2595:
4982:
56:
6124:
contain more fundamental reforms to corporate taxation around the taxing of profits where a product is consumed, rather than where the product's value is created (as currently done). Although the EU had been a long-term advocate of this concept, the US had traditionally blocked it. However, it is believed the passing of the 2017 TCJA has changed
Washington's view on US corporate use of tax havens, who still remain the largest users of tax havens in the world. In response to this new OECD initiative, the EU, and the French in particular, dropped their "Digital Tax" proposal in favour of allowing the OECD BEPS 2.0 initiative reach a conclusion, which it is scheduled to do by 2020.
5247:
2643:, most of these tax havens date from the late 1960s and effectively copied the structures and services of the above groups. Most of these tax havens are not OECD members, or in the case of British Empire–related tax havens, do not have a senior OECD member at their core. Some have suffered setbacks during various OECD initiatives to curb tax havens (e.g. Vanuatu and Samoa). However, others such as Taiwan (for AsiaPAC), and Mauritius (for Africa), have grown materially in the past decades. Taiwan has been described as "Switzerland of Asia", with a focus on secrecy. Although no Emerging market-related tax haven ranks in the five major global Conduit OFCs or any
3224:
2582:, the first recognized tax haven hub was the Zurich-Zug-Liechtenstein triangle created in the mid-1920s, later joined by Luxembourg in 1929. Privacy and secrecy were established as an important aspect of European tax havens. However, modern European tax havens also include corporate-focussed tax havens, which maintain higher levels of OECD transparency, such as the Netherlands and Ireland. European tax havens act as an important part of the global flows to tax havens, with three of the five major global Conduit OFCs being European (e.g. the Netherlands, Switzerland, and Ireland). Four European-related tax havens appear in the various notable
1995:(1966), a self-governing external territory of Australia. It was followed by Vanuatu (1970–71), Nauru (1972), the Cook Islands (1981), Tonga (1984), Samoa (1988), the Marshall Islands (1990), and Nauru (1994). All these havens introduced familiar legislation modeled on the successful British Empire and European tax havens, including near-zero taxation for exempt companies, and non-residential companies, Swiss-style bank secrecy laws, trust companies laws, offshore insurance laws, flags of convenience for shipping fleets and aircraft leasing, and beneficial regulations for new online services (e.g. gambling, pornography, etc.).
5510:
5031:
3732:
5709:, an information standard for the automatic exchange of tax and financial information on a global level (which would already be needed by FATCA to process data). Participating in the CRS from 2017 onwards are Australia, the Bahamas, Bahrain, Bermuda, Brazil, British Virgin Islands, Brunei Darussalam, Canada, Cayman Islands, Chile, China, the Cook Islands, Guernsey, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Israel, Japan, Jersey, Kuwait, Lebanon, Macau, Malaysia, Mauritius, Monaco, New Zealand, Panama, Qatar, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Switzerland, Turkey, the United Arab Emirates, and Uruguay.
4579:
4243:
4537:
4222:
5421:(ICIJ) released a searchable 260 gigabyte database of 2.5 million tax haven client files anonymously leaked to the ICIJ and analyzed with 112 journalists in 58 countries. The majority of clients came from mainland China, Hong Kong, Taiwan, the Russian Federation, and former Soviet republics; with the British Virgin Islands identified as the most important tax haven for Chinese clients, and Cyprus an important tax haven location for Russian clients. Various prominent names were contained in the leaks including:
2556:("FSI") and the term "secrecy jurisdiction", to highlight issues in regard to OECD-compliant countries who have high tax rates and do not appear on academic lists of tax havens, but have transparency issues. The FSI does not assess tax rates or BEPS flows in its calculation; but it is often misinterpreted as a tax haven definition in the financial media, particularly when it lists the US and Germany as major "secrecy jurisdictions". However, many types of tax havens also rank as secrecy jurisdictions.
4707:
4350:
4644:
4308:
5191:" is where the corporate overcomes IRS 7874 by merging with a corporation that has a "substantive business presence" in the new location. The requirement for a substantive business presence meant that US corporations could only invert to larger tax havens, and particularly OECD tax havens and EU tax havens. Further tightening of regulations by the US Treasury in 2016, as well as the 2017 TCJA US tax reform, reduced the tax benefits of a US corporation inverting to a tax haven.
4665:
4329:
6140:
17589:
4451:
4287:
4096:
5576:(SZ). As with the Panama Papers in 2015, SZ worked with the ICIJ and over 100 media organizations to process the documents. They contain the names of more than 120,000 people and companies including Apple, AIG, Prince Charles, Queen Elizabeth II, the President of Colombia Juan Manuel Santos, and then-U.S. Secretary of Commerce Wilbur Ross. At 1.4 terabytes in size, this is second only to the Panama Papers of 2016 as the biggest data leak in history.
5234:) is well understood and accepted. However, IP enables a corporation to "revalue" its costs dramatically. For example, a major piece of software might have cost US$ 1 billion to develop in salaries and overheads. IP accounting enables the legal ownership of the software to be relocated to a tax haven where it can be revalued to being worth US$ 100 billion, which becomes the new price at which it is charged out against global profits. This creates a
4622:
4495:
4265:
4117:
5070:
of untaxed offshore profits built up by U.S. multinationals with BEPS tools from non-U.S. revenues. Had these U.S. multinationals paid taxes on these non-U.S. profits in the countries in which they were earned, there would have been the little further liability to U.S. taxation. Research by Zucman and Wright (2018) estimated that most of the TCJA repatriation benefit went to the shareholders of U.S. multinationals, and not the U.S. exchequer.
5143:
their assets, foreign citizens legally resident in the UK pay no taxes on their global assets, as long as they are left outside the UK; thus, for a foreign resident, the UK behaves in a similar way to a traditional tax haven. Some tax academics say that PTRs make the distinction with traditional tax havens "matter of degree more than anything else". The OECD has made the investigation of PTRs a key part of its long-term project of combatting
1664:
4686:
4558:
4392:
4371:
4159:
16800:
4749:
4728:
4516:
4201:
4138:
6431:
regulations that enabled U.S. multinationals to avoid some of these rules by electing to treat their foreign subsidiaries as if they were not corporations but disregarded entities for tax purposes. This move is called "checking the box" because that is all that needs to be done on IRS form 8832 to make it work and use Irish BEPS tools on non-U.S. revenues was a compromise to keep U.S. multinationals from leaving the U.S. (page 10.)
4600:
4180:
4473:
4430:
4074:
4052:
5219:, in 2017, the OECD estimated that BEPS tools shielded US$ 100 to US$ 200 billion in annual corporate profits from tax; while in 2018, Zucman estimated that the figure was closer to US$ 250 billion per annum. This was despite the 2012–2016 OECD BEPS Project. In 2015, Apple executed the largest recorded BEPS transaction in history when it moved US$ 300 billion of its IP to Ireland, in what was called a hybrid-tax inversion.
17600:
5448:
Luxembourg. This ICIJ investigation disclosed 548 tax rulings for over 340 multinational companies based in
Luxembourg. The LuxLeaks' disclosures attracted international attention and comment about corporate tax avoidance schemes in Luxembourg and elsewhere. This scandal contributed to the implementation of measures aiming at reducing tax dumping and regulating tax avoidance schemes beneficial to multinational companies.
1652:
15817:
4770:
6049:, their report noted that Apple had been using the structure from at least as far back as 1991. Several Senate and congressional inquiries in Washington cited public knowledge of the Double Irish from 2000 onwards. However, it was not the US who finally forced Ireland to close the structure in 2015, but the EU Commission; and existing users were given until 2020 to find alternative arrangements, two of which (e.g.
5675:. Starting January 2014, FATCA requires FFIs to provide annual reports to the IRS on the name and address of each U.S. client, as well as the largest account balance in the year and total debits and credits of any account owned by a U.S. person. In addition, FATCA requires any foreign company not listed on a stock exchange or any foreign partnership which has 10% U.S. ownership to report to the IRS the names and
6037:. The OECD BEPS Multilateral Instrument ("MLI"), was adopted on 24 November 2016 and has since been signed by over 78 jurisdictions; it came into force in July 2018. The MLI has been criticised for "watering down" several of its proposed initiatives, including country–by–country–reporting ("CbCr"), and for providing several opt-outs which several OECD and EU tax havens availed of. The US did not sign the MLI.
1876:, backed a plan by a New York lawyer, Mr. Dill, to create a more liberal regime for establishing corporate structures, including availability "off-the-shelf companies" (but not non-resident companies). Delaware followed with the General Incorporation Act in 1898, on the basis of lobbying from other New York lawyers. Because of the restrictive incorporation regime in the Anglo-Saxon world as a result of the
2486:, which he had scaled quantitatively by analysing corporate investment flows. Hines' largest havens were dominated by corporate tax havens, who Dharmapala noted in 2014 accounted for the bulk of global tax haven activity from BEPS tools. The Hines 2010 list was the first to estimate the ten largest global tax havens, only two of which, Jersey and the British Virgin Islands, were on the OECD's 2000 list.
2018:
larger wave of US corporate "merger inversions" started that involved moving to OECD tax havens. A new class of corporate tax haven had emerged that was OECD-compliant, transparent, but offered complex base erosion and profit shifting (BEPS) tools that could achieve net tax rates similar to traditional tax havens. Initiatives by the OECD to curb tax havens would mainly impact Palan's third group of
2540:, as Google, Facebook and Apple do not appear on Orbis. Even so, Zucman's 2018 list of top 10 havens also matched 9 of the top 10 havens in Hines' 2010 list, but with Ireland as the largest global haven. These lists (Hines 2010, CORPNET 2017 and Zucman 2018), and others, which followed a purely quantitive approach, showed a firm consensus around the largest corporate tax havens.
1761:. CRS countries require banks and other entities to identify the residence of account holders, beneficial owners of corporate entities and record yearly account balances and communicate such information to local tax agencies, which will report back to tax agencies where account holders or beneficial owners of corporations reside. CRS intends to end offshore financial secrecy and
11296:
9657:
2030:, and included the Netherlands, Singapore, Ireland, USA and the U.K., and even reformed traditional tax havens such as Luxembourg, Hong Kong, the Caribbean (the Cayman, Bermuda, and the British Virgin Islands), and Switzerland. The scale of their BEPS activities meant that this group of 10 jurisdictions would dominate academic tax haven lists from 2010, including
5532:(SZ). Given the unprecedented scale of the data, SZ worked with the ICIJ, as well as Journalists from 107 media organizations in 80 countries who analyzed the documents. After more than a year of analysis, the first news stories were published on 3 April 2016. The documents named prominent public figures from around the globe including British prime minister
5932:, called Ireland and the Netherlands, "tax black holes". After only a few months the EU reduced the blacklist further, and by November 2018, it contained only five jurisdictions: American Samoa, Guam, Samoa, Trinidad & Tobago, and the US Virgin Islands. However, by March 2019, the EU blacklist was expanded to 15 jurisdictions including Bermuda, a
3063:. The United Kingdom was not a tax haven in 1994, and Hines estimated the Netherlands's effective tax rate in 1994 at over 20%. (Hines identified Ireland as having the lowest effective tax rate at 4%.) Four of these: Ireland, Singapore, Switzerland (3 of the 5 top Conduit OFCs), and Hong Kong (a top 5 Sink OFC), featured in the Hines–Rice 1994 list's
9937:
2769:– A "sense-check" of a tax haven is whether individuals or entities redomicile themselves into a lower tax jurisdiction to legally avoid high US corporate tax rates, and additionally because of the advantage for a multinational company to be based in a territorial tax regime such as Ireland. The top 3 destinations for all U.S. corporate
6106:(TCJA), which reduced the US headline corporate tax rate from 35% to 21%, changed the US corporate tax code from a "worldwide tax system" to a hybrid–"territorial tax system", and created new IP-based BEPS tools such as the FDII tax, as well as other anti-BEPS tools such as the BEAT tax. In advocating for the TCJA, the President's
12646:
11288:
9649:
2462:' observation that the accounting flows from BEPS tools are "out-of-proportion" and thus distort the economic statistics of the haven. The FSF–IMF list captured new corporate tax havens, such as the Netherlands, which Hines considered too small in 1994. In April 2007, the IMF used a more quantitative approach to generate a
4974:, "Treasure Islands", where he showed how U.S. multinationals used tax havens and BEPS tools to avoid Japanese taxes on their Japanese investments, noted that this was being confirmed by other empirical research at a company-level. Hines's observations would influence U.S. policy towards tax havens, including the 1996 "
4869:
tax haven research, such as Hines, Dharmapala, and others, cite evidence that, in certain cases, tax havens appear to promote economic growth in higher-tax countries, and can support beneficial hybrid tax regimes of higher taxes on domestic activity, but lower taxes on international sourced capital or income:
1726:(FSI) rankings, can be featured in some tax haven lists, they are often omitted from lists for political reasons or through lack of subject matter knowledge. In contrast, countries with lower levels of secrecy but also low "effective" rates of taxation, most notably Ireland in the FSI rankings, appear in most
13641:"the captured state": a world in which policymaking has been largely taken over by financial interests that can pick and choose between jurisdictions and in effect write the laws they need. "That happens in its purest form in the very small tax havens where there is just no local democracy to do anything.
5319:, which are the jurisdictions that create the OECD-compliant tax structures that enable the untaxed funds to be routed from the higher-tax jurisdictions to the Sink OFCs. Despite following a purely quantitative approach, CORPNET's top 5 Conduit OFCs and top 5 Sink OFCs closely match the other academic
15458:
Brussels is challenging the "Double Irish" tax avoidance measure prized by big U.S. tech and pharma groups, putting pressure on Dublin to close it down or face a full-blown investigation. The initial enquiries have signalled that
Brussels wants Dublin to call time on the tax gambit, which has helped
12993:
Some economists champion tax havens. In an article in the
Journal of Economic Perspectives published last fall (also titled "Treasure Islands"), James R. Hines Jr. of the University of Michigan argued that they contribute to financial market competition, encourage investment in high-tax countries and
9927:
6462:
Zucman and Wright's analysis assumed that U.S. multinationals were going to pay a U.S. 35% rate eventually (e.g. they would repatriate their untaxed offshore cash at some stage in the future); if the assumption is made that they were going to permanently leave their offshore cash outside of the U.S.,
5069:
groups interpreted Hines' research as the U.S. engaging in tax competition with higher-tax nations (i.e. the U.S. exchequer earning excess taxes at the expense of others). The 2017 TCJA seems to support this view with the U.S. exchequer being able to levy a 15.5% repatriation tax on over $ 1 trillion
5012:
U.S. multinationals use tax havens more than multinationals from other countries which have kept their controlled foreign corporations regulations. No other non-haven OECD country records as high a share of foreign profits booked in tax havens as the United States. This suggests that half of all the
4868:
A controversial area of research into tax havens is the suggestion that tax havens actually promote global economic growth by solving perceived issues in the tax regimes of higher-taxed nations (e.g. the above discussion on the U.S. "worldwide" tax system as an example). Important academic leaders in
3904:
published joint research between the IMF and tax academics titled, "Piercing the Veil", that estimated circa US$ 12 trillion in global corporate investment worldwide was "just phantom corporate investment" structured to avoid corporate taxation, and was concentrated in eight major locations. In 2019,
3881:
Zucman followed up his 2015 book with several co-authored papers that focused on corporate use of tax havens, titled "The
Missing Profits of Nations" (2016–2018), and "The Exorbitant Tax Privilege" (2018), which showed that corporations, shield over US$ 250 billion per annum from taxes. Zucman showed
3855:
Henry's credibility and the depth of this analysis meant that the report attracted international attention. The TJN supplemented his report with another report on the consequences of the analysis in terms of global inequality and lost revenues to developing economies. The report was criticised by a
3380:
Post–2010 research on tax havens is focused on quantitative analysis (which can be ranked), and tends to ignore very small tax havens where data is limited as the haven is used for individual tax avoidance rather than corporate tax avoidance. The last credible broad unranked list of global tax havens
2422:
The 1998 OECD definition is most frequently invoked by the "OECD tax havens". However, that definition (as noted above) lost credibility when, in 2017, under its parameters, only
Trinidad & Tobago qualified as a tax haven and has since been largely discounted by tax haven academics, including the
2337:
In
December 2008, Dharmapala wrote that the OECD process had removed much of the need to include "bank secrecy" in any definition of a tax haven and that it was now "first and foremost, low or zero corporate tax rates", and this has become the general "financial dictionary" definition of a tax haven.
