272:. These secondary ingredients are not mainstream in the United States, where nonoxynol-9 alone is typical. Preventing sperm motility will inhibit the sperm from travelling towards the egg moving down the fallopian tubes to the uterus. The deep proper insertion of spermicide should effectively block the cervix so that sperm cannot make it past the cervix to the uterus or the fallopian tubes. A study observing the distribution of spermicide containing nonoxynol-9 in the vaginal tract showed “After 10 min the gel spread within the vaginal canal providing a contiguous covering of the epithelium of variable thickness.” The sole goal of spermicide is to prevent fertilization.
1963:
444:
statistically significant reduction in risk of HIV and STIs, but found a small statistically significant increase in genital lesions among nonoxynol-9 spermicide users. And in a high-risk population using a nonoxynol-9 vaginal gel more than three applications per day on average, the risk of HIV acquisition was increased.
1256:
Currently available spermicides containing nonoxynol-9 are ineffective as microbicides, in particular as HIV-preventive measures. Thus, spermicides used alone are not recommended to prevent HIV or other STIs. Furthermore, frequent use (more than 2 times a day) of spermicide causes more vulvovovaginal
1271:
Temporary skin irritation involving the vulva, vagina, or penis caused by either local toxicity or allergy to the formulation is the most common problem associated with spermicide use... Although vaginal epithelial disruption has been associated with frequent use (twice a day or more) of spermicides
420:
Laboratory testing of substances to see if they inhibited sperm motility began in the 1800s. Modern spermicides nonoxynol-9 and menfegol were developed from this line of research. However, many other substances of dubious contraceptive value were also promoted. Especially after the prohibition of
443:
studies of nonoxynol-9 and other spermicides showed inactivation of STI pathogens, including HIV. But a 2002 systemic review and meta-analysis of nine randomized controlled trials of vaginal nonoxynol-9 for HIV and STI prevention involving more than 5,000 women (predominantly sex workers) found no
310:
Lemon juice solutions have been shown to immobilize sperm in the laboratory, as has Krest Bitter Lemon drink. While the authors of the Krest Bitter Lemon study suggested its use as a postcoital douche, this is unlikely to be effective, as sperm begin leaving the ejaculate (out of the reach of any
1485:
Wilkinson, David; Tholandi, Maya; Ramjee, Gita; Rutherford, George W. (October 2002). "Nonoxynol-9 spermicide for prevention of vaginally acquired HIV and other sexually transmitted infections: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials including more than 5000 women".
332:
have also been proposed as spermicides based on laboratory studies. Animal studies of creams and pessaries derived from neem have shown they have contraceptive effects; however, trials in humans to determine its effectiveness in preventing pregnancy have not yet been conducted.
1006:
184:. Spermicides containing nonoxynol-9 are available in many forms, such as jelly (gel), films, and foams. Used alone, spermicides have a perfect use failure rate of 6% per year when used correctly and consistently, and 16% failure rate per year in typical use.
405:
from approximately 1500 BCE. It recommended mixing seed wool, acacia, dates and honey, and placing the mixture in the vagina. It probably had some effectiveness, in part as a physical barrier due to the thick, sticky consistency, and also because of the
149:. As a contraceptive, spermicide may be used alone. However, the pregnancy rate experienced by couples using only spermicide is higher than that of couples using other methods. Usually, spermicides are combined with contraceptive
1257:
epithelial disruption, which theoretically could increase susceptibility to HIV. In a high-risk population using a vaginal gel with nonoxynol-9 more than three applications per day on average, the risk of HIV acquisition was
311:
douche) within 1.5 minutes of deposition. No published studies appear to have been done on the effectiveness of lemon juice preparations in preventing pregnancy, though they are advocated by some as 'natural' spermicides.
307:) in Chemistry was awarded to Sheree Umpierre, Joseph Hill, and Deborah Anderson, for discovering that Coca-Cola is an effective spermicide, and to C.Y. Hong, C.C. Shieh, P. Wu, and B.N. Chiang for proving it is not.
