713: 4712: 4710: 4709: 4704: 4699: 4694: 4693: 4692: 4687: 4677: 4676: 4675: 4670: 4665: 4660: 4650: 4648:Chess composer 4645: 4640: 4635: 4629: 4627: 4623: 4622: 4620: 4619: 4614: 4609: 4604: 4603: 4602: 4595: 4590: 4580: 4579: 4578: 4573: 4568: 4563: 4558: 4553: 4543: 4538: 4532: 4530: 4526: 4525: 4523: 4522: 4521: 4520: 4515: 4510: 4505: 4503:North American 4500: 4495: 4487: 4486: 4485: 4480: 4475: 4470: 4465: 4460: 4455: 4450: 4445: 4440: 4432: 4431: 4430: 4425: 4420: 4415: 4405: 4404: 4403: 4396:Chess Olympiad 4393: 4387: 4385: 4379: 4378: 4376: 4375: 4370: 4365: 4360: 4355: 4350: 4349: 4348: 4343: 4338: 4333: 4328: 4320: 4319: 4318: 4313: 4303: 4298: 4293: 4288: 4283: 4278: 4273: 4268: 4262: 4260: 4254: 4253: 4250: 4249: 4247: 4246: 4245: 4244: 4242:Scholar's mate 4239: 4234: 4224: 4219: 4218: 4217: 4206: 4204: 4200: 4199: 4197: 4196: 4191: 4186: 4185: 4184: 4179: 4174: 4169: 4164: 4157:Queen's Gambit 4154: 4149: 4144: 4143: 4142: 4137: 4132: 4127: 4122: 4117: 4112: 4107: 4102: 4100:Benoni Defence 4095:Indian Defence 4092: 4087: 4082: 4077: 4071: 4069: 4063: 4062: 4060: 4059: 4058: 4057: 4052: 4047: 4038: 4028: 4023: 4022: 4021: 4011: 4009:Owen's Defence 4006: 4005: 4004: 3999: 3994: 3989: 3984: 3979: 3974: 3969: 3964: 3959: 3954: 3949: 3939: 3934: 3932:Modern Defence 3929: 3927:French Defence 3924: 3919: 3913: 3911: 3905: 3904: 3902: 3901: 3900: 3899: 3894: 3884: 3879: 3874: 3869: 3864: 3862:Bird's Opening 3859: 3853: 3851: 3842: 3836: 3835: 3833: 3832: 3827: 3822: 3817: 3816: 3815: 3810: 3805: 3800: 3793:Pawn structure 3790: 3785: 3784: 3783: 3773: 3772: 3771: 3761: 3755: 3753: 3747: 3746: 3744: 3743: 3738: 3733: 3728: 3723: 3718: 3717: 3716: 3706: 3701: 3696: 3691: 3686: 3681: 3676: 3671: 3666: 3661: 3656: 3651: 3646: 3641: 3640: 3639: 3637:Alekhine's gun 3629: 3623: 3621: 3615: 3614: 3612: 3611: 3606: 3601: 3596: 3591: 3590: 3589: 3584: 3579: 3574: 3569: 3559: 3554: 3553: 3552: 3550:Half-open file 3542: 3537: 3532: 3527: 3522: 3521: 3520: 3515: 3510: 3505: 3500: 3493:Chess notation 3490: 3484: 3482: 3476: 3475: 3473: 3472: 3467: 3462: 3461: 3460: 3450: 3448:Pawn promotion 3445: 3438: 3437: 3436: 3431: 3426: 3421: 3416: 3406: 3401: 3396: 3391: 3385: 3383: 3377: 3376: 3374: 3373: 3372: 3371: 3366: 3361: 3351: 3349:Women in chess 3346: 3345: 3344: 3339: 3334: 3324: 3319: 3318: 3317: 3312: 3311: 3310: 3305: 3295: 3290: 3289: 3288: 3273: 3272: 3271: 3266: 3261: 3259:Hypermodernism 3256: 3254:Romantic chess 3251: 3249:Lewis chessmen 3246: 3241: 3234: 3221: 3219: 3213: 3212: 3210: 3209: 3200: 3195: 3190: 3189: 3188: 3183: 3178: 3173: 3168: 3163: 3158: 3148: 3147: 3146: 3141: 3136: 3125: 3123: 3117: 3116: 3114: 3113: 3108: 3107: 3106: 3096: 3095: 3094: 3089: 3087:world rankings 3079: 3078: 3077: 3076: 3075: 3065: 3055: 3050: 3045: 3040: 3039: 3038: 3033: 3028: 3023: 3016:Computer chess 3013: 