8173:
TAX HAVENS: 1.Andorra 2.Anguilla 3.Antigua and
Barbuda 4.Aruba 5.Bahamas 6.Bahrain 7.Barbados 8.Belize 9.British Virgin Islands 10.Cook Islands 11.Dominica 12.Gibraltar 13.Grenada 14.Guernsey 15.Isle of Man 16.Jersey 17.Liberia 18.Liechtenstein 19.Maldives 20.Marshall Islands 21.Monaco 22.Montserrat
6430:
Before 1996, the United States, like other high-income countries, had anti-avoidance rules—known as "controlled foreign corporations" provisions—designed to immediately tax in the United States some foreign income (such as royalties and interest) conducive of profit shifting. In 1996, the IRS issued
6123:
In
January 2019, the OECD released a policy note regarding new proposals to combat the BEPS activities of multinationals, which commentators labeled "BEPS 2.0". In its press release, the OECD announced its proposals had the backing of the U.S., as well as China, Brazil, and India. The new proposals
4887:
Tax havens change the nature of tax competition among other countries, very possibly permitting them to sustain high domestic tax rates that are effectively mitigated for mobile international investors whose transactions are routed through tax havens. In fact, countries that lie close to tax havens
3988:
The artificial inflation of GDP can attract underpriced foreign capital (who use the "headline" Debt-to-GDP metric of the haven), thus producing phases of stronger economic growth. However, the increased leverage leads to more severe credit cycles, particularly where the artificial nature of the GDP
3885:
A 2022 study by Zucman and co-authors estimated that 36% of the profits of multinational firms are shifted to tax havens. If the profits had been reallocated to their domestic source, "domestic profits would increase by about 20% in high-tax
European Union countries, 10% in the United States, and 5%
2373:
In April 1998, the OECD produced a definition of a tax haven, as meeting "three of four" criteria. It was produced as part of their "Harmful Tax Competition: An Emerging Global Issue" initiative. By 2000, when the OECD published their first list of tax havens, it included no OECD member countries as
2063:
1934: As a reaction to the global depression, the Swiss Banking Act of 1934 put bank secrecy under Swiss criminal law. The law required "absolute silence in respect to a professional secret" (i.e. accounts in Swiss banks). "Absolute" means protection from any government, including the Swiss. The law
1800:
include corporate-focused havens like the Netherlands, Singapore, Ireland, and the U.K., while Luxembourg, Hong Kong, the Cayman Islands, Bermuda, the British Virgin Islands, and Switzerland feature as both major traditional tax havens and major corporate tax havens. Corporate tax havens often serve
13467:
Germany taxes only 5% of the active foreign business profits of its resident corporations. Furthermore, German firms do not have incentives to structure their foreign operations in ways that avoid repatriating income. Therefore, the tax incentives for German firms to establish tax haven affiliates
12771:
According to economics professor James Hines, tax havens serve as healthy competition for high-tax countries, nudging them toward less-restrictive financial policy. By providing alternatives to tightly controlled financial sectors, Hines wrote in a 2010 paper, tax havens discourage regulations that
8270:
Tax havens are low-tax jurisdictions that offer businesses and individuals opportunities for tax avoidance. They attract disproportionate shares of world foreign direct investment, and, largely as a consequence, their economies have grown much more rapidly than the world as a whole over the past 25
5796:
Those countries in the bottom tier were initially classified as being 'non-cooperative tax havens'. Uruguay was initially classified as being uncooperative. However, upon appeal the OECD stated that it did meet tax transparency rules and thus moved it up. The Philippines took steps to remove itself
5611:
Regrets the lack of democratic accountability in the process of drawing up the "EU list of non-cooperative jurisdictions for tax purposes"; recalls that the Council seems sometimes to be guided by diplomatic or political motives rather than objective assessments when deciding to move countries from
5270:
Other tax havens, for example in Europe or Asia, maintain higher non-zero "headline" rates of corporate taxation, but instead provide complex and confidential BEPS tools and PTRs which bring the "effective" corporate tax rate closer to zero; they all feature prominently in the leading jurisdictions
5046:
Well over half the profits that American companies report earning abroad are still booked in only a few low-tax havens — places that, of course, are not actually home to the customers, workers, and taxpayers facilitating most of their business. A multinational corporation can route its global sales
1980:
ruled in 1957 that transactions executed by British banks on behalf of a lender and borrower who were not located in the UK, were not to be officially viewed as having taken place in the UK for regulatory or tax purposes, even though the transaction was only ever recorded as taking place in London.
5119:
becomes State Secretary of Economic Affairs in May 2003 not long before the Wall Street Journal reports about his tour of the US, during which he pitches the new Netherlands tax policy to dozens of American tax lawyers, accountants, and corporate tax directors. In July 2005, he decides to abolish
5073:
Academics who study tax havens, attribute Washington's support of U.S. corporate use of tax havens to a political compromise between Washington, and other higher-tax OECD nations, to compensate for shortcomings of the U.S. "worldwide" tax system. Hines had advocated for a switch to a "territorial"
3877:
which used global national accounts data to calculate the quantum of net foreign asset positions of rich countries which are unreported because there are located in tax havens. Zucman estimated that circa 8–10% of the global financial wealth of households, or over US$ 7.6 trillion, was held in tax
2017:
showed in 1994 that US corporations were achieving effective rates of taxation of circa 4% in corporate-focused OECD tax havens like Ireland. When in 2004, the US Congress stopped "naked tax inversions" by US corporations to Caribbean tax havens with the introduction of IRS Regulation 7874, a much
1839:
projects) had been on common standards, transparency and data sharing. The rise of OECD-compliant corporate tax havens, whose BEPS tools were responsible for most of the lost taxes, led to criticism of this approach, versus actual taxes paid. Higher-tax jurisdictions, such as the United States and
1812:
of taxes avoided vary, but the most credible have a range of US$ 100–250 billion per annum. In addition, capital held in tax havens can permanently leave the tax base (base erosion). Estimates of capital held in tax havens also vary: the most credible estimates are between US$ 7–10 trillion (up to
7414:
The use of private 'unlimited liability company' (ULC) status, which exempts companies from filing financial reports publicly. The fact that Apple, Google and many others continue to keep their Irish financial information secret is due to a failure by the Irish government to implement the 2013 EU
5142:
Preferential tax rulings (PTR) can be used by a jurisdiction for benign reasons, for example, tax incentives to encourage urban renewal. However, PTRs can also be used to provide aspects of tax regimes normally found in traditional tax havens. For example, while British citizens pay full taxes on
4840:
We show theoretically and empirically that in the current international tax system, tax authorities of high-tax countries do not have incentives to combat profit shifting to tax havens. They instead focus their enforcement effort on relocating profits booked in other high-tax countries, in effect
3971:
rankings, as their "headline" economic statistics are artificially inflated by the BEPS flows that add to the haven's GDP, but are not taxable in the haven. As the largest facilitators of BEPS flows, corporate-focused tax havens, in particular, make up most of the top 10-15 GDP-per-capita tables,
3948:
Hines and Dharmapala concluded that governance was a major issue for smaller countries in trying to become tax havens. Only countries with strong governance and legislation which was trusted by foreign corporates and investors, would become tax havens. Hines and Dharmapala's positive view on the
13781:
All havens are "captured" by offshore finance: local democracy mustn't be allowed to get in the way of making money. In 2014 the "big four" accountancy firms, key architects of the global offshore system, advertised in Hong Kong newspapers urging democracy demonstrators to pipe down, saying the
9548:
It was certainly an improvement on the list recently published by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, which featured only one name – Trinidad & Tobago – but campaigners believe the European Union has much more to do if it is to prove it is serious about addressing tax
6127:
In 2021 the G20 and OECD produced a report suggesting a change in how multinational enterprises (MNE) are taxed. Defining a MNE as a business with global turnover above 20 billion euros and profitability before tax above 10%. The object being to allocate the profit in excess of the 10% permitted
5482:
who provided data on accounts held by over 100,000 clients and 20,000 offshore companies with HSBC in Geneva; the disclosure has been called "the biggest leak in Swiss banking history". Le Monde called upon 154 journalists affiliated with 47 different media outlets to process the data, including
5323:. CORPNET's Conduit OFCs contained several major jurisdictions considered OECD and/or EU tax havens, including the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, Switzerland, and Ireland. Conduit OFCs are strongly correlated with modern "corporate tax havens" and Sink OFCs with the "traditional tax havens".
3980:
is a country where the financial BEPS flows are out of proportion to the size of the indigenous economy. Apple's Q1 2015 "leprechaun economics" BEPS transaction in Ireland was a dramatic example, which caused Ireland to abandon its GDP and GNP metrics in February 2017, in favour of a new metric,
9810:
U.S. companies are the most aggressive users of profit-shifting techniques, which often relocate paper profits without bringing jobs and wages, according to the study by economists Thomas Torslov and Ludvig Wier of the University of Copenhagen and Gabriel Zucman of the University of California,
9206:
We identify 41 countries and regions as tax havens for the purposes of U. S. businesses. Together the seven tax havens with populations greater than one million (Hong Kong, Ireland, Liberia, Lebanon, Panama, Singapore, and Switzerland) account for 80 percent of total tax haven population and 89
6074:
After losing 22 tax inversions from 2007 to 2010, mostly to Ireland, the UK decided to completely reform its corporate tax code. From 2009 to 2012 the UK reduced its headline corporate tax rate from 28% to 20% (and eventually to 19%), changed the British corporate tax code from a "worldwide tax
5447:
In November 2014, the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists (ICIJ) released 28,000 documents totalling 4.4 gigabytes of confidential information about Luxembourg's confidential private tax rulings give to PricewaterhouseCoopers from 2002 to 2010 to the benefits of its clients in
4909:
CONCLUSION: Using both bilateral and multilateral samples, we find empirically that successful offshore financial centers encourage bad behavior in source countries since they facilitate tax evasion and money laundering Nevertheless, offshore financial centers created to facilitate undesirable
3894:
In 2007, the OECD estimated that capital held offshore amounted to between US$ 5 to 7 trillion, making up approximately 6–8% of total global investments under management. In 2017, as part of the OECD BEPS Project, it estimated that between US$ 100 to 240 billion in corporate profits where being
3055:
The strongest consensus amongst academics regarding the world's largest tax havens is therefore: Ireland, Singapore, Switzerland and the Netherlands (the major Conduit OFCs), and the Cayman Islands, British Virgin Islands, Luxembourg, Hong Kong and Bermuda (the major Sink OFCs), with the United
5266:
with other higher-tax jurisdictions. Instead, the receipts from investment structures in those jurisdictions are subject to full withholding tax set by the relevant onshore jurisdiction. The British Overseas Territories and Crown Dependencies all provide full tax transparency and automatic tax
5833:
has criticised the list, stating that it has "no credibility", for failing to include various states of the USA which provide incorporation infrastructure which are indistinguishable from the aspects of pure tax havens to which the G20 object. As of 2012, 89 countries have implemented reforms
5279:
global untaxed profits back to the haven (and on to Sink OFCs, as shown above). These "corporate tax havens" strongly deny any association with being a tax haven and maintain high levels of compliance and transparency, with many being OECD-whitelisted (and are OECD or EU members). Many of the
2263:
corporate "profit shifting" (i.e. BEPS) is shielding over US$ 250 billion per year from taxes. Zucman's 2018 list of top 10 havens matched 9 of the top 10 havens in Hines' 2010 list, but with Ireland as the largest global haven. Zucman shows that US corporations are almost half of all profits
13236:
For example, according to the UK Treasury, on the surface it looks like Britain's second-biggest investor is the Netherlands. But the UK Treasury has admitted most of those investments actually consist of British cash that has been sent to Holland for tax purposes and rerouted back home. So,
7578:
Tax havens are low-tax jurisdictions that offer businesses and individuals opportunities for tax avoidance' (Hines, 2008). In this paper, I will use the expression 'tax haven' and 'offshore financial center' interchangeably (the list of tax havens considered by Dharmapala and Hines (2009) is
3926:
showed that tax havens were typically small but well-governed nations and that being a tax haven had brought significant prosperity. In 2009, Hines and Dharmapala suggested that roughly 15% of countries are tax havens, but they wondered why more countries had not become tax havens given the
15236:
Obviously many countries in the European Union are places where aggressive tax optimisation finds its place," Pierre Moscovici, the European commissioner for economic affairs and taxation, told reporters in Brussels yesterday. "Some European countries are black holes. . . I want to address
5097:
Some authors on tax havens describe them as "captured states" by their offshore finance industry, suggesting the legal, taxation and other requirements of the professional service firms operating from the tax haven are given higher priority to any conflicting State needs. The term has been
4994:
Lower foreign tax rates entail smaller credits for foreign taxes and greater ultimate U.S. tax collections (Hines and Rice, 1994). Dyreng and Lindsey (2009), offer evidence that U.S. firms with foreign affiliates in certain tax havens pay lower foreign taxes and higher U.S. taxes than do
3805:
There have been many other "guesstimates" produced by NGOs which are either crude derivatives of the first method ("Banking data"), and are often criticised for taking mistaken interpretations and conclusions from aggregate global banking and financial data, to produce unsound estimates.
2329:
It is the most cited paper on tax haven research, even in late 2017, and Hines is the most cited author on tax haven research. As well as offering insights into tax havens, it took the view that the diversity of countries that become tax havens was so great that detailed definitions were
5605:
Stresses the importance of defending the freedom of journalists to report on issues of public interest without facing the threat of costly legal action, including when they receive confidential, secret or restricted documents, datasets or other materials, regardless of their origin.
3882:
that almost half of these are U.S. corporations, and that it was the driver of how U.S. corporations built up offshore cash deposits of US$ 1 to 2 trillion since 2004. Zucman's (et alia) analysis showed that global GDP figures were materially distorted by multinational BEPS flows.
13199:
Although a previous literature has modelled tax havens as a benign phenomenon that helps high-tax countries reduce the negative impact of their own suboptimal domestic tax policies, there is considerable concern that the havens are "parasitic" on the tax revenues of the non-haven
5074:
tax system, as most other nations use, which would remove U.S. multinational need for tax havens. In 2016, Hines, with German tax academics, showed that German multinationals make little use of tax havens because their tax regime, a "territorial" system, removes any need for it.
5985:
has adopted a specific list of jurisdictions deemed as tax havens by the Government, associated to said list are a set of tax penalties on Portuguese resident taxpayers. Nevertheless, the list has been critiqued for not being objective nor rational from an economic standpoint.
10557:
One of the criteria, for example, is that a country must be at least "largely compliant" with the Exchange Of Information on Request standard, a bilateral country-to-country information exchange. According to Turner, this standard is outdated and has been proven to not really
5102:
has noted that even where tax havens started out as "trading centres", they can eventually become "captured" by "powerful foreign finance and legal firms who write the laws of these countries which they then exploit". Tangible examples include the public disclosure in 2016 of
10146:
Although tax havens have attracted widespread interest (and a considerable amount of opprobrium) in recent years, there is no standard definition of what this term means. Typically, the term is applied to countries and territories that offer favorable tax regimes for foreign
12906:
Based on an analysis of data on tax disputes between tax authorities, the economists say that tax authorities in high-income countries tend to focus on transactions with other high-income countries rather than work on profit shifting trails that end in such island havens as
8539:
The eight major pass-through economies—the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Hong Kong SAR, the British Virgin Islands, Bermuda, the Cayman Islands, Ireland, and Singapore—host more than 85 percent of the world's investment in special purpose entities, which are often set up for tax
2194:, and unlike all past tax haven lists, were scaled quantitatively by analysing corporate investment flows. The Hines 2010 list was the first to estimate the ten largest global tax havens, only two of which, Jersey and the British Virgin Islands, were on the OECD's 2000 list.
8441:
Finally, we find that US firms with operations in some tax haven countries have higher federal tax rates on foreign income than other firms. This result suggests that in some cases, tax haven operations may increase US tax collections at the expense of foreign country tax
5807:
In April 2009 the OECD announced through its chief Angel Gurria that Costa Rica, Malaysia, the Philippines and Uruguay have been removed from the blacklist after they had made "a full commitment to exchange information to the OECD standards." Despite calls from the former
12994:
promote economic growth. Like many economists, Professor Hines expresses far more confidence in the market than in the state. He worries more about possible overtaxation than about undertaxation of corporate income. He does not engage with such concepts as "tax justice."
5612:
the "grey list" to the "black list" and vice-versa; stresses that this undermines the credibility, predictability and usefulness of the lists; calls for Parliament to be consulted in the preparation of the list and for an extensive revision of the screening criteria (§78)
5107:'s Project Goldcrest tax structure, which showed how closely the State of Luxembourg worked with Amazon for over two years to help it avoid global taxes. Other examples include how the Dutch Government removed provisions to prevent corporate tax avoidance by creating the
5402:
paid GBPÂŁ100,000 for the same data. The authorities in several other European countries, Australia and Canada also received the data. Liechtenstein's authorities strongly protested the case and issued an arrest order against the man suspected of having leaked the data.
4836:, showed that most corporate tax disputes are between high-tax jurisdictions, and not between high-tax and low-tax jurisdictions. Zucman (et alia) research showed that disputes with major havens such as Ireland, Luxembourg and the Netherlands, are actually quite rare.
1950:. However, in 1934, as a reaction to the global depression, the Swiss Banking Act of 1934 put bank secrecy under Swiss criminal law. Secrecy and privacy would become an important and distinctive part of the European-based tax havens, in comparison with other tax havens.
2432:
Thus, the evidence (limited though it undoubtedly is) does not suggest any impact of the OECD initiative on tax-haven activity. Thus, the OECD initiative cannot be expected to have much impact on corporate uses of tax havens, even if (or when) the initiative is fully
6030:
5310:
analysis of over 98 million global corporate connections. CORPNET ignored any prior definition of a tax haven or any legal or tax structuring concepts, to instead follow a purely quantitative approach. CORPNET's results split the understanding of tax havens into
3742:
Estimating the financial scale of tax havens is complicated by their inherent lack of transparency. Even jurisdictions that comply with OECD–transparency requirements such as Ireland, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands, provide alternate secrecy tools (e.g. Trusts,
3265:(United Kingdom dependency), still a major traditional tax haven; the CORPNET research identifies a very strong connection with Conduit OFC Switzerland (e.g. Switzerland is increasingly relying on Jersey as a traditional tax haven); issues of financial stability.
6114:
on the US corporate use of tax havens and the likely responses of US corporations to the TCJA. Since the TCJA, Pfizer has guided global aggregate tax rates that are very similar to what they expected in their aborted 2016 inversion with Allergan plc in Ireland.