417:, a 2nd-century Greek physician, contained formulations for a number of acidic concoctions claimed to be spermicidal. His instructions were to soak wool in one of the mixtures, then place near the cervix.
351:
Spermicides used alone are only about 91 percent effective. When spermicides are used in conjunction with condoms and other barrier methods there is a 97 percent effective rate for pregnancy prevention.
1221:
Cates, Willard Jr.; Harwood, Bryna (2011). "Vaginal
Barriers and Spermicides". In Hatcher, Robert A.; Trussell, James; Nelson, Anita L.; Cates, Willard Jr.; Kowal, Deborah; Policar, Michael S. (eds.).
481:
Grimes, David A; Lopez, Laureen M; Raymond, Elizabeth G.; Halpern, Vera; Nanda, Kavita; Schulz, Kenneth F (30 September 2013). Halpern, Vera (ed.). "Spermicide used alone for contraception".
1138:
436:
intercourse, too late to affect all the sperm. Medical estimates during the 1930s placed the pregnancy rate of women using many over-the-counter spermicides at seventy percent per year.
367:
containing spermicide is inadvisable if STI/HIV exposure is likely, because in this situation there is increased vulvovaginal epithelial disruption and increased risk of HIV acquisition.
1007:"U.S. FDA Approves Evofem Biosciences' Phexxi (lactic acid, citric acid and potassium bitartrate), the First and Only Non-Hormonal Prescription Gel for the Prevention of Pregnancy"
196:
251:
201:
1071:
Talwar G, Raghuvanshi P, Misra R, Mukherjee S, Shah S (1997). "Plant immunomodulators for termination of unwanted pregnancy and for contraception and reproductive health".
429:—were marketed only as "feminine hygiene" products and were not held to any standard of effectiveness. Worse, many manufacturers recommended using the products as a
231:
206:
1292:"FDA mandates new warning for nonoxynol 9 OTC contraceptive products. Label must warn consumers products do not protect against STDs and HIV/AIDS (news release)"
348:
says that spermicidally lubricated condoms should no longer be promoted. However, they recommend using a nonoxynol-9 lubricated condom over no condom at all.
1272:
containing N-9, this is usually asymptomatic. In a low risk population, long-term use of N-9 containing methods was not associated with epithelial disruption.
317:
preparations have also been shown to have some spermicidal effect, and commercial lactic acid-based spermicides are available. A contraceptive containing
281:
was previously a common spermicide, but was removed from the U.S. market in 2002 after manufacturers failed to perform new studies required by the FDA.
1993:
1371:
344:
However, condoms that are spermicidally lubricated by the manufacturer have a shorter shelf life and may cause urinary tract infections in women. The
1032:
Sharma S, SaiRam M, Ilavazhagan G, Devendra K, Shivaji S, Selvamurthy W (1996). "Mechanism of action of NIM-76: a novel vaginal contraceptive from
1341:
607:
Barnhart, K.T. (1 June 2001). "Distribution of a spermicide containing
Nonoxynol-9 in the vaginal canal and the upper female reproductive tract".
1539:
1146:
1687:
1278:
N-9 spermicides are inadvisable if STI/HIV exposure is likely in situations that would involve frequent use defined as 2 times or more a day.
921:
1848:
318:
211:
725:
269:
236:
1720:
696:
221:
360:
Temporary local skin irritation involving the vulva, vagina, or penis is the most common problem associated with spermicide use.
559:
1740:
1230:
1885:
1593:
1315:"Final rule. Over-the-counter vaginal contraceptive and spermicide drug products containing nonoxynol 9; required labeling"
642:
950:
1563:
1532:
1191:
789:
Hong, C.Y.; Shieh, C.C.; Wu, P.; Chiang, B.N. (September 1987). "The spermicidal potency of Coca-Cola and Pepsi-Cola".
