269:
735:; generations of composers, instrumentalists, and audiences were guided by this understanding of sonata as an enduring and dominant principle in Western music. The sonata idea begins before the term had taken on its present importance, along with the evolution of the Classical period's changing norms. The reasons for these changes, and how they relate to the evolving sense of a new formal order in music, is a matter to which research is devoted. Some common factors which were pointed to include: the shift of focus from vocal music to instrumental music; changes in performance practice, including the loss of the
2060:
57:
31:
116:
2607:
2595:
365:(Exercises for the Harpsichord). Most of these pieces are in one binary-form movement only, with two parts that are in the same tempo and use the same thematic material, though occasionally there will be changes in tempo within the sections. They are frequently virtuosic, and use more distant harmonic transitions and modulations than were common for other works of the time. They were admired for their great variety and invention.
2634:
78:
105:
96:
669:
a certain eighteenth century way of thinking in music, became in the nineteenth century a drag upon both individual thinking and the free unfolding of the inner vital force of an idea, and is now simply a shop device by which a bad composer may persuade himself and the innocent reader of textbooks that he is a good one.
114:
115:
396:
would become decisive for the sonata; the term moved from being one of many terms indicating genres or forms, to designating the fundamental form of organization for large-scale works. This evolution stretched over fifty years. The term came to apply both to the structure of individual movements (see
668:
That, perhaps, will be the ideal of the instrumental music of the future; the way to it, indeed, seems at last to be opening out before modern composers in proportion as they discard the last tiresome vestiges of sonata form. This, from being what it was originally, the natural mode of expression of
776:
As a practical matter, Schenker applied his ideas to the editing of the piano sonatas of
Beethoven, using original manuscripts and his own theories to "correct" the available sources. The basic procedure was the use of tonal theory to infer meaning from available sources as part of the critical
216:
era, when it took on increasing importance. Sonata is a vague term, with varying meanings depending on the context and time period. By the early 19th century, it came to represent a principle of composing large-scale works. It was applied to most instrumental genres and regardedâalongside the
657:
was defined, from a combination of previous practice and the works of important
Classical composers, particularly Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven, but composers such as Clementi also. It is during this period that the differences between the three- and the four-movement layouts became a subject of
777:
process, even to the extent of completing works left unfinished by their composers. While many of these changes were and are controversial, that procedure has a central role today in music theory, and is an essential part of the theory of sonata structure as taught in most music schools.
300:(proper for use at court), which consists of a prelude followed by a succession of dances, all in the same key. Although the four, five, or six movements of the sonata da chiesa are also most often in one key, one or two of the internal movements are sometimes in a contrasting tonality.
582:
It is difficult to overstate the importance of
Beethoven's output of sonatas: 32 piano sonatas, plus sonatas for cello and piano or violin and piano, forming a large body of music that would over time increasingly be thought essential for any serious instrumentalist to master.
578:
When movements appeared out of this order they would be described as "reversed", such as the scherzo coming before the slow movement in
Beethoven's 9th Symphony. This usage would be noted by critics in the early 19th century, and it was codified into teaching soon thereafter.
69:
489:
However, two-movement layouts also occur, a practice Haydn uses as late as the 1790s. There was also in the early
Classical period the possibility of using four movements, with a dance movement inserted before the slow movement, as in Haydn's Piano sonatas No. 6 and No. 8.
76:
77:
533:
has a two-movement C major sonata and a three-movement D major sonata. Nevertheless, works with fewer or more than four movements were increasingly felt to be exceptions; they were labelled as having movements "omitted," or as having "extra" movements.
746:
puts it: "The main form of the group embodying the 'sonata principle', the most important principle of musical structure from the
Classical period to the 20th century: that material first stated in a complementary key be restated in the home key".(
94:
95:
730:
The development of the classical style and its norms of composition formed the basis for much of the music theory of the 19th and 20th centuries. As an overarching formal principle, sonata was accorded the same central status as
Baroque
221:âas one of two fundamental methods of organizing, interpreting and analyzing concert music. Though the musical style of sonatas has changed since the Classical era, most 20th- and 21st-century sonatas still maintain the same structure.
87:
376:
show parallels with the concerti he was writing at the same time. He composed over 70 sonatas, the great majority of which are of the solo type; most of the rest are trio sonatas, and a very small number are of the multivoice type.
768:
or basic tonal melody, and a basic bass figuration. He held that when these two were present, there was basic structure, and that the sonata represented this basic structure in a whole work with a process known as
437:), or for keyboard and one other instrument, often the violin or cello. It was less and less frequently applied to works with more than two instrumentalists; for example, piano trios were not often labelled
252:. After the Baroque period most works designated as sonatas specifically are performed by a solo instrument, most often a keyboard instrument, or by a solo instrument accompanied by a keyboard instrument.
727:
among others; and the pedagogy of music continued to rest on an understanding and application of the rules of sonata form as almost two centuries of development in practice and theory had codified it.
510:, seven are in two movements, thirty-five are in three, and three are in four; and there are several in three or four movements whose authenticity is listed as "doubtful." Composers such as
327:. This scheme, however, was not very clearly defined, until the works of Arcangelo Corelli when it became the essential sonata and persisted as a tradition of Italian violin music.
599:, and in the sense that a fully elaborated sonata serves as a norm for concert music in general, which other forms are seen in relation to. From this point forward, the word
1959:
405:) and to the layout of the movements in a multi-movement work. In the transition to the Classical period there were several names given to multimovement works, including
827:
1671:
899:
350:
1087:
1081:
831:
2251:
803:
447:
Allegro, which at the time was understood to mean not only a tempo, but also some degree of "working out", or development, of the theme.
