1657:. He modeled the MPI process as a transition of the electron from the ground state of the atom to the Volkov states (the state of a free electron in the electromagnetic field). In this model, the perturbation of the ground state by the laser field is neglected and the details of atomic structure in determining the ionization probability are not taken into account. The major difficulty with Keldysh's model was its neglect of the effects of Coulomb interaction on the final state of the electron. As is observed from the figure, the Coulomb field is not very small in magnitude compared to the potential of the laser at larger distances from the nucleus. This is in contrast to the approximation made by neglecting the potential of the laser at regions near the nucleus. A. M. Perelomov, V. S. Popov and M. V. Terent'ev included the Coulomb interaction at larger internuclear distances. Their model (which is called the PPT model after their initials) was derived for short-range potential and includes the effect of the long-range Coulomb interaction through the first-order correction in the quasi-classical action. In the quasi-static limit, the PPT model approaches the ADK model by M. V. Ammosov, N. B. Delone, and V. P. Krainov.
1495:
the same process by which a bounded electron, through the absorption of more than one photon from the laser field, is ionized. The difference between them is a matter of definition under different conditions. They can henceforth be called multiphoton ionization (MPI) whenever the distinction is not necessary. The dynamics of the MPI can be described by finding the time evolution of the state of the atom which is described by the
2956:
1503:
4842:. Using the semi-empirical model for the MPI rate of unsaturated hydrocarbons is feasible. This simplistic view ignores the ionization dependence on orientation of molecular axis with respect to polarization of the electric field of the laser, which is determined by the symmetries of the molecular orbitals. This dependence can be used to follow molecular dynamics using strong field multiphoton ionization.
3931:
2567:
1865:
2253:
4533:
3694:
1669:
in their experiment. Due to the very small frequency of the laser, the tunneling is strictly quasi-static, a characteristic that is not easily attainable using pulses in the near infrared or visible region of frequencies. These findings weakened the suspicion on the applicability of models basically
1660:
Many experiments have been carried out on the MPI of rare gas atoms using strong laser pulses, through measuring both the total ion yield and the kinetic energy of the electrons. Here, one only considers the experiments designed to measure the total ion yield. Among these experiments are those by S.
4850:
The question of how long a tunneling particle spends inside the barrier region has remained unresolved since the early days of quantum mechanics. It is sometimes suggested that the tunneling time is instantaneous because both the
Keldysh and the closely related Buttiker-Landauer times are imaginary
4738:
laser. They found that these molecules are tunnel-ionized as if they were structureless atoms with an ionization potential equivalent to that of the molecular ground state. A. Talebpour et al. were able to quantitatively fit the ionization yield of diatomic molecules interacting with a Ti:sapphire
1494:
The ionization rate of a hydrogen atom in an alternating electric field, like that of a laser, can be treated, in the appropriate limit, as the DC ionization rate averaged over a single period of the electric field's oscillation. Multiphoton and tunnel ionization of an atom or a molecule describes
51:
When the atom is in a DC external field, the
Coulomb potential barrier is lowered and the electron has an increased, non-zero probability of tunnelling through the potential barrier. In the case of an alternating electric field, the direction of the electric field reverses after the half period of
4577:. This is justified by the following consideration. Referring to the figure, the ease or difficulty of tunneling can be expressed as the ratio between the equivalent classical time it takes for the electron to tunnel out the potential barrier while the potential is bent down. This ratio is indeed
1683:
The dynamics of the MPI can be described by finding the time evolution of the state of the atom which is described by the Schrödinger equation. The form of this equation in the electric field gauge, assuming the single active electron (SAE) approximation and using dipole approximation, is the
1652:
is not sufficient to describe the MPI process. In this case, the laser field on larger distances from the nucleus is more important than the
Coulomb potential and the dynamic of the electron in the field should be properly taken into account. The first work in this category was published by
4729:
Contrary to the abundance of theoretical and experimental work on the MPI of rare gas atoms, the amount of research on the prediction of the rate of MPI of neutral molecules was scarce until recently. Walsh et al. have measured the MPI rate of some diatomic molecules interacting with a
2951:{\displaystyle W_{\text{PPT}}=I_{\text{PPT}}W(\mathbf {E} ,\omega )=|C_{n^{*}l^{*}}|^{2}{\sqrt {\frac {6}{\pi }}}f_{lm}E_{i}(2(2E_{\text{i}})^{\frac {3}{2}}/F)^{2n^{*}-|m|-3/2}(1+\gamma ^{2})^{|m/2|+3/4}A_{m}(\omega ,\gamma )e^{-{\frac {2}{3}}g(\gamma )(2E_{\text{i}})^{\frac {3}{2}}/F}}
3470:
1690:
4851:(corresponding to the decay of the wavefunction under the barrier). In a recent publication the main competing theories of tunneling time are compared against experimental measurements using the attoclock in strong laser field ionization of helium atoms. Refined
2098:
4273:
3641:
1107:
2350:
is the charge of atomic or ionic core) at a long distance from the nucleus, is calculated through first order correction on the semi-classical action. The result is that the effect of ionic potential is to increase the rate of MPI by a factor of
3926:{\displaystyle A_{m}(\omega ,\gamma )={\frac {4}{\sqrt {3\pi }}}{\frac {1}{|m|!}}{\frac {\gamma ^{2}}{1+\gamma ^{2}}}\sum _{n>v}^{\infty }e^{-(n-v)\alpha (\gamma )}w_{m}\left({\sqrt {{\frac {2\gamma }{\sqrt {1+\gamma ^{2}}}}(n-v)}}\right)}
44:, the potential barrier of an atom (molecule) is distorted drastically. Therefore, as the length of the barrier that electrons have to pass decreases, the electrons can escape from the atom's potential more easily. Tunneling ionization is a
4167:
708:
497:
398:
4860:(FPI) formulation. However, later work in atomic hydrogen has demonstrated that most of the tunneling time measured in the experiment is purely from the long-range Coulomb force exerted by the ion core on the outgoing electron.
4661:
607:
4242:
4072:
4855:
reveal a real and not instantaneous tunneling delay time over a large intensity regime. It is found that the experimental results are compatible with the probability distribution of tunneling times constructed using a
3324:
2441:
1674:
with experimental measurement. They have shown that the total ionization rate predicted by the PPT model fits very well the experimental ion yields for all rare gases in the intermediate regime of
Keldysh parameter.
5647:
Sainadh, U. Satya; Xu, Han; Wang, Xiaoshan; Atia-Tul-Noor, A.; Wallace, William C.; Douguet, Nicolas; Bray, Alexander; Ivanov, Igor; Bartschat, Klaus; Kheifets, Anatoli; Sang, R. T.; Litvinyuk, I. V. (April 2019).
4810:
which is used in the calculation of the MPI rate of atoms. The importance of this finding is in its practicality; the only parameter needed for predicting the MPI rate of a diatomic molecule is a single parameter,
233:
3330:
3011:
1979:
931:
1860:{\displaystyle i{\frac {\partial }{\partial t}}\Psi (\mathbf {r} ,\,t)=-{\frac {1}{2m}}\nabla ^{2}\Psi (\mathbf {r} ,\,t)+(\mathbf {E} (t)\cdot \mathbf {r} +V(\mathbf {r} ))\Psi (\mathbf {r} ,\,t),}
754:
879:
1196:
2499:
2049:
4739:
laser pulse. The conclusion of the work was that the MPI rate of a diatomic molecule can be predicted from the PPT model by assuming that the electron tunnels through a barrier given by
2248:{\displaystyle W(\mathbf {E} ,\omega )=\lim _{x\to \infty }\int _{0}^{\frac {2\pi }{\omega }}\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }\mathbf {J} (\mathbf {r} ,t)\,dz\,dy\,dt}
2088:
287:
3686:
4528:{\displaystyle W_{\text{ADK}}=|C_{n^{*}l^{*}}|^{2}{\sqrt {\frac {6}{\pi }}}f_{lm}E_{i}(2(2E_{\text{i}})^{\frac {3}{2}}/F)^{2n^{*}-|m|-3/2}e^{-(2(2E_{\text{i}})^{\frac {3}{2}}/3F)}}
4776:
1670:
founded on the assumption of a structureless atom. S. Larochelle et al. have compared the theoretically predicted ion versus intensity curves of rare gas atoms interacting with a
80:, using parabolic coordinates. This provides a simplified physical system that given it proper exponential dependence of the ionization rate on the applied external field. When
3476:
4719:
4692:
943:
1899:
4838:
4573:
3164:
1398:
1223:
5121:
Auguste, T; Monot, P; Lompre, L A; Mainfray, G; Manus, C (1992-10-28). "Multiply charged ions produced in noble gases by a 1 ps laser pulse at lambda = 1053 nm".
3059:
1363:
2008:
1642:
1476:
812:
60:). If the recombination does not occur, further ionization may proceed by collision between high-energy electrons and a parent atom (molecule). This process is known as
3120:
1576:
1539:
113:
61:
4078:
4808:
4597:
4265:
2328:
2276:
1613:
614:
3091:
1430:
1311:
1252:
785:
1928:
405:
2559:
2539:
2519:
2348:
2296:
1333:
1278:
1131:
301:
4941:
Yamabe, Tokio; Tachibana, Akitomo; Silverstone, Harris J. (1977-09-01). "Theory of the ionization of the hydrogen atom by an external electrostatic field".