3698:
in the 1990s and early 2000s severely damaged confidence in the country. The fact that the ship registration business still continues is partly a testament to its early success, and partly a testament to moving the national shipping registry to New York, United
7955:
With a conservatively estimated annual revenue loss of USD 100 to 240 billion, the stakes are high for governments around the world. The impact of BEPS on developing countries, as a percentage of tax revenues, is estimated to be even higher than in developed
13931:
As already noted, one of Luxembourg's key selling points for the world's mobile hot money has long been Luxembourg's role as a state 'captured' by offshore financial services, which has effectively removed the possibility of democratic opposition to the
5920:. In addition, the Commission produced a "greylist" of 47 jurisdictions which had already committed to cooperate with the EU to change their rules on tax transparency and cooperation. Only one of the EU's 17 blacklisted tax havens, namely Samoa, was in
1824:(due to accounting BEPS flows), havens are prone to over-leverage (international capital misprice the artificial debt-to-GDP). This can lead to severe credit cycles and/or property/banking crises when international capital flows are repriced. Ireland's
4946:("FDI") that came from tax havens into higher-tax countries, had really originated from the higher-tax country, and for example, that the largest source of FDI into the United Kingdom, was actually from the United Kingdom, but invested via tax havens.
3909:(FDI) was "phantom", and that "Empty corporate shells in tax havens undermine tax collection in advanced, emerging market, and developing economies". The research singled out Ireland, and estimated that over two-thirds of Ireland's FDI was "phantom".
4978:" rules, and U.S. hostility to OECD attempts in curbing Ireland's BEPS tools, and why, in spite of public disclosure of tax avoidance by firms such as Google, Facebook, and Apple, with Irish BEPS tools, little has been done by the U.S. to stop them.
12156:
James Henry, former chief economist at consultancy McKinsey and an expert on tax havens, has compiled the most detailed estimates yet of the size of the offshore economy in a new report, The Price of Offshore Revisited, released exclusively to the
15637:"Right now, it's safe to say that the U.K. is the preferred country of destination for inverted companies, given the favorable tax regime and the non-tax attractions of the U.K.," said Mr. Willens, a former managing director at Lehman Brothers.
13513:
Applying Hines and Rice's (1994) findings to a statutory corporate rate reduction of 15 percentage points (from 35 to 20 percent) suggests that reduced profit shifting would result in more than $ 140 billion of repatriated profit based on 2016
10332:
Applying Hines and Rice's (1994) findings to a statutory corporate rate reduction of 15 percentage points (from 35 to 20 percent) suggests that reduced profit shifting would result in more than $ 140 billion of repatriated profit based on 2016
8852:
2779:
tables – Another "sense–check" of a tax haven is distortion in its GDP data from the IP–based BEPS tools and Debt–based BEPS tools. Excluding the non-oil & gas nations (e.g. Qatar, Norway), and micro jurisdictions, the resulting highest
2243:
produces its first formal list of tax havens with 17 countries on its 2017 blacklist and 47 on its 2017 greylist; however, as with the previous 2010 OECD list, none of the jurisdictions are OECD or EU–28 countries, nor are they in the list of
2308:
The issue, however, is material, as being labelled a "tax haven" has consequences for a country seeking to develop and trade under bilateral tax treaties. When Ireland was "blacklisted" by G20 member Brazil in 2016, bilateral trade declined.
12347:
Mr Henry said his $ 21tn is actually a conservative figure and the true scale could be $ 32tn. A trillion is 1,000 billion. Mr Henry used data from the Bank of International Settlements, International Monetary Fund, World Bank, and national
4970:. Hines showed that as a result of paying no foreign taxes by using tax havens, U.S. multinationals avoided building up foreign tax credits that would reduce their U.S. tax liability. Hines returned to this finding several times, and in his
2427:
investigation into tax havens, as being restrictive, and enabling Hines' low-tax havens (e.g. to which the first criterion applies), to avoid the OECD definition by improving OECD cooperation (so the second and third criteria do not apply).
5098:
particularly used for smaller tax havens, with examples being Delaware, the Seychelles, and Jersey. However, the term "captured state" has also been used for larger and more established OECD and EU offshore financial centres or tax havens.
2615:
post–World War II. Since the reform of its corporate tax code in 2009–2012, the UK has re-emerged as a major corporate-focused tax haven. Two of the five major global Conduit OFCs are from this grouping (e.g. the U.K. and Singapore).
11355:
2130:; none of the existing 35 OECD members, or EU–28 members, were listed as tax havens. By 2008, only Trinidad & Tobago met the OECD's Criteria to be a tax haven. Academics start using the terms "OECD tax havens" and "EU tax havens".
13076:
10271:
6420:
The ITEP list only focuses on Fortune 500 Companies; its strong correlation with tax haven lists derived from global studies highlights that U.S multinationals are the most dominant source of global tax avoidance, and users of tax
4949:
The boundaries with wider contested economic theories on the effects of corporate taxation on economic growth, and whether there should be corporate taxes, are easy to blur. Other researchers that have examined tax havens, such as
9838:
5271:
for IP law (see graphic). These "corporate tax havens" (or Conduit OFCs), further increase respectability by requiring the corporate using their BEPS tools/PTRs to maintain a "substantial presence" in the haven; this is called an
1796:("BEPS") tools enable corporates to achieve "effective" tax rates closer to zero, not just in the haven but in all countries with which the haven has tax treaties; putting them on tax haven lists. According to modern studies, the
14320:
ANDREA KELLY (PwC Ireland): "We expect most Irish QIAIFs to be structured as ICAVs from now on and given that ICAVs are superior tax management vehicles to the Cayman Island SPCs, Ireland should attract substantial re-domiciling
5617:
notes that despite the implementation of European and national legislation on beneficial ownership transparency, as reported by non-governmental organisations, the quality of data in some EU public registers requires improvement
5359:
is a structure used by asset managers as it can accommodate asset classes such as intellectual property ("IP") assets, cryptocurrency assets, and carbon credit assets; competitor products include the Irish QIAIF and Luxembourg's
9286:
said: It's disheartening to see the OECD fall back into the old pattern of creating 'tax haven' blacklists on the basis of criteria that are so weak as to be near enough meaningless, and then declaring success when the list is
5594:(ICIJ). The leak exposed the secret offshore accounts of 35 world leaders, including current and former presidents, prime ministers, and heads of state as well as more than 100 billionaires, celebrities, and business leaders.
5517:
In 2015, 11.5 million documents totalling 2.6 terabytes, detailing financial and attorney-client information for more than 214,488 offshore entities, some dating back to the 1970s, that were taken from the Panamanian law firm
6089:
showed that many of the outstanding British inversions from 2007 to 2010 period had returned to the UK as a result of the tax reforms (most of the rest had entered into subsequent transactions and could not return, including
4814:
are represented above (Ireland, Singapore, Switzerland, the Netherlands, Luxembourg and Hong Kong), and the remaining 3 havens (Cayman Islands, Bermuda, British Virgin Islands), do not appear in World Bank-IMF GDP-per-capita
9509:
The 17 countries on the European list are American Samoa, Bahrain, Barbados, Grenada, Guam, South Korea, Macau, the Marshall Islands, Mongolia, Namibia, Palau, Panama, St Lucia, Samoa, Trinidad & Tobago, Tunisia and the
3717:'s Financial Services commissioner said in May 2008 that his country would reform laws and cease being a tax haven. "We've been associated with this stigma for a long time and we now aim to get away from being a tax haven."
3993:
8095:
The equivalent of 10% of global GDP is held offshore by rich individuals in the form of bank deposits, equities, bonds and mutual fund shares, most of the time in the name of faceless shell corporations, foundations and
12758:
11785:
5734:
for tax havens, to be segmented according to a four-tier system, based on compliance with an "internationally agreed tax standard". The list as per 2 April 2009 can be viewed on the OECD website. The four tiers were:
8487:
As a result of the Bush Administration's efforts, the OECD backed away from its efforts to target "harmful tax practices" and shifted the scope of its efforts to improving exchanges of tax information between member
2606:
lists, namely: Caribbean tax havens (e.g., Bermuda, the British Virgin Islands, and the Cayman Islands), Channel Islands tax havens (e.g. Jersey) and Asian tax havens (e.g., Singapore and Hong Kong). As discussed in
12311:
The study estimating the extent of global private financial wealth held in offshore accounts - excluding non-financial assets such as real estate, gold, yachts and racehorses - puts the sum at between $ 21 and $ 32
11407:
10601:
Ireland does not meet any of the OECD criteria for being a tax haven but because of its 12.5 per cent corporation tax rate and the open nature of the Irish economy, Ireland has on a few occasions been labeled a tax
6160:
1000:
5275:, and can cost the corporate circa 2–3% of revenues. However, these initiatives enable the corporate tax haven to maintain large networks of full bilateral tax treaties, that allow corporates based in the haven to
13988:
12664:
One recent report said that the bulk of the foreign direct investment here was "phantom" and driven by tax avoidance. Another said that we are one of the world's biggest tax havens. More leprechaun economics at
11526:
9587:
EU members were not screened but Oxfam said that if the criteria were applied to publicly available information the list should feature 35 countries including EU members Ireland, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and
7448:
Local subsidiaries of multinationals must always be required to file their accounts on public record, which is not the case at present. Ireland is not just a tax haven at present, it is also a corporate secrecy
1991:. As well as the dramatic rise in OFCs, from the late 1960s onwards, new tax havens began to emerge to service developing and emerging markets, which became Palan's third group. The first Pacific tax haven was
15560:
So, if you think about a lot of technology companies that are housed in Ireland and have massive operations there, they're not going to maybe need those in the same way, and those can be relocated back to the
5394:, a Liechtenstein bank, for a list of 1,250 customer account details of the bank. Investigations and arrests followed relating to charges of illegal tax evasion. The German authorities shared the data with US
1738:" are almost synonymous. In reality, many offshore financial centers do not have harmful tax practices and are at the forefront among financial centers regarding AML practices and international tax reporting.
14474:
14344:
12117:(From abstract) In this paper we argue that such claims rest on poor data and analysis, and on mistakes about how financial transactions, international taxation, and anti-money laundering rules actually work.
3585:(Δ) Identified on the first, and the largest, OECD 2000 list of 35 tax havens (the OECD list only contained Trinidad & Tobago by 2017); the above list contains 34 of the 35 (U.S. Virgin Islands missing).
2060:
noted the creation of such "non-resident" companies was "a loophole which, in a sense, made Britain a tax haven". The ruling applied to the British Empire, including Bermuda, Barbados, and the Cayman Islands.
1940:
noted the creation of such "non-resident" companies was "a loophole which, in a sense, made Britain a tax haven". The ruling applied to the British Empire, including Bermuda, Barbados, and the Cayman Islands.
14096:
5013:
global profits shifted to tax havens are shifted by U.S. multinationals. By contrast, about 25% accrues to E.U. countries, 10% to the rest of the OECD, and 15% to developing countries (Tørsløv et al., 2018).
2536:), and "enhanced corporate profitability" that Hines and Dharmapala had noted. Zucman pointed out that the CORPNET research under-represented havens associated with US technology firms, like Ireland and the
2183:("FSI") and the term "secrecy jurisdiction", to highlight issues in regard to OECD-compliant countries who have high tax rates and do not appear on academic lists of tax havens, but have transparency issues.
13534:
14109:
EU State Aid Rules and the investigation into preferential tax ruling involving Apple Inc. will be on the agenda when the Committee on Finance, Public Expenditure and Reform, and Taoiseach meets tomorrow
11811:
11266:
5339:(SPCs). These SPVs and SPCs are not only free of all taxes, duties, and VAT, but are tailored to the regulatory requirements, and the banking requirements of specific segments. For example, the zero-tax
1964:(OFCs). Many of these OFCs were traditional tax havens from the Post World War I phase, including the Cayman Islands and Bermuda, however new centres such as Hong Kong and Singapore began to emerge. The
15260:
11236:
11133:
10167:
9797:
9769:'Ireland solidifies its position as the #1 tax haven,' Zucman said on Twitter. 'U.S. firms book more profits in Ireland than in China, Japan, Germany, France & Mexico combined. Irish tax rate: 5.7%.'
7860:
15677:
In 2007 to 2009, WPP, United Business Media, Henderson Group, Shire, Informa, Regus, Charter and Brit Insurance all left the UK. By 2015, WPP, UBM, Henderson Group, Informa and Brit Insurance have all
8174:
23.Nauru 24.Net Antilles 25.Niue 26.Panama 27.Samoa 28.Seychelles 29.St. Lucia 30.St. Kitts & Nevis 31.St. Vincent and the Grenadines 32.Tonga 33.Turks & Caicos 34.U.S. Virgin Islands 35.Vanuatu
13768:
10455:
9756:
6353:
The FSI is often misquoted as a ranking of "tax havens", however the FSI does not quantify tax avoidance or BEPS flows like modern quantitative tax haven lists; the FSI it is a qualitative scoring of
8526:
3089:
In a June 2018 joint IMF report into the effect of BEPS flows on global economic data, eight of the above (excluding Switzerland and the United Kingdom) were cited as the world's leading tax havens.
10544:
15108:
9950:
The Republic helps big multinationals to engage in aggressive tax planning and the European Commission should regard it as one of five "EU tax havens" until substantial tax reforms are implemented.
7500:
Various attempts have been made to identify and list tax havens and offshore finance centres (OFCs). This Briefing Paper aims to compare these lists and clarify the criteria used in preparing them.
2375:
3860:(a lobby group for the financial services sector in Jersey), and written by two U.S. academics, Richard Morriss and Andrew Gordon. In 2014, the TJN issued a report responding to these criticisms.
15476:
14070:
1880:, New Jersey and Delaware were successful, and though not explicitly tax havens (e.g. US federal and state taxes applied), many future tax havens would copy their "liberal" incorporation regimes.
10768:
It focuses particularly on the dominant approach within the economics literature on income shifting, which dates back to Hines and Rice (1994) and which we refer to as the "Hines-Rice" approach.
3949:
financial benefits of becoming a tax haven, as well as being two of the major academic leaders into tax haven research, put them in sharp conflict with non-governmental organisations advocating
16546:
15755:
12288:
8839:
The OECD is clearly ill-equipped to deal with tax havens, not least as many of its members, including the UK, Switzerland, Ireland and the Benelux countries are themselves considered tax havens
6361:, the trust, and various special purpose vehicles (e.g. Irish QIAIFs and L–QIAIFs)—few of which are required to file public accounts in major tax havens, such as Ireland and the United Kingdom.
15412:
14672:
13605:
John Christensen and Mark Hampton (1999) have shown how several tax havens have in effect been "captured" by these private interests, which literally draft local laws to suit their interests.
11347:
1865:
While areas of low taxation are recorded in Ancient Greece, tax academics identify what we know as tax havens as being a modern phenomenon, and note the following phases in their development:
13072:
10267:
9867:
7799:
7770:
3389:
study that were not considered havens in 2010, namely the United Kingdom, Taiwan, and Curaçao. The James Hines 2010 list contains 34 of the original 35 OECD tax havens; and compared with the
11745:
9904:
9231:
7415:
Accounting Directive, which would require full public financial statements, until 2017, and even then retaining an exemption from financial reporting for certain holding companies until 2022
15165:
14771:
13628:
10927:
1902:. However, most tax academics identify the Zurich-Zug-Liechtenstein triangle as the first "tax haven hub" created during the mid-1920s. Liechtenstein's 1924 Civil Code created the infamous
14021:
12449:
11210:
11065:
10791:
7435:
6408:
Ireland is also connected to the British Empire–related tax havens as Ireland's common law legal system, and company tax system, are more derived from the UK, then from Continental Europe.
6017:, which culminated with the effective block of the proposed 2016 US$ 160 billion of Pfizer-Allergan in Ireland. Since these changes, there have been no further material US tax inversions.
5967:
to "display traits of a tax haven and facilitate aggressive tax planning". However, despite this vote, the EU Commission is not obliged to include these EU jurisdictions on the blacklist.
2671:
Governmental, Qualitative: these lists are qualitative and political; they never list members (or each other), and are largely disregarded by academic research; the EU had 16 countries on
11469:
11381:
9828:
5667:(FATCA), which requires foreign financial institutions (FFI) of broad scope – banks, stock brokers, hedge funds, pension funds, insurance companies, trusts – to report directly to the US
4905:("OFCs"), a closely related term to tax havens, noted the positive and negative aspects of OFCs on neighbouring high-tax, or source, economies, and marginally came out in favour of OFCs.
16373:
13284:
12531:
US companies are by far the biggest users of tax havens, where they face effective tax rates of just seven percent, according to the study by economists Thomas Wright and Gabriel Zucman.
2723:
14606:
14204:
13327:
7173:
A tax haven is a country or place which has a low rate of tax so that people choose to live there or register companies there in order to avoid paying higher tax in their own countries.
4873:
The effect of tax havens on economic welfare in high tax countries is unclear, though the availability of tax havens appears to stimulate economic activity in nearby high-tax countries.
13258:
10865:
8082:
2627:(Anguilla, Bermuda, British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Gibraltar, Turks and Caicos Islands), "to identify the opportunities and challenges as offshore financial centres", for the
8333:
ABSTRACT: Per capita real GDP in tax haven countries grew at an average annual rate of 3.3 percent between 1982 and 1999, which compares favorably to the world average of 1.4 percent.
13882:
13493:
10312:
9535:
5470:, was given over 3.3 gigabytes of confidential client data relating to a tax evasion scheme allegedly operated with the knowledge and encouragement of the British multinational bank
2854:
2746:
1813:
10% of global assets). The harm of traditional and corporate tax havens has been particularly noted in developing nations, where the tax revenues are needed to build infrastructure.
14639:
1936:
in Britain created the "non-resident corporation" and recognised a British-registered company with no business activities in Britain is not liable to British taxation. Tax academic
8959:
7709:
7684:
7659:
12375:
7734:
7634:
7591:
6314:
Many corporate–focused tax havens have high nominal rates of taxation (e.g. Netherlands at 25%, United Kingdom at 19%, Singapore at 17%, and Ireland at 12.5%), but maintain a tax
15303:
The move brought the list down to five non-cooperative jurisdictions - Samoa, Trinidad and Tobago and the three US territories of American Samoa, Guam, and the US Virgin Islands.