1413:
715:
Research into the practice and meaning of sonata form, style, and structure has been the motivation for important theoretical works by
999:
1343:
514:
would publish sonatas for piano and obbligato instrument with an optional third movementââin
Boccherini's case, 28 cello sonatas.
993:
987:
1501:
530:
1907:
537:
Thus, the four-movement layout was by this point standard for the string quartet, and overwhelmingly the most common for the
255:
Sonatas for a solo instrument other than keyboard have been composed, as have sonatas for other combinations of instruments.
603:
in music theory labels as much the abstract musical form as particular works. Hence there are references to a symphony as a
1301:
1215:
2091:
1894:
1473:
874:
268:
1312:
2442:
2413:
2396:
2378:
2371:
2353:
2345:
2330:
2315:
2300:
2285:
2233:
2209:
2201:
2181:
2162:
2142:
1797:
342:'s 1,100 surviving compositions, arrangements, and transcriptions are instrumental works, only about 4% are sonatas.
678:
The role of the sonata as an extremely important form of extended musical argument would inspire composers such as
2659:
1754:
1720:
1076:
1071:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1030:
38:
529:. However, two- and three-movement sonatas continued to be written throughout the Classical period: Beethoven's
1943:
1784:
1760:
1742:
1732:
1726:
1714:
1708:
1702:
1696:
1690:
1249:
1093:
1025:
702:
to compose in sonata form, and works with traditional sonata structures continue to be composed and performed.
960:
330:
The sonata da camera consisted almost entirely of idealized dance-tunes. On the other hand, the features of
1432:
1202:
1131:
1126:
1121:
954:
948:
942:
936:
930:
924:
2260:
1803:
1539:
1460:
1448:
1442:
1174:
1163:
1111:
1106:
918:
754:, begun in the 1950s and published in what has become the standard edition of all three volumes in 1972.
517:
But increasingly instrumental works were laid out in four, not three movements, a practice seen first in
2624:
1864:
1551:
1389:
857:
658:
commentary, with emphasis on the concerto being laid out in three movements, and the symphony in four.
1288:
1514:
1116:
2280:, second edition. A History of the Sonata Idea 2; The Norton Library N623. New York: W. W. Norton.
1857:
1748:
974:
750:
The sonata idea has been thoroughly explored by
William Newman in his monumental three-volume work
381:
1306:
281:
280:
and his contemporaries, two broad classes of sonata were established, and were first described by
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1816:
1534:
1419:
913:
887:
491:
24:
2638:
2558:
2552:
2530:
1684:
1407:
1394:
1377:
1365:
1360:
1355:
869:
402:
1778:
1772:
1766:
742:
Crucial to most interpretations of the sonata form is the idea of a tonal center; and, as the
2435:
1275:
1269:
798:
763:
553:
451:
339:
1933:
384:
are mild and elongated works with a graceful and melodious little second movement included.
1237:
1186:
1158:
1151:
1020:
848:
823:
691:
639:
623:
526:
34:
1521:
249:
8:
2547:
2172:
1792:
1330:
687:
647:
507:
393:
213:
2124:
1811:
1487:
968:
894:
695:
358:
2574:
2409:
2401:
2392:
2374:
2367:
2349:
2341:
2326:
2311:
2296:
2281:
2266:
2229:
2217:
2205:
2197:
2177:
2158:
2138:
1939:
1902:
1481:
1338:
720:
716:
627:
608:
571:
471:
277:
494:'s sonatas were also primarily in three movements. Of the works that Haydn labelled
2654:
2610:
2470:
2465:
2428:
2222:
Free
Composition (Der freie Satz): Volume III of New Musical Theories and Fantasies
1679:
1468:
1372:
1296:
882:
683:
297:
289:
176:
145:
1546:
1283:
2598:
2506:
2273:, revised ed. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press. LCCN 66-19475.
2092:"Rachmaninov â Cello Sonata in G minor: Full Works Concert Highlight of the Week"
1889:
1559:
1244:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1101:
786:
643:
631:
560:
455:
373:
312:
2278:
The Sonata in the Classic Era: The Second Volume of a History of the Sonata Idea
30:
2496:
1666:
1496:
1402:
982:
862:
736:
679:
518:
459:
308:
316:
2648:
2579:
2526:
2359:
2256:
2249:
Mangsen, Sandra, John Irving, John Rink, and Paul Griffiths. 2001. "Sonata".
2189:
2150:
2128:, selected by Felix Aprahamian. London: John Calder; New York: Coward-McCann.
2119:
1427:
1350:
1264:
1194:
724:
699:
661:
463:
324:
245:
209:
292:(that is, suitable for use in church), which was the type "rightly known as
2564:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2501:
2384:
2225:
1509:
1227:
1210:
819:
434:
406:
2295:, fourth edition. A History of the Sonata Idea 1. New York: W. W. Norton.
2569:
2480:
2325:, third edition. A History of the Sonata Idea 3. New York: W. W. Norton.
2310:, third edition. A History of the Sonata Idea 2. New York: W. W. Norton.
2137:, third edition. A History of the Sonata Idea 1. New York: W. W. Norton.
1222:
654:
635:
546:
398:
369:
354:
320:
20:
2125:
More Essays from the World of Music: Essays from the London Sunday Times
1526:
1325:
1181:
511:
477:
A closing movement was generally an Allegro or a Presto, often labeled
233:
131:
417:, many of which are now regarded effectively as sonatas. The usage of
236:
form of sonata, is often used for a short or technically easy sonata.