260:
is the primary chemical in spermicides to inhibit sperm motility. Active secondary spermicidal ingredients can include
1697:
754:
Umpierre, Sharee A.; Hill, Joseph A.; Anderson, Deborah J. (21 November 1985). "Effect of 'Coke' on sperm motility".
1880:
850:
1682:
1379:
1114:
1940:
1583:
1393:
Tone, Andrea (1996). "Contraceptive
Consumers: Gender and the Political Economy of Birth Control in the 1930s".
1291:
1712:
1525:
102:
439:
A misconception about spermicides existed in the 1980s and 1990s. A 1988 literature review article noted that
1702:
1988:
371:
1672:
1438:"Condoms, spermicides, and the transmission of human immunodeficiency virus: a review of the literature"
1953:
1907:
1872:
1820:
1353:
378:(OTC) contraceptive products carry a new warning saying they do not protect against STDs and HIV/AIDS.
1785:
1730:
414:
345:
154:
1638:
1800:
929:
1810:
1663:
1627:
1168:
515:
Kestelman P, Trussell J (1991). "Efficacy of the simultaneous use of condoms and spermicides".
169:. Combined methods are believed to result in lower pregnancy rates than either method alone.
1762:
1725:
1619:
733:
375:
285:
265:
1790:
794:
672:"Status of Certain Additional Over-the-Counter Drug Category II and III Active Ingredients"
458:
289:
275:
Menfegol is a spermicide manufactured as a foaming tablet. It is available only in Europe.
166:
704:
8:
1983:
1915:
1890:
1692:
1604:
1895:
1815:
1568:
1462:
1437:
1422:
1410:
1096:
532:
453:
172:
Spermicides are typically unscented, clear, unflavored, non-staining, and lubricative.
142:
1578:
1499:
1049:
1998:
1920:
1503:
1467:
1418:
1314:
1244:
1236:
1226:
1088:
1053:
988:
903:
899:
806:
771:
671:
624:
582:
540:
494:
1495:
1457:
1449:
1402:
1100:
1080:
1045:
895:
798:
763:
616:
524:
490:
486:
1967:
1825:
848:
341:
Spermicides are believed to increase the contraceptive effectiveness of condoms.
150:
767:
650:
1646:
958:
849:
Roger Short; Scott G. McCoombe; Clare Maslin; Eman Naim; Suzanne Crowe (2002),
802:
620:
296:
1977:
1830:
1775:
1548:
1248:
1240:
422:
402:
387:
292:. Benzalkonium chloride might also be available in Canada as a suppository.
134:
1780:
1748:
1608:
1507:
1406:
992:
825:
628:
498:
246:
162:
138:
1471:
1342:"Evolution and Revolution: The Past, Present, and Future of Contraception"
1092:
1057:
907:
810:
775:
544:
1853:
1840:
1453:
859:
407:
364:
314:
304:
278:
261:
257:
181:
1517:
1084:
1613:
1414:
536:
226:
20:
1652:
1623:
241:
146:
528:
394:
of crocodile dung and fermented dough. It is believed that the low
1573:
1225:(20th revised ed.). New York: Ardent Media. pp. 391–408.
329:
1484:
391:
216:
321:(Phexxi) was approved for use in the United States in May 2020.
1770:
1070:
1031:
829:
430:
300:
158:
426:
1372:"4,000 years of contraception on display in Toronto museum"
1033:
979:
Stone H (1936). "Contraceptive jellies: a clinical study".
390:, an Egyptian document dating to 1850 BCE. It described a
386:
The first written record of spermicide use is found in the
325:
480:
1378:. Centennial College journalism students. Archived from
192:
This list of examples was provided by the Mayo Clinic:
882:
Nwoha P (1992). "The immobilization of all spermatozoa
395:
886:
by bitter lemon drink and the effect of alkaline pH".