11697:
8717:
4841:
stealing revenue from each other. This policy failure can explain the persistence of profit shifting to low-tax countries despite the high costs involved for high-tax countries.
2419:(†) The 4th criterion was withdrawn after objections from the new U.S. Bush Administration in 2001, and in the OECD's 2002 report the definition became "two of three criteria".
10755:
6045:
The Double Irish was the largest BEPS tool in history which by 2015, was shielding over US$ 100 billion in mostly US corporate profits from US taxation. When the EU Commission
3124:(Δ) Identified on the largest OECD 2000 list of 35 tax havens (the OECD list only contained Trinidad & Tobago by 2017); only four locations below were ever on an OECD list.
12750:
11496:
10528:
The four OECD member countries Luxembourg, Ireland, Belgium, and Switzerland, which can also be regarded as tax havens for multinationals because of their special tax regimes.
1816:
Over 15% of countries are sometimes labelled tax havens. Tax havens are mostly successful and well-governed economies, and being a haven has brought prosperity. The top 10–15
14705:
13732:
11781:
8741:"he tax haven is a creature of the twentieth century, and began to be used extensively because of the high levels of tax which prevailed after the First World War" at ¶26.1,
8600:
3972:
excluding oil and gas nations (see table below). Research into tax havens suggest a high GDP-per-capita score, in the absence of material natural resources, as an important
2802:'s June 2018 study also appear in the top ten lists of the two other quantitative studies since 2010. Four of the top five Conduit OFCs are represented; however, the UK only
8207:
7825:
3962:
3083:
2781:
11836:
11585:
11403:
6009:
of US corporations to mostly Caribbean-type tax havens (e.g. Bermuda and the Cayman Islands), the US Congress added Regulation 7874 to the IRS code with the passing of the
9000:
7939:
6923:
2602:
Many tax havens are former or current dependencies of the United Kingdom and still use the same core legal structures. Six British Empire–related tax havens appear in the
1981:
The rise of OFCs would continue so that by 2008, the Cayman Islands would be the 4th largest financial centre in the world, while Singapore and Hong Kong had become major
15191:
2005:
on the use of tax havens by US taxpayers, which highlighted the use by tax havens by US corporations. In 1983, US corporation McDermott International executed the first
15521:
TWO YEARS AFTER the controversial 'double Irish' loophole was closed to new entrants, Google continued using the system to funnel billions in untaxed profits to Bermuda.
13980:
13665:
12230:
12187:
11518:
10896:
7401:
6399:
to formally include these "EU tax havens" in the official EU list of tax havens (blacklist or greylist); to be binding, it must be a unanimous vote by all member states.
4954:, highlight the injustice of tax havens and see the effects as lost income for the development of society. It remains a controversial area with advocates on both sides.
3931:
There are roughly 40 major tax havens in the world today, but the sizable apparent economic returns to becoming a tax haven raise the question of why there are not more.
3036:
Ireland, Singapore, Switzerland and the Netherlands (the Conduit OFCs), and the Cayman Islands, British Virgin Islands, Luxembourg, Hong Kong and Bermuda (the Sink OFCs)
2232:. CORPNET's lists of top five Conduit OFCs and top five Sink OFCs, matched 9 of the top 10 havens in Hines' 2010 list, only differing in the United Kingdom, which only
15323:
15017:
14738:
10512:
10193:
10074:
3105:
study, at 29 (5 Conduit OFCs and 25 Sink OFCs). The following are the 20 largest (5 Conduit OFCs and 15 Sink OFCs), which reconcile with other main lists as follows:
10378:
Concerning the characterization of tax havens, we follow the definition proposed by Hines and Rice (1994) which has been recently used by Dharmapala and Hines (2009).
14466:
14334:
13223:
12792:
12485:
12412:
5372:
Some businesses in tax havens have been subject to the illegal obtaining and either public or non-public disclosures of client account data, the most notable being:
5047:
through Ireland, pay royalties to its Dutch subsidiary and then funnel income to its Bermudian subsidiary — taking advantage of Bermuda's corporate tax rate of zero.
14092:
13806:
13454:
13414:
12029:
9994:"INTERNATIONAL TAXATION: Large U.S. Corporations and Federal Contractors with Subsidiaries in Jurisdictions Listed as Tax Havens or Financial Privacy Jurisdictions"
9134:
7342:
16668:
15223:
10971:
9374:
8398:
Jersey bet its future on finance but since 2007 it has fallen on hard times and is heading for bankruptcy. Is the island's perilous present Britain's bleak future?
3137:– a major corporate tax haven, and ranked by some tax academics as the largest; leader in IP–based BEPS tools (e.g. double Irish), but also Debt-based BEPS tools.
2570:
While tax havens are diverse and varied, tax academics sometimes recognise three major "groupings" of tax havens when discussing the history of their development:
1968:
was an extreme case of tax leniency and banking secrecy in the period following its wartime suspension, but that was brought to an end in 1960 as a consequence of
13526:
11078:
We've criticised for years the farcical nature of 'tax haven' blacklists, whether EU or OECD ones. They all turn out to be politicised, misleading and ineffective
11807:
11325:
11258:
10585:
8108:
6947:
5207:) its untaxed profits to the new tax haven. These are called base erosion and profit shifting (BEPS) techniques. Notable BEPS tools like the Double Irish with a
2330:
inappropriate. Hines merely noted that tax havens were: "a group of countries with unusually low tax rates". Hines reaffirmed this approach in a 2009 paper with
15250:
14241:
13819:
But on another level this is an Irish version of a phenomenon we've encountered across the tax haven world: the state 'captured' by offshore financial services.
12143:
11232:
11125:
10159:
9787:
7852:
5262:
Traditional OFCs, such as Cayman, BVI, Guernsey or Jersey are clear about their corporate tax neutrality. Because of this, they tend not to sign full bilateral
16607:
15056:
11856:
Reuven S. Avi-Yonah (2012): Statement to Congress; University of Michigan School of Law, Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations, U.S. Congress, 20 Sep. 2012.
10422:
5823:
to be included on the list separately from China, they are as yet not included independently, although it is expected that they will be added at a later date.
11983:
8317:
16465:
16424:
14507:
14470:
13758:
12068:
10448:
9900:
9746:
7004:
5591:
5418:
2688:
Non-governmental, Quantitative: by following an objective quantitative approach, they can rank the relative scale of individual havens; the best known are:
2493:'s CORPNET group ignored any definition of a tax haven and focused on a purely quantitive approach, analysing 98 million global corporate connections on the
15624:
14573:
13014:
12685:
8514:
8417:"Using Financial Accounting Data to Examine the Effect of Foreign Operations Located in Tax Havens and Other Countries on US Multinational Firms' Tax Rates"
2390:
has never listed any of its 35 members as tax havens, Ireland, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and Switzerland are sometimes defined as the "OECD tax havens".
16406:
15799:
Examples of such tax havens include Ireland and Luxembourg in Europe, Hong Kong and Singapore in Asia, and various Caribbean island nations in the Americas
14270:
13957:
11615:
10540:
7277:
15547:
15100:
14540:
14377:
12980:
12822:
11870:
8360:
3841:
USD 21 to 32 trillion of global assets (over 20% of global wealth) "has been invested virtually tax-free in more than 80 offshore secrecy jurisdictions";
3713:
Some Pacific islands were tax havens but were curtailed by OECD demands for regulation and transparency in the late 1990s, on the threat of blacklisting.
2213:
to Ireland (called leprechaun economics); by 2016, the US Treasury tighten the inversion rules, causing Pfizer to abort their US$ 160 billion merger with
15472:
15353:
15080:
14847:"For most individual taxpayers, this means they will start filing Form 8938 with their 2011 income tax return to be filed this coming tax filing season."
13835:
9971:
7484:
14062:
12870:
8826:
8655:
17803:
9880:
Members of the European Parliament have voted to include the Netherlands, Ireland, Luxembourg, Malta and Cyprus on the official EU tax haven blacklist.
6046:
5230:
profits between jurisdictions. The concept of a corporation charging its costs from one jurisdiction against its profits in another jurisdiction (i.e.
5154:
3752:
15661:
14410:
11948:
15404:
14857:
14662:
14133:
7480:
5429:; Mongolia's finance minister, Bayartsogt Sangajav; the president of Azerbaijan; the wife of Russia's Deputy Prime Minister; and Canadian politician
1985:(RFCs). By 2010, tax activists would promote the notion that OFCs are synonymous with tax havens, and that most of their services involved taxation.
15699:
9863:
7795:
7762:
4888:
have exhibited more rapid real income growth than have those further away, possibly in part as a result of financial flows and their market effects.
18429:
15290:
13618:
12731:
First, many these claims rest heavily on work done by James Hines of the University of Michigan and a few others – research that is fatally flawed.
11737:
11638:
9896:
9223:
4000:
called the 2015 restatement of Ireland's national accounts, as a result of the Q1 2015 restructuring of Apple's BEPS tools, "leprechaun economics".
3706:
had a short existence as a tax haven in the period between the end of effective control by the Spanish in 1945 until it was formally reunited with
15161:
14761:
14443:
13782:
protests would scare away their financial and multinational clients, with "a long-term impact on Hong Kong's status as a global financial centre".
12438:
10919:
2619:
In November 2009, Michael Foot, a former Bank of England official and Bahamas bank inspector, delivered an integrated report on the three British
15588:
14909:
14011:
12518:
11202:
11057:
10783:
7427:
2821:. In Q1 2015, Apple completed the largest BEPS action in history, when it shifted US$ 300 billion of IP to Ireland, which Nobel-prize economist
2598:
British Overseas Territories (same geographic scale) includes leading traditional and corporate tax global tax havens, including the U.K. itself.
1841:
12849:
12595:
11461:
11377:
9190:
16442:
15508:
13280:
11923:
11901:
14596:
13317:
3604:), a unique "onshore" specialised haven with strong secrecy laws and a liberal incorporation regime; however Federal and State tax apply (see
3257:
Sovereign or sub-national states that are very traditional tax havens (i.e. explicit 0% rate of tax) include (fuller list in table opposite):
2517:
24 Sink OFCs: jurisdictions in which a disproportionate amount of value disappears from the economic system (e.g. the traditional tax havens).
16575:
15445:
14208:
13250:
10857:
9574:
9496:
9269:
8072:
2520:
5 Conduit OFCs: jurisdictions through which a disproportionate amount of value moves toward sink OFCs (e.g. the modern corporate tax havens).
1346:
12618:
10625:
7160:
17660:
16678:
16658:
14629:
13872:
13480:
12298:
10713:
10299:
9527:
7196:
6029:, it was agreed that the OECD undertake a project to combat base erosion and profit shifting (BEPS) activities by corporates. An OECD BEPS
5631:
Transparency. Actions that promote visibility into the entities operating within the tax haven, and including data and information sharing.
4942:
campaign groups have been equally critical of Hines, and others, in these views. Research in June 2018 by the IMF showed that much of the
2798:
notes that as corporate BEPS flows dominate tax haven activity, these are mostly corporate tax havens. Nine of the top ten tax havens in
1722:. However, while countries with high levels of secrecy but also high rates of taxation, most notably the United States and Germany in the
16716:
16551:
16395:
13183:
12364:
9310:
8951:
8043:
6053:) were already operating. The lack of action by the US, similar to their position with the OECD MLI (above), has been attributed to the
5634:
Blacklists. A coercive tool used by both the OECD and the EU to encourage cooperation by tax havens with their transparency initiatives.
5179:" is where the corporate had little prior business activities in the new location. The first tax inversion was the "naked inversion" of
3847:
USD 7.3 to 9.3 trillion is represented by individuals from a subset of 139 "low to middle income" countries for which data is available;
3052:(Δ) Identified on the first, and largest, OECD 2000 list of 35 tax havens (the OECD list only contained Trinidad & Tobago by 2017).
1848:("TCJA") GILTI–BEAT–FDII tax regimes and move to a hybrid "territorial" tax system, and proposed EU Digital Services Tax regime, and EU
18342:
17876:
16563:
16459:
15712:
While lawmakers generally refer to the new system as a "territorial" tax system, it is more appropriately described as a hybrid system.
11719:
11689:
11180:
8694:
6896:
4910:
activities can still have unintended positive consequences. We tentatively conclude that OFCs are better characterized as "symbionts".
2794:
The post-2010 rise in quantitative techniques of identifying tax havens has resulted in a more stable list of the largest tax havens.
2612:
14826:
13915:
10232:
7579:
identical to the list of offshore financial centers considered by the Financial Stability Forum (IMF, 2000), barring minor exceptions)
5640:
Fundamental. Where the higher-tax jurisdictions conduct a reform of their taxation systems to remove the incentives to use tax havens.
5331:
As well as corporate structures, tax havens also provide tax-free (or "tax neutral") legal wrappers for holding assets, also known as
5211:
were used by US corporations to build up untaxed offshore cash reserves of US$ 1–2 trillion in tax havens like Bermuda (e.g., Apple's
3684:
crash of 1966, and the subsequent political and military deterioration of Lebanon dissuaded foreign use of the country as a tax haven.
1844:
in 2017–18 to introduce anti-BEPS tax regimes, targeted raising net taxes paid by corporations in corporate tax havens (e.g. the U.S.
17665:
14879:
11105:
10747:
7616:
6331:
Since the post–2000 OECD–IMF–FATF initiatives on reducing banking secrecy and increasing transparency, modern academics consider the
6033:, consisting of "15 Actions" designed to be implemented domestically and through bilateral tax treaty provisions, were agreed at the
5183:
to Panama in 1983. The US Congress effectively banned "naked inversions" for US corporates by introducing IRS regulation 7874 in the
4800:
4023:
4012:
3968:
3345:
2776:
2656:
1817:
1203:
14304:
11492:
11146:
The new research draws on data from countries such as Ireland, Luxembourg and the Netherlands that hadn't previously been collected.
10133:
10038:
8911:
3905:
the same team published further research titled, "The Rise of Phantom Investments", that estimated that a high percentage of global
3330:– the Dutch dependency ranked 8th on the Oxfam's tax haven list, and the 12th largest Sink OFC, and recently made the EU's greylist.
17637:
16493:
14695:
13724:
8592:
8250:
6180:
6128:
between all nations where the MNE derived turnover. The report had been agreed by 139 OECD member jurisdictions as of 9 June 2023.
1068:
1063:
14932:"A Progress Report on The Jurisdictions Surveyed by The OECD Global Forum in Implementing The Internationally Agreed Tax Standard"
7821:
7137:
A country with little or no taxation that offers foreign individuals or corporations residency so that they can avoid tax at home.
504:
16773:
16535:
16400:
12099:
Gordon, Richard; Morriss, Andrew (20 October 2013). "Moving Money: International Financial Flows, Taxes & Money Laundering".
11833:
11581:
10362:
10070:
9710:
5627:
The various countermeasures that higher-tax jurisdictions have taken against tax havens can be grouped into the following types:
2809:
The studies capture the rise of Ireland and Singapore, both major regional headquarters for some of the largest BEPS tool users,
9081:
7928:
6013:. Although the legislation was effective, further US Treasury regulations were required in 2014–2016 to prevent the much larger
2289:
There is no established consensus regarding a specific definition for what constitutes a tax haven. This is the conclusion from
17808:
17798:
16793:
16623:
16540:
15733:
15187:
13698:
13445:
12176:
10661:
10581:
7562:
7317:
2450:(or FSF) defined the related concept of an offshore financial centre (or OFC), which the IMF adopted in June 2000, producing a
2359:
2271:
votes to accept a report by 505 votes in favour to 63 against, identifying five "EU tax havens" that should be included on the
1849:
1741:
Developments over the past decade have substantially reduced the ability for individuals or corporations to use tax havens for
1417:
1010:
231:
15870:
13657:
12219:
10888:
10828:
7898:
7393:
5554:
In 2017, 13.4 million documents totalling 1.4 terabytes, detailing both personal and major corporate client activities of the
1886:. The modern concept of a tax haven is generally accepted to have emerged at an uncertain point in the immediate aftermath of
1757:
by most countries, including typical tax havens, a multilateral automatic taxpayer data exchange agreement, initiative of the
499:
18251:
18043:
16487:
16429:
16358:
14994:
14963:
14728:
13598:
9010:
7071:
7052:
6994:
6933:
6882:
5827:
3644:
Neither the U.S. nor Germany have appeared on any tax haven lists by the main academic leaders in tax haven research, namely
15315:
15025:
12058:"COMMISSION DECISION of 30.8.2016 on STATE AID SA. 38373 (2014/C) (ex 2014/NN) (ex 2014/CP) implemented by Ireland to Apple"
11559:
10481:
10189:
10063:
8471:
7022:
5153:
disclosure revealed 548 PTRs issued by the Luxembourg authorities to corporate clients of PriceWaterhouseCoopers. When the
5081:("CEA") in drafting the TCJA legislation in 2017, and advocating for moving to a hybrid "territorial" tax system framework.
3086:, and of the four others, three of them, the Caribbean locations, are not included in IMF-World Bank GDP-per-capita tables.
18048:
17768:
17758:
17136:
16706:
16701:
16482:
16412:
15943:
12930:
11437:
10824:
10397:
9706:
9617:
8569:
5120:
the provision that was meant to prevent tax dodging by American companies, in order to meet criticism from tax consultants.
5022:
3294:, largest Sink OFC in the world and regularly appears alongside the Caymans and Bermuda (the Caribbean "triad") as a group.
2830:
1617:
798:
15909:
13394:
13213:
12784:
12475:
12404:
12334:
12018:
6480:
The following are the most cited papers on "tax havens", as ranked on the IDEAS/RePEc database of economic papers, at the
6374:
numbered 206 as at September 2018, so 15% equates to just over 30 tax havens; the OECD's 2000 list had 35 tax havens, the
2532:) published research that also ignored any definition of a tax haven, but estimated the corporate "profit shifting" (i.e.