1384:
425:
labels his first piano sonata as such in 1771, after which the term
2475:
839:
835:
813:
809:
538:
522:
410:
225:
1258:
433:
was increasingly applied to either a work for keyboard alone (see
421:
as the standard term for such works began somewhere in the 1770s.
272:
Individual sheet music of a sonata, written in the Baroque period.
564:
414:
197:
2176:, expanded edition, with CD recording. New York: W. W. Norton.
467:
304:
311:, consisted normally of a slow introduction, a loosely fugued
248:, a sonata was for one or more instruments almost always with
732:
482:
422:
338:
then tended to be freely intermixed. Although nearly half of
218:
189:
160:
46:
19:
For the detailed form of an individual musical movement, see
549:, complete with exposition, development, and recapitulation.
166:
151:
49:), in his own handwriting. The piece was completed in 1816.
2420:
1199:
Sonata No. 1 for violin and piano in D major, Op. 2 (1897)
2072:
591:
In the early 19th century, the current usage of the term
525:, and reaching the sonata proper in the early sonatas of
2228:, translated by Ernst Oster. 2 vols. New York: Longman.
2000:
752:
Sonata in the Classic Era (A History of the Sonata Idea)
2338:
Beethoven on Beethoven: Playing His Piano Music His Way
1976:
545:
An allegro, which by this point was in what is called
357:
solo, or sometimes for other keyboard instruments, by
43:
Geschwind, doch nicht zu sehr und mit Entschlossenheit
2622:
1988:
157:
148:
163:
2048:
2036:
900:
List of solo keyboard sonatas by Domenico Scarlatti
443:Initially the most common layout of movements was:
154:
65:
Beethoven's Piano Sonata No. 28 in A major, Op. 101
832:for viola da gamba and harpsichord (BWV 1027â1029)
804:Sonatas for solo violin (BWV 1001, 1003 and 1005)
2646:
2024:
2012:
907:
323:suggesting affinity with the dance-tunes of the
2252:The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians
1938:(Fourth ed.). Q. Q. Norton & Company.
1800:in B-flat minor, Op. 36 (1913, revised in 1931)
1787:in C major (revised version), Op. 135 (1952â53)
1586:Piano Sonata No. 5 in G minor, Op. 22 (1909â10)
1259:20th-century and contemporary (c. 1910âpresent)
1014:
303:The sonata da chiesa, generally for one or two
792:
785:For a more comprehensive list of sonatas, see
563:orâespecially later in the classical periodâa
2436:
2173:The Classical Style: Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven
1564:Piano Sonata No. 1 in F minor, Op. 5 (1901-3)
705:
664:wrote in the essay "Brahms and the Serpent":
541:. The usual order of the four movements was:
2389:Structural Hearing: Tonal Coherence in Music
1717:in C major (original version), Op. 38 (1923)
673:
2157:, revised edition. New York: W. W. Norton.
1672:Sonata for flute, oboe, clarinet, and piano
1515:Piano Sonata No. 2, Concord, Mass., 1840â60
762:Heinrich Schenker argued that there was an
710:
319:slow movement, and a lively finale in some
212:, designating a variety of forms until the
2594:
2443:
2429:
2408:, 7th edition. Vienna: Universal-Edition.
1687:(1904, 1907, 1907, 1907â08, 1908, 1908â09)
828:for violin and harpsichord (BWV 1014â1019)
429:is used sparingly in his output. The term
288:(third edition, Amsterdam, ca. 1710): the
1395:Sonatas and Interludes for Prepared Piano
875:Sonata for Violin and Continuo in D major
2216:
2078:
1583:Piano Sonata No. 4 in C, Op. 11 (1904-7)
267:
29:
2366:. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
2132:
2006:
1994:
1982:
1414:Sonata No. 2, for flute, viola and harp
106:III. Adagio, ma non troppo, con affetto
2647:
2118:
2042:
1931:
1884:Piano Sonata No. 5 "Opus Archimagicum"
973:Sonata No. 1 in C major, Hob. XVI:1 â
757:
622:for the piano, there are the three of
595:was established, both as regards form
361:, originally published under the name
2424:
2194:The Grove Concise Dictionary of Music
2188:
2169:
2149:
2066:
2054:
2030:
2018:
1463:in D major, Op. 24, No. 3 (1933â1935)
570:A finale in faster tempo, often in a
450:A middle movement, most frequently a
175:
1927:
1925:
1769:(Unison Violins) in D major, Op. 115
1302:Sonata for Two Pianos and Percussion
439:sonata for piano, violin, and cello.
1437:dans le caractĂšre populaire roumain
1061:Piano Sonata No. 29 "Hammerklavier"
961:Sonata in A for Violin and Keyboard
937:Piano Sonata No. 13 in B-flat major
842:); for flute, violin and continuo (
556:, an Andante, an Adagio or a Largo.
387:
13:
2242:
1420:Sonata No. 3, for violin and piano
1378:Sonata for Cello and Piano, Op. 65
1216:Three sonatas for Violin and Piano
1056:Piano Sonata No. 23 "Appassionata"
780:
586:
239:
130:Problems playing these files? See
55:
14:
2671:
1922:
1745:in B-flat major, Op. 84 (1939â44)
1433:Sonata No. 3 for violin and piano
1408:Sonata No. 1, for cello and piano
1390:Sonata for Unaccompanied Clarinet
1320:Sonata No. 2 for Violin and Piano
1317:Sonata No. 1 for Violin and Piano
1203:Sonata No. 2 for violin and piano
744:Grove Concise Dictionary of Music
349:is also applied to the series of
2632:
2606:
2605:
2593:
2391:. New York: Dover Publications.
2196:. London: Macmillan Publishers.