1930:
is the static
Coulomb potential of the atomic core at the position of the active electron. By finding the exact solution of equation (1) for a potential
4607:
528:
4173:
3943:
3172:
5303:
Talebpour, A; Larochelle, S; Chin, S L (1998-01-28). "Suppressed tunnelling ionization of the molecule in an intense Ti:sapphire laser pulse".
2357:
3465:{\displaystyle g(\gamma )={\frac {3}{2\gamma }}((1+{\frac {1}{2\gamma ^{2}}})\sinh ^{-1}(\gamma )-{\frac {\sqrt {1+\gamma ^{2}}}{2\gamma }})}
123:
5086:
Augst, S.; Meyerhofer, D. D.; Strickland, D.; Chint, S. L. (1991-04-01). "Laser ionization of noble gases by
Coulomb-barrier suppression".
5164:
Larochelle, S; Talebpour, A; Chin, S L (1998-03-28). "Non-sequential multiple ionization of rare gas atoms in a Ti:Sapphire laser field".
2964:
4267:
approaches zero (quasi-static limit). In this case, which is known as quasi-static tunnelling (QST), the ionization rate is given by
48:
phenomenon since in the classical picture an electron does not have sufficient energy to overcome the potential barrier of the atom.
1933:
1580:, the Coulomb potential is negligible compared to the potential of the laser field. The electron emerges from under the barrier at
884:
4878:
5737:
5232:
717:
820:
1136:
2449:
4601:, since the potential is bent down during half a cycle of the field oscillation and the ratio can be expressed as
2015:
5510:
Landsman, Alexandra S.; Weger, Matthias; Maurer, Jochen; Boge, Robert; Ludwig, André; et al. (2014-11-14).
5561:
Fertig, H. A. (1990-11-05). "Traversal-Time
Distribution and the Uncertainty Principle in Quantum Tunneling".
2056:
292:
247:
3649:
5389:
Talebpour, A; Larochelle, S; Chin, S L (1998-06-28). "Multiphoton ionization of unsaturated hydrocarbons".
5256:
Walsh, T D G; Decker, J E; Chin, S L (1993-02-28). "Tunnel ionization of simple molecules by an intense CO
4742:
3636:{\displaystyle |C_{n^{*}l^{*}}|^{2}={\frac {2^{2n^{*}}}{n^{*}\Gamma (n^{*}+l^{*}+1)\Gamma (n^{*}-l^{*})}}}
1102:{\displaystyle w=8{\frac {R_{\text{H}}}{\hbar }}{\frac {2R_{\text{H}}/a_{0}}{\left|eE\right|}}\exp \left}
5346:
Talebpour, A.; Yang, J.; Chin, S.L. (1999). "Semi-empirical model for the rate of tunnel ionization of N
4697:
4670:
5604:
Yamada, Norifumi (2004-10-18). "Unified
Derivation of Tunneling Times from Decoherence Functionals".
1873:
52:
the field. The ionized electron may come back to its parent ion. The electron may recombine with the
4816:
4544:
3125:
1402:. More accurate and general formulas for the tunneling from Hydrogen orbitals can also be obtained.
1370:
1201:
3018:
2521:
is the peak electric field of laser. Thus, the total rate of MPI from a state with quantum numbers
1338:
514:
A more physically meaningful form for the ionization rate above can be obtained by noting that the
57:
1986:
1620:
511:
to match the ground state hydrogen wavefunction through the suppressed coulomb potential barrier.
5762:
4162:{\displaystyle \alpha (\gamma )=2(\sinh ^{-1}(\gamma )-{\frac {\gamma }{\sqrt {1+\gamma ^{2}}}})}
1454:
790:
4694:
is the tunneling time (classical time of flight of an electron through a potential barrier, and
3096:
1548:
1511:
1496:
703:{\displaystyle E_{\text{ion}}=R_{\text{H}}={\frac {m_{\text{e}}e^{4}}{8\epsilon _{0}^{2}h^{2}}}}
85:
5047:
Chin, S L; Yergeau, F; Lavigne, P (1985-04-28). "Tunnel ionisation of Xe in an ultra-intense CO
4852:
4931:
L.D. Landau and E.M. Lifshitz, Quantum
Mechanics (Pergamon, New York, 1965), 2nd ed., pg 276.
4857:
4781:
4582:
4250:
2301:
2261:
1585:
3066:
2051:
is calculated. Then, the total MPI rate from short-range potential for linear polarization,
5173:
1662:
1408:
1289:
1280:(i.e. far down the periodic table) ionize most easily under a DC field. Furthermore, for a
1230:
763:
492:{\displaystyle \omega _{a}={\frac {m_{\text{e}}e^{4}}{(4\pi \epsilon _{0})^{2}\hbar ^{3}}}}
1904:
8:
5767:
504:
393:{\displaystyle E_{a}={\frac {m_{\text{e}}^{2}e^{5}}{(4\pi \epsilon _{0})^{3}\hbar ^{4}}}}
5177:
2278:
is the frequency of the laser, which is assumed to be polarized in the direction of the
5695:
5523:
5457:
5414:
5328:
5285:
5197:
5146:
5002:
4914:
2544:
2524:
2504:
2333:
2281:
1318:
1263:
1116:
37:
5402:
5367:
5134:
1661:
L. Chin et al., S. Augst et al. and T. Auguste et al. Chin et al. used a 10.6 ÎĽm
5733:
5687:
5679:
5629:
5621:
5586:
5578:
5543:
5492:
5449:
5418:
5406:
5371:
5332:
5320:
5316:
5289:
5277:
5273:
5238:
5228:
5201:
5189:
5185:
5150:
5138:
5103:
5068:
5064:
5006:
4994:
4906:
4898:
1671:
519:
508:
45:
5699:
5649:
5461:
4918:
40:
through the potential barrier and escape from the atom (or molecule). In an intense
5725:
5669:
5661:
5613:
5570:
5533:
5484:
5441:
5398:
5363:
5312:
5269:
5220:
5181:
5130:
5095:
5060:
4986:
4950:
4890:
1335:
is the nuclear charge. This scaling arises because the ionization energy scales as
757:
5617:
4656:{\displaystyle \gamma ={\frac {\tau _{\text{T}}}{{\frac {1}{2}}\tau _{\text{L}}}}}
1281:
5574:
5488:
4977:
Wolkow, D. M. (1935). "Über eine Klasse von Lösungen der
Diracschen Gleichung".
4894:
2012:
the magnitude of the ionization potential of the atom), the probability current
5445:
5224:
1654:
602:{\displaystyle a_{0}={\frac {4\pi \epsilon _{0}\hbar ^{2}}{m_{\text{e}}e^{2}}}}
53:
41:
5665:
4237:{\displaystyle v={\frac {E_{\text{i}}}{\omega }}(1+{\frac {1}{2\gamma ^{2}}})}
4067:{\displaystyle w_{m}(x)=e^{-x^{2}}\int _{0}^{x}(x^{2}-y^{2})^{m}e^{y^{2}}\,dy}
5757:
5751:
5717:
5683:
5625:
5582:
5547:
5496:
5453:
5410:
5375:
5324:
5281:
5242:
5193:
5142:
5107:
5072:
4998:
4902:
1439:
73:
5538:
5511:
4954:
5691:
5633:
5590:
5099:
4910:
1257:
239:
3319:{\displaystyle f_{lm}={\frac {(2l+1)(l+|m|){!}}{2^{|m|}|m|{!}(l-|m|){!}}}}
5475:
BĂĽttiker, M.; Landauer, R. (1982-12-06). "Traversal Time for Tunneling".
2436:{\displaystyle I_{\text{PPT}}=(2(E_{\text{i}})^{\frac {3}{2}}/F)^{n^{*}}}
515:
5674:
5440:(1). Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE): 105–112.
5019:
Perelemov A M, Popov V S and Terent'ev M V 1966 SovietPhys. JETP, 23 924
1133:
emphasizes that the characteristic electric field needed for ionization
507:
through the outer classical turning point. This rate is found using the
4990:
1543:, the potential of the laser can be neglected, while at distances with
1405:
As an empirical point of reference, the characteristic electric field
1260:) with electrons occupying orbitals with high principal quantum number
228:{\displaystyle w=4\omega _{a}{\frac {E_{a}}{\left|E\right|}}\exp \left}
77:
5432:
Jaron-Becker, A. (2012). "Molecular Dynamics in Strong Laser Fields".
5037:
Ammosov M V, Delone N B and Krainov V P 1986 SovietPhys. JETP, 64 1191
1506:
Combined potential of an atom and a uniform laser field. At distances
1502:
5650:"Attosecond angular streaking and tunnelling time in atomic hydrogen"
5729:
3006:{\displaystyle \gamma ={\frac {\omega {\sqrt {2E_{\text{i}}}}}{F}}}
33:
25:
5719:
5528:
17:
5085:
1284:, the scaling of this characteristic ionization field goes as
5215:
CHIN, S. L. (2004). "From multiphoton to tunnel ionization".
2561:
in a laser field for linear polarization is calculated to be
1974:{\displaystyle {\sqrt {2E_{\text{i}}}}.\delta (\mathbf {r} )}
2298:
axis. The effect of the ionic potential, which behaves like
5391:
Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
5305:
Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
5262:
Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
5166:
Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
5123:
Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
4879:"Plasma perspective on strong field multiphoton ionization"
1435:
926:{\displaystyle \omega _{a}={\frac {2R_{\text{H}}}{\hbar }}}
76:
in an electrostatic (DC) field was solved schematically by
29:
5718:
Joachain, C. J.; Kylstra, N. J.; Potvliege, R. M. (2012).