18210:
17670:
17141:
16628:
16523:
16517:
14237:
14171:
13798:
13440:
9123:
8389:
8157:
7312:
5680:
5251:
5008:
Research in June–September 2018, confirmed U.S. multinationals as the largest global users of tax havens and BEPS tools.
3177:
Sovereign states or autonomous regions that feature as both major corporate tax havens and major traditional tax havens:
3144:– the major corporate tax haven for Asia (APAC headquarters for most US technology firms), and key conduit to core Asian
3126:(↕) Identified on the European Union's first 2017 list of 17 tax havens; only one location below is on the EU 2017 list.
2424:
2302:
1492:
15213:
12265:
11126:"Zucman:Corporations Push Profits Into Corporate Tax Havens as Countries Struggle in Pursuit, Gabrial Zucman Study Says"
10950:
9366:
8254:
7853:"Zucman:Corporations Push Profits Into Corporate Tax Havens as Countries Struggle in Pursuit, Gabrial Zucman Study Says"
7293:
The 'tax havens' are locations with very low tax rates and other tax attributes designed to appeal to foreign investors.
7010:
5637:
Specific. Sets of legislative and/or regulatory actions targeted at specifically identified issues regarding tax havens.
2471:
2158:
18033:
17482:
17382:
16353:
15899:
15891:"Profiting from Corruption: The Role and Responsibility of Financial Institutions" – U4 Anti-Corruption Resource Centre
15139:
13852:
13408:
12718:
10570:
10090:
There is no single definition of a tax haven, although there are a number of commonalities in the various concepts used
10004:
9829:"New research finds 40% of multinationals' profits shifted to tax havens – EU biggest loser while US firms most shifty"
8711:
7535:
7124:
6957:
6909:
6852:
6824:
6010:
5843:
5684:
5664:
5658:
5184:
3779:
2672:
2451:
2165:
2146:
2071:
by Richard A. Gordon Special Counsel for International Taxation at the IRS. The Gordon Report identifies new types of
1750:
1694:
1557:
680:
192:
14230:
13361:
11321:
9621:
18231:
17235:
17126:
16987:
16529:
16453:
15366:
Ireland has been likened to a tax haven in a new report which was overwhelmingly accepted by the European Parliament.
13566:
12133:
10965:
10707:
10020:
Table 1: Jurisdictions Listed as Tax Havens or Financial Privacy Jurisdictions and the Sources of Those Jurisdictions
9048:
8770:
8750:
7016:
6481:
5537:
5238:
of all global profits back to the tax haven. IP has been described as "the leading corporate tax avoidance vehicle".
2806:
in 2009–2012. All five of the top 5 Sink OFCs are represented, although Jersey only appears in the Hines 2010 list.
1018:
766:
15048:
10997:
10426:
7028:
5475:
3800:
flows of multinationals that are untaxed; associated with tax academics (Hines, Zucman), NGOs, and OECD–IMF studies.
3324:– has become a major tax haven for both Asian (especially India) and African economies, and now ranking 8th overall.
3308:, also features as a major U.S. corporate tax haven; 6th most popular destination for U.S. corporate tax inversions.
2700:
18409:
17833:
17778:
16721:
16711:
16618:
13138:
12893:
11979:
10124:
10000:
8292:
8212:
8008:
6774:
6748:
6667:
5976:
5598:
3235:
Sovereign (including de facto) states that feature mainly as traditional tax havens (but have non-zero tax rates):
2467:
2463:
2298:
2154:
2150:
1793:
1765:
giving tax agencies knowledge to tax offshore income and assets. However very large and complex corporations, like
483:
14938:
14497:
12057:
18404:
18384:
18379:
17228:
16731:
16418:
15615:
14563:
13873:"Revealed: Project Goldcrest, how Amazon worked with the Luxembourg Government to avoid huge sums in tax with IP"
13582:
13390:
13047:
12677:
10693:
10577:
10571:"What Makes a Country a Tax Haven? An Assessment of International Standards Shows Why Ireland Is Not a Tax Haven"
7431:
6866:
5171:
Corporations can move their legal headquarters from a higher-tax home jurisdiction to a tax haven by executing a
3850:
These figures only include "financial assets" and do not include assets such as Real Estate, precious metals etc.
3833:(TJN), and as part of his analysis, chronicled the history of past financial estimates by various organisations.
3275:
1946:. The Zurich-Zug-Liechtenstein triangle expanded and was joined by Luxembourg in 1929 when they created tax-free
665:
261:
15876:
13945:
13468:
are likely to differ from those of U.S. firms and bear strong similarities to those of other G-7 and OECD firms.
11866:
7244:
5157:, the largest tax fine in history, they claimed Apple had received "preferential tax rulings" in 1991 and 2007.
18424:
18389:
18291:
16736:
16505:
16499:
15971:
15537:
14530:
14367:
13357:
12970:
12814:
11031:
10042:
8467:
8421:
8349:
7368:
6844:
6614:
6527:
6278:
6185:
6091:
5676:
4975:
3982:
3160:
2305:, from the 2017 investigation by the European Parliament, and from leading academic researchers of tax havens.
2290:
1622:
1341:
17982:
15345:
11348:"Multinationals channel more money through "hubs" in Singapore, Switzerland than ever before, Tax Office says"
9963:
7469:
2594:
1745:(illegal non-payment of taxes owed). These include the end of banking secrecy in many jurisdictions including
17753:
17163:
16613:
16511:
16471:
14849:
14818:
12866:
8822:
8651:
6487:
Papers marked (‡) were cited by the EU Commission 2017 summary as the most important research on tax havens.
6103:
5381:
5089:
There are a number of notable concepts in relation to how individuals and corporates engage with tax havens:
4981:
3640:– similar to the U.S., Germany can be included on lists for its tax secrecy, per the Financial Secrecy Index.
3615:
3583:(↕) Identified on the European Union's first 2017 list of 17 tax havens; the above list contains 8 of the 17.
2859:
2734:
2039:
1845:
1627:
586:
55:
11767:
7355:
Tax havens are typically small, well-governed states that impose low or zero tax rates on foreign investors.
3060:
2696:
2393:
In 2017, only Trinidad & Tobago met the 1998 OECD definition; that definition thus fell into disrepute.
2349:
Tax havens are typically small, well-governed states that impose low or zero tax rates on foreign investors.
2056:
that a British-registered company with no business activities in Britain is not liable to British taxation.
1808:
Use of tax havens results in a loss of tax revenues to countries which are not tax havens. Estimates of the
18310:
17862:
17630:
16864:
16673:
16663:
16557:
16447:
16002:
15881:
15650:
14853:
14400:
14123:
13313:
11956:
7968:
7089:
7034:
6107:
5387:
5078:
5039:
3992:
3873:
3762:
lost due to tax havens (estimated to be in the hundreds of billions of USD), and figures that focus on the
3631:
3301:, does feature as a U.S. corporate tax haven; only 2nd to Ireland as a destination for U.S. tax inversions.
3283:
2624:
1960:. Currency controls enacted post–World War II led to the creation of the Eurodollar market and the rise in
1325:
616:
15890:
7084:
4963:
3044:(Ireland, Singapore, Switzerland, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom), in CORPNET's 2017 research; or
2322:
2102:
18124:
17282:
16854:
16829:
16766:
15781:
15691:
13178:
9306:
9130:
8907:
7252:
6640:
6584:
6554:
6358:
5246:
4986:
4008:
3572:
3190:
3041:
2498:
2225:
1567:
1537:
15282:
5272:
18306:
17793:
17307:
17156:
16368:
14794:"Texts adopted - Lessons learnt from the Pandora Papers and other revelations - Thursday, 15 June 2023"
14793:
14433:
8853:"Archaeology of a Treasure Island: Actors and Practices of Holding Companies in Luxembourg (1929–1940)"
8703:
6375:
5798:
5356:
5034:
Distribution of U.S. corporate profits (as a % of U.S. GDP) booked in foreign locations (BEA Data)
4902:
3703:
3382:
3337:– long-established very traditional European tax haven and just outside of the top 10 global Sink OFCs.
3119:
2849:
2742:
2505:, matched 9 of the top 10 havens in Hines' 2010 list, only differing in the United Kingdom, which only
2483:
2191:
2031:
2022:, however, the corporate-focused tax havens were drawn from the largest OFCs that had emerged from the
1965:
948:
420:
17:
15840:
15577:
14901:
12510:
11607:
3774:
Banking data. Estimating the amount of capital in the private and/or offshore banking system through
3578:
3223:
3216:
3205:
3194:
3186:
3059:
Of these ten major havens, all except the United Kingdom and the Netherlands featured on the original
3047:
2502:
2229:
18394:
17987:
17935:
17002:
16965:
16696:
16173:
12585:
11430:
10621:
9409:"Uncovering Offshore Financial Centers: Conduits and Sinks in the Global Corporate Ownership Network"
9175:
6721:
6026:
5706:
5700:
5336:
4985:
U.S. multinationals book over half of their non-U.S. profits in tax havens by using BEPS tools (2016
4943:
3977:
3906:
3385:
of 52 tax havens. It is shown below but expanded to 55 to include havens identified in the July 2017
3170:
2869:
2803:
2738:
2506:
2447:
2233:
2149:
using a qualitative list of criteria; in 2007, the IMF produced a revised quantitative-based list of
2142:
2134:
1961:
1899:
1766:
1754:
1735:
995:
573:
530:
381:
236:
85:
16389:
15498:
15378:
12846:
11932:
11893:
11110:
Amount of Tax Haven Connections (Figure 1, Page 11), Amount of Tax Haven Profits (Figure 4, Page 16)
7549:
3755:, they found Apple had used Irish ULLs to avoid filing Irish public accounts since the early 1990s.
17223:
16901:
16844:
16803:
16126:
15936:
15077:
13590:
13400:
13022:
9670:
New Gabriel Zucman study claims State shelters more multinational profits than the entire Caribbean
9040:
8350:"CRISIS RECOVERY IN A COUNTRY WITH A HIGH PRESENCE OF FOREIGN-OWNED COMPANIES: The Case of Ireland"
6874:
6697:
6371:
5668:
5332:
4803:
and the figures, where shown (marked by, ‡), are USD per capita for places that are not tax havens.
3900:
3695:
2685:(although the FSI is a list of "financial secrecy jurisdictions", and not specifically tax havens).
1828:, and the subsequent financial crisis in 2009–13, is an example. Jersey is another. Research shows
1587:
1005:
489:
15435:
14200:
9566:
9486:
9406:
9259:
8356:
5777:
Financial centres that have committed to – but not yet fully implemented – the standard (includes
3074:, this list, excluding Canada, contains all seven of the countries that received more than one US
18338:
18261:
18241:
17998:
17788:
17623:
17527:
17079:
16923:
16871:
16007:
15542:
13844:
11098:
10614:
10357:
9792:
7152:
6081:
6050:
6034:
5723:
5299:
5180:
3623:
3368:
3353:
2682:
2553:
2490:
2221:
2180:
2087:
1723:
1602:
1542:
1053:
1048:
670:
551:
202:
10697:
10677:
Some experts see no difference between tax havens and OFCs and employ the terms interchangeably.
7969:"Tax havens cost governments $ 200 billion a year. It's time to change the way global tax works"
7188:
5513:
Countries with politicians, public officials or close associates named in the leak in April 2016
3208:
in the world (a terminus for many corporate tax havens, especially Ireland and the Netherlands).
18419:
18399:
18190:
18038:
17676:
17592:
17467:
17109:
17099:
16982:
16918:
16849:
16834:
16759:
16138:
15850:
15657:
12948:
9302:
7735:"Standard for Automatic Exchange of Financial Account Information in Tax Matters | READ online"
7710:"Standard for Automatic Exchange of Financial Account Information in Tax Matters | READ online"
7685:"Standard for Automatic Exchange of Financial Account Information in Tax Matters | READ online"
7660:"Standard for Automatic Exchange of Financial Account Information in Tax Matters | READ online"
7635:"Standard for Automatic Exchange of Financial Account Information in Tax Matters | READ online"
7592:"Standard for Automatic Exchange of Financial Account Information in Tax Matters | READ online"
7544:
6440:
The U.S. refused to sign the OECD BEPS Multilateral Instrument ("MLI") on the 24 November 2016.
6175:
6075:
system" to a "territorial tax system", and created new IP-based BEPS tools including a low-tax
4850:
3769:
As of March 2019, the most credible methods used for estimating the financial scale have been:
3291:
3034:(*) Appears as a top ten tax haven in all three lists; 9 major tax havens meet this criterion,
2837:
as: "Ireland, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Switzerland, Singapore, Bermuda and Caribbean havens".
2124:
2000: The OECD produces its first formal list of 35 tax havens who have met two of three OECD
1687:
1512:
1397:
1392:
988:
567:
386:
16638:
15826:
13170:
12944:
12112:
10748:"What Do We Know About Base Erosion and Profit Shifting? A Review of the Empirical Literature"
5572:
5528:
5491:
5030:
3112:
in all three quantitative lists, Hines 2010, ITEP 2017 and Zucman 2018 (above); all nine such
2224:'s CORPNET group using on a purely quantitive approach, splits the understanding of OFCs into
18266:
18256:
18236:
18084:
18058:
17961:
17732:
17407:
17245:
16977:
16906:
16363:
16143:
16106:
15499:"Two years after the 'double Irish' was shelved, Google used it to shift billions to Bermuda"
10751:
6379:
6190:
6000:
5590:
In October 2021, 11.9 million leaked documents with 2.9 terabytes of data were leaked by the
5555:
5293:
5223:
4819:
3973:
3895:
shielded from taxation via BEPS activities carried out through tax haven type jurisdictions.
3822:
3731:
3386:
3228:
3156:
3145:
3102:
3071:
3050:(British Virgin Islands, Luxembourg, Hong Kong, Jersey, Bermuda), in CORPNET's 2017 research.
2757:
2719:
2510:
2210:
2035:
1969:
1802:
1592:
1517:
1482:
1467:
1387:
1377:
621:
541:
536:
457:
14823:"Treasury and IRS Issue Guidance Outlining Phased Implementation of FATCA Beginning in 2013"
14822:
11172:
5509:
3287:, see table opposite, where 17 of the 24 Sink OFCs are current, or past, U.K. dependencies:
18414:
18286:
18165:
18020:
17855:
17763:
17532:
17437:
17250:
17218:
17208:
17193:
17094:
17089:
17032:
16061:
15986:
14187:
Intellectual property (IP) has become the leading tax avoidance vehicle in the world today.
13218:
13113:
11233:"Google's new APAC headquarters in Singapore is a blend of office building and tech campus"
11096:
10221:
10219:
9432:
6085:
reported that "In U.S. tax inversion Deals, U.K. is now a winner". In a 2015 presentation,
6014:
5917:
5881:
5754:
Tax havens that have committed to – but not yet fully implemented – the standard (includes
5343:
is a major wrapper in the global securitization market. This SPV offers features including
5188:
4917:
4542:
4227:
3315:– like the Isle of Man, has declined due to concerns, even by the U.K., over its practices.
3173:; 17 of the 24 Sink OFCs are current or former dependencies of the UK (see Sink OFC table).
3079:
2826:
1612:
1577:
1552:
1432:
1412:
579:
256:
117:
15473:"Ireland's move to close the 'Double Irish' tax loophole unlikely to bother Apple, Google"
14630:"Luxembourg tax files: how tiny state rubber-stamped tax avoidance on an industrial scale"
13904:
10119:
5826:
Government response to the crackdown has been broadly supportive, although not universal.
5422:
3660:
to the U.S. or Germany for tax purposes, a basic characteristic of a corporate tax haven.
3274:(United Kingdom dependency), the "failing tax haven", not in the CORPNET study (discussed
2064:
even made inquiry or research into the "trade secrets" of Swiss banks, a criminal offense.
8:
18353:
18314:
18160:
18114:
18089:
17956:
17951:
17919:
17069:
17059:
17054:
17037:
16928:
16911:
16824:
16168:
15929:
15440:
14297:
14128:
13911:
13802:
13661:
12681:
12445:
12408:
12371:
12226:
12183:
12025:
11061:
11035:
10743:
10115:
9407:
Javier Garcia-Bernardo; Jan Fichtner; Frank W. Takes; Eelke M. Heemskerk (24 July 2017).
9341:
9283:
8900:
8596:
8109:"Every cent lost to tax havens could be used to strengthen our health and social systems"
7476:
7397:
7236:
6676:
6593:
6392:
6170:
6165:
6006:
5944:
5909:
5830:
5426:
5355:, as it could damage the local tax base, but are needed by banks in securitizations. The
5176:
4563:
4164:
3936:
3830:
3691:
3649:
3243:
3134:
2795:
2549:
2438:
2409:
2331:
2294:
2268:
2176:
1919:
1785:
1632:
1532:
1527:
1472:
1457:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1382:
1372:
1367:
1351:
1221:
1167:
970:
478:
17312:
15822:
9788:"Corporations Push Profits Into Tax Havens as Countries Struggle in Pursuit, Study Says"
9436:
7209:
a place where people pay less tax than they would pay if they lived in their own country
4938:
to jurisdictions with normal tax regimes, that can damage their economies. In addition,
4915:
Andrew K. Rose, Mark M. Spiegel, "Offshore Financial Centers: Parasites or Symbionts?",
3963:
List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita § Distorted GDP-per-capita for tax havens
3836:
Henry used mainly global banking data from various regulatory sources to estimate that:
3785:
National accounts data. Estimating the amount of capital that is unreconciled in global
3751:) that may be used for secrecy of UBOs. For example, when the EU Commission discovered
1926:
identifies two of the three major groups of tax havens, as emerging during this period:
18296:
18150:
18145:
17773:
17377:
17203:
17151:
17114:
16859:
16569:
16251:
16111:
16056:
14467:"ICIJ Releases Offshore Leaks Database Revealing Names Behind Secret Companies, Trusts"
13322:
13130:
13039:
12480:
11720:"Deloitte promotes Mauritius as tax haven to avoid big payouts to poor African nations"
10726:
Yet today it is difficult to distinguish between the activities of tax havens and OFCs.