1650:Piano Sonata No. 13 in F minor,
1630:Piano Sonata No. 11 in C minor,
1623:Piano Sonata No. 10 in A minor,
1445:in C major, Op. 26, No. 2 (1935)
1443:Sonata No. 2 for cello and piano
808:Sonatas for flute and continuo (
144:
112:
92:
74:
16:Type of instrumental composition
2084:
1853:Piano Sonata No. 9 "Black Mass"
1843:Piano Sonata No. 7 "White Mass"
1616:Piano Sonata No. 9 in A minor,
1596:Piano Sonata No. 7 in E minor,
1589:Piano Sonata No. 6 in C minor,
1576:Piano Sonata No. 3 in D minor,
1228:Sonata after a Reading of Dante
1117:Clarinet Sonatas No. 1 and No.2
1051:Piano Sonata No. 21 "Waldstein"
1031:Piano Sonata No. 14 "Moonlight"
1026:Piano Sonata No. 8 "Pathétique"
653:In the early 19th century, the
208:. The term evolved through the
1952:
1250:Violin Sonata No. 1 in A minor
1077:Violin Sonata No. 9 "Kreutzer"
1066:Piano Sonata No. 32 in C minor
955:Piano Sonata No. 16 in C major
949:Piano Sonata No. 15 in F major
943:Piano Sonata No. 14 in C minor
931:Piano Sonata No. 12 in F major
925:Piano Sonata No. 11 in A major
618:Among works expressly labeled
1:
2308:The Sonata in the Classic Era
2293:The Sonata in the Baroque Era
2271:The Sonata in the Baroque Era
2135:The Sonata in the Baroque Era
1935:The Sonata in the Baroque Era
1916:
1757:in D major, Op. 94 bis (1943)
1344:Sonata for Clarinet and Piano
1175:Piano Sonata No. 3 in B minor
1094:Cello Sonata No. 3 in A major
1088:Cello Sonata No. 2 in G minor
1082:Cello Sonata No. 1 in F major
1046:Piano Sonata No. 19 "Leichte"
1041:Piano Sonata No. 17 "Tempest"
919:Piano Sonata No. 8 in A minor
908:Classical (c. 1760 â c. 1830)
844:Sonata sopr'il Soggetto Reale
834:; for flute and harpsichord (
559:A dance movement, frequently
363:Essercizi per il gravicembalo
2255:, second edition, edited by
1729:in A major, Op. 82 (1939â40)
1723:in F minor, Op. 80 (1938â46)
1705:in A minor, Op. 28 (1907â17)
1529:(JanĂĄÄek's Sonata for Piano)
1491:, Guitar Sonatas No. 1 and 2
1187:Piano Sonata in E-flat minor
1072:Violin Sonata No. 5 "Spring"
1015:Romantic (c. 1795 â c. 1900)
7:
2450:
1932:Newman, William S. (1983).
1908:Six Sonatas for solo violin
1693:in F minor, Op. 1 (1907â09)
1540:Sonata for Microtonal Piano
1457:minor, Op. 24, No. 1 (1924)
793:Baroque (c. 1600 â c. 1760)
642:, and later the sonatas of
10:
2676:
2340:. New York: W. W. Norton.
2323:The Sonata since Beethoven
2321:Newman, William S. 1983c.
2306:Newman, William S. 1983b.
2291:Newman, William S. 1983a.
2276:Newman, William S. 1972b.
2133:Newman, William S. 1972a.
1865:Kaikhosru Shapurji Sorabji
1804:Sonata for Cello and Piano
1763:in C major, Op. 103 (1947)
1685:Piano Sonatasâsix juvenile
1657:Piano Sonata No. 14 in G,
1502:Sonata for Viola and Piano
858:Heinrich Ignaz Franz Biber
784:
706:Scholarship and musicology
263:
258:
192:, literally means a piece
184:; from Latin and Italian:
122:Performed by Daniel Veesey
18:
2588:
2540:
2489:
2458:
2336:Newman, William S. 1988.
1806:in G minor, Op. 19 (1901)
1781:in C-sharp minor, Op. 133
1751:in D major, Op. 94 (1943)
1711:in C minor, Op. 29 (1917)
1699:in D minor, Op. 14 (1912)
1035:Sonata quasi una fantasia
674:After the Romantic period
607:. This is referred to by
70:I. Allegro, ma non troppo
37:'s manuscript sketch for
1637:Piano Sonata No. 12 in B
1205:in F minor, Op. 6 (1899)
711:Sonata idea or principle
2364:The Romantic Generation
1603:Piano Sonata No. 8 in F
1567:Piano Sonata No. 2 in A
1164:Piano Sonata No. 2 in B
914:Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
824:for organ (BWV 525â530)
481:. The form was often a
466:; or less frequently a
25:Sonata (disambiguation)
2660:Classical music styles
2559:Sonatas and Interludes
2170:Rosen, Charles. 1997.
1767:Sonata for Solo Violin
1654:, Op. 53, No. 2 (1930)
1634:, Op. 39, No. 5 (1920)
1552:Sonata, for solo cello
1504:, Op. 11, No. 4 (1919)
1313:Sonata for Solo Violin
870:George Frideric Handel
403:History of sonata form
286:Dictionaire de musique
273:
204:, "to sing"), a piece
88:II. Vivace alla marcia
60:
50:
23:. For other uses, see
1895:Sonata for Two Pianos
1779:Sonata for Solo Cello
1647:, Op. 53 No. 1 (1930)
1627:, Op. 38 No. 1 (1920)
1474:Sonata for Two Pianos
1232:Fantasia Quasi Sonata
799:Johann Sebastian Bach
340:Johann Sebastian Bach
282:SĂ©bastien de Brossard
271:
59:
33:
2263:. London: Macmillan.