5646:
5120:
4940:
5028:
Perelemov A M and Popov V S 1967 Soviet Phys.JETP, 25 336
4985:(3–4). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 250–260.
1678:
5509:
5388:
5302:
5163:
1198:
is proportional to the ratio of the ionization energy
749:{\displaystyle R_{\text{H}}\approx \mathrm {13.6\,eV} }
5434:
IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics
5051:
laser field (10 W cm) with multiple charge creation".
56:(nuclei) and its kinetic energy is released as light (
4819:
4784:
4745:
4700:
4673:
4610:
4585:
4547:
4276:
4253:
4176:
4081:
3946:
3697:
3652:
3479:
3333:
3175:
3128:
3099:
3069:
3021:
2967:
2570:
2547:
2527:
2507:
2452:
2360:
2336:
2304:
2284:
2264:
2101:
2059:
2018:
1989:
1936:
1907:
1876:
1693:
1623:
1588:
1551:
1514:
1457:
1411:
1373:
1341:
1321:
1292:
1266:
1233:
1225:
to the characteristic size of the electron's orbital
1204:
1139:
1119:
946:
887:
874:{\displaystyle E_{a}={\frac {2R_{\text{H}}}{ea_{0}}}}
823:
793:
766:
720:
617:
531:
408:
304:
250:
126:
88:
5219:. Vol. 16. WORLD SCIENTIFIC. pp. 249–271.
5217:
Advances in Multi-Photon Processes and Spectroscopy
937:so that the total ionization rate can be rewritten
117:, the ionization rate for this system is given by:
5569:(19). American Physical Society (APS): 2321–2324.
5483:(23). American Physical Society (APS): 1739–1742.
5053:Journal of Physics B: Atomic and Molecular Physics
5046:
4889:(13). American Physical Society (APS): 1994–1997.
4832:
4802:
4770:
4713:
4686:
4655:
4591:
4567:
4527:
4259:
4236:
4161:
4066:
3925:
3680:
3635:
3464:
3318:
3158:
3114:
3085:
3053:
3005:
2950:
2553:
2533:
2513:
2493:
2435:
2342:
2322:
2290:
2270:
2247:
2082:
2043:
2002:
1973:
1922:
1893:
1859:
1636:
1607:
1570:
1533:
1470:
1424:
1392:
1357:
1327:
1305:
1272:
1256:. Thus, atoms with low ionization energy (such as
1246:
1217:
1190:
1125:
1101:
925:
873:
806:
779:
748:
702:
601:
491:
392:
281:
227:
107:
5354:molecule in an intense Ti:sapphire laser pulse".
5345:
4247:The ADK model is the limit of the PPT model when
5749:
5474:
2126:
1191:{\displaystyle E_{a}={2E_{\text{ion}}}/{ea_{0}}}
72:Tunneling ionization from the ground state of a
5612:(17). American Physical Society (APS): 170401.
5255:
2494:{\displaystyle n^{*}=Z/{\sqrt {2E_{\text{i}}}}}
1648:When the intensity of the laser is strong, the
5512:"Ultrafast resolution of tunneling delay time"
4539:In practice, the limit for the QST regime is
295:the previous parameters can be expressed as:
5431:
3013:is the Keldysh's adiabaticity parameter and
2044:{\displaystyle \mathbf {J} (\mathbf {r} ,t)}
5088:Journal of the Optical Society of America B
4721:is the period of laser field oscillation.
67:
5673:
5537:
5527:
4057:
2238:
2231:
2224:
1847:
1778:
1726:
738:
1644:is the ionization potential of the atom.
1501:
1432:for the ordinary hydrogen atom is about
4967:Keldysh L V 1965 Soviet Phys. JETP 2354
2083:{\displaystyle W(\mathbf {E} ,\omega )}
1901:is the electric field of the laser and
282:{\displaystyle m_{\text{e}}=e=\hbar =1}
5750:
5603:
5560:
4976:
4876:
3681:{\displaystyle A_{m}(\omega ,\gamma )}
1679:Analytical formula for the rate of MPI
5214:
4771:{\displaystyle {Z_{\text{eff}}}/{r}}
1489:
4724:
1451:) and the characteristic frequency
13:
5710:
3814:
3598:
3560:
2197:
2192:
2179:
2174:
2136:
1833:
1764:
1755:
1712:
1703:
1699:
1113:This form for the ionization rate
742:
739:
14:
5779:
5397:(12). IOP Publishing: 2769–2776.
5129:(20). IOP Publishing: 4181–4194.
4845:
968:
918:
503:The ionization rate is the total
270:
5172:(6). IOP Publishing: 1201–1214.
5059:(8). IOP Publishing: L213–L215.
4714:{\displaystyle \tau _{\text{L}}}
4687:{\displaystyle \tau _{\text{T}}}
2601:
2211:
2203:
2109:
2067:
2028:
2020:
1964:
1878:
1840:
1823:
1809:
1792:
1771:
1719:
1650:lowest-order perturbation theory
5640:
5597:
5554:
5522:(5). The Optical Society: 343.
5503:
5468:
5425:
5382:
5339:
5296:
5249:
5208:
5157:
5114:
5094:(4). The Optical Society: 858.
5079:
1894:{\displaystyle \mathbf {E} (t)}
5724:. Cambridge University Press.
5311:(2). IOP Publishing: L49–L58.
5268:(4). IOP Publishing: L85–L90.
5040:
5031:
5022:
5013:
4970:
4961:
4934:
4925:
4870:
4833:{\displaystyle Z_{\text{eff}}}
4568:{\displaystyle \gamma <1/2}
4520:
4495:
4478:
4472:
4444:
4436:
4415:
4392:
4375:
4369:
4324:
4291:
4231:
4200:
4156:
4125:
4119:
4100:
4091:
4085:
4031:
4004:
3963:
3957:
3914:
3902:
3851:
3845:
3839:
3827:
3756:
3748:
3720:
3708:
3675:
3663:
3627:
3601:
3595:
3563:
3514:
3481:
3459:
3423:
3417:
3398:
3367:
3364:
3343:
3337:
3305:
3301:
3293:
3283:
3274:
3266:
3259:
3251:
3235:
3231:
3223:
3213:
3210:
3195:
3159:{\displaystyle C_{n^{*}l^{*}}}
3109:
3103:
2924:
2907:
2904:
2898:
2874:
2862:
2832:
2816:
2811:
2791:
2771:
2763:
2742:
2719:
2702:
2696:
2651:
2618:
2611:
2597:
2417:
2394:
2380:
2374:
2221:
2207:
2133:
2119:
2105:
2077:
2063:
2038:
2024:
1968:
1960:
1917:
1911:
1888:
1882:
1851:
1836:
1830:
1827:
1819:
1802:
1796:
1788:
1782:
1767:
1730:
1715:
1393:{\displaystyle \propto Z^{-1}}
1218:{\displaystyle E_{\text{ion}}}
467:
447:
368:
348:
1:
5721:Atoms in intense laser fields
5618:10.1103/physrevlett.93.170401
5368:10.1016/s0030-4018(99)00113-3
4863:
3054:{\displaystyle l^{*}=n^{*}-1}
1358:{\displaystyle \propto Z^{2}}
4877:Corkum, P. B. (1993-09-27).
2003:{\displaystyle E_{\text{i}}}
1637:{\displaystyle E_{\text{i}}}
7:
5575:10.1103/physrevlett.65.2321
5489:10.1103/physrevlett.49.1739
5403:10.1088/0953-4075/31/12/012
5362:(1–3). Elsevier BV: 29–32.