1951:
922:"MoonDragon's Contraception Information: Spermicides"
795:
Macmillan
Publishers, Scientific and Medical Division
580:
753:
180:
The most common active ingredient of spermicides is
852:
Lemon and Lime juice as potent natural microbicides
1294:. Silver Spring, Md.: Food and Drug Administration
319:lactic acid, citric acid, and potassium bitartrate
1346:Contraception Online (Baylor College of Medicine)
788:
514:
1975:
92:More effective if combined with a barrier method
1435:
1192:"Spermicide for Birth Control - Topic Overview"
398:of the dung may have had a spermicidal effect.
1478:
510:
508:
1533:
1429:
1216:
1214:
1212:
476:
474:
410:(a known spermicide) formed from the acacia.
1436:Feldblum, P J; Fortney, J A (January 1988).
1336:
1334:
1332:
1220:
951:"Femprotect - Lactic Acid Contraceptive Gel"
425:, spermicides—the most popular of which was
678:. Food and Drug Administration. May 9, 2002
505:
374:(FDA) mandated that labels for nonoxynol-9
1574:Preventing sexually-transmitted infections
1540:
1526:
1209:
817:
782:
747:
471:
363:Frequent use (two times or more a day) of
175:
1994:Drugs acting on the genito-urinary system
1547:
1461:
1365:
1363:
1329:
1306:
999:
823:
1283:
1160:
606:
978:
881:
483:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1976:
1360:
421:contraception in the U.S. by the 1873
401:Further formulations are found in the
1521:
1369:
824:Mikkelson, Barbara (March 16, 2007).
643:"Spermicides: Neo-Sampoon (Menfegol)"
1579:Over-the-counter oral contraceptives
1392:
826:"Killer Sperm: Coca-Cola Spermicide"
701:Cervical Barrier Advancement Society
288:and sodium cholate are used in some
187:
1564:Comparison of birth control methods
1312:
1289:
1171:. Geneva: World Health Organization
1166:
756:The New England Journal of Medicine
689:
583:"WHO/Conrad Technical Consultation"
336:
13:
1941:Male contraceptives in development
1352:(6). February 2000. Archived from
557:
14:
2010:
1442:American Journal of Public Health
1370:Towie, Brian (January 19, 2004).
1189:
16:Contraceptive that destroys sperm
1961:
1584:Oral contraceptive formulations
1386:
1183:
1169:"HIV/AIDS Topics: Microbicides"
1145:. February 2005. Archived from
1131:
1107:
1064:
1025:
972:
955:Woman's Natural Health Practice
943:
914:
875:
842:
355:
718:
664:
635:
600:
574:
551:
491:10.1002/14651858.CD005218.pub4
197:VCF Vaginal Contraceptive Film
141:, inserted vaginally prior to
1:
1500:10.1016/S1473-3099(02)00396-1
1050:10.1016/S0010-7824(96)00204-1
732:. August 1997. Archived from
464:
252:Vagi-Gard Douche Non-Staining
202:VCF Vaginal Contraceptive Gel
1013:(Press release). 22 May 2020
926:MoonDragon Birthing Services
900:10.1016/0010-7824(92)90118-D
560:"Spermicide (Vaginal Route)"
372:Food and Drug Administration
97:Advantages and disadvantages
7:
1891:Fertility awareness methods
1139:"Condoms: Extra protection"
793:. Vol. 6, no. 5.
768:10.1056/NEJM198511213132111
581:World Health Organization.
447:
370:In 2007, the United States
10:
2015:
1488:Lancet Infectious Diseases
1267:Disadvantages and cautions
1115:"Spermicide (Nonoxynol-9)"
803:10.1177/096032718700600508
381:
55:Failure rates (first year)
18:
1933:
1904:
1886:Calendar (rhythm) methods
1869:
1862:
1839:
1799:
1761:
1739:
1711:
1671:
1662:
1637:
1592:
1556:
1395:Journal of Social History
1313:FDA (December 19, 2007).