1021:Ludwig van Beethoven
888:Devil's Trill Sonata
849:The Musical Offering
605:sonata for orchestra
472:Theme and Variations
392:The practice of the
35:Ludwig van Beethoven
2548:Fitzwilliam Sonatas
1858:Piano Sonata No. 10
1793:Sergei Rachmaninoff
1775:in C major, Op. 119
1755:Violin Sonata No. 2
1721:Violin Sonata No. 1
1625:Sonata-reminiscenza
1132:Violin Sonata No. 3
1127:Violin Sonata No. 2
1122:Violin Sonata No. 1
975:Piano Sonata No. 62
758:20th-century theory
648:Sergei Rachmaninoff
200:(Latin and Italian
39:Piano Sonata No. 28
2402:Schoenberg, Arnold
2218:Schenker, Heinrich
1881:Piano Sonata No. 4
1878:Piano Sonata No. 3
1875:Piano Sonata No. 2
1872:Piano Sonata No. 1
1869:Piano Sonata No. 0
1848:Piano Sonata No. 8
1838:Piano Sonata No. 6
1833:Piano Sonata No. 5
1828:Piano Sonata No. 4
1823:Piano Sonata No. 3
1817:Piano Sonata No. 2
1812:Alexander Scriabin
1798:Piano Sonata No. 2
1785:Piano Sonata No. 5
1761:Piano Sonata No. 9
1743:Piano Sonata No. 8
1739:, Op. 83 (1939â42)
1733:Piano Sonata No. 7
1727:Piano Sonata No. 6
1715:Piano Sonata No. 5
1709:Piano Sonata No. 4
1703:Piano Sonata No. 3
1697:Piano Sonata No. 2
1691:Piano Sonata No. 1
1620:, Op. 30 (1914â17)
1613:, Op. 27 (1912â14)
1600:, Op. 22 (1910â11)
1593:, Op. 22 (1910â11)
1488:Royal Winter Music
1461:Piano Sonata No. 3
1449:Piano Sonata No. 1
1366:Piano Sonata No. 3
1361:Piano Sonata No. 2
1356:Piano Sonata No. 1
1112:Cello Sonata No. 2
1107:Cello Sonata No. 1
969:Franz Joseph Haydn
895:Domenico Scarlatti
368:Both the solo and
359:Domenico Scarlatti
274:
188:, "to sound"), in
177:[soËnaËta]
61:
51:
2620:
2619:
2575:Sonata rondo form
2267:Newman, William S
1735:in B-flat major,
1580:, Op. 11 (1904-7)
1573:, Op. 11 (1904-7)
1482:Hans Werner Henze
1339:Leonard Bernstein
1238:Sonata in B minor
994:Sonata in A major
988:Sonata in C minor
721:Arnold Schoenberg
717:Heinrich Schenker
640:Sonata in B minor
628:Felix Mendelssohn
572:sonataârondo form
382:Domenico Paradies
278:Arcangelo Corelli
117:
97:
79:
2667:
2637:
2636:
2635:
2628:
2609:
2608:
2597:
2596:
2471:Sonata da chiesa
2466:Sonata da camera
2445:
2438:
2431:
2422:
2421:
2237:
2213:
2185:
2166:
2146:
2129:
2106:
2105:
2103:
2102:
2088:
2082:
2076:
2070:
2064:
2058:
2052:
2046:
2040:
2034:
2028:
2022:
2016:
2010:
2004:
1998:
1992:
1986:
1980:
1974:
1973:
1971:
1970:
1956:
1950:
1949:
1929:
1819:(Sonata-Fantasy)
1680:Sergei Prokofiev
1642:
1641:
1608:
1607:
1572:
1571:
1469:Karel Goeyvaerts
1456:
1455:
1373:Benjamin Britten
1331:Sonata for Piano
1307:Sonata for Piano
1169:
1168:
1005:
1004:
883:Giuseppe Tartini
565:Scherzo and trio
394:Classical period
388:Classical period
336:sonata da camera
332:sonata da chiesa
298:sonata da camera
290:sonata da chiesa
276:In the works of
210:history of music
196:as opposed to a
179:
173:
172:
169:
168:
165:
162:
159:
156:
153:
150:
119:
118:
99:
98:
81:
80:
58:
2675:
2674:
2670:
2669:
2668:
2666:
2665:
2664:
2645:
2644:
2643:
2639:Classical music
2633:
2631:
2623:
2621:
2616:
2599:List of sonatas
2584:
2536:
2507:Clarinet sonata
2485:
2454:
2449:
2419:
2245:
2243:Further reading
2240:
2109:
2100:
2098:
2090:
2089:
2085:
2077:
2073:
2065:
2061:
2053:
2049:
2041:
2037:
2029:
2025:
2017:
2013:
2005:
2001:
1993:
1989:
1981:
1977:
1968:
1966:
1958:
1957:
1953:
1946:
1930:
1923:
1919:
1890:Igor Stravinsky
1674:, Op. 47 (1918)
1661:, Op. 56 (1937)
1639:
1638:
1605:
1604:
1569:
1568:
1560:Nikolai Medtner
1453:
1452:
1261:
1245:Robert Schumann
1166:
1165:
1159:Frédéric Chopin
1147:Robert Schumann
1143:Albert Dietrich
1139:Johannes Brahms
1102:Johannes Brahms
1017:
1002:
1001:
910:
795:
790:
787:List of sonatas
783:
781:Notable sonatas
760:
713:
708:
676:
644:Johannes Brahms
632:Robert Schumann
630:, the three of
624:Frédéric Chopin
589:
587:Romantic period
561:Minuet and trio
519:string quartets
390:
380:The sonatas of
266:
261:
242:
240:Instrumentation
147:
143:
137:
136:
128:
126:
125:
124:
123:
120:
113:
110:
107:
102:
101:
100:
93:
90:
84:
83:
82:
75:
72:
66:
62:
56:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2673:
2663:
2662:
2657:
2642:
2641:
2618:
2617:
2615:
2614:
2602:
2589:
2586:
2585:
2583:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2555:
2550:
2544:
2542:
2538:
2537:
2535:
2534:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2497:Bassoon sonata
2493:
2491:
2487:
2486:
2484:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2462:
2460:
2456:
2455:
2448:
2447:
2440:
2433:
2425:
2418:
2417:
2399:
2382:
2360:Rosen, Charles
2357:
2334:
2319:
2304:
2289:
2274:
2264:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2238:
2214:
2190:Sadie, Stanley
2186:
2167:
2151:Rosen, Charles
2147:
2130:
2120:Newman, Ernest
2115:
2108:
2107:
2083:
2071:
2059:
2047:
2035:
2023:
2011:
1999:
1987:
1975:
1951:
1944:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1914:
1913:
1912:
1911:
1900:
1899:
1898:
1887:
1886:
1885:
1882:
1879:
1876:
1873:
1870:
1862:
1861:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1809:
1808:
1807:
1801:
1790:
1789:
1788:
1782:
1776:
1770:
1764:
1758:
1752:
1746:
1740:
1730:
1724:
1718:
1712:
1706:
1700:
1694:
1688:
1677:
1676:
1675:
1667:Darius Milhaud
1664:
1663:
1662:
1655:
1648:
1635:
1632:Sonata Tragica
1628:
1621:
1614:
1611:Sonata-Ballade
1601:
1594:
1587:
1584:
1581:
1574:
1565:
1557:
1556:
1555:
1544:
1543:
1542:
1532:
1531:
1530:
1519:
1518:
1517:
1507:
1506:
1505:
1497:Paul Hindemith
1494:
1493:
1492:
1479:
1478:
1477:
1466:
1465:
1464:
1458:
1446:
1440:
1435:, in A minor,
1425:
1424:
1423:
1417:
1411:
1403:Claude Debussy
1400:
1399:
1398:
1392:
1382:
1381:
1380:
1370:
1369:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1348:
1347:
1346:
1336:
1335:
1334:
1323:
1322:
1321:
1318:
1315:
1310:
1304:
1294:
1293:
1292:
1281:
1280:
1279:
1273:
1260:
1257:
1256:
1255:
1254:
1253:
1242:
1241:
1240:
1235:
1220:
1219:
1218:
1208:
1207:
1206:
1200:
1192:
1191:
1190:
1179:
1178:
1177:
1172:
1156:
1155:
1154:
1152:'F-A-E' Sonata
1136:
1135:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1099:
1098:
1097:
1091:
1085:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1028:
1016:
1013:
1012:
1011:
1010:
1009:
997:
991:
983:Franz Schubert
980:
979:
978:
966:
965:
964:
958:
952:
946:
940:
934:
928:
922:
909:
906:
905:
904:
903:
902:
892:
891:
890:
880:
879:
878:
867:
866:
865:
863:Rosary Sonatas
855:
854:
853:
817:
806:
794:
791:
782:
779:
759:
756:
712:
709:
707:
704:
675:
672:
671:
670:
609:William Newman
588:
585:
576:
575:
568:
557:
550:
487:
486:
475:
448:
389:
386:
351:over 500 works
309:basso continuo
265:
262:
260:
257:
246:Baroque period
241:
238:
127:
121:
111:
104:
103:
91:
86:
85:
73:
68:
67:
64:
63:
54:
53:
52:
41:, Movement IV
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2672:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2652:
2650:
2640:
2630:
2629:
2626:
2613:
2612:
2603:
2601:
2600:
2591:
2590:
2587:
2581:
2580:Sonata theory
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2560:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2545:
2543:
2541:Miscellaneous
2539:
2532:
2528:
2527:Violin sonata
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2494:
2492:
2490:By instrument
2488:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2463:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2446:
2441:
2439:
2434:
2432:
2427:
2426:
2423:
2415:
2414:3-7024-0029-X
2411:
2407:
2406:Harmonielehre
2403:
2400:
2398:
2397:9780486222752
2394:
2390:
2386:
2385:Salzer, Felix
2383:
2380:
2379:0-674-77934-7
2376:
2373:
2372:0-674-77933-9
2369:
2365:
2361:
2358:
2355:
2354:0-393-30719-0
2351:
2347:
2346:0-393-02538-1
2343:
2339:
2335:
2332:
2331:0-393-95290-8
2328:
2324:
2320:
2317:
2316:0-393-95286-X
2313:
2309:
2305:
2302:
2301:0-393-95275-4
2298:
2294:
2290:
2287:
2286:0-393-00623-9
2283:
2279:
2275:
2272:
2268:
2265:
2262:
2258:
2257:Stanley Sadie
2254:
2253:
2248:
2247:
2235:
2234:0-582-28073-7
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2210:0-393-02620-5
2207:
2203:
2202:0-333-43236-3
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2182:0-393-31712-9
2179:
2175:
2174:
2168:
2164:
2163:0-393-02658-2
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2143:0-393-00622-0
2140:
2136:
2131:
2127:
2126:
2121:
2117:
2116:
2114:
2113:
2097:
2093:
2087:
2080:
2079:Schenker 1979
2075:
2068:
2063:
2056:
2051:
2044:
2039:
2032:
2027:
2020:
2015:
2008:
2003:
1996:
1991:
1984:
1979:
1965:
1961:
1955:
1947:
1941:
1937:
1936:
1928:
1926:
1921:
1909:
1906:
1905:
1904:
1901:
1896:
1893:
1892:
1891:
1888:
1883:
1880:
1877:
1874:
1871:
1868:
1867:
1866:
1863:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1818:
1815:
1814:
1813:
1810:
1805:
1802:
1799:
1796:
1795:
1794:
1791:
1786:
1783:
1780:
1777:
1774:
1771:
1768:
1765:
1762:
1759:
1756:
1753:
1750:
1747:
1744:
1741:
1738:
1734:
1731:
1728:
1725:
1722:
1719:
1716:
1713:
1710:
1707:
1704:
1701:
1698:
1695:
1692:
1689:
1686:
1683:
1682:
1681:
1678:
1673:
1670:
1669:
1668:
1665:
1660:
1656:
1653:
1649:
1646:
1636:
1633:
1629:
1626:
1622:
1619:
1615:
1612:
1602:
1599:
1595:
1592:
1591:Sonata-Skazka
1588:
1585:
1582:
1579:
1578:Sonate-Elegie
1575:
1566:
1563:
1562:
1561:
1558:
1553:
1550:
1549:
1548:
1547:György Ligeti
1545:
1541:
1538:
1537:
1536:
1533:
1528:
1525:
1524:
1523:
1520:
1516:
1513:
1512:
1511:
1508:
1503:
1500:
1499:
1498:
1495:
1490:
1489:
1485:
1484:
1483:
1480:
1475:
1472:
1471:
1470:
1467:
1462:
1459:
1450:
1447:
1444:
1441:
1439:Op. 25 (1926)
1438:
1434:
1431:
1430:
1429:
1428:George Enescu
1426:
1421:
1418:
1415:
1412:
1409:
1406:
1405:
1404:
1401:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1387:
1386:
1383:
1379:
1376:
1375:
1374:
1371:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1353:
1352:
1351:Pierre Boulez
1349:
1345:
1342:
1341:
1340:
1337:
1332:
1329:
1328:
1327:
1324:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1299:
1298:
1295:
1290:
1287:
1286:
1285:
1284:Jean Barraqué
1282:
1278:Op. 26 (1949)
1277:
1274:
1271:
1268:
1267:
1266:
1265:Samuel Barber
1263:
1262:
1251:
1248:
1247:
1246:
1243:
1239:
1236:
1233:
1229:
1226:
1225:
1224:
1221:
1217:
1214:
1213:
1212:
1209:
1204:
1201:
1198:
1197:
1196:
1195:George Enescu
1193:
1188:
1185:
1184:
1183:
1180:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1162:
1161:
1160:
1157:
1153:
1150:
1149:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1137:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1104:
1103:
1100:
1095:
1092:
1089:
1086:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1023:
1022:
1019:
1018:
1007:
998:
995:
992:
989:
986:
985:
984:
981:
976:
972:
971:
970:
967:
962:
959:
956:
953:
950:
947:
944:
941:
938:
935:
932:
929:
927:(K. 331/300i)
926:
923:
920:
917:
916:
915:
912:
911:
901:
898:
897:
896:
893:
889:
886:
885:
884:
881:
876:
873:
872:
871:
868:
864:
861:
860:
859:
856:
851:
850:
845:
841:
837:
836:BWV 1030
833:
829:
825:
821:
818:
815:
811:
807:
805:
802:
801:
800:
797:
796:
788:
778:
774:
772:
767:
766:
755:
753:
748:
745:
740:
738:
734:
728:
726:
725:Charles Rosen
722:
718:
703:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
667:
666:
665:
663:
662:Ernest Newman
659:
656:
651:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
616:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
584:
580:
573:
569:
566:
562:
558:
555:
554:slow movement
551:
548:
544:
543:
542:
540:
535:
532:
531:opus 102 pair
528:
524:
520:
515:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
484:
480:
476:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
452:slow movement
449:
446:
445:
444:
441:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
395:
385:
383:
378:
375:
371:
366:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
343:
341:
337:
333:
328:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
301:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
270:
256:
253:
251:
247:
237:
235:
231:
227:
222:
220:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
178:
171:
141:
135:
133:
109:
89:
71:
48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
26:
22:
2604:
2592:
2565:Sonata cycle
2557:
2522:Viola sonata
2517:Piano sonata
2512:Flute sonata
2502:Cello sonata
2451:
2405:
2388:
2363:
2337:
2322:
2307:
2292:
2277:
2270:
2261:John Tyrrell
2250:
2226:Oswald Jonas
2224:, edited by
2221:
2193:
2192:(ed). 1988.