5135:10.1088/0953-4075/25/20/015
4895:10.1103/physrevlett.71.1994
1471:{\displaystyle \omega _{a}}
807:{\displaystyle \omega _{a}}
10:
5784:
5446:10.1109/jstqe.2011.2108271
5317:10.1088/0953-4075/31/2/003
5274:10.1088/0953-4075/26/4/002
5225:10.1142/9789812796585_0003
5186:10.1088/0953-4075/31/6/008
5065:10.1088/0022-3700/18/8/001
3115:{\displaystyle g(\gamma )}
1571:{\displaystyle r>r_{0}}
1534:{\displaystyle r<r_{0}}
1365:and the orbital radius as
108:{\displaystyle E\ll E_{a}}
5666:10.1038/s41586-019-1028-3
238:Landau expressed this in
62:non-sequential ionization
58:high harmonic generation
5606:Physical Review Letters
5563:Physical Review Letters
5539:10.1364/optica.1.000343
5477:Physical Review Letters
4955:10.1103/PhysRevA.16.877
4883:Physical Review Letters
4803:{\displaystyle {1}/{r}}
4592:{\displaystyle \gamma }
4260:{\displaystyle \gamma }
2323:{\displaystyle {Z}/{r}}
2271:{\displaystyle \omega }
1608:{\displaystyle r=R_{c}}
760:. Then, the parameters
68:DC tunneling ionization
5100:10.1364/josab.8.000858
4979:Zeitschrift fĂĽr Physik
4853:attoclock measurements
4834:
4804:
4772:
4715:
4688:
4657:
4593:
4569:
4529:
4261:
4238:
4163:
4068:
3927:
3818:
3682:
3637:
3466:
3320:
3160:
3116:
3087:
3086:{\displaystyle f_{lm}}
3055:
3007:
2952:
2555:
2535:
2515:
2495:
2437:
2344:
2324:
2292:
2272:
2249:
2084:
2045:
2004:
1975:
1924:
1895:
1861:
1645:
1638:
1609:
1572:
1535:
1472:
1426:
1394:
1359:
1329:
1307:
1274:
1248:
1219:
1192:
1127:
1103:
927:
875:
808:
781:
750:
704:
603:
493:
394:
283:
229:
109:
24:is a process in which
5356:Optics Communications
4858:Feynman path integral
4835:
4805:
4773:
4716:
4689:
4658:
4594:
4570:
4530:
4262:
4239:
4164:
4069:
3928:
3798:
3683:
3638:
3467:
3321:
3161:
3117:
3088:
3056:
3008:
2953:
2556:
2536:
2516:
2496:
2438:
2345:
2325:
2293:
2273:
2250:
2085:
2046:
2005:
1976:
1925:
1896:
1862:
1639:
1610:
1573:
1536:
1505:
1473:
1427:
1425:{\displaystyle E_{a}}
1395:
1360:
1330:
1308:
1306:{\displaystyle Z^{3}}
1275:
1249:
1247:{\displaystyle a_{0}}
1220:
1193:
1128:
1104:
928:
876:
809:
782:
780:{\displaystyle E_{a}}
751:
705:
604:
494:
395:
284:
230:
110:
4817:
4782:
4743:
4698:
4671:
4608:
4583:
4545:
4274:
4251:
4174:
4079:
3944:
3695:
3650:
3477:
3331:
3173:
3126:
3097:
3067:
3019:
2965:
2568:
2545:
2525:
2505:
2450:
2358:
2334:
2302:
2282:
2262:
2099:
2057:
2016:
1987:
1934:
1923:{\displaystyle V(r)}
1905:
1874:
1691:
1621:
1586:
1549:
1512:
1497:Schrödinger equation
1455:
1409:
1371:
1339:
1319:
1290:
1264:
1231:
1202:
1137:
1117:
944:
885:
821:
791:
764:
718:
615:
529:
406:
302:
248:
124:
86:
5178:1998JPhB...31.1201L
4778:instead of barrier
4003:
3063:. The coefficients
2201:
2183:
2165:
686:
505:probability current
335:
4991:10.1007/bf01331022
4830:
4800:
4768:
4711:
4684:
4653:
4589:
4565:
4525:
4257:
4234:
4159:
4064:
3989:
3923:
3678:
3633:
3462:
3316:
3156:
3112:
3083:
3051:
3003:
2948:
2551:
2531:
2511:
2491:
2433:
2340:
2320:
2288:
2268:
2245:
2184:
2166:
2141:
2140:
2080:
2041:
2000:
1971:
1920:
1891:
1857:
1646:
1634:
1605:
1568:
1531:
1468:
1422:
1390:
1355:
1325:
1303:
1270:
1244:
1215:
1188:
1123:
1099:
923:
871:
814:can be written as
804:
777:
746:
700:
672:
599:
518:and hydrogen atom
489:
390:
321:
279:
225:
105:
46:quantum mechanical
5739:978-0-521-79301-8
5234:978-981-256-031-5
4943:Physical Review A
4827:
4754:
4708:
4681:
4651:
4647:
4638:
4626:
4506:
4491:
4403:
4388:
4344:
4343:
4284:
4229:
4198:
4192:
4154:
4153:
3917:
3900:
3899:
3796:
3764:
3739:
3738:
3631:
3457:
3448:
3396:
3362:
3314:
3001:
2995:
2992:
2935:
2920:
2893:
2730:
2715:
2671:
2670:
2591:
2578:
2554:{\displaystyle m}
2534:{\displaystyle l}
2514:{\displaystyle F}
2489:
2486:
2405:
2390:
2368:
2343:{\displaystyle Z}
2291:{\displaystyle x}
2163:
2125:
1997:
1952:
1949:
1752:
1710:
1672:Ti:sapphire laser
1631:
1490:AC electric field
1328:{\displaystyle Z}
1273:{\displaystyle n}
1212:
1164:
1126:{\displaystyle w}
1092:
1057:
1045:
1021:
986:
971:
965:
921:
914:
869:
850:
728:
698:
654:
638:
625:
597:
583:
520:ionization energy
509:WKB approximation
487:
432:
388:
328:
258:
218:
193:
169:
22:tunnel ionization
5775:
5743:
5704:
5703:
5677:
5644:
5638:
5637:
5601:
5595:
5594:
5558:
5552:
5551:
5541:
5531:
5507:
5501:
5500:
5472:
5466:
5465:
5429:
5423:
5422:
5386:
5380:
5379:
5343:
5337:
5336:
5300:
5294:
5293:
5253:
5247:
5246:
5212:
5206:
5205:
5161:
5155:
5154:
5118:
5112:
5111:
5083:
5077:
5076:
5044:
5038:
5035:
5029:
5026:
5020:
5017:
5011:
5010:
4974:
4968:
4965:
4959:
4958:
4938:
4932:
4929:
4923:
4922:
4874:
4841:
4839:
4837:
4836:
4831:
4829:
4828:
4825:
4809:
4807:
4806:
4801:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4777:
4775:
4774:
4769:
4767:
4762:
4757:
4756:
4755:
4752:
4733:
4725:MPI of molecules
4720:
4718:
4717:
4712:
4710:
4709:
4706:
4693:
4691:
4690:
4685:
4683:
4682:
4679:
4662:
4660:
4659:
4654:
4652:
4650:
4649:
4648:
4645:
4639:
4631:
4628:
4627:
4624:
4618:
4600:
4598:
4596:
4595:
4590:
4576:
4574:
4572:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4534:
4532:
4531:
4526:
4524:
4523:
4513:
4508:
4507:
4499:
4493:
4492:
4489:
4463:
4462:
4458:
4447:
4439:
4431:
4430:
4410:
4405:
4404:
4396:
4390:
4389:
4386:
4368:
4367:
4358:
4357:
4345:
4336:
4335:
4333:
4332:
4327:
4321:
4320:
4319:
4318:
4309:
4308:
4294:
4286:
4285:
4282:
4266:
4264:
4263:
4258:
4243:
4241:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4228:
4227:
4226:
4210:
4199:
4194:
4193:
4190:
4184:
4168:
4166:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4152:
4151:
4136:
4132:
4115:
4114:
4073:
4071:
4070:
4065:
4056:
4055:
4054:
4053:
4039:
4038:
4029:
4028:
4016:
4015:
4002:
3997:
3988:
3987:
3986:
3985:
3956:
3955:
3932:
3930:
3929:
3924:
3922:
3918:
3901:
3898:
3897:
3882:
3881:
3873:
3871:
3865:
3864:
3855:
3854:
3817:
3812:
3797:
3795:
3794:
3793:
3777:
3776:
3767:
3765:
3763:
3759:
3751:
3742:
3740:
3731:
3727:
3707:
3706:
3687:
3685:
3684:
3679:
3662:
3661:
3646:The coefficient
3642:
3640:
3639:
3634:
3632:
3630:
3626:
3625:
3613:
3612:
3588:
3587:
3575:
3574:
3559:
3558:
3548:
3547:
3546:
3545:
3528:
3523:
3522:
3517:
3511:
3510:
3509:
3508:
3499:
3498:
3484:
3471:
3469:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3456:
3447:
3446:
3431:
3430:
3413:
3412:
3397:
3395:
3394:
3393:
3377:
3363:
3361:
3350:
3325:
3323:
3322:
3317:
3315:
3313:
3312:
3304:
3296:
3282:
3277:
3269:
3264:
3263:
3262:
3254:
3243:
3242:
3234:
3226:
3193:
3188:
3187:
3165:
3163:
3162:
3157:
3155:
3154:
3153:
3152:
3143:
3142:
3121:
3119:
3118:
3113:
3092:
3090:
3089:
3084:
3082:
3081:
3062:
3060:
3058:
3057:
3052:
3044:
3043:
3031:
3030:
3012:
3010:
3009:
3004:
3002:
2997:
2996:
2994:
2993:
2990:
2981:
2975:
2957:
2955:
2954:
2949:
2947:
2946:
2942:
2937:
2936:
2928:
2922:
2921:
2918:
2894:
2886:
2861:
2860:
2851:
2850:
2846:
2835:
2827:
2819:
2809:
2808:
2790:
2789:
2785:
2774:
2766:
2758:
2757:
2737:
2732:
2731:
2723:
2717:
2716:
2713:
2695:
2694:
2685:
2684:
2672:
2663:
2662:
2660:
2659:
2654:
2648:
2647:
2646:
2645:
2636:
2635:
2621:
2604:
2593:
2592:
2589:
2580:
2579:
2576:
2560:
2558:
2557:
2552:
2540:
2538:
2537:
2532:
2520:
2518:
2517:
2512:
2500:
2498:
2497:
2492:
2490:
2488:
2487:
2484:
2475:
2473:
2462:
2461:
2442:
2440:
2439:
2434:
2432:
2431:
2430:
2429:
2412:
2407:
2406:
2398:
2392:
2391:
2388:
2370:
2369:
2366:
2349:
2347:
2346:
2341:
2329:
2327:
2326:
2321:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2297:
2295:
2294:
2289:
2277:
2275:
2274:
2269:
2254:
2252:
2251:
2246:
2214:
2206:
2200:
2195:
2182:
2177:
2164:
2159:
2151:
2149:
2139:
2112:
2092:, is found from
2091:
2089:
2087:
2086:
2081:
2070:
2050:
2048:
2047:
2042:
2031:
2023:
2011:
2009:
2007:
2006:
2001:
1999:
1998:
1995:
1980:
1978:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1953:
1951:
1950:
1947:
1938:
1929:
1927:
1926:
1921:
1900:
1898:
1897:
1892:
1881:
1866:
1864:
1863:
1858:
1843:
1826:
1812:
1795:
1774:
1763:
1762:
1753:
1751:
1740:
1722:
1711:
1709:
1698:
1643:
1641:
1640:
1635:
1633:
1632:
1629:
1616:
1614:
1612:
1611:
1606:
1604:
1603:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1574:
1569:
1567:
1566:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1537:
1532:
1530:
1529:
1485:
1483:
1477:
1475:
1474:
1469:
1467:
1466:
1450:
1448:
1442:
1431:
1429:
1428:
1423:
1421:
1420:
1401:
1399:
1397:
1396:
1391:
1389:
1388:
1364:
1362:
1361:
1356:
1354:
1353:
1334:
1332:
1331:
1326:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1309:
1304:
1302:
1301:
1279:
1277:
1276:
1271:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1250:
1245:
1243:
1242:
1224:
1222:
1221:
1216:
1214:
1213:
1210:
1197:
1195:
1194:
1189:
1187:
1186:
1185:
1172:
1167:
1166:
1165:
1162:
1149:
1148:
1132:
1130:
1129:
1124:
1108:
1106:
1105:
1100:
1098:
1094:
1093:
1091:
1087:
1075:
1074:
1073:
1064:
1059:
1058:
1055:
1048:
1046:
1038:
1022:
1020:
1016:
1004:
1003:
1002:
993:
988:
987:
984:
974:
972:
967:
966:
963:
957:
932:
930:
929:
924:
922:
917:
916:
915:
912:
902:
897:
896:
880:
878:
877:
872:
870:
868:
867:
866:
853:
852:
851:
848:
838:
833:
832:
813:
811:
810:
805:
803:
802:
786:
784:
783:
778:
776:
775:
755:
753:
752:
747:
745:
730:
729:
726:
709:
707:
706:
701:
699:
697:
696:
695:
685:
680:
667:
666:
665:
656:
655:
652:
645:
640:
639:
636:
627:
626:
623:
608:
606:
605:
600:
598:
596:
595:
594:
585:
584:
581:
574:
573:
572:
563:
562:
546:
541:
540:
498:
496:
495:
490:
488:
486:
485:
484:
475:
474:
465:
464:
445:
444:
443:
434:
433:
430:
423:
418:
417:
399:
397:
396:
391:
389:
387:
386:
385:
376:
375:
366:
365:
346:
345:
344:
334:
329:
326:
319:
314:
313:
290:
288:
286:
285:
280:
260:
259:
256:
234:
232:
231:
226:
224:
220:
219:
217:
206:
205:
196:
194:
186:
170:
168:
157:
156:
147:
145:
144:
116:
114:
112:
111:
106:
104:
103:
5783:
5782:
5778:
5777:
5776:
5774:
5773:
5772:
5748:
5747:
5746:
5740:
5730:10.1063/1.55247
5713:
5711:Further reading
5708:
5707:
5660:(7750): 75–77.
5645:
5641:
5602:
5598:
5559:
5555:
5508:
5504:
5473:
5469:
5430:
5426:
5387:
5383:
5353:
5349:
5344:
5340:
5301:
5297:
5259:
5254:
5250:
5235:
5213:
5209:
5162:
5158:
5119:
5115:
5084:
5080:
5050:
5045:
5041:
5036:
5032:
5027:
5023:
5018:
5014:
4975:
4971:
4966:
4962:
4939:
4935:
4930:
4926:
4875:
4871:
4866:
4848:
4824:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4814:
4812:
4795:
4790:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4779:
4763:
4758:
4751:
4747:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4740:
4737:
4731:
4727:
4705:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4695:
4678:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4668:
4644:
4640:
4630:
4629:
4623:
4619:
4617:
4609:
4606:
4605:
4584:
4581:
4580:
4578:
4557:
4546:
4543:
4542:
4540:
4509:
4498:
4494:
4488:
4484:
4468:
4464:
4454:
4443:
4435:
4426:
4422:
4418:
4414:
4406:
4395:
4391:
4385:
4381:
4363:
4359:
4350:
4346:
4334:
4328:
4323:
4322:
4314:
4310:
4304:
4300:
4299:
4295:
4290:
4281:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4271:
4252:
4249:
4248:
4222:
4218:
4214:
4209:
4189:
4185:
4183:
4175:
4172:
4171:
4147:
4143:
4131:
4107:
4103:
4080:
4077:
4076:
4049:
4045:
4044:
4040:
4034:
4030:
4024:
4020:
4011:
4007:
3998:
3993:
3981:
3977:
3973:
3969:
3951:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3941:
3893:
3889:
3874:
3872:
3870:
3866:
3860:
3856:
3823:
3819:
3813:
3802:
3789:
3785:
3778:
3772:
3768:
3766:
3755:
3747:
3746:
3741:
3726:
3702:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3692:
3657:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3647:
3621:
3617:
3608:
3604:
3583:
3579:
3570:
3566:
3554:
3550:
3549:
3541:
3537:
3533:
3529:
3527:
3518:
3513:
3512:
3504:
3500:
3494:
3490:
3489:
3485:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3474:
3449:
3442:
3438:
3429:
3405:
3401:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3376:
3354:
3349:
3332:
3329:
3328:
3308:
3300:
3292:
3278:
3273:
3265:
3258:
3250:
3249:
3245:
3244:
3238:
3230:
3222:
3194:
3192:
3180:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3170:
3148:
3144:
3138:
3134:
3133:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3123:
3098:
3095:
3094:
3074:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3064:
3039:
3035:
3026:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3016:
3014:
2989:
2985:
2980:
2976:
2974:
2966:
2963:
2962:
2938:
2927:
2923:
2917:
2913:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2856:
2852:
2842:
2831:
2823:
2815:
2814:
2810:
2804:
2800:
2781:
2770:
2762:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2733:
2722:
2718:
2712:
2708:
2690:
2686:
2677:
2673:
2661:
2655:
2650:
2649:
2641:
2637:
2631:
2627:
2626:
2622:
2617:
2600:
2588:
2584:
2575:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2565:
2546:
2543:
2542:
2526:
2523:
2522:
2506:
2503:
2502:
2483:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2457:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2447:
2425:
2421:
2420:
2416:
2408:
2397:
2393:
2387:
2383:
2365:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2355:
2335:
2332:
2331:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2299:
2283:
2280:
2279:
2263:
2260:
2259:
2210:
2202:
2196:
2188:
2178:
2170:
2152:
2150:
2145:
2129:
2108:
2100:
2097:
2096:
2066:
2058:
2055:
2054:
2052:
2027:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2013:
1994:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1984:
1982:
1963:
1946:
1942:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1931:
1906:
1903:
1902:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1871:
1839:
1822:
1808:
1791:
1770:
1758:
1754:
1744:
1739:
1718:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1689:
1688:
1681:
1666:
1628:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1618:
1599:
1595:
1587:
1584:
1583:
1581:
1562:
1558:
1550:
1547:
1546:
1544:
1525:
1521:
1513:
1510:
1509:
1507:
1492:
1481:
1479:
1462:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1452:
1446:
1444:
1433:
1416:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1406:
1381:
1377:
1372:
1369:
1368:
1366:
1349:
1345:
1340:
1337:
1336:
1320:
1317:
1316:
1297:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1287:
1285:
1282:hydrogenic atom
1265:
1262:
1261:
1238:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1228:
1226:
1209:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1199:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1168:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1144:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1134:
1118:
1115:
1114:
1080:
1076:
1069:
1065:
1060:
1054:
1050:
1049:
1047:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1009:
1005:
998:
994:
989:
983:
979:
975:
973:
962:
958:
956:
945:
942:
941:
911:
907:
903:
901:
892:
888:
886:
883:
882:
862:
858:
854:
847:
843:
839:
837:
828:
824:
822:
819:
818:
798:
794:
792:
789:
788:
771:
767:
765:
762:
761:
734:
725:
721:
719:
716:
715:
691:
687:
681:
676:
668:
661:
657:
651:
647:
646:
644:
635:
631:
622:
618:
616:
613:
612:
590:
586:
580:
576:
575:
568:
564:
558:
554:
547:
545:
536:
532:
530:
527:
526:
480:
476:
470:
466:
460:
456:
446:
439:
435:
429:
425:
424:
422:
413:
409:
407:
404:
403:
381:
377:
371:
367:
361:
357:
347:
340:
336:
330:
325:
320:
318:
309:
305:
303:
300:
299:
255:
251:
249:
246:
245:
243:
207:
201:
197:
195:
185:
181:
177:
158:
152:
148:
146:
140:
136:
125:
122:
121:
99:
95:
87:
84:
83:
81:
70:
12:
11:
5:
5781:
5771:
5770:
5765:
5763:Atomic physics
5760:
5745:
5744:
5738:
5714:
5712:
5709:
5706:
5705:
5639:
5596:
5553:
5502:
5467:
5424:
5381:
5351:
5347:
5338:
5295:
5257:
5248:
5233:
5207:
5156:
5113:
5078:
5048:
5039:
5030:
5021:
5012:
4969:
4960:
4949:(3): 877–890.