10504:
10046:
9455:
9422:
9408:
9054:
7334:
7269:
6783:
6680:
6610:"The Missing Wealth of Nations: Are Europe and the U.S. Net Debtors or Net Creditors?"
6597:
6567:
6536:
6273:
6111:
5563:
5559:
5212:
5204:
5057:
5000:
4893:
4878:
3940:
3923:
3645:
3253:– an emerging tax haven inside the EU, which has been a target of wider media scrutiny.
2620:
2459:
2354:
2326:
2187:
2098:
2014:
1914:
1908:
1894:
sometimes claims to have been the first tax haven based upon the creation of the first
1607:
1597:
1582:
1572:
1547:
1497:
1462:
1452:
1422:
1407:
1402:
1257:
1172:
960:
924:
845:
724:
442:
80:
15871:
An OECD Proposal to Eliminate Tax Competition Would Mean Higher Taxes and Less Privacy
13859:
Chapter 21. Troubling tax havens: Tax footprint reduction and jurisdictional arbitrage
11808:"SAMOA: Ranked No.1 as world's most secretive tax haven, potential for more investors"
10349:
9699:
7528:"The Missing Wealth of Nations: Are Europe and The U.S. Net Debtors or Net Creditors?"
6451:
Ireland, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Switzerland, Singapore, Bermuda and Caribbean havens
3614:(United States), almost a corporate tax haven "concession" by the U.S., but which the
2157:, who are responsible for 85% of OFC financial flows. By 2010, tax academics consider
18358:
18329:
18109:
18053:
17565:
17432:
17317:
17198:
17104:
16970:
16876:
16299:
16246:
16074:
16069:
15981:
15776:
15692:"A Hybrid Approach: The Treatment of Foreign Profits under the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act"
13848:
13594:
13562:
13436:
13404:
13134:
13126:
13035:
12567:
12108:
11404:"Bermuda? Guess again. Turns out Holland is the tax haven of choice for US companies"
10961:
10703:
9460:
9075:
9044:
9006:
8870:
8766:
8746:
8707:
8435:
8416:
8288:
8239:
8203:
7527:
7308:
7240:
7067:
7048:
6990:
6953:
6929:
6905:
6878:
6848:
6820:
6813:
6200:
5567:
5523:
5352:
5348:
5344:
3786:
3748:
1680:
1522:
1507:
1502:
1477:
1427:
1227:
938:
890:
830:
746:
687:
399:
366:
172:
15725:
13688:
13043:
12220:"Revealed: Global super-rich has at least $ 21 trillion hidden in secret tax havens"
11782:"Liechtenstein: The mysterious tax heaven that's losing the trust of the super-rich"
10654:
10508:
10482:"Tax treaty shopping: structural determinants of FDI routed through the Netherlands"
7338:
7273:
5739:
Those that have substantially implemented the standard (includes most countries but
5643:
International. Where multiple countries decide to change the basis of fair taxation.
5479:
3344:– acts as both a traditional tax haven (ranked 12th Sink OFC), and ranks 8th on the
2784:
countries are tax havens, led by: Luxembourg (#1), Singapore (#2), and Ireland (#3).
1711:
is a term, often used pejoratively, to describe a place with very low tax rates for
18205:
18170:
18015:
17883:
17712:
17472:
17452:
17367:
17292:
17121:
16992:
16891:
16633:
16343:
16314:
16201:
16131:
16121:
16101:
15790:
15218:
13984:
13953:
13794:
13754:
13653:
13122:
13031:
13015:"In praise of tax havens: International tax planning and foreign direct investment"
12923:
12746:
12710:
12559:
12434:
12400:
12360:
12215:
11441:
11027:
10817:
10496:
10300:"TAX CUTS AND JOBS ACT OF 2017 Corporate Tax Reform and Wages: Theory and Evidence"
9833:
9747:"Half of U.S. foreign profits booked in tax havens, especially Ireland: NBER paper"
9450:
9440:
9413:
8996:
8860:
8565:
8430:
8307:
8017:
7891:
7873:
Such profit shifting leads to a total annual revenue loss of $ 250 billion globally
7554:
7326:
7261:
6919:
6808:
6288:
6155:
5929:
5809:
5430:
5231:
5129:
4926:
However, other notable tax academics strongly dispute these views, such as work by
2611:, the United Kingdom created its first "non-resident company" in 1929, and led the
1982:
1973:
1895:
1877:
1792:
compliance, and thus have large networks of bilateral tax treaties. However, their
1780:, are open about zero rates of taxation – as a consequence they have few bilateral
1562:
1487:
1093:
1058:
1038:
850:
818:
692:
546:
297:
15794:
14986:
14955:
13981:"Zo werd Nederland het grootste belastingparadijs voor Amerikaanse multinationals"
9058:
7265:
5199:
Even when a corporation executes a tax inversion to a tax haven, it also needs to
3363:– a traditional tax haven (ranked 14th Sink OFC), used to have one of the highest
2009:
to Panama. The EU Commission showed that Apple Inc. had begun to use the infamous
17992:
17869:
17783:
17604:
17555:
17487:
17462:
17427:
17342:
17213:
17131:
17049:
16958:
16886:
16839:
16590:
16294:
16289:
15966:
15903:
15084:
14854:"Do I need to file Form 8938, "Statement of Specified Foreign Financial Assets"?"
14275:
14016:
12853:
11840:
11549:
9751:
9491:
9264:
8460:
7119:
7080:
6983:
6815:
Capitalism's Achilles' Heel: Dirty Money, and How to Renew the Free-Market System
6234:
5924:
above. The EU lists did not include any OECD or EU jurisdictions, or any of the
5812:
5549:
5519:
5340:
3122:
of 52 tax havens; 17 of the 20 locations below, are on the James Hines 2010 list.
2841:
Comparison of top ten tax havens from the major quantitative studies since 2010:
2715:
2494:
2169:
2121:
tax rates were much lower. Hines shows that the US is a major user of tax havens.
1977:
1770:
1656:
1272:
1130:
1125:
860:
823:
734:
699:
601:
525:
361:
321:
287:
197:
187:
182:
177:
95:
31:
14696:"HSBC whistleblower given five years' jail over biggest leak in banking history"
11462:"Scientists have found a way of showing how Malta is a global top ten tax haven"
11309:
Study claims State shelters more multinational profits than the entire Caribbean
10390:
5601:
regarding the conduct and publicity surrounding the Pandora Papers data breach:
5315:, which are traditional tax havens to which corporates route untaxed funds, and
4818:"Conduit OFC" and "Sink OFC" refers to University of Amsterdam's CORPNET's 2017
3953:, such as the Tax Justice Network, who accused them as promoting tax avoidance.
18246:
18215:
18185:
17818:
17702:
17646:
17457:
17322:
17297:
17168:
17014:
16953:
16808:
16348:
16304:
16221:
15885:
15856:
Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes, OECD
15845:
15772:
15729:
15695:
15584:
15533:
14438:
14156:
13488:
12975:
12919:
12324:
12172:
12014:
11176:
10813:
10307:
9864:"The Netherlands is a tax haven alongside Ireland, Malta, and Cyprus, say MEPs"
9695:
9609:
9445:
9370:
9227:
8901:"Concept of Offshore Financial Centers: In Search of an Operational Definition"
8068:
7999:
7523:
6943:
6800:
6757:
6731:
6623:
6563:
6293:
6161:
Association for the Taxation of Financial Transactions and for Citizens' Action
5853:
5585:
5412:
5208:
5108:
5018:
4951:
4846:
4833:
3826:
3790:
3653:
3305:
3166:
2799:
2537:
2525:
2252:
2209:
complete the largest hybrid-tax inversion in history moving US$ 300 billion of
2201:
completes the largest tax inversion in history in a US$ 48 billion merger with
1992:
1712:
1215:
1187:
1162:
1023:
865:
660:
596:
494:
432:
336:
331:
314:
292:
15164:. The International Consortium of Investigative Journalists. 5 December 2017.
13435:
12359:
10500:
8865:
8146:
8041:
7307:
5852:
adopted a "blacklist" of territories to encourage compliance and cooperation:
5147:, started in 1998; by 2019, the OECD had investigated over 255 PTRs. The 2014
2441:, "What Problems and Opportunities are created by Tax Havens?" (December 2008)
18373:
18334:
18324:
18104:
18094:
18074:
18025:
17909:
17813:
17722:
17717:
17570:
17522:
17517:
17512:
17507:
17492:
17402:
17372:
17332:
17240:
17007:
16881:
16782:
16268:
16211:
15771:
15503:
15459:
Ireland become a hub for American tech and pharma giants operating in Europe.
15131:
13577:
13527:"White House Push to Help Workers Through Corporate Tax Cut Draws Skepticism"
13385:
12590:
12571:
12563:
12255:
12064:
11519:"Malta is a target for Italian mafia, Russia loan sharks, damning probe says"
10228:
10220:
Vincent Bouvatier; Gunther Capelle-Blancard; Anne-Laure Delatte (July 2017).
9337:
8874:
8243:
6861:
6396:
6283:
6220:
6210:
5849:
5688:
5597:
In a report dated 15 June 2023, certain chilling admissions were made by the
5533:
5504:
5172:
5166:
4649:
4313:
3758:
Additionally, there is sometimes confusion between figures that focus on the
3657:
3601:
3334:
3075:
2770:
2766:
2272:
2240:
2083:
2057:
2006:
1937:
1832:, and use of tax havens by U.S corporates maximised U.S. exchequer receipts.
1287:
955:
880:
771:
704:
638:
606:
473:
415:
376:
356:
326:
241:
162:
157:
132:
122:
64:
12714:
10951:
Final report of the independent Review of British offshore financial centres
9993:
8312:
7114:
5947:
voted by 505 in favour to 63 against of accepting a new report that likened
18301:
18180:
18175:
18099:
17697:
17550:
17477:
17447:
17392:
17302:
17074:
16309:
16261:
16256:
16216:
16116:
16086:
16037:
15895:
14900:
Watt, Nicholas; Elliott, Larry; Borger, Julian; Black, Ian (2 April 2009).
14766:
14733:
14700:
14667:
14634:
14601:
14568:
14535:
14502:
14405:
14372:
13877:
13763:
13759:"Britain can't prosper as a tax haven. It has to stop these hollow threats"
13693:
13350:
13166:
12138:
11058:"Blacklist, whitewashed: How the OECD bent its rules to help tax haven USA"
11002:
10222:"Banks in Tax Havens: First Evidence based on Country-by-Country Reporting"
9613:
9464:
8077:
6649:
6254:
6239:
6145:
6102:
The US followed a broadly similar reform to the UK with the passing of the
5485:
5263:
4927:
4670:
4334:
3997:
2822:
2214:
2202:
2010:
1825:
1719:
1668:
1182:
965:
934:
905:
885:
776:
761:
741:
655:
650:
452:
246:
15162:"Where is Luxembourg, Ireland and the Netherlands on the new EU blacklist"
14335:"Liechtenstein's Shadowy Informant: Tax Whistleblower Sold Data to the US"
11097:
Richard Phillips; Matt Gardner; Alexandria Robins; Michelle Surka (2017).
9002:
Treasure Islands: Uncovering the Damage of Offshore Banking and Tax Havens
6925:
Treasure Islands: Uncovering the Damage of Offshore Banking and Tax Havens
6835:
6047:
fined Apple €13 billion for using an illegal hybrid-Double Irish structure
5683:
who have foreign financial assets in excess of $ 50,000 to complete a new
3622:
Major sovereign States which feature on financial secrecy lists (e.g. the
215:
18155:
18079:
17823:
17727:
17560:
17442:
17397:
17387:
17337:
17327:
17277:
17084:
16273:
16231:
16226:
16191:
16158:
16041:
15855:
14762:"Paradise Papers leak reveals secrets of the world elite's hidden wealth"
14339:
13831:
13623:
13578:
13386:
13309:
13308:
12651:
12623:
12547:
10957:
10689:
10650:
10541:"Activists and experts ridicule OECD's tax havens 'blacklist' as a farce"
9932:
8818:
8690:
8647:
8022:
8003:
7558:
7330:
6892:
6862:
6244:
6215:
6195:
5960:
5901:
5873:
5801:
5672:
5457:
5316:
5099:
5052:
4712:
4584:
4355:
4248:
3736:
3677:
3611:
3270:
3182:
3152:
2628:
2376:
Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes
1923:
1887:
1873:
1872:. In the 1880s, New Jersey was in financial difficulty and the governor,
1762:
1746:
1742:
1177:
915:
875:
793:
729:
675:
611:
437:
427:
371:
251:
152:
147:
105:
90:
15915:
15433:
15346:"Ireland likened to tax haven in report accepted in European Parliament"
15101:"EU blacklist names 17 tax havens and puts Caymans and Jersey on notice"
14663:"HSBC: Swiss bank searched as officials launch money-laundering inquiry"
13105:
11867:"Puerto Rico Governor: GOP tax bill is 'serious setback' for the island"
9964:"Ireland likened to tax haven in report accepted in European Parliament"
3630:
United States – noted for secrecy, per the Financial Secrecy Index (see
3129:
Sovereign states that feature mainly as major corporate tax havens are:
3101:
research on tax havens is the University of Amsterdam CORPNET July 2017
18200:
17748:
17502:
17497:
17362:
17287:
17146:
17064:
17044:
16726:
16547:
Commission for the Prevention of Corruption of the Republic of Slovenia
16241:
16196:
16153:
15952:
14931:
12918:
12856:, World Bank. Database updated on 1 July 2017. Accessed on 2 July 2017.
11322:"Ireland: Where Profits Pile Up, Helping Multinationals Keep Taxes Low"
9608:
8004:"Taxing across Borders: Tracking Personal Wealth and Corporate Profits"
6492:
6076:
5948:
5782:
5755:
5104:
4456:
4292:
4101:
4019:
3844:
USD 190 to 255 billion in annual tax revenues are lost due to i. above;
3681:
3626:), but not on corporate tax haven or traditional tax haven lists, are:
3201:
3067:
subcategory; highlighting a lack of progress in curtailing tax havens.
2810:
2647:
lists, both Taiwan and Mauritius rank in the top ten global Sink OFCs.
2513:
study split the understanding of a tax haven into two classifications:
2470:
who handle 85% of all flows. From about 2010, tax academics considered
2206:
1820:
countries, excluding oil and gas exporters, are tax havens. Because of
1781:
1282:
1252:
1135:
1120:
1043:
975:
943:
895:
870:
855:
756:
751:
719:
645:
351:
346:
167:
127:
73:
14498:"Offshore Leaks app puts secret users of tax havens in the public eye"
14063:"Harmful Tax Practices - 2018 Progress Report on Preferential Regimes"
12847:
PPP (current international $ )", World Development Indicators database
11608:"Top tax haven got more investment in 2013 than India and Brazil: U.N"
11431:"Do Multinationals or Domestic Firms Face higher Effective Tax Rates?"
6061:
reform of the US corporate tax code by the 2017 TCJA may change this.
5804:
had suggested earlier that Malaysia should not be in the bottom tier.
3886:
in developing countries, while they would fall by 55% in tax havens."
3327:
2586:
lists, namely: the Netherlands, Ireland, Switzerland, and Luxembourg.
18195:
18119:
17828:
17707:
17173:
16896:
16091:
16051:
16032:
15865:
12647:"Is it true to say Ireland is one of the world's biggest tax havens?"
11289:"Ireland is the world's biggest corporate 'tax haven', say academics"
9650:"Ireland is the world's biggest corporate 'tax haven', say academics"
8042:
Jannick Damgaard; Thomas Elkjaer; Niels Johannesen (September 2019).
7763:"Netherlands and UK are biggest channels for corporate tax avoidance"
7235:
6268:
6205:
5816:
5778:
5744:
5731:
5442:
5149:
5116:
4627:
4500:
4270:
4122:
3581:
by CORPNET in 2017; the above list has 23 of the 24 (Guyana missing).
3321:
3312:
3219:
as Luxembourg; tied to APAC's largest corporate tax haven, Singapore.
3212:
3141:
2198:
1115:
1033:
1028:
714:
709:
447:
137:
14729:"What are the Panama Papers? A guide to history's biggest data leak"
14271:"Ireland is a tax haven — and that's becoming controversial at home"
14205:
Fordham Intellectual Property, Media & Entertainment Law Journal
11738:"Rise of tax haven Mauritius comes at the expense of rest of Africa"
9367:"Tax Reform in the UK Reversed the Tide of Corporate Tax Inversions"
6974:
6717:"End of Bank Secrecy: An Evaluation of the G20 Tax Haven Crackdown"
5390:
paid €4.2 million to Heinrich Kieber, a former IT data archivist of
18348:
18140:
17977:
16236:
16206:
15976:
15349:
15319:
15286:
13728:
13547:
But the CEA did not misinterpret the Desai, Foley, and Hines paper.
12514:
12329:
12260:
11554:
11446:
10787:
9967:
9427:
8513:
Damgaard, Jannick; Elkjaer, Thomas; Johannesen, Niels (June 2018).
6249:
5982:
5937:
5885:
5861:
5465:
5391:
5312:
5307:
5111:
BEPS tool, which Dutch law firms then marketed to US corporations:
3597:
3397:
above, show OECD processes focus on the compliance of tiny havens.