1290:FDA (December 18, 2007).
928:. c. 1997. Archived from
346:World Health Organization
120:
112:
101:
96:
88:
80:
75:
67:
59:
54:
46:
38:
33:
28:
1223:Contraceptive Technology
1021:– via PR Newswire.
621:10.1093/humrep/16.6.1151
137:substance that destroys
19:Not to be confused with
1801:Emergency Contraception
726:"Spermicides (Vaginal)"
176:Types and effectiveness
1721:Multi-month injections
1664:Hormonal contraception
1628:Levonorgestrel implant
1594:Long-acting reversible
1356:on September 26, 2006.
1280:
1274:
1263:
1261:compared with placebo.
703:. 2004. Archived from
232:First-Progesterone VGS
207:VCF Contraceptive Foam
1849:Vaginal pH modulation
1826:Low-dose mifepristone
1726:Progestogen-only pill
1620:Contraceptive implant
1382:on February 25, 2004.
1276:
1265:
1254:
485:(12): CD005218.pub3.
290:contraceptive sponges
286:benzalkonium chloride
266:benzalkonium chloride
1881:Breastfeeding method
1791:Contraceptive sponge
1675:estrogen–progestogen
1624:Etonogestrel implant
1454:10.2105/ajph.78.1.52
1407:10.1353/jsh/29.3.485
459:Contraceptive sponge
124:Provides lubrication
1989:Personal lubricants
1916:Non-penetrative sex
1908:vaginal intercourse
1873:vaginal intercourse
1693:Contraceptive patch
1688:Extended cycle Pill
1605:Intrauterine device
1569:Male contraceptives
1325:(243): 71769–71785.
1143:ConsumerReports.org
1119:Other disadvantages
1085:10.1038/icb.1997.27
324:Extractives of the
1816:Ulipristal acetate
1804:(Post-intercourse)
1698:Monthly injections
1011:Evofem Biosciences
797:. pp. 395–6.
609:Human Reproduction
517:Fam Plann Perspect
454:Personal lubricant
1949:
1948:
1929:
1928:
1757:
1756:
1232:978-1-59708-004-0
1073:Immunol Cell Biol
523:(5): 226–7, 232.
188:Spermicide brands
128:
127:
2006:
1966:
1965:
1964:
1957:
1867:
1866:
1713:Progestogen-only
1669:
1668:
1542:
1535:
1528:
1519:
1518:
1512:
1511:
1482:
1476:
1475:
1465:
1433:
1427:
1426:
1390:
1384:
1383:
1367:
1358:
1357:
1338:
1327:
1326:
1319:Federal Register
1310:
1304:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1287:
1281:
1269:Local irritation
1252:
1218:
1207:
1206:
1204:
1202:
1187:
1181:
1180:
1178:
1176:
1164:
1158:
1157:
1155:
1154:
1149:on June 26, 2006
1135:
1129:
1128:
1126:
1125:
1111:
1105:
1104:
1068:
1062:
1061:
1029:
1023:
1022:
1020:
1018:
1003:
997:
996:
976:
970:
969:
967:
966:
957:. Archived from
947:
941:
940:
938:
937:
918:
912:
911:
879:
873:
872:
871:
870:
864:
858:, archived from
857:
846:
840:
839:
837:
836:
821:
815:
814:
791:Human Toxicology
786:
780:
779:
751:
745:
744:
742:
741:
722:
716:
715:
713:
712:
693:
687:
686:
684:
683:
676:Federal Register
668:
662:
661:
659:
658:
649:. Archived from
639:
633:
632:
615:(6): 1151–1154.