4933:
4924:
4868:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4847:
4846:Tunneling time
4844:
4823:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4766:
4761:
4750:
4735:
4726:
4723:
4704:
4677:
4665:
4664:
4643:
4637:
4634:
4622:
4616:
4613:
4588:
4564:
4560:
4556:
4553:
4550:
4537:
4536:
4522:
4519:
4516:
4512:
4505:
4502:
4497:
4487:
4483:
4480:
4477:
4474:
4471:
4467:
4461:
4457:
4453:
4450:
4446:
4442:
4438:
4434:
4429:
4425:
4421:
4417:
4413:
4409:
4402:
4399:
4394:
4384:
4380:
4377:
4374:
4371:
4366:
4362:
4356:
4353:
4349:
4342:
4339:
4331:
4326:
4317:
4313:
4307:
4303:
4298:
4293:
4289:
4280:
4256:
4245:
4244:
4233:
4225:
4221:
4217:
4213:
4208:
4205:
4202:
4197:
4188:
4182:
4179:
4169:
4158:
4150:
4146:
4142:
4139:
4135:
4130:
4127:
4124:
4121:
4118:
4113:
4110:
4106:
4102:
4099:
4096:
4093:
4090:
4087:
4084:
4074:
4063:
4060:
4052:
4048:
4043:
4037:
4033:
4027:
4023:
4019:
4014:
4010:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3992:
3984:
3980:
3976:
3972:
3968:
3965:
3962:
3959:
3954:
3950:
3935:
3934:
3921:
3916:
3913:
3910:
3907:
3904:
3896:
3892:
3888:
3885:
3880:
3877:
3869:
3863:
3859:
3853:
3850:
3847:
3844:
3841:
3838:
3835:
3832:
3829:
3826:
3822:
3816:
3811:
3808:
3805:
3801:
3792:
3788:
3784:
3781:
3775:
3771:
3762:
3758:
3754:
3750:
3745:
3737:
3734:
3730:
3725:
3722:
3719:
3716:
3713:
3710:
3705:
3701:
3677:
3674:
3671:
3668:
3665:
3660:
3656:
3644:
3643:
3629:
3624:
3620:
3616:
3611:
3607:
3603:
3600:
3597:
3594:
3591:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3573:
3569:
3565:
3562:
3557:
3553:
3544:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3507:
3503:
3497:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3472:
3461:
3455:
3452:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3434:
3428:
3425:
3422:
3419:
3416:
3411:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3375:
3372:
3369:
3366:
3360:
3357:
3353:
3348:
3345:
3342:
3339:
3336:
3326:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3299:
3295:
3291:
3288:
3285:
3281:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3248:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3218:
3215:
3212:
3209:
3206:
3203:
3200:
3197:
3191:
3186:
3183:
3179:
3151:
3147:
3141:
3137:
3132:
3111:
3108:
3105:
3102:
3080:
3077:
3073:
3050:
3047:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3029:
3025:
3000:
2988:
2984:
2979:
2973:
2970:
2959:
2958:
2945:
2941:
2934:
2931:
2926:
2916:
2912:
2909:
2906:
2903:
2900:
2897:
2892:
2889:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2873:
2870:
2867:
2864:
2859:
2855:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2813:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2796:
2793:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2729:
2726:
2721:
2711:
2707:
2704:
2701:
2698:
2693:
2689:
2683:
2680:
2676:
2669:
2666:
2658:
2653:
2644:
2640:
2634:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2616:
2613:
2610:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2596:
2587:
2583:
2574:
2550:
2530:
2510:
2482:
2478:
2472:
2468:
2465:
2460:
2456:
2444:
2443:
2428:
2424:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2404:
2401:
2396:
2386:
2382:
2379:
2376:
2373:
2364:
2339:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2287:
2267:
2256:
2255:
2244:
2241:
2237:
2234:
2230:
2227:
2223:
2220:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2199:
2194:
2191:
2187:
2181:
2176:
2173:
2169:
2162:
2158:
2155:
2148:
2144:
2138:
2135:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2121:
2118:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2104:
2079:
2076:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2062:
2040:
2037:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
1993:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1959:
1956:
1945:
1941:
1919:
1916:
1913:
1910:
1890:
1887:
1884:
1880:
1868:
1867:
1856:
1853:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1835:
1832:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1818:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1804:
1801:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1787:
1784:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1766:
1761:
1757:
1750:
1747:
1743:
1738:
1735:
1732:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1714:
1708:
1705:
1701:
1696:
1680:
1677:
1664:
1655:Leonid Keldysh
1627:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1591:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1554:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1517:
1491:
1488:
1465:
1461:
1419:
1415:
1387:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1324:
1300:
1296:
1269:
1241:
1237:
1208:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1171:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1147:
1143:
1122:
1111:
1110:
1097:
1090:
1086:
1083:
1079:
1072:
1068:
1063:
1053:
1044:
1041:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1025:
1019:
1015:
1012:
1008:
1001:
997:
992:
982:
978:
970:
961:
955:
952:
949:
935:
934:
920:
910:
906:
900:
895:
891:
865:
861:
857:
846:
842:
836:
831:
827:
801:
797:
774:
770:
758:Rydberg energy
744:
741:
737:
733:
724:
712:
711:
694:
690:
684:
679:
675:
671:
664:
660:
650:
643:
634:
630:
621:
610:
593:
589:
579:
571:
567:
561:
557:
553:
550:
544:
539:
535:
501:
500:
483:
479:
473:
469:
463:
459:
455:
452:
449:
442:
438:
428:
421:
416:
412:
401:
384:
380:
374:
370:
364:
360:
356:
353:
350:
343:
339:
333:
324:
317:
312:
308:
278:
275:
272:
269:
266:
263:
254:
236:
235:
223:
216:
213:
210:
204:
200:
192:
189:
184:
180:
176:
173:
167:
164:
161:
155:
151:
143:
139:
135:
132:
129:
102:
98:
94:
91:
69:
66:
42:electric field
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5780:
5769:
5766:
5764:
5761:
5759:
5756:
5755:
5753:
5741:
5735:
5731:
5727:
5723:
5722:
5716:
5715:
5701:
5697:
5693:
5689:
5685:
5681:
5676:
5671:
5667:
5663:
5659:
5655:
5651:
5643:
5635:
5631:
5627:
5623:
5619:
5615:
5611:
5607:
5600:
5592:
5588:
5584:
5580:
5576:
5572:
5568:
5564:
5557:
5549:
5545:
5540:
5535:
5530:
5525:
5521:
5517:
5513:
5506:
5498:
5494:
5490:
5486:
5482:
5478:
5471:
5463:
5459:
5455:
5451:
5447:
5443:
5439:
5435:
5428:
5420:
5416:
5412:
5408:
5404:
5400:
5396:
5392:
5385:
5377:
5373:
5369:
5365:
5361:
5357:
5342:
5334:
5330:
5326:
5322:
5318:
5314:
5310:
5306:
5299:
5291:
5287:
5283:
5279:
5275:
5271:
5267:
5263:
5252:
5244:
5240:
5236:
5230:
5226:
5222:
5218:
5211:
5203:
5199:
5195:
5191:
5187:
5183:
5179:
5175:
5171:
5167:
5160:
5152:
5148:
5144:
5140:
5136:
5132:
5128:
5124:
5117:
5109:
5105:
5101:
5097:
5093:
5089:
5082:
5074:
5070:
5066:
5062:
5058:
5054:
5043:
5034:
5025:
5016:
5008:
5004:
5000:
4996:
4992:
4988:
4984:
4981:(in German).