2818:
1277:
1245:
929:
919:
840:
835:
808:
781:
591:
341:
282:
277:
110:
15578:
Tax Reform in the UK Reversed the Tide of Corporate Tax Inversions
10702:. Cornell Studies in Money. Cornell University Press. p. 24.
8593:"New UN tax handbook: Lower-income countries vs OECD BEPS failure"
7796:"Is the U.K. Already the Kind of Tax Haven It Claims It Won't Be?"
7428:"Ireland's playing games in the last chance saloon of tax justice"
7023:"Sun and Shadows: How an Island Paradise Became a Haven for Money"
3348:
profits list (figure 4, page 16) of corporate havens; 3rd highest
2345:
on governance, which is broadly accepted in the academic lexicon.
2105:, producing the first academic list of 41 tax havens, including 7
17914:
17615:
16148:
16046:
15405:"State aid SA.38373 (2014/C) (ex 2014/NN) — Alleged aid to Apple"
15255:
12715:"Tax havens' arguments in their defence – and why they are wrong"
12405:"Tax haven of Jersey to attack TJN with funded study. We respond"
12293:
5956:
5913:
5889:
5865:
5857:
5792:
Those that have not committed to the standard (an empty category)
5786:
5771:
5303:
4754:
4733:
4691:
4397:
4376:
3714:
3707:
3687:
3673:
3637:
3341:
3298:
1891:
1088:
910:
813:
803:
142:
100:
16751:
15188:"EU's Moscovici slams Ireland, Netherlands as tax 'black holes'"
14093:"EU Commissioner to brief Finance Committee on Apple tax ruling"
11639:"China's princelings storing riches in Caribbean offshore haven"
10350:"Firms, Trade and Profit Shifting: Evidence from Aggregate Data"
9077:
Tax Havens and their use by United States Taxpayers, An Overview
9035:
Jason Sharman (2006). "The Struggle for Global Tax Regulation".
6318:
that excludes sufficient items from taxable income to bring the
3766:
residing in tax havens (estimated to be many trillions of USD).
3082:). In addition, six of these major tax havens are in the top 15
2666:
Three main types of tax haven lists have been produced to date:
2657:
Offshore financial centre § Offshore Financial Centre lists
2341:
Hines refined his definition in 2016 to incorporate research on
2069:
Tax havens and their use by United States taxpayers: An Overview
17692:
17599:
16476:
13946:"DE CORRESPONDENT REVEALS HOW THE NETHERLANDS BECAME TAX HAVEN"
13725:"Malta is a captured state, say sons of Daphne Caruana Galizia"
9346:
There is no generally agreed definition of what a tax haven is.
6744:"Taxing Across Borders: Tracking Wealth and Corporate Profits"
6357:, and does not score some of the most common secrecy tools—the
5964:
5897:
5767:
5679:(TIN) of any U.S. owner. FATCA also requires U.S. citizens and
5406:
5055:, "The Global Con Hidden in Trump's Tax Reform Law, Revealed",
4775:
4605:
4521:
4206:
4185:
4143:
3669:
3262:
3239:
2814:
2374:
they were now all considered to have engaged in the OECD's new
1777:
1651:
1297:
1108:
1103:
1098:
900:
788:
15251:"EU tax haven blacklist set to shrink further, causing outcry"
13830:
11378:"Google's 'Dutch Sandwich' Shielded 16 Billion Euros From Tax"
10347:
9897:"Seven EU Countries Labeled 'Tax Havens' in Parliament Report"
9260:"Trinidad & Tobago left as the last blacklisted tax haven"
8414:
7467:
5928:. A few weeks later in January 2018, EU Taxation Commissioner
5562:, covering 19 tax havens, were leaked to the German reporters
4968:
low foreign tax rates ultimately enhance U.S. tax collections
1788:
have non-zero "headline" rates of taxation and high levels of
17838:
16436:
16096:
15921:
15434:
Alex Barker; Vincent Boland; Vanessa Houlder (October 2014).
14848:
14817:
14009:
13949:
13616:
13103:
10784:"The countries which are conduits for the biggest tax havens"
10160:"Blacklisted by Brazil, Dublin funds find new ways to invest"
10064:"Understanding the rationale for compiling 'tax haven' lists"
8763:
Tolley's International Initiatives Affecting Financial Havens
6663:"What Problems and Opportunities Are Created by Tax Havens?"
6054:
5952:
5905:
5893:
5877:
5820:
5759:
5748:
5740:
5361:
5125:
4478:
4435:
4079:
4057:
3744:
3360:
3250:
3242:– major traditional tax haven for APAC, and described by the
2829:". In September 2018, using TCJA repatriation tax data, the
2773:
since 1983 are: Ireland (#1), Bermuda (#2) and the U.K. (#3);
2091:
2067:
1981: The US Treasury and the US Attorney General are given:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1292:
1267:
1262:
1209:
1081:
15866:
Task Force on Financial Integrity & Economic Development
15078:"Tax haven clampdown yields cash but secrecy still thrives."
11636:
10120:"What Problems and Opportunities are Created by Tax Havens?"
8952:"The real Goldfinger: the London banker who broke the world"
6985:
The Blood Bankers: Tales from the Global Underground Economy
6523:"Fiscal Paradise: Foreign Tax Havens and American Business"
3976:
of a tax haven. At the core of the FSF-IMF definition of an
1840:
many member states of the European Union, departed from the
16081:
15918:—Sarah Anderson, Scott Klinger, Javier Rojo (June 12, 2013)
15860:
14066:
13722:
13508:
13318:"The Global Con Hidden in Trump's Tax Reform Law, Revealed"
10920:"How the U.S. became one of the world's biggest tax havens"
10327:
9694:
9224:"McDermott International: The Greatest Tax Story Ever Told"
9176:"Fiscal Paradise: Foreign Tax Havens and American Business"
9173:
8153:
7935:
7017:"Hidden in Plain Sight: New York Just Another Island Haven"
6086:
5869:
5763:
5471:
5399:
3809:
3797:
2877:
2533:
2455:
2387:
1789:
1758:
30:"Tax heaven" redirects here. For the dating simulator, see
16472:
Special Investigation Service of the Republic of Lithuania
14298:"IRISH FUNDS ASSOCIATION: ICAV Breakfast Seminar New York"
13165:
11690:"Defend Gibraltar? Better condemn it as a dodgy tax haven"
7029:"Leaked Records Reveal Offshore Holdings of China's Elite"
7011:"New Bank Leak Shows How Rich Exploit Tax Haven Loopholes"
6977:, CEPR Discussion Papers 9154, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
5042:, realised the scale of U.S. corporate use of tax havens:
2153:, and in 2018, another revised quantitative-based list of
15612:
15283:"EU tax haven blacklist drops to five as Namibia removed"
14564:"Leaks reveal secrets of the rich who hide cash offshore"
14531:"Offshore secrets: unravelling a complex package of data"
14121:
12894:"Profits of US firms in Ireland at 800% of payroll costs"
12619:"Almost two-thirds of Irish FDI is 'phantom' – IMF study"
12084:
Brussels. 30.8.2016 C(2016) 5605 final. Total Pages (130)
10858:"The World's Favorite New Tax Haven Is the United States"
10688:
9037:
Havens in a Storm: The Struggle for Global Tax Regulation
8512:
7394:"New report: is Apple paying less than 1% tax in the EU?"
5727:
5395:
5306:
research group published the results of their multi-year
3775:
2138:
1836:
1734:
has led academics to note that the term "tax haven" and "
47:
16669:
International Association of Anti-Corruption Authorities
15779:(February 2006). "The demand for tax haven operations".
15571:
15569:
14231:"U.S. Chamber International IP Index, 6th Edition, 2018"
12842:
12840:
12511:"Half of US foreign profits booked in tax havens: paper"
12094:
12092:
11768:"EU RELEASES TAX HAVEN BLACKLIST; NETHERLANDS NOT ON IT"
6495:, ranked by academic citations, over the last 25 years.
5132:, "How the Netherlands became a Tax Haven", 31 May 2017.
5115:
former venture-capital executive at ABN Amro Holding NV
2312:
15316:"EU adds 10 countries, including UAE, to tax blacklist"
13870:
13658:"Seychelles: the ex-billionaire and the captured state"
13214:"How tax havens turn economic statistics into nonsense"
12867:"World Bank, International Comparison Program database"
12785:"How tax havens turn economic statistics into nonsense"
12546:
Tèrslèv, Thomas; Wier, Ludvig; Zucman, Gabriel (2022).
11429:
Markle, Kevin S.; Shackelford, Douglas A. (June 2009).
6949:
The Hidden Wealth of Nations: The Scourge of Tax Havens
3871:
In 2015, French tax economist Gabriel Zucman published
3676:
formerly had a reputation as the only tax haven in the
3056:
Kingdom (a major Conduit OFC) still in transformation.
15436:"Brussels in crackdown on 'Double Irish' tax loophole"
14899:
14303:. Irish Funds Association. November 2015. p. 16.
14157:"Intellectual Property Law Solutions to Tax Avoidance"
13012:
9928:"Is Ireland a tax haven? European Parliament says yes"
9528:"Outbreak of 'so whatery' over EU tax haven blacklist"
8938:
Tangier/Gibraltar – A Tale of One City: An Ethnography
6693:"In Praise of Tax Havens: International Tax Planning"
3863:
3656:. There are no known cases of foreign firms executing
1906:
corporate vehicle, while Zurich and Zug developed the
16466:
Governance and Economic Management Assistance Program
16425:
Independent Commission Against Corruption (Hong Kong)
15566:
14471:
International Consortium of Investigative Journalists
14464:
13481:"Corporate Tax Reform and Wages: Theory and Evidence"
13351:"Reform of U.S. International Taxation: Alternatives"
13106:"Offshore Financial Centers: Parasites or Symbionts?"
13104:
Andrew K. Rose; Mark M. Spiegel (21 September 2007).
12837:
12815:"Why Tax Havens are Political and Economic disasters"
12089:
10039:"Tax Havens: International Tax Avoidance and Evasion"
9901:
International Consortium of Investigative Journalists
7470:"Identifying Tax Havens and Offshore Finance Centres"
7045:
Offshore Financial Centers and Regulatory Competition
7005:
International Consortium of Investigative Journalists
5592:
International Consortium of Investigative Journalists
5419:
International Consortium of Investigative Journalists
5267:
reporting to onshore tax authorities via CRS, FACTA.
3375:
2634:
1898:
legislation in 1935 by the newly created law firm of
1012:
European Union Common Consolidated Corporate Tax Base
16407:
Anti-corruption and Economic Malpractice Observatory
14597:"12 LuxLeaks diagrams that will make your head spin"
14201:"Intellectual Property and Tax Avoidance in Ireland"
13619:"No desks. No staff. No tax. Ireland's shadow banks"
13251:"The desperate inequality behind global tax dodging"
13237:
Britain's second biggest foreign investor is itself.
10051:
Table 1. Countries Listed on Various Tax Haven Lists
8415:
Scott Dyreng; Bradley P. Lindsey (12 October 2009).
8073:"The desperate inequality behind global tax dodging"
6135:
3634:); makes a "controversial" appearance on some lists.
2589:
2477:
2054:
Egyptian Delta Land and Investment Co. Ltd. V. Todd.
1835:
Historical focus on combating tax havens (e.g. OECD–
1829:
16608:
Citizen's Charter and Grievance Redressal Bill 2011
15912:—Institute for Policy Studies (IPS; June 12, 2013])
15756:"OECD/G20 Base Erosion and Profit Shifting Project"
14154:
12363:; John Christensen; Nick Mathiason (22 July 2012).
10742:
10615:"Report from the Working Group on Offshore Centres"
10449:"Harmful Tax Competition: An Emerging Global Issue"
10114:
8991:
8989:
8987:
8985:
8983:
8981:
8979:
8977:
7062:Scevola, Carlo; Sneiderova, Karina (January 2010).
6837:
Tax Havens: International Tax Avoidance and Evasion
6057:of tax havens. However, some commentators note the
5347:, which is facilitated to support requirements for
5194:
4971:
4931:
2318:
2168:(AJCA) with IRS Section 7874 that effectively ends
2113:, and showed that while many tax havens had higher
2082:1983: The first officially recognized US corporate
1934:
Egyptian Delta Land and Investment Co. Ltd. V. Todd
1718:In some older definitions, a tax haven also offers
17804:National War Tax Resistance Coordinating Committee
15614:
14368:"Merkel challenges Liechtenstein over tax evasion"
14124:"More U.S. Profits Parked Abroad, Saving on Taxes"
14010:Telegraph Financial Solutions (28 February 2018).
12578:
12289:"Super rich hold $ 32 trillion in offshore havens"
11931:
9484:
9303:"Offshore Financial Centers: IMF Background Paper"
9080:. U.S. Internal Revenue Service. 12 January 1981.
8287:
8238:
8202:
7923:
7921:
7919:
7518:
7516:
7514:
7512:
7510:
7508:
7115:"Financial Times Lexicon: Definition of tax haven"
6982:
6812:
5834:sufficient to be listed on the OECD's white list.
5375:
3735:Poster issued by British HMRC to counter offshore
3575:by CORPNET in 2017; the above list has 5 of the 5.
3215:– the "Luxembourg of Asia", and almost as large a
15851:Offshore Financial Centers – IMF Background Paper
15841:International Financial Centres Forum (IFC Forum)
14594:
14264:
14262:
13799:"How Ireland became an offshore financial centre"
12678:"Jim Hines fails to defend secrecy jurisdictions"
12545:
12325:"Tax havens: Super-rich 'hiding' at least $ 21tn"
12256:"Tax havens: Super-rich 'hiding' at least $ 21tn"
12127:
12125:
12101:Hastings International and Comparative Law Review
11582:"The Isle of Man is failing at being a tax haven"
11550:"Is Malta really Europe's 'pirate base' for tax?"
11428:
10248:Figure D: Tax Haven Literature Review: A Typology
7481:Centre for Research on Multinational Corporations
7061:
5021:, Thomas Wright, "The Exorbitant Tax Privilege",
3227:"Uncovering Offshore Financial Centers": List of
2297:in 2018, from the 2008 investigation by the U.S.
1870:19th century New Jersey and Delaware Corporations
18371:
14759:
14693:
14434:"Liechtenstein Issues Warrant for Tax Informant"
13793:
13753:
13652:
13348:
13211:
12945:"Gabriel Zucman: The Missing Profits of Nations"
12891:
12745:
12709:
12439:"Jersey Finance attacks TJN 2014 - TJN response"
12433:
12399:
12214:
12134:"ÂŁ13tn hoard hidden from taxman by global elite"
11637:Guardian US interactive team (21 January 2014).
11026:
10998:"Britain 'may be forced to bail out tax havens'"
10948:
8995:
8974:
8850:
8642:
8640:
8638:
8564:
8458:
6918:
6833:
6807:
6463:then the U.S. exchequer was the main beneficiary
5155:EU Commission fined Apple US$ 13 billion in 2016
4810:above; 6 of the 9 tax havens that appear in all
3889:
2623:(Guernsey, Isle of Man and Jersey), and the six
15651:"The inversion experience in the US and the UK"
14528:
14115:
13281:"Fighting tax dodgers can kill economic growth"
13099:
13097:
12286:
12131:
10851:
10849:
9890:
9888:
9364:
9297:
9295:
9257:
9174:James R. Hines Jr.; Eric Rice (February 1994).
8813:
8811:
8636:
8634:
8632:
8630:
8628:
8626:
8624:
8622:
8620:
8618:
8390:"The fall of Jersey: how a tax haven goes bust"
8387:
7916:
7505:
6055:§ U.S. as the largest user and beneficiary
5522:, were anomalously leaked to German journalist
3927:observable economic prosperity it could bring.
3163:); traditional leader in Debt-based BEPS tools.
3155:– a major corporate tax haven, and the largest
16576:Central Steering Committee for Anti-Corruption
16443:Fiji Independent Commission Against Corruption
16374:UNCAC Coalition of Civil Society Organisations
15723:
15689:
15538:"Breaking Down the New U.S. Corporate Tax Law"
15532:
14978:
14398:
14259:
13978:
13943:
13871:Harry Davies; Simon Marks (18 February 2016).
13248:
12473:
12171:
12122:
12013:
11677:Offshore – The Dark Side of the Global Economy
11203:"Tech giants eating up Dublin's office market"
10995:
10812:
10479:
10348:SĂ©bastien Laffitte; Farid Toubal (July 2018).
9961:
8809:
8807:
8805:
8803:
8801:
8799:
8797:
8795:
8793:
8791:
8685:
8683:
8681:
8679:
8677:
8675:
8673:
8067:
7998:
7889:
7822:"Tax Havens Can Be Surprisingly Close to Home"
7522:
7468:Laurens Booijink; Francis Weyzig (July 2007).
7035:Secret "Files Expose Offshore's Global Impact"
6942:
4806:"Top 10 Tax Haven" in the table refers to the
2573:
2342:
17631:
16767:
15937:
15910:Corporations Seek to Widen Tax Haven Loophole
15648:
14365:
14122:Scott Thurm; Kate Linebaugh (10 March 2013).
13723:Sophie Claudet; Everton Gayle (31 May 2018).
13617:Carl O'Brien; Caelainn Barr (11 March 2013).
12616:
12098:
11834:How Delaware Thrives as a Corporate Tax Haven
11662:Dan Nakaso: U.S. tax shelter appears secure;
11170:
11055:
11022:
11020:
10889:"The World's Next Top Tax Haven Is...America"
10855:
10778:
10776:
10036:
9785:
9741:
9739:
9737:
9735:
9733:
9731:
9567:"EU puts 17 countries on tax haven blacklist"
9221:
9217:
9215:
9034:
8935:
8347:
6110:(CEA) heavily relied on the work of academic
5222:The largest BEPS tools are the ones that use
2408:No substantial activities (e.g. tolerance of
1688:
27:Place which charges very low taxes on profits
17661:Conscientious objection to military taxation
16679:United Nations Convention against Corruption
16659:Inter-American Convention Against Corruption
15846:IMF – Offshore Banking and Financial Centers
15613:Tom Fairless; Shayndi Raice (28 July 2014).