3012: 3011: 3001: 2995: 2993: 2987: 2986: 2979: 2978: 2971: 2964: 2956: 2950: 2949: 2944: 2937: 2936:External links 2934: 2931: 2930: 2921: 2905: 2894: 2868: 2867: 2865: 2862: 2861: 2860: 2853: 2850: 2836: 2832: 2826: 2823: 2818: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2789: 2786: 2783: 2780: 2777: 2774: 2771: 2768: 2765: 2743: 2739: 2733: 2730: 2725: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2683: 2680: 2677: 2674: 2671: 2668: 2665: 2643: 2639: 2633: 2630: 2625: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2609: 2606: 2603: 2600: 2597: 2552: 2549: 2534: 2530: 2524: 2521: 2516: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2498: 2494: 2471: 2467: 2446: 2423: 2403: 2383: 2363: 2343: 2323: 2303: 2283: 2279: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2262: 2240: 2237: 2233: 2212: 2192: 2172: 2168: 2162: 2158: 2137: 2117: 2097: 2077: 2057: 2035: 2031: 2006: 1985: 1979: 1974: 1970: 1964: 1961: 1957: 1951: 1948: 1944: 1938: 1935: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1919: 1915: 1893: 1871: 1868: 1864: 1858: 1855: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1839: 1835: 1810: 1806: 1785: 1763: 1760: 1756: 1735: 1715: 1699: 1698:Gelbfuhs score 1696: 1694: 1691: 1676: 1672: 1666: 1663: 1659: 1653: 1650: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1634: 1630: 1609: 1587: 1584: 1580: 1574: 1571: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1555: 1551: 1530: 1510: 1490: 1468: 1465: 1461: 1438: 1435: 1432: 1429: 1426: 1423: 1420: 1417: 1414: 1411: 1408: 1405: 1402: 1399: 1396: 1393: 1390: 1387: 1384: 1381: 1378: 1375: 1372: 1369: 1366: 1363: 1360: 1357: 1354: 1351: 1348: 1345: 1342: 1339: 1336: 1333: 1330: 1327: 1324: 1321: 1318: 1315: 1312: 1293: 1290: 1287: 1284: 1281: 1278: 1275: 1272: 1269: 1266: 1263: 1260: 1257: 1254: 1251: 1248: 1245: 1242: 1239: 1236: 1233: 1230: 1227: 1224: 1221: 1218: 1215: 1212: 1209: 1206: 1203: 1200: 1197: 1194: 1191: 1188: 1185: 1182: 1179: 1176: 1173: 1170: 1136: 1135: 1132: 1129: 1126: 1123: 1120: 1117: 1114: 1111: 1108: 1105: 1102: 1099: 1096: 1093: 1090: 1087: 1084: 1081: 1077: 1076: 1073: 1070: 1067: 1064: 1061: 1058: 1055: 1052: 1049: 1046: 1043: 1040: 1037: 1034: 1031: 1028: 1025: 1022: 1018: 1017: 1014: 1011: 1008: 1005: 1002: 999: 996: 993: 990: 987: 984: 981: 978: 975: 972: 969: 966: 963: 959: 958: 955: 952: 949: 946: 943: 940: 937: 934: 931: 928: 925: 922: 919: 916: 913: 910: 907: 904: 900: 899: 896: 893: 890: 887: 884: 881: 878: 875: 872: 869: 866: 863: 860: 857: 854: 851: 848: 845: 841: 840: 837: 834: 831: 828: 825: 822: 819: 816: 813: 810: 807: 804: 801: 798: 795: 792: 789: 786: 782: 781: 778: 775: 772: 769: 766: 763: 760: 757: 754: 751: 748: 745: 742: 739: 736: 733: 730: 727: 723: 722: 719: 716: 713: 710: 707: 704: 701: 698: 695: 692: 689: 686: 683: 680: 677: 674: 671: 668: 664: 