4980:
4973:
4964:
4956:
4952:
4948:
4944:
4937:
4928:
4920:
4916:
4912:
4908:
4904:
4900:
4896:
4892:
4888:
4884:
4880:
4873:
4869:
4861:
4859:
4854:
4843:
4821:
4796:
4791:
4786:
4764:
4759:
4748:
4722:
4702:
4675:
4641:
4635:
4632:
4620:
4614:
4611:
4604:
4603:
4602:
4586:
4562:
4558:
4554:
4551:
4548:
4517:
4514:
4510:
4503:
4500:
4485:
4481:
4475:
4469:
4465:
4459:
4455:
4451:
4448:
4440:
4432:
4427:
4423:
4419:
4411:
4407:
4400:
4397:
4382:
4378:
4372:
4364:
4360:
4354:
4351:
4347:
4340:
4337:
4329:
4315:
4311:
4305:
4301:
4296:
4287:
4278:
4270:
4269:
4268:
4254:
4223:
4219:
4215:
4211:
4206:
4203:
4195:
4186:
4180:
4177:
4170:
4148:
4144:
4140:
4137:
4133:
4128:
4122:
4116:
4111:
4108:
4104:
4097:
4094:
4088:
4082:
4075:
4061:
4058:
4050:
4046:
4041:
4035:
4025:
4021:
4017:
4012:
4008:
3999:
3994:
3990:
3982:
3978:
3974:
3970:
3966:
3960:
3952:
3948:
3940:
3939:
3938:
3919:
3911:
3908:
3905:
3894:
3890:
3886:
3883:
3878:
3875:
3867:
3861:
3857:
3848:
3842:
3836:
3833:
3830:
3824:
3820:
3809:
3806:
3803:
3799:
3790:
3786:
3782:
3779:
3773:
3769:
3760:
3752:
3743:
3735:
3732:
3728:
3723:
3717:
3714:
3711:
3703:
3699:
3691:
3690:
3689:
3672:
3669:
3666:
3658:
3654:
3622:
3618:
3614:
3609:
3605:
3592:
3589:
3584:
3580:
3576:
3571:
3567:
3555:
3551:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3524:
3519:
3505:
3501:
3495:
3491:
3486:
3473:
3453:
3450:
3443:
3439:
3435:
3432:
3426:
3420:
3414:
3409:
3406:
3402:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3373:
3370:
3358:
3355:
3351:
3346:
3340:
3334:
3327:
3309:
3297:
3289:
3286:
3279:
3270:
3255:
3246:
3239:
3227:
3219:
3216:
3207:
3204:
3201:
3198:
3189:
3184:
3181:
3177:
3169:
3168:
3167:
3166:are given by
3149:
3145:
3139:
3135:
3130:
3106:
3100:
3078:
3075:
3071:
3048:
3045:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3027:
3023:
2998:
2986:
2982:
2977:
2971:
2968:
2943:
2939:
2932:
2929:
2914:
2910:
2901:
2895:
2890:
2887:
2882:
2878:
2871:
2868:
2865:
2857:
2853:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2836:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2794:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2775:
2767:
2759:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2738:
2734:
2727:
2724:
2709:
2705:
2699:
2691:
2687:
2681:
2678:
2674:
2667:
2664:
2656:
2642:
2638:
2632:
2628:
2623:
2614:
2608:
2605:
2594:
2585:
2581:
2572:
2564:
2563:
2562:
2548:
2528:
2508:
2480:
2476:
2470:
2466:
2463:
2458:
2454:
2426:
2422:
2413:
2409:
2402:
2399:
2384:
2377:
2371:
2362:
2354:
2353:
2352:
2337:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2285:
2265:
2242:
2239:
2235:
2232:
2228:
2225:
2218:
2215:
2189:
2185:
2171:
2167:
2160:
2156:
2153:
2146:
2142:
2130:
2122:
2116:
2113:
2102:
2095:
2094:
2093:
2074:
2071:
2060:
2035:
2032:
1991:
1957:
1954:
1943:
1939:
1914:
1908:
1885:
1854:
1848:
1844:
1816:
1813:
1805:
1799:
1785:
1779:
1775:
1759:
1748:
1745:
1741:
1736:
1733:
1727:
1723:
1706:
1694:
1687:
1686:
1685:
1676:
1673:
1668:
1658:
1656:
1651:
1625:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1589:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1552:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1515:
1504:
1500:
1498:
1487:
1463:
1459:
1449:10 MV/cm
1441:
1437:
1417:
1413:
1403:
1385:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1322:
1298:
1294:
1283:
1267:
1259:
1258:alkali metals
1239:
1235:
1206:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1169:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1145:
1141:
1120:
1095:
1088:
1084:
1081:
1077:
1070:
1066:
1061:
1051:
1042:
1039:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1023:
1017:
1013:
1010:
1006:
999:
995:
990:
980:
976:
959:
953:
950:
947:
940:
939:
938:
908:
904:
898:
893:
889:
863:
859:
855:
844:
840:
834:
829:
825:
817:
816:
815:
799:
795:
772:
768:
759:
735:
731:
722:
692:
688:
682:
677:
673:
669:
662:
658:
648:
641:
632:
628:
619:
611:
591:
587:
577:
569:
565:
559:
555:
551:
548:
542:
537:
533:
525:
524:
523:
522:are given by
521:
517:
512:
510:
506:
481:
477:
471:
461:
457:
453:
450:
440:
436:
426:
419:
414:
410:
402:
382:
378:
372:
362:
358:
354:
351:
341:
337:
331:
322:
315:
310:
306:
298:
297:
296:
294:
276:
273:
267:
264:
261:
252:
241:
221:
214:
211:
208:
202:
198:
190:
187:
182:
178:
174:
171:
165:
162:
159:
153:
149:
141:
137:
133:
130:
127:
120:
119:
118:
100:
96:
92:
89:
79:
75:
74:hydrogen atom
65:
63:
59:
55:
49:
47:
43:
39:
35:
31:
27:
23:
19:
5720:
5675:10072/387846
5657:
5653:
5642:
5609:
5605:
5599:
5566:
5562:
5556:
5519:
5515:
5505:
5480:
5476:
5470:
5437:
5433:
5427:
5394:
5390:
5384:
5359:
5355:
5341:
5308:
5304:
5298:
5265:
5261:
5251:
5216:
5210:
5169:
5165:
5159:
5126:
5122:
5116:
5091:
5087:
5081:
5056:
5052:
5042:
5033:
5024:
5015:
4982:
4978:
4972:
4963:
4946:
4942:
4936:
4927:
4886:
4882:
4872:
4849:
4732:10.6 ÎĽm
4728:
4666:
4538:
4246:
3936:
3688:is given by
3645:
2960:
2445:
2257:
1869:
1682:
1659:
1649:
1647:
1493:
1404:
1112:
936:
713:
513:
502:
240:atomic units
237:
71:
50:
21:
15:
1484:10 THz
516:Bohr radius
5768:Ionization
5752:Categories
4864:References
1684:following
78:Lev Landau
5684:1476-4687
5626:0031-9007
5583:0031-9007
5548:2334-2536
5529:1301.2766
5497:0031-9007
5454:1077-260X
5419:250797867
5411:0953-4075
5376:0030-4018
5333:250791262
5325:0953-4075
5290:250888196
5282:0953-4075
5243:0218-0227
5202:250747225
5194:0953-4075
5151:250751215
5143:0953-4075
5108:0740-3224
5073:0022-3700
5007:123046147
4999:1434-6001
4903:0031-9007
4703:τ
4676:τ
4642:τ
4621:τ
4612:γ
4587:γ
4549:γ
4470:−
4449:−
4433:−
4428:∗
4341:π
4316:∗
4306:∗
4255:γ
4220:γ
4196:ω
4145:γ
4134:γ
4129:−
4123:γ
4117:
4109:−
4089:γ
4083:α
4018:−
3991:∫
3975:−
3909:−
3891:γ
3879:γ
3849:γ
3843:α
3834:−
3825:−
3815:∞
3800:∑
3787:γ
3770:γ
3736:π
3718:γ
3712:ω
3673:γ
3667:ω
3623:∗
3615:−
3610:∗
3599:Γ
3585:∗
3572:∗
3561:Γ
3556:∗
3543:∗
3506:∗
3496:∗
3454:γ
3440:γ
3427:−
3421:γ
3415:
3407:−
3387:γ
3359:γ
3341:γ
3290:−
3150:∗
3140:∗
3107:γ
3046:−
3041:∗
3028:∗
2978:ω
2969:γ
2902:γ
2883:−
2872:γ
2866:ω
2802:γ
2776:−
2760:−
2755:∗
2668:π
2643:∗
2633:∗
2609:ω
2459:∗
2427:∗
2266:ω
2198:∞
2193:∞
2190:−
2186:∫
2180:∞
2175:∞
2172:−
2168:∫
2161:ω
2157:π
2143:∫
2137:∞
2134:→
2117:ω
2075:ω
1958:δ
1834:Ψ
1806:⋅
1765:Ψ
1756:∇
1737:−
1713:Ψ
1704:∂
1700:∂
1460:ω
1383:−
1375:∝
1343:∝
1035:−
1027:
969:ℏ
919:ℏ
890:ω
796:ω
732:≈
674:ϵ
566:ℏ
556:ϵ
552:π
478:ℏ
458:ϵ
454:π
411:ω
379:ℏ
359:ϵ
355:π
271:ℏ
183:−
175:
138:ω
93:≪
26:electrons
5700:81977455
5692:30886392
5634:15525052
5591:10042518
5462:16703524
5260:laser".
4919:29947935
4911:10054556
1434:51
1315:, where
293:SI units
242:, where
34:molecule
5174:Bibcode
4840:
4813:
4599:
4579:
4575:
4541:
3061:
3015:
2961:where
2090:
2053:
2010:
1983:
1615:
1582:
1578:
1545:
1541:
1508:
1400:
1367:
1313:
1286:
1254:
1227:
756:is the
289:
244:
115:
82:
54:nucleus
18:physics
5736:
5698:
5690:
5682:
5654:Nature
5632:
5624:
5589:
5581:
5546:
5516:Optica
5495:
5460:
5452:
5417:
5409:
5374:
5331:
5323:
5288:
5280:
5241:
5231:
5200:
5192:
5149:
5141:
5106:
5071:
5005:
4997:
4917:
4909:
4901:
4667:where
3937:where
3122:and
2446:Where
2258:where
1870:where
714:where
38:tunnel
32:(or a
28:in an
5696:S2CID
5524:arXiv
5458:S2CID
5415:S2CID
5350:and O
5329:S2CID
5286:S2CID
5198:S2CID
5147:S2CID
5003:S2CID
4915:S2CID
1667:laser
291:. In
5758:Ions
5734:ISBN
5688:PMID
5680:ISSN
5630:PMID
5622:ISSN
5587:PMID
5579:ISSN
5544:ISSN
5493:ISSN
5450:ISSN
5407:ISSN
5372:ISSN
5321:ISSN
5278:ISSN
5239:ISSN
5229:ISBN
5190:ISSN
5139:ISSN
5104:ISSN
5069:ISSN
4995:ISSN
4907:PMID
4899:ISSN
4552:<
4105:sinh
3807:>
3403:sinh
2541:and
2501:and
1556:>
1519:<
1443:(or
787:and
736:13.6
30:atom
5726:doi
5670:hdl
5662:doi
5658:568
5614:doi
5571:doi
5534:doi
5485:doi
5442:doi
5399:doi
5364:doi
5360:163
5313:doi
5270:doi
5221:doi
5182:doi
5131:doi
5096:doi
5061:doi
4987:doi
4951:doi
4891:doi
4826:eff
4753:eff
4283:ADK
2590:PPT
2577:PPT
2367:PPT
2127:lim
1480:4.1
1478:is
1445:5.1
1211:ion
1163:ion
1024:exp
624:ion
172:exp
16:In
5754::
5732:.