2171:
2155:Sonata Forms
2154:
2134:
2123:
2111:
2110:
2099:. Retrieved
2095:
2086:
2074:
2062:
2050:
2038:
2026:
2014:
2007:Newman 1972a
2002:
1995:Newman 1972a
1990:
1983:Newman 1972a
1978:
1967:. Retrieved
1964:lib.ugent.be
1963:
1954:
1934:
1903:EugĂšne YsaĂże
1773:Cello Sonata
1749:Flute Sonata
1736:
1659:Sonata-Idyll
1658:
1651:
1644:
1631:
1624:
1617:
1610:
1597:
1590:
1577:
1535:Ben Johnston
1522:LeoĆĄ JanĂĄÄek
1510:Charles Ives
1486:
1436:
1289:Piano Sonata
1276:Piano Sonata
1270:Cello Sonata
1231:
1211:Edvard Grieg
1034:
977:, Hob.XVI:52
951:(K. 533/494)
847:
846:included in
843:
820:Trio sonatas
775:
771:interruption
770:
764:
761:
751:
749:
743:
741:
729:
714:
688:Shostakovich
677:
660:
652:
619:
617:
612:
604:
600:
596:
592:
590:
581:
577:
536:
516:
503:
500:divertimento
499:
496:piano sonata
495:
488:
478:
442:
438:
435:piano sonata
430:
427:divertimento
426:
418:
407:divertimento
391:
379:
370:trio sonatas
367:
362:
346:
344:
335:
331:
329:
302:
293:
285:
275:
254:
243:
229:
223:
205:
201:
193:
185:
181:
139:
138:
129:
42:
2570:Sonata form
2481:Trio sonata
2069:, p. .
2043:Newman 1958
1554:(1948/1953)
1422:(1916â1917)
1297:BĂ©la BartĂłk
1223:Franz Liszt
1000:Sonata in B
696:Ustvolskaya
692:Tailleferre
655:sonata form
636:Franz Liszt
626:, those of
613:sonata idea
547:sonata form
399:Sonata form
355:harpsichord
321:binary form
296:", and the
174:; Italian:
108:IV. Allegro
21:Sonata form
2649:Categories
2101:2021-04-06
2096:Classic FM
2067:Sadie 1988
2055:Rosen 1997
2031:Rosen 1997
2019:Rosen 1988
1969:2020-08-27
1945:0393952754
1917:References
1737:Stalingrad
1652:Minacciosa
1618:War Sonata
1598:Night Wind
1527:1. X. 1905
1326:Alban Berg
1182:Paul Dukas
523:symphonies
512:Boccherini
485:or Minuet.
234:diminutive
132:media help
2204:(cloth);
2009:, 169â70.
1645:Romantica
1397:(1946â48)
1385:John Cage
1291:(1950â52)
1252:, Op. 105
1068:, Op. 111
877:(HWV 371)
684:Prokofiev
680:Hindemith
527:Beethoven
345:The term
317:cantabile
224:The term
214:Classical
2611:Category
2476:Sonatina
2404:. 1966.
2387:. 1962.
2362:. 1995.
2348:(cloth)
2269:. 1966.
2220:. 1979.
2153:. 1988.
2122:. 1958.
2081:, 1:134.
1985:, 23â24.
1960:"Sonata"
1640:♭
1606:♯
1570:♭
1454:♯
1167:♭
1008:, D. 960
1003:♭
996:, D. 959
990:, D. 958
963:(K. 526)
957:(K. 545)
945:(K. 457)
939:(K. 333)
933:(K. 332)
921:(K. 310)
810:BWV 1034
737:continuo
700:Williams
539:symphony
411:serenade
250:continuo
230:sonatine
226:sonatina
2655:Sonatas
2553:History
2452:Sonatas
2112:Sources
1643:minor,
1476:, Op. 1
1333:, Op. 1
765:Urlinie
611:as the
508:Hob XIV
504:partita
456:Andante
415:partita
374:Vivaldi
313:allegro
305:violins
294:Sonatas
284:in his
264:Baroque
259:History
244:In the
202:cantare
198:cantata
47:Allegro
2625:Portal
2412:
2395:
2381:(pbk).
2377:
2370:
2356:(pbk).
2352:
2344:
2329:
2314:
2299:
2284:
2232:
2212:(pbk).
2208:
2200:
2180:
2161:
2141:
2057:, 196.
1997:, 266.
1942:
1910:(1923)
1897:(1943)
1416:(1915)
1410:(1915)
1309:(1926)
1189:(1900)
1145:, and
1096:Op. 69
723:, and
698:, and
620:sonata
601:sonata
597:per se
593:sonata
492:Mozart
479:Finale
468:Minuet
460:Adagio
431:sonata
419:sonata
413:, and
347:sonata
232:, the
228:, pl.
194:played
186:sonare
182:sonate
180:, pl.
140:Sonata
2459:Types
2045:, 51.
1272:Op. 6
1170:minor
1090:Op. 5
1084:Op. 5
1006:major
733:fugue
502:, or
483:Rondo
474:form.
464:Largo
462:or a
458:, an
454:: an
423:Haydn
325:suite
219:fugue
190:music
2531:list
2410:ISBN
2393:ISBN
2375:ISBN
2368:ISBN
2350:ISBN
2342:ISBN
2327:ISBN
2312:ISBN
2297:ISBN
2282:ISBN
2259:and
2230:ISBN
2206:ISBN
2198:ISBN
2178:ISBN
2159:ISBN
2139:ISBN
1940:ISBN
1451:in F
840:1032
814:1035
646:and
521:and
401:and
353:for
334:and
315:, a
307:and
206:sung
638:'s
506:in
470:or
372:of
2651::
2094:.
1962:.
1924:^
1609:,
1141:,
838:,
830:;
826:;
822::
812:,
773:.
739:.
719:,
694:,
690:,
686:,
682:,
650:.
634:,
615:.
552:A
498:,
409:,
161:ÉË
2627::
2533:)
2529:(
2444:e
2437:t
2430:v
2416:.
2333:.
2318:.
2303:.
2288:.
2236:.
2184:.
2165:.
2145:.
2104:.
2033:.
2021:.
1972:.
1948:.
1234:)
1230:(
1037:)
1033:(
852:)
816:)
789:.
574:.
567:.
170:/
167:É
164:t
158:n
155:Ë
152:É
149:s
146:/
142:(
134:.
45:(
27:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
.jpg)