604:
598:
597:
595:
593:
587:
578:
572:
571:
569:
567:
555:
549:
548:
512:
503:
502:
478:
376:over-the-counter
337:Use with condoms
284:The spermicides
26:
25:
2014:
2013:
2009:
2008:
2007:
2005:
2004:
2003:
1974:
1973:
1972:
1962:
1960:
1952:
1950:
1945:
1925:
1906:
1900:
1871:
1858:
1835:
1803:
1795:
1776:Internal condom
1771:External condom
1763:Barrier Methods
1753:
1735:
1707:
1674:
1658:
1633:
1595:
1588:
1552:
1546:
1516:
1515:
1494:(10): 613–617.
1483:
1479:
1434:
1430:
1391:
1387:
1368:
1361:
1340:
1339:
1330:
1311:
1307:
1297:
1295:
1288:
1284:
1270:
1268:
1233:
1219:
1210:
1200:
1198:
1188:
1184:
1174:
1172:
1165:
1161:
1152:
1150:
1137:
1136:
1132:
1123:
1121:
1113:
1112:
1108:
1069:
1065:
1030:
1026:
1016:
1014:
1005:
1004:
1000:
977:
973:
964:
962:
961:on June 1, 2006
949:
948:
944:
935:
933:
920:
919:
915:
880:
876:
868:
866:
862:
855:
847:
843:
834:
832:
822:
818:
787:
783:
752:
748:
739:
737:
736:on July 8, 2006
724:
723:
719:
710:
708:
695:
694:
690:
681:
679:
670:
669:
665:
656:
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641:
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636:
605:
601:
591:
589:
585:
579:
575:
565:
563:
556:
552:
529:10.2307/2135759
513:
506:
479:
472:
467:
450:
384:
358:
339:
190:
178:
151:barrier methods
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2012:
2002:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1971:
1970:
1947:
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1857:
1856:
1851:
1845:
1843:
1837:
1836:
1834:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1821:Levonorgestrel
1818:
1813:
1807:
1805:
1797:
1796:
1794:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1767:
1765:
1759:
1758:
1755:
1754:
1752:
1751:
1745:
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1737:
1736:
1734:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1717:
1715:
1709:
1708:
1706:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1679:
1677:
1666:
1660:
1659:
1657:
1656:
1650:
1647:Tubal ligation
1643:
1641:
1635:
1634:
1632:
1631:
1617:
1611:
1601:
1599:
1590:
1589:
1587:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1560:
1558:
1557:Related topics
1554:
1553:
1545:
1544:
1537:
1530:
1522:
1514:
1513:
1477:
1428:
1401:(3): 485–506.
1385:
1376:torontObserver
1359:
1328:
1305:
1282:
1231:
1208:
1182:
1159:
1130:
1106:
1063:
1024:
998:
987:(12): 209–13.
971:
942:
913:
874:
841:
816:
781:
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730:MayoClinic.com
717:
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663:
634:
599:
573:
558:Clinic, Mayo.
550:
504:
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466:
463:
462:
461:
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297:Ig Nobel Prize
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1639:Sterilization
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1596:contraception
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1549:Birth control
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1038:Contraception
1035:
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994:
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986:
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932:on 2006-08-13
931:
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894:(6): 537–42.
893:
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888:Contraception
885:
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865:on 2006-08-21
861:
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163:cervical caps
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135:contraceptive
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83:
81:Reversibility
79:
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53:
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37:
32:
27:
22:
1934:Experimental
1781:Cervical cap
1749:Ormeloxifene
1731:Vaginal ring
1703:Vaginal ring
1609:Hormonal IUD
1491:
1487:
1480:
1448:(1): 52–54.
1445:
1441:
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1388:
1380:the original
1375:
1354:the original
1349:
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1308:
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1285:
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1266:
1258:
1255:
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1199:. Retrieved
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1185:
1173:. Retrieved
1167:WHO (2002).
1162:
1151:. Retrieved
1147:the original
1142:
1133:
1122:. Retrieved
1118:
1109:
1079:(2): 190–2.
1076:
1072:
1066:
1044:(6): 373–8.