5694:.
5686:.
5678:.
5668:.
5656:.
5652:.
5628:.
5620:.
5610:93
5608:.
5585:.
5577:.
5567:65
5565:.
5542:.
5532:.
5518:.
5514:.
5491:.
5481:49
5479:.
5456:.
5448:.
5438:18
5436:.
5413:.
5405:.
5395:31
5393:.
5370:.
5358:.
5327:.
5319:.
5309:31
5307:.
5284:.
5276:.
5266:26
5264:.
5237:.
5227:.
5196:.
5188:.
5180:.
5170:31
5168:.
5145:.
5137:.
5127:25
5125:.
5102:.
5090:.
5067:.
5057:18
5055:.
5001:.
4993:.
4983:94
4947:16
4945:.
4913:.
4905:.
4897:.
4887:71
4885:.
4881:.
4734:CO
3093:,
1663:CO
1617:.
1499:.
1486:.
881:,
64:.
36:)
20:,
5742:.
5728::
5702:.
5672::
5664::
5636:.
5616::
5593:.
5573::
5550:.
5536::
5526::
5520:1
5499:.
5487::
5464:.
5444::
5421:.
5401::
5378:.
5366::
5352:2
5348:2
5335:.
5315::
5292:.
5272::
5258:2
5245:.
5223::
5204:.
5184::
5176::
5153:.
5133::
5110:.
5098::
5092:8
5075:.
5063::
5049:2
5009:.
4989::
4957:.
4953::
4921:.
4893::
4822:Z
4797:r
4792:/
4787:1
4765:r
4760:/
4749:Z
4736:2
4707:L
4680:T
4663:,
4646:L
4636:2
4633:1
4625:T
4615:=
4563:2
4559:/
4555:1
4535:.
4521:)
4518:F
4515:3
4511:/
4504:2
4501:3
4496:)
4490:i
4486:E
4482:2
4479:(
4476:2
4473:(
4466:e
4460:2
4456:/
4452:3
4445:|
4441:m
4437:|
4424:n
4420:2
4416:)
4412:F
4408:/
4401:2
4398:3
4393:)
4387:i
4383:E
4379:2
4376:(
4373:2
4370:(
4365:i
4361:E
4355:m
4352:l
4348:f
4338:6
4330:2
4325:|
4312:l
4302:n
4297:C
4292:|
4288:=
4279:W
4232:)
4224:2
4216:2
4212:1
4207:+
4204:1
4201:(
4191:i
4187:E
4181:=
4178:v
4157:)
4149:2
4141:+
4138:1
4126:)
4120:(
4112:1
4101:(
4098:2
4095:=
4092:)
4086:(
4062:y
4059:d
4051:2
4047:y
4042:e
4036:m
4032:)
4026:2
4022:y
4013:2
4009:x
4005:(
4000:x
3995:0
3983:2
3979:x
3971:e
3967:=
3964:)
3961:x
3958:(
3953:m
3949:w
3933:,
3920:)
3915:)
3912:v
3906:n
3903:(
3895:2
3887:+
3884:1
3876:2
3868:(
3862:m
3858:w
3852:)
3846:(
3840:)
3837:v
3831:n
3828:(
3821:e
3810:v
3804:n
3791:2
3783:+
3780:1
3774:2
3761:!
3757:|
3753:m
3749:|
3744:1
3733:3
3729:4
3724:=
3721:)
3715:,
3709:(
3704:m
3700:A
3676:)
3670:,
3664:(
3659:m
3655:A
3628:)
3619:l
3606:n
3602:(
3596:)
3593:1
3590:+
3581:l
3577:+
3568:n
3564:(
3552:n
3539:n
3535:2
3531:2
3525:=
3520:2
3515:|
3502:l
3492:n
3487:C
3482:|
3460:)
3451:2
3444:2
3436:+
3433:1
3424:)
3418:(
3410:1
3399:)
3391:2
3383:2
3379:1
3374:+
3371:1
3368:(
3365:(
3356:2
3352:3
3347:=
3344:)
3338:(
3335:g
3310:!
3306:)
3302:|
3298:m
3294:|
3287:l
3284:(
3280:!
3275:|
3271:m
3267:|
3260:|
3256:m
3252:|
3247:2
3240:!
3236:)
3232:|
3228:m
3224:|
3220:+
3217:l
3214:(
3211:)
3208:1
3205:+
3202:l
3199:2
3196:(
3190:=
3185:m
3182:l
3178:f
3146:l
3136:n
3131:C
3110:)
3104:(
3101:g
3079:m
3076:l
3072:f
3049:1
3037:n
3033:=
3024:l
2999:F
2991:i
2987:E
2983:2
2972:=
2944:F
2940:/
2933:2
2930:3
2925:)
2919:i
2915:E
2911:2
2908:(
2905:)
2899:(
2896:g
2891:3
2888:2
2879:e
2875:)
2869:,
2863:(
2858:m
2854:A
2848:4
2844:/
2840:3
2837:+
2833:|
2829:2
2825:/
2821:m
2817:|
2812:)
2806:2
2798:+
2795:1
2792:(
2787:2
2783:/
2779:3
2772:|
2768:m
2764:|
2751:n
2747:2
2743:)
2739:F
2735:/
2728:2
2725:3
2720:)
2714:i
2710:E
2706:2
2703:(
2700:2
2697:(
2692:i
2688:E
2682:m
2679:l
2675:f
2665:6
2657:2
2652:|
2639:l
2629:n
2624:C
2619:|
2615:=
2612:)
2606:,
2602:E
2598:(
2595:W
2586:I
2582:=
2573:W
2549:m
2529:l
2509:F
2485:i
2481:E
2477:2
2471:/
2467:Z
2464:=
2455:n
2423:n
2418:)
2414:F
2410:/
2403:2
2400:3
2395:)
2389:i
2385:E
2381:(
2378:2
2375:(
2372:=
2363:I
2338:Z
2330:(
2317:r
2312:/
2307:Z
2286:x
2243:t
2240:d
2236:y
2233:d
2229:z
2226:d
2222:)
2219:t
2216:,
2212:r
2208:(
2204:J
2154:2
2147:0
2131:x
2123:=
2120:)
2114:,
2110:E
2106:(
2103:W
2078:)
2072:,
2068:E
2064:(
2061:W
2039:)
2036:t
2033:,
2029:r
2025:(
2021:J
1996:i
1992:E
1981:(
1969:)
1965:r
1961:(
1955:.
1948:i
1944:E
1940:2
1918:)
1915:r
1912:(
1909:V
1889:)
1886:t
1883:(
1879:E
1855:,
1852:)
1849:t
1845:,
1841:r
1837:(
1831:)
1828:)
1824:r
1820:(
1817:V
1814:+
1810:r
1803:)
1800:t
1797:(
1793:E
1789:(
1786:+
1783:)
1780:t
1776:,
1772:r
1768:(
1760:2
1749:m
1746:2
1742:1
1734:=
1731:)
1728:t
1724:,
1720:r
1716:(
1707:t
1695:i
1665:2
1630:i
1626:E
1601:c
1597:R
1593:=
1590:r
1564:0
1560:r
1553:r
1527:0
1523:r
1516:r
1482:Ă—
1464:a
1447:Ă—
1440:Ă…
1438:/
1436:V
1418:a
1414:E
1386:1
1379:Z
1351:2
1347:Z
1323:Z
1299:3
1295:Z
1268:n
1240:0
1236:a
1207:E
1183:0
1179:a
1175:e
1170:/
1159:E
1155:2
1151:=
1146:a
1142:E
1121:w
1109:.
1096:]
1089:|
1085:E
1082:e
1078:|
1071:0
1067:a
1062:/
1056:H
1052:R
1043:3
1040:4
1031:[
1018:|
1014:E
1011:e
1007:|
1000:0
996:a
991:/
985:H
981:R
977:2
964:H
960:R
954:8
951:=
948:w
933:.
913:H
909:R
905:2
899:=
894:a
864:0
860:a
856:e
849:H
845:R
841:2
835:=
830:a
826:E
800:a
773:a
769:E
743:V
740:e
727:H
723:R
710:,
693:2
689:h
683:2
678:0
670:8
663:4
659:e
653:e
649:m
642:=
637:H
633:R
629:=
620:E
609:,
592:2
588:e
582:e
578:m
570:2
560:0
549:4
543:=
538:0
534:a
499:.
482:3
472:2
468:)
462:0
451:4
448:(
441:4
437:e
431:e
427:m
420:=
415:a
400:,
383:4
373:3
369:)
363:0
352:4
349:(
342:5
338:e
332:2
327:e
323:m
316:=
311:a
307:E
277:1
274:=
268:=
265:e
262:=
257:e
253:m
222:]
215:|
212:E
209:|
203:a
199:E
191:3
188:2
179:[
166:|
163:E
160:|
154:a
150:E
142:a
134:4
131:=
128:w
101:a
97:E
90:E
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.