15470:
15132:"First tax havens blacklist published by EU"
14895:
14893:
14726:
14660:
14627:
13094:
12644:
10846:
10425:. Oecd.org. 26 February 2008. Archived from
9925:
9894:
9885:
9690:
9688:
9686:
9684:
9682:
9680:
9678:
9480:
9478:
9476:
9474:
9292:
9183:Quarterly Journal of Economics (Harvard/MIT)
8898:
8615:
7066:. Geneva, Switzerland: CS&P Fiduciaire.
6636:"Tax Competition with Parasitic Tax Havens"
6262:
5463:
5407:British Virgin Islands offshore leaks (2013)
3817:A notable study on the financial effect was
2675:, Russia is the only OECD or EU country, or
2013:BEPS tool as early as 1991. US tax academic
1958:Post–World War II offshore financial centres
1821:
1715:, even if the official rates may be higher.
16717:Movement for Peace with Justice and Dignity
16552:Anti-Corruption and Civil Rights Commission
16396:Australian Criminal Intelligence Commission
14561:
14431:
14268:
14198:
13686:
13171:"Tax competition with parasitic tax havens"
13161:
13159:
12922:; Thomas Torslov; Ludvig Wier (June 2018).
12505:
12503:
12365:"Inequality: You don't know the half of it"
10655:"Tax Havens and Offshore Financial Centres"
10649:
9612:; Thomas Torslov; Ludvig Wier (June 2018).
8851:Calabrese, Matteo; Majerus, Benoît (2023).
8817:
8788:
8689:
8670:
8646:
8590:
7303:
7301:
7183:
7181:
6891:
5351:, which would not be appropriate in larger
3943:, Which Countries Become Tax Havens? (2009)
3782:bank filings; associated with several NGOs.
2613:Eurodollar offshore financial centre market
2482:In October 2010, Hines published a list of
2172:by US corporations to Caribbean tax havens.
2075:tax havens such as Ireland (described as a
17877:The Cold War and the Income Tax: A Protest
17638:
17624:
16774:
16760:
16564:National Anti-Corruption Bureau of Ukraine
16460:Corruption Prevention and Combating Bureau
15944:
15930:
15916:CEOs Who Seek to Widen Tax Haven Loopholes
15180:
13787:
13587:Tax Havens: How Globalization Really Works
13396:Tax havens: How Globalization Really Works
13065:
13008:
13006:
13004:
13002:
12924:"The Policy Failure of High-Tax Countries"
12009:
12007:
12005:
12003:
12001:
11340:
11017:
10773:
9858:
9856:
9781:
9779:
9777:
9728:
9212:
9117:
9115:
9113:
9111:
9109:
9107:
9105:
9103:
9101:
9099:
9070:
9068:
8944:
6871:Tax Havens: How Globalization Really Works
5705:In 2014, the OECD followed FATCA with the
5436:
5137:
5038:In 2019, non-academic groups, such as the
2472:OFCs and tax havens to be synonymous terms
2401:Lack of effective exchange of information;
1695:
1681:
17666:List of historical acts of tax resistance
15491:
15475:. The Guardian and University of Sydney.
15464:
15248:
15129:
14890:
14495:
14042:
13439:; Anna Gumpert; Monika Schnitzer (2016).
13304:
13302:
13013:Qing Hong; Michael Smart (January 2010).
12807:
12210:
12208:
12167:
12165:
11445:
11120:
11118:
11106:Institute on Taxation and Economic Policy
11032:"Taiwan, the un-noticed Asian tax haven?"
10699:Tax Havens and Offshore Financial Centres
10343:
10341:
10262:
10260:
10258:
10256:
10190:"Tax haven blacklisting in Latin America"
9986:
9675:
9561:
9559:
9557:
9471:
9454:
9444:
9426:
8864:
8434:
8383:
8381:
8311:
8021:
7994:
7992:
7990:
7847:
7845:
7843:
7548:
7311:; Anna Gumpert; Monika Schnitzer (2016).
7147:
7145:
6973:Foremny, D., & Von Hagen, J. (2012).
5543:
5478:. The source was French computer analyst
4801:List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita
3185:– both a major traditional tax haven (or
2398:No or nominal tax on the relevant income;
2126:
1204:Institute on Taxation and Economic Policy
16494:Independent Corrupt Practices Commission
15427:
13571:
13156:
13089:Offshore Financial Centres by Most Cited
12500:
12280:
11259:"Facebook's Singapore APAC Headquarters"
11092:
11090:
11088:
11086:
10152:
9823:
9821:
9819:
9332:
9330:
9328:
9030:
9028:
9026:
9024:
9022:
8519:Finance & Development, IMF Quarterly
8410:
8408:
8406:
8251:The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics
8141:
8139:
8137:
8135:
8133:
8131:
8129:
7790:
7788:
7360:
7298:
7178:
6416:
6414:
6181:List of foundations established in Vaduz
5579:
5508:
5245:
5029:
4980:
4017:
4006:
3991:
3730:
3577:(‡) Identified as one of the largest 24
3222:
2593:
2454:. The FSF–IMF definition focused on the
18430:Corporate taxation in the United States
16536:Sierra Leone Anti-corruption Commission
16401:Anti-Corruption Commission (Bangladesh)
15575:
15385:(in European Portuguese). 1 August 2019
14880:"OECD: CRS participating jurisdictions"
14192:
14045:Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law
13711:Jersey is what we call a captured state
13552:
13205:
12999:
12741:
12739:
12705:
12703:
12638:
12052:
12050:
12019:"The Pre-History of Offshore Estimates"
11998:
11977:
11891:
11810:. Pacific Guardians. 15 February 2015.
11166:
11164:
11162:
11160:
11158:
11156:
11154:
10917:
10294:
10292:
10071:European Parliamentary Research Service
9853:
9774:
9253:
9251:
9249:
9124:An Analysis of Corporate Tax Inversions
9096:
9065:
8574:Finance & Development IMF Quarterly
8560:
8558:
8556:
8554:
8552:
8550:
8548:
8508:
8506:
8504:
8502:
8500:
8498:
8496:
8454:
8452:
8450:
8283:
8281:
8279:
8063:
8061:
8048:Finance & Development IMF Quarterly
8037:
8035:
8033:
7885:
7883:
7881:
7757:
7755:
7463:
7461:
7459:
7457:
7366:
7109:
7107:
7042:
5498:
4995:otherwise-similar large U.S. companies.
3189:), and a major corporate tax haven (or
2760:, of which the two most prominent are:
2368:
14:
18372:
17809:Northern California War Tax Resistance
17799:National Campaign for a Peace Tax Fund
16624:Freedom of information laws by country
16541:Corrupt Practices Investigation Bureau
15898:at Explained with Maps (Documentary) (
15765:
15616:"In Inversion Deals, U.K. Is a Winner"
15015:
14902:"G20 declares door shut on tax havens"
14465:Marina Walker Guevara (12 June 2013).
14223:
13446:The Review of Economics and Statistics
13393:; Christian Chavagneux (1 July 2011).
13299:
12541:
12539:
12205:
12162:
11493:"'Malta is main EU tax haven' - study"
11115:
10582:Economic and Social Research Institute
10338:
10253:
10215:
10213:
10211:
10110:
10108:
10106:
10104:
10102:
10100:
10098:
10032:
10030:
10028:
9759:from the original on 11 September 2018
9716:from the original on 11 September 2018
9644:
9642:
9604:
9602:
9600:
9598:
9596:
9554:
9522:
9520:
9518:
9485:Rochelle Toplensky (5 December 2017).
9360:
9358:
9356:
9354:
8894:
8892:
8890:
8888:
8886:
8884:
8378:
8355:. IMK Macroeconomic Policy Institute,
8343:
8341:
8260:from the original on 24 September 2016
7987:
7840:
7814:
7318:The Review of Economics and Statistics
7231:
7229:
7227:
7225:
7223:
7221:
7219:
7217:
7142:
6989:. New York: Four Walls Eight Windows.
6975:"Fiscal federalism in times of crisis"
6550:"The Demand for Tax Haven Operations"
6424:
6364:
6349:
6347:
6345:
5933:
5925:
5921:
5320:
5281:
5241:
4901:The most cited paper on research into
4863:
4811:
4807:
3753:Apple's tax rate in Ireland was 0.005%
3394:
3390:
3109:
2676:
2644:
2603:
2583:
2543:
2360:The Review of Economics and Statistics
2357:"Multinational Firms and Tax Havens",
2245:
2109:. The Hines-Rice paper used the term
1850:Common Consolidated Corporate Tax Base
1830:§ U.S. as the largest beneficiary
1797:
18252:Campaign Against Home and Water Taxes
18044:Revolt of the Comuneros (New Granada)
17619:
16755:
16488:Anti-Corruption Commission of Myanmar
16430:Commission Against Corruption (Macau)
16359:International Anti-Corruption Academy
15925:
15873:—Heritage Foundation, Washington D.C.
15667:from the original on 15 November 2018
15642:
15606:
15415:from the original on 16 November 2016
15249:Guarascio, Francesco (4 March 2018).
15214:"Ireland labelled a tax "black hole""
15059:from the original on 24 December 2016
15046:
14774:from the original on 11 November 2017
14694:Juliette Garside (27 November 2015).
14595:Editorial Special (7 November 2014).
14332:
14247:from the original on 18 December 2018
14148:
14136:from the original on 13 February 2015
14012:"What taxes do expats pay in the UK?"
13864:
13837:Handbook on Wealth and the Super-Rich
13631:from the original on 26 December 2016
13330:from the original on 24 February 2019
13169:; John D. Wilson (6 September 2009).
12777:
12610:
12337:from the original on 17 February 2019
12236:from the original on 30 December 2018
11784:. The Independent U.K. 8 March 2018.
11618:from the original on 8 September 2015
11547:
11314:
11083:
10806:
10738:
10736:
10734:
10682:
10584:Review. September 2013. p. 403.
10403:from the original on 11 February 2018
10192:. Tax Justice Network. 6 April 2017.
9816:
9402:
9400:
9398:
9396:
9394:
9392:
9325:
9272:from the original on 15 December 2018
9169:
9167:
9165:
9163:
9161:
9159:
9157:
9155:
9019:
8403:
8234:
8232:
8230:
8198:
8196:
8194:
8192:
8190:
8188:
8186:
8184:
8182:
8126:
7785:
7163:from the original on 28 December 2017
6980:
6580:"Which Countries Become Tax Havens?"
6411:
5451:
5287:
5215:) from 2004 to 2017. As discussed in
4932:§ Important papers on tax havens
4412:
4034:
3898:In 2018, the IMF's quarterly journal
3113:
2722:, or subsidiary connections like the
2507:transformed their tax code in 2009–12
2319:§ Important papers on tax havens
2313:Academic non-quantitative (1994–2016)
2301:, from the 2015 investigation by the
2234:transformed their tax code in 2009–12
18049:Regulator Movement in North Carolina
17769:Association of Real Estate Taxpayers
17759:All Britain Anti-Poll Tax Federation
17137:New international division of labour
16707:2012 Indian anti-corruption movement
16702:2011 Indian anti-corruption movement
16483:Malaysian Anti-Corruption Commission
16413:National Anti-Corruption Observatory
15717:
15526:
15154:
15130:Robertson, Jamie (5 December 2017).
15018:"Save the tax havens – we need them"
14944:from the original on 12 August 2014.
14760:Juliette Garside (5 November 2017).
14642:from the original on 26 October 2015
14510:from the original on 6 November 2018
14413:from the original on 5 November 2018
14310:from the original on 2 December 2017
14290:
13972:
13937:
13499:from the original on 20 January 2021
13441:"Multinational Firms and Tax Havens"
13367:from the original on 5 December 2017
13079:from the original on 4 December 2018
12931:National Bureau of Economic Research
12761:from the original on 2 February 2019
12736:
12700:
12317:
12193:from the original on 27 January 2019
12047:
11946:
11490:
11438:National Bureau of Economic Research
11396:
11183:from the original on 31 October 2018
11151:
10996:Nick Mathiason (13 September 2009).
10886:
10825:National Bureau of Economic Research
10563:
10489:International Tax and Public Finance
10318:from the original on 20 January 2021
10289:
10274:from the original on 4 December 2018
9707:National Bureau of Economic Research
9618:National Bureau of Economic Research
9538:from the original on 7 December 2017
9246:
9140:from the original on 8 December 2017
9121:
8545:
8493:
8447:
8276:
8058:
8030:
7878:
7752:
7490:from the original on 7 December 2017
7454:
7367:Shaxson, Nicholas (9 January 2011).
7313:"Multinational Firms and Tax Havens"
7245:"Which countries become tax havens?"
7104:
6301:
6040:
6001:Tax inversion § Countermeasures
5216:
4957:
4832:In 2018, noted tax haven economist,
3663:
3092:
2789:
2001:. In 1981, the US IRS published the
1976:for these OFCs was secured when the
1809:
1727:
17671:Tax resistance in the United States
16629:The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013
16524:National Anticorruption Directorate
16518:Anti-Corruption General Directorate
15190:. France 24 News. 18 January 2018.
14987:"OECD removes tax havens from list"
14984:
14829:from the original on 14 August 2012
14399:Nick Mathiason (21 February 2008).
14347:from the original on 15 August 2018
14333:Staff, SPIEGEL (25 February 2008).
14238:Global Intellectual Property Center
13537:from the original on 13 August 2018
13287:from the original on 19 August 2018
13189:from the original on 21 August 2018
12983:from the original on 12 August 2018
12772:act as "a drag on local economies."
12721:from the original on 17 August 2018
12688:from the original on 12 August 2018
12536:
11986:from the original on 24 August 2018
11978:Bremner, Brian (15 November 2017).
11892:Fischer, Konrad (25 October 2016).
11814:from the original on 5 January 2018
11410:from the original on 13 August 2017
11406:. The Correspondent. 30 June 2017.
11299:from the original on 24 August 2018
11068:from the original on 22 August 2018
10899:from the original on 10 August 2016
10887:Wood, Robert W. (27 January 2016).
10631:from the original on 18 August 2018
10396:. OECD. September 2009. p. 3.
10368:from the original on 17 August 2018
10208:
10136:from the original on 18 August 2018
10095:
10056:
10025:
10010:from the original on 20 August 2018
9841:from the original on 31 August 2018
9660:from the original on 24 August 2018
9639:
9593:
9515:
9487:"EU puts 17 countries on blacklist"
9365:William McBride (14 October 2014).
9351:
9313:from the original on 23 August 2018
9196:from the original on 25 August 2017
8881:
8829:from the original on 22 August 2018
8743:Tolley's International Tax Planning
8723:from the original on 3 January 2019
8658:from the original on 7 October 2018
8584:
8461:"The OECD Initiative on Tax Havens"
8388:Oliver Bullough (8 December 2015).
8338:
8323:from the original on 18 August 2017
7214:
7047:. Washington, D.C.: The AEI Press.
6967:
6342:
5462:In February 2015, French newspaper
5326:
5254:(GIPC) Legal Systems League Table:
4966:, re-affirmed by others, was that:
3789:data; associated with tax academic
3169:– rising corporate tax haven after
2425:U.S. Congressional Research Service
2303:U.S. Congressional Research Service
24:
18034:No taxation without representation
17645:
16354:Group of States Against Corruption
15736:from the original on 15 April 2019
15726:"Inversions under the new tax law"
15627:from the original on 23 April 2019
15594:from the original on 17 April 2018
15356:from the original on 26 March 2019
15326:from the original on 18 March 2019
15168:from the original on 28 March 2019
15142:from the original on 29 April 2018
14997:from the original on 10 April 2009
14956:"OECD names and shames tax havens"
14860:from the original on 4 August 2012
14708:from the original on 24 April 2019
14675:from the original on 23 March 2019
14609:from the original on 24 April 2019
14576:from the original on 24 April 2019
14543:from the original on 24 April 2019
14477:from the original on 27 March 2019
14446:from the original on 24 April 2019
14380:from the original on 24 April 2019
14366:Kate Connelly (21 February 2008).
14177:from the original on 16 March 2015
14099:from the original on 24 April 2019
14095:. Oireachtas.ie. 30 January 2017.
14073:from the original on 24 April 2019
14024:from the original on 25 April 2019
13991:from the original on 30 April 2019
13960:from the original on 30 April 2019
13885:from the original on 30 April 2019
13771:from the original on 30 April 2019
13668:from the original on 27 April 2019
13457:from the original on 17 April 2019
13349:Jane G. Gravelle (1 August 2017).
13249:Gabriel Zucman (8 November 2017).
12873:from the original on 11 April 2018
12645:Cliff Taylor (12 September 2020).
12617:Martin Sandbu (9 September 2020).
12488:from the original on 16 April 2019
12455:from the original on 13 March 2016
12381:from the original on 8 August 2018
12074:from the original on 17 April 2018
11679:; Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2005.
11584:. Tax Research UK. 2 August 2017.
10977:from the original on 24 April 2019
10930:from the original on 21 April 2016
10868:from the original on 11 March 2017
10794:from the original on 26 April 2019
10731:
10667:from the original on 12 April 2018
10591:from the original on 25 April 2018
9974:from the original on 30 March 2019
9907:from the original on 20 April 2019
9870:from the original on 31 March 2019
9698:; Thomas Wright (September 2018).
9499:from the original on 30 March 2019
9389:
9377:from the original on 17 April 2019
9258:Vanessa Houlder (September 2017).