1041:
1037:
1027:
1015:. Retrieved
1010:
1001:
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981:J Contracept
980:
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963:. Retrieved
959:the original
954:
945:
934:. Retrieved
930:the original
925:
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860:the original
851:
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833:. Retrieved
819:
790:
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738:. Retrieved
734:the original
729:
720:
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705:the original
700:
691:
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675:
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655:. Retrieved
651:the original
646:
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612:
608:
602:
590:. Retrieved
576:
564:. Retrieved
553:
520:
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482:
440:
438:
433:
423:Comstock Act
419:
413:Writings by
412:
400:
385:
369:
362:
359:
356:Side effects
350:
343:
340:
323:
313:
309:
305:Nobel Prizes
294:
283:
277:
274:
256:
247:Today Sponge
191:
179:
171:
130:
129:
1854:Nonoxynol-9
1841:Spermicides
408:lactic acid
365:nonoxynol-9
315:Lactic acid
279:Octoxynol-9
262:octoxynol-9
258:Nonoxynol-9
182:nonoxynol-9
145:to prevent
143:intercourse
113:Weight gain
68:Typical use
60:Perfect use
1984:Spermicide
1978:Categories
1921:Abstinence
1896:Withdrawal
1863:Behavioral
1811:Copper IUD
1614:Copper IUD
1264:p.399–400:
1153:2006-08-06
1124:2008-04-23
965:2006-09-17
936:2006-08-13
869:2006-08-13
835:2008-10-03
740:2006-10-16
711:2006-09-17
682:2006-08-18
657:2006-10-01
647:RemedyFind
465:References
227:Endometrin
212:Conceptrol
155:diaphragms
131:Spermicide
105:protection
42:Spermicide
34:Background
29:Spermicide
21:Spertacide
1870:Including
1786:Diaphragm
1683:Oral pill
1653:Vasectomy
1423:A18498205
1298:April 16,
1259:increased
1249:781956734
1241:0091-9721
1175:August 6,
697:"Sponges"
295:The 2008
242:Prochieve
147:pregnancy
84:Immediate
47:First use
1999:Biocides
1968:Medicine
1905:Avoiding
1673:Combined
1649:(female)
1508:12383611
1201:April 1,
993:12259192
884:in vitro
629:11387285
592:April 1,
588:. Geneva
566:April 1,
499:24307556
448:See also
441:in vitro
330:neem oil
270:menfegol
237:Gynol II
153:such as
121:Benefits
1551:methods
1472:3276230
1463:1349207
1415:3788942
1275:p. 401:
1253:p. 399:
1190:WebMD.
1101:7402936
1093:9107574
1058:8968666
908:1493713
811:3679247
776:4058526
545:1743276
537:2135759
415:Soranus
392:pessary
382:History
303:of the
217:Crinone
167:sponges
159:condoms
50:Ancient
1954:Portal
1655:(male)
1598:(LARC)
1506:
1470:
1460:
1421:
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1247:
1239:
1229:
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1017:22 May
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830:Snopes
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627:
543:
535:
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431:douche
301:parody
222:Encare
165:, and
1741:SERMs
1411:JSTOR
1196:WebMD
1097:S2CID
863:(PDF)
856:(PDF)
586:(PDF)
533:JSTOR
434:after
427:Lysol
139:sperm
133:is a
76:Usage
1504:PMID
1468:PMID
1419:Gale
1300:2014
1245:OCLC
1237:ISSN
1227:ISBN
1203:2014
1177:2006
1089:PMID
1054:PMID
1034:neem
1019:2020
989:PMID
904:PMID
807:PMID
772:PMID
625:PMID
594:2014
568:2014
541:PMID
495:PMID
326:neem
268:and
39:Type
1496:doi
1458:PMC
1450:doi
1403:doi
1081:doi
1046:doi
896:doi
799:doi
764:doi
760:313
617:doi
525:doi
487:doi
299:(a
103:STI
71:16%
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