663: 660: 657: 654: 651: 648: 645: 642: 639: 636: 633: 630: 627: 624: 621: 618: 615: 612: 609: 605: 604: 601: 598: 595: 592: 589: 586: 583: 580: 577: 574: 571: 568: 565: 562: 559: 556: 553: 550: 546: 545: 542: 539: 536: 533: 530: 527: 524: 521: 518: 515: 512: 509: 506: 503: 500: 497: 494: 491: 487: 486: 483: 480: 477: 474: 471: 468: 465: 462: 459: 456: 453: 450: 447: 444: 441: 438: 435: 432: 428: 427: 424: 421: 418: 415: 412: 409: 406: 403: 400: 397: 394: 391: 388: 385: 382: 379: 376: 373: 369: 368: 365: 362: 359: 356: 353: 350: 347: 344: 341: 338: 335: 332: 329: 326: 323: 320: 317: 314: 310: 309: 306: 303: 300: 297: 294: 291: 288: 285: 282: 279: 276: 273: 270: 267: 264: 261: 258: 255: 251: 250: 247: 244: 241: 238: 235: 232: 229: 226: 223: 220: 217: 214: 211: 208: 204: 203: 198: 195: 192: 189: 171: 168: 127: 124: 88: 85: 64:Oscar Gelbfuhs 41:often used to 39:scoring system 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4770: 4759: 4756: 4754: 4751: 4750: 4748: 4733: 4730: 4728: 4723: 4718: 4717: 4714: 4708: 4707:Solving chess 4705: 4703: 4700: 4698: 4697:Chess prodigy 4695: 4691: 4688: 4686: 4683: 4682: 4681: 4680:Chess problem 4678: 4674: 4671: 4669: 4666: 4664: 4661: 4659: 4656: 4655: 4654: 4651: 4649: 4646: 4644: 4641: 4639: 4636: 4634: 4631: 4630: 4628: 4624: 4618: 4615: 4613: 4610: 4608: 4605: 4601: 4600: 4596: 4594: 4591: 4589: 4588:opening books 4586: 4585: 4584: 4581: 4577: 4576:short stories 4574: 4572: 4569: 4567: 4564: 4562: 4559: 4557: 4554: 4552: 4549: 4548: 4547: 4544: 4542: 4539: 4537: 4534: 4533: 4531: 4529:Art and media 4527: 4519: 4516: 4514: 4511: 4509: 4506: 4504: 4501: 4499: 4496: 4494: 4491: 4490: 4488: 4484: 4481: 4479: 4476: 4474: 4471: 4469: 4466: 4464: 4461: 4459: 4456: 4454: 4451: 4449: 4446: 4444: 4441: 4439: 4436: 4435: 4433: 4429: 4426: 4424: 4421: 4419: 4416: 4414: 4411: 4410: 4409: 4406: 4402: 4399: 4398: 4397: 4394: 4392: 4389: 4388: 4386: 4384: 4380: 4374: 4371: 4369: 4366: 4364: 4361: 4359: 4356: 4354: 4351: 4347: 4344: 4342: 4341:triangulation 4339: 4337: 4336:Tarrasch rule 4334: 4332: 4329: 4327: 4324: 4323: 4321: 4317: 4314: 4312: 4309: 4308: 4307: 4304: 4302: 4299: 4297: 4296:Queen vs rook 4294: 4292: 4291:Queen vs pawn 4289: 4287: 4284: 4282: 4279: 4277: 4274: 4272: 4269: 4267: 4264: 4263: 4261: 4259: 4255: 4243: 4240: 4238: 4235: 4233: 4230: 4229: 4228: 4225: 4223: 4220: 4216: 4213: 4212: 4211: 4208: 4207: 4205: 4201: 4195: 4192: 4190: 4187: 4183: 4180: 4178: 4175: 4173: 4170: 4168: 4165: 4163: 4160: 4159: 4158: 4155: 4153: 4150: 4148: 4147:London System 4145: 4141: 4138: 4136: 4133: 4131: 4128: 4126: 4123: 4121: 4118: 4116: 4113: 4111: 4108: 4106: 4105:Modern Benoni 4103: 4101: 4098: 4097: 4096: 4093: 4091: 4088: 4086: 4085:Dutch Defence 4083: 4081: 4078: 4076: 4073: 4072: 4070: 4068: 4064: 4056: 4053: 4051: 4048: 4046: 4042: 4039: 4037: 4034: 4033: 4032: 4029: 4027: 4024: 4020: 4017: 4016: 4015: 4012: 4010: 4007: 4003: 4000: 3998: 3995: 3993: 3990: 3988: 3985: 3983: 3980: 3978: 3975: 3973: 3970: 3968: 3965: 3963: 3962:King's Gambit 3960: 3958: 3955: 3953: 3950: 3948: 3945: 3944: 3943: 3940: 3938: 3935: 3933: 3930: 3928: 3925: 3923: 3920: 3918: 3915: 3914: 3912: 3910: 3906: 3898: 3895: 3893: 3890: 3889: 3888: 3885: 3883: 3880: 3878: 3877:Grob's Attack 3875: 3873: 3870: 3868: 3867:Dunst Opening 3865: 3863: 3860: 3858: 3857:Benko Opening 3855: 3854: 3852: 3850: 3849:Flank opening 3846: 3843: 3841: 3837: 3831: 3828: 3826: 3823: 3821: 3818: 3814: 3811: 3809: 3806: 3804: 3801: 3799: 3796: 3795: 3794: 3791: 3789: 3786: 3782: 3779: 3778: 3777: 3774: 3770: 3767: 3766: 3765: 3762: 3760: 3757: 3756: 3754: 3752: 3748: 3742: 3739: 3737: 3734: 3732: 3729: 3727: 3724: 3722: 3719: 3715: 3712: 3711: 3710: 3707: 3705: 3702: 3700: 3697: 3695: 3692: 3690: 3687: 3685: 3682: 3680: 3677: 3675: 3672: 3670: 3667: 3665: 3662: 3660: 3657: 3655: 3652: 3650: 3647: 3645: 3642: 3638: 3635: 3634: 3633: 3630: 3628: 3625: 3624: 3622: 3620: 3616: 3610: 3607: 3605: 3604:Transposition 3602: 3600: 3597: 3595: 3592: 3588: 3585: 3583: 3580: 3578: 3575: 3573: 3570: 3568: 3565: 3564: 3563: 3560: 3558: 3555: 3551: 3548: 3547: 3546: 3543: 3541: 3538: 3536: 3533: 3531: 3528: 3526: 3523: 3519: 3516: 3514: 3511: 3509: 3506: 3504: 3501: 3499: 3496: 3495: 3494: 3491: 3489: 3486: 3485: 3483: 3481: 3477: 3471: 3468: 3466: 3463: 3459: 3456: 3455: 3454: 3451: 3449: 3446: 3444: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3432: 3430: 3427: 3425: 3422: 3420: 3417: 3415: 3412: 3411: 3410: 3407: 3405: 3402: 3400: 3397: 3395: 3392: 3390: 3387: 3386: 3384: 3382: 3378: 3370: 3367: 3365: 3362: 3360: 3357: 3356: 3355: 3354:Chess museums 3352: 3350: 3347: 3343: 3340: 3338: 3335: 3333: 3330: 3329: 3328: 3325: 3323: 3322:Notable games 3320: 3316: 3313: 3309: 3306: 3304: 3301: 3300: 3299: 3296: 3294: 3291: 3287: 3284: 3283: 3282: 3279: 3278: 3277: 3274: 3270: 3267: 3265: 3262: 3260: 3257: 3255: 3252: 3250: 3247: 3245: 3242: 3240: 3239: 3235: 3233: 3232: 3228: 3227: 3226: 3223: 3222: 3220: 3218: 3214: 3207: 3201: 3199: 3196: 3194: 3191: 3187: 3184: 3182: 3179: 3177: 3174: 3172: 3169: 3167: 3164: 3162: 3159: 3157: 3154: 3153: 3152: 3149: 3145: 3142: 3140: 3137: 3135: 3132: 3131: 3130: 3127: 3126: 3124: 3122: 3118: 3112: 3111:World records 3109: 3105: 3102: 3101: 3100: 3097: 3093: 3090: 3088: 3085: 3084: 3083: 3082:Rating system 3080: 3074: 3071: 3070: 3069: 3066: 3064: 3061: 3060: 3059: 3056: 3054: 3051: 3049: 3046: 3044: 3041: 3037: 3034: 3032: 3029: 3027: 3024: 3022: 3019: 3018: 3017: 3014: 3010: 3007: 3006: 3005: 3002: 3000: 2997: 2996: 2994: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2977: 2972: 2970: 2965: 2963: 2958: 2957: 2954: 2948: 2945: 2943: 2942:FIDE handbook 2940: 2939: 2925: 2917: 2916: 2909: 2903: 2898: 2890: 2886: 2885: 2880: 2873: 2869: 2859: 2856: 2855: 2849: 2834: 2830: 2824: 2821: 2816: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2787: 2784: 2778: 2772: 2769: 2766: 2763: 2741: 2737: 2731: 2728: 2723: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2678: 2672: 2669: 2666: 2663: 2641: 2637: 2631: 2628: 2623: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2604: 2598: 2595: 2587: 2585: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2568: 2564: 2562: 2558: 2548: 2532: 2528: 2522: 2519: 2514: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2496: 2492: 2469: 2465: 2444: 2435: 2421: 2401: 2381: 2361: 2341: 2321: 2301: 2281: 2277: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2260: 2238: 2235: 2231: 2210: 2190: 2170: 2166: 2160: 2156: 2135: 2115: 2095: 2075: 2055: 2033: 2029: 2019: 2004: 1983: 1977: 1972: 1968: 1962: 1959: 1955: 1949: 1946: 1942: 1936: 1933: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1917: 1913: 1891: 1869: 1866: 1862: 1856: 1853: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1837: 1833: 1824: 1808: 1804: 1783: 1761: 1758: 1754: 1733: 1713: 1706:For a player 1704: 1690: 1674: 1670: 1664: 1661: 1657: 1651: 1648: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1632: 1628: 1607: 1585: 1582: 1578: 1572: 1569: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1553: 1549: 1528: 1508: 1488: 1466: 1463: 1459: 1449: 1436: 1433: 1427: 1424: 1421: 1415: 1409: 1406: 1403: 1397: 1391: 1388: 1385: 1379: 1373: 1370: 1367: 1361: 1355: 1352: 1349: 1343: 1337: 1334: 1331: 1325: 1319: 1316: 1313: 1291: 1285: 1282: 1279: 1273: 1267: 1264: 1261: 1255: 1249: 1246: 1243: 1237: 1231: 1228: 1225: 1219: 1213: 1210: 1207: 1201: 1195: 1192: 1189: 1183: 1177: 1174: 1171: 1160: 1147: 1143: 1133: 1130: 1127: 1124: 1121: 1118: 1115: 1112: 1109: 1106: 1103: 1100: 1097: 1094: 1091: 1088: 1085: 1082: 1079: 1078: 1074: 1071: 1068: 1065: 1062: 1059: 1056: 1053: 1050: 1047: 1044: 1041: 1038: 1035: 1032: 1029: 1026: 1023: 1020: 1019: 1015: 1012: 1009: 1006: 1003: 1000: 997: 994: 991: 988: 985: 982: 979: 976: 973: 970: 967: 964: 961: 960: 956: 953: 950: 947: 944: 941: 938: 935: 932: 929: 926: 923: 920: 917: 914: 911: 908: 905: 902: 901: 897: 894: 891: 888: 885: 882: 879: 876: 873: 870: 867: 864: 861: 858: 855: 852: 849: 846: 843: 842: 838: 835: 832: 829: 826: 823: 820: 817: 814: 811: 808: 805: 802: 799: 796: 793: 790: 787: 784: 783: 779: 776: 773: 770: 767: 764: 761: 758: 755: 752: 749: 746: 743: 740: 737: 734: 731: 728: 725: 724: 720: 717: 714: 711: 708: 705: 702: 699: 696: 693: 690: 687: 684: 681: 678: 675: 672: 669: 666: 665: 661: 658: 655: 652: 649: 646: 643: 640: 637: 634: 631: 628: 625: 622: 619: 616: 613: 610: 607: 606: 602: 599: 596: 593: 590: 587: 584: 581: 578: 575: 572: 569: 566: 563: 560: 557: 554: 551: 548: 547: 543: 540: 537: 534: 531: 528: 525: 522: 519: 516: 513: 510: 507: 504: 501: 498: 495: 492: 489: 488: 484: 481: 478: 475: 472: 469: 466: 463: 460: 457: 454: 451: 448: 445: 442: 439: 436: 433: 430: 429: 425: 422: 419: 416: 413: 410: 407: 404: 401: 398: 395: 392: 389: 386: 383: 380: 377: 374: 371: 370: 366: 363: 360: 357: 354: 351: 348: 345: 342: 339: 336: 333: 330: 327: 324: 321: 318: 315: 312: 311: 307: 304: 301: 298: 295: 292: 289: 286: 283: 280: 277: 274: 271: 268: 265: 262: 259: 256: 253: 252: 248: 245: 242: 239: 236: 233: 230: 227: 224: 221: 218: 215: 212: 209: 206: 205: 186: 183: 181: 177: 167: 165: 161: 157: 153: 149: 145: 139: 137: 133: 123: 121: 117: 112: 109: 104: 100: 98: 94: 84: 80: 78: 74: 73:Johann Berger 70: 65: 61: 60: 59:Chess Monthly 55: 50: 48: 44: 40: 36: 32: 28: 22: 4653:Chess engine 4638:Chess boxing 4598: 4368:Wrong bishop 4215:theory table 4189:Torre Attack 4172:Slav Defence 4080:Colle System 4055:Scheveningen 4014:Pirc Defence 3957:Italian Game 3952:Giuoco Piano 3897:Réti Opening 3820:Piece values 3808:Maróczy Bind 3769:the exchange 3759:Compensation 3689:Interference 3679:Double check 3453:Time control 3440: 3414:by agreement 3342:grandmasters 3286:South Africa 3236: 3229: 3205:Score sheets 3151:Chess pieces 3058:Online chess 3004:Chess titles 2999:Chess theory 2924: 2914: 2908: 2897: 2888: 2882: 2872: 2588: 2586:) would be: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2569: 2565: 2556: 2554: 2436: 2253:by a factor 2020: 1825: 1705: 1701: 1450: 1161: 1139: 552:De Carbonnel 173: 156:Swiss system 154:, though in 140: 131: 129: 113: 105: 101: 90: 81: 76: 57: 51: 34: 30: 26: 24: 4583:Chess books 4383:Tournaments 4237:Fool's mate 4002:Vienna Game 3992:Scotch Game 3825:Prophylaxis 3741:Zwischenzug 3726:Undermining 3694:Overloading 3654:Combination 3503:descriptive 3198:Chess table 3193:Chess clock 3009:Grandmaster 2183:is between 2048:is between 130:A player's 4747:Categories 4690:joke chess 4643:Chess club 4331:opposition 3788:Middlegame 3776:Initiative 3699:Pawn storm 3664:Deflection 3535:Key square 3525:Fianchetto 3458:Fast chess 3442:En passant 3134:chessboard 2864:References 2294:, between 2088:(equal to 2021:Note that 1142:Jørn Sloth 316:Zagorovsky 176:crosstable 116:Koya score 108:Candidates 43:break ties 33:or rarely 19:See also: 4673:Stockfish 4663:Deep Blue 4658:AlphaZero 4566:paintings 4358:Tablebase 4322:Strategy 4227:Irregular 3982:Ruy Lopez 3942:Open Game 3709:Sacrifice 3669:Desperado 3572:connected 3545:Open file 3540:King walk 3498:algebraic 3429:Stalemate 3404:Checkmate 3129:Chess set 3121:Equipment 2791:× 2767:× 2698:× 1997:, player 1934:≠ 1927:∑ 1884:, player 1854:≠ 1847:∑ 1649:≠ 1642:∑ 1570:≠ 1563:∑ 1425:× 1407:× 1389:× 1371:× 1353:× 1335:× 1317:× 1283:× 1265:× 1247:× 1229:× 1211:× 1193:× 1175:× 200:Neustadtl 188:Position 4732:Category 4685:glossary 4346:Zugzwang 4326:fortress 4258:Endgames 4167:Declined 4162:Accepted 3840:Openings 3798:Hedgehog 3764:Exchange 3751:Strategy 3731:Windmill 3582:isolated 3567:backward 3389:Castling 3332:amateurs 3225:Timeline 3099:Variants 3053:Glossary 3036:software 3021:glossary 2852:See also 1521:, then 670:Dunhaupt 375:Kosenkov 162:and the 29:(or the 4633:Arbiter 4626:Related 4483:Solving 4473:Amateur 4050:Najdorf 3632:Battery 3619:Tactics 3594:Swindle 3577:doubled 3557:Outpost 3488:Blunder 3303:Armenia 3217:History 3063:Premove 3031:engines 3026:matches 2991:Outline 1154:⁄ 965:Abramov 847:Walther 729:Maedler 611:Arnlind 493:Kletsel 197:Points 182:Final: 170:Example 144:Linares 37:) is a 4571:poetry 4561:novels 4536:Caïssa 4468:Senior 4458:Junior 4041:Dragon 4036:Alapin 3721:Skewer 3587:passed 3530:Gambit 3337:female 3298:Europe 3281:Africa 3176:Knight 3171:Bishop 1600:, and 1075:22.75 1024:Siklos 1016:24.75 898:33.25 788:Estrin 603:45.25 544:47.75 485:54.75 434:Khasin 367:66.75 202:score 4518:WCSCC 4463:Youth 4453:Blitz 4448:Rapid 4438:Women 4401:Women 4353:Study 4203:Other 3736:X-ray 3659:Decoy 3644:Block 3599:Tempo 3562:Pawns 3480:Terms 3399:Check 3381:Rules 3315:India 3308:Spain 3293:China 3186:Fairy 3161:Queen 3092:norms 2983:Chess 1140:Both 1134:7.75 957:28.5 839:40.5 780:41.5 721:41.5 662:42.5 426:67.5 308:69.5 257:Sloth 191:Name 148:blitz 136:drawn 4556:film 4513:WCCC 4508:TCEC 4498:CSVN 4443:Team 4413:List 3684:Fork 3609:Trap 3409:Draw 3181:Pawn 3166:Rook 3156:King 3104:List 3073:list 3048:FIDE 2580:NNSB 2555:The 2414:and 2374:and 2314:and 2203:and 2068:and 1437:69.5 1196:10.5 1144:and 906:Boey 71:and 25:The 4493:CCC 3704:Pin 3508:PGN 2362:0.5 2108:if 1410:4.5 1392:4.5 1374:5.5 1356:5.5 1350:0.5 1314:0.5 1244:0.5 1226:0.5 1214:8.5 1190:0.5 1172:0.5 1083:Nun 1080:15 1021:14 962:13 903:12 844:11 785:10 423:10½ 249:15 246:14 243:13 240:12 237:11 234:10 45:in 4749:: 2887:, 2881:, 2584:GF 2576:SB 2547:. 2434:. 1689:. 1178:11 1149:10 1072:4½ 1013:4½ 954:5½ 895:5½ 726:9 667:8 608:7 549:6 490:5 482:8½ 431:4 372:3 364:11 313:2 305:11 254:1 231:9 228:8 225:7 222:6 219:5 216:4 213:3 210:2 207:1 4043:/ 2975:e 2968:t 2961:v 2918:. 2889:4 2835:d 2831:S 2825:2 2822:1 2817:+ 2812:w 2808:S 2804:+ 2799:p 2795:R 2788:N 2785:= 2782:) 2779:p 2776:( 2773:F 2770:G 2764:N 2742:d 2738:S 2732:2 2729:1 2724:+ 2719:w 2715:S 2711:+ 2706:p 2702:R 2693:p 2689:R 2685:= 2682:) 2679:p 2676:( 2673:B 2670:S 2667:N 2664:N 2642:d 2638:S 2632:2 2629:1 2624:+ 2619:w 2615:S 2611:= 2608:) 2605:p 2602:( 2599:B 2596:S 2572:N 2533:i 2529:N 2523:n 2520:1 2515:+ 2510:i 2506:s 2502:= 2497:i 2493:G 2470:i 2466:s 2445:n 2422:2 2402:1 2382:1 2342:0 2322:2 2302:1 2282:n 2278:/ 2272:j 2268:s 2264:+ 2261:1 2239:j 2236:i 2232:x 2211:1 2191:0 2171:n 2167:/ 2161:j 2157:s 2136:0 2116:j 2096:n 2076:n 2056:0 2034:j 2030:s 2005:i 1984:) 1978:n 1973:j 1969:s 1963:+ 1960:1 1956:( 1950:j 1947:i 1943:x 1937:i 1931:j 1923:= 1918:i 1914:G 1892:i 1870:j 1867:i 1863:x 1857:i 1851:j 1843:= 1838:i 1834:s 1809:i 1805:G 1784:j 1762:j 1759:i 1755:x 1734:n 1714:i 1675:j 1671:s 1665:j 1662:i 1658:x 1652:i 1646:j 1638:= 1633:i 1629:N 1608:i 1586:j 1583:i 1579:x 1573:i 1567:j 1559:= 1554:i 1550:s 1529:i 1509:j 1489:i 1467:j 1464:i 1460:x 1434:= 1431:) 1428:1 1422:1 1419:( 1416:+ 1413:) 1404:1 1401:( 1398:+ 1395:) 1386:1 1383:( 1380:+ 1377:) 1368:1 1365:( 1362:+ 1359:) 1347:( 1344:+ 1341:) 1338:7 1332:1 1329:( 1326:+ 1323:) 1320:7 1311:( 1292:+ 1289:) 1286:7 1280:1 1277:( 1274:+ 1271:) 1268:7 1262:1 1259:( 1256:+ 1253:) 1250:7 1241:( 1238:+ 1235:) 1232:8 1223:( 1220:+ 1217:) 1208:1 1205:( 1202:+ 1199:) 1187:( 1184:+ 1181:) 1169:( 1156:2 1152:1 1131:1 1128:- 1125:0 1122:0 1119:0 1116:0 1113:0 1110:0 1107:0 1104:½ 1101:0 1098:0 1095:½ 1092:0 1089:0 1086:0 1069:1 1066:- 1063:½ 1060:½ 1057:½ 1054:1 1051:½ 1048:½ 1045:0 1042:0 1039:0 1036:0 1033:0 1030:0 1027:0 1010:1 1007:½ 1004:- 1001:½ 998:0 995:0 992:½ 989:0 986:0 983:1 980:½ 977:½ 974:0 971:0 968:0 951:1 948:½ 945:½ 942:- 939:1 936:0 933:½ 930:1 927:½ 924:½ 921:0 918:0 915:0 912:0 909:0 892:1 889:½ 886:1 883:0 880:- 877:0 874:½ 871:0 868:½ 865:½ 862:0 859:½ 856:½ 853:0 850:½ 836:7 833:1 830:0 827:1 824:1 821:1 818:- 815:0 812:½ 809:1 806:0 803:1 800:0 797:0 794:½ 791:0 777:7 774:1 771:½ 768:½ 765:½ 762:½ 759:1 756:- 753:1 750:0 747:1 744:½ 741:0 738:0 735:0 732:½ 718:7 715:1 712:½ 709:1 706:0 703:1 700:½ 697:0 694:- 691:½ 688:½ 685:½ 682:1 679:½ 676:0 673:0 659:7 656:½ 653:1 650:1 647:½ 644:½ 641:0 638:1 635:½ 632:- 629:½ 626:½ 623:½ 620:½ 617:0 614:0 600:7 597:1 594:1 591:0 588:½ 585:½ 582:1 579:0 576:½ 573:½ 570:- 567:½ 564:0 561:½ 558:½ 555:½ 541:8 538:1 535:1 532:½ 529:1 526:1 523:0 520:½ 517:½ 514:½ 511:½ 508:- 505:½ 502:½ 499:0 496:½ 479:½ 476:1 473:½ 470:1 467:½ 464:1 461:1 458:0 455:½ 452:1 449:½ 446:- 443:½ 440:½ 437:0 420:1 417:1 414:1 411:1 408:½ 405:1 402:1 399:½ 396:½ 393:½ 390:½ 387:½ 384:- 381:1 378:½ 361:1 358:1 355:1 352:1 349:1 346:½ 343:1 340:1 337:1 334:½ 331:1 328:½ 325:0 322:- 319:½ 302:1 299:1 296:1 293:1 290:½ 287:1 284:½ 281:1 278:1 275:½ 272:½ 269:1 266:½ 263:½ 260:- 142:(

Index

Tie-breaking in Swiss-system tournaments
scoring system
break ties
chess tournaments
Hermann Neustadtl
Chess Monthly
Oscar Gelbfuhs
William Sonneborn
Johann Berger
Round Robin tournaments
Swiss tournaments
Candidates
Koya score
Buchholz scores
drawn
Linares
blitz
round-robin tournaments
Swiss system
Buchholz scores
sum of progressive scores
crosstable
World Correspondence Chess Championship
Jørn Sloth
Vladimir Zagorovsky
Neustadtl score
Tie-breaking in Swiss-system tournaments
"Zur relativen Bewertung von Turnierpartien"
Wiener Schachzeitung
Chess.com: Tie-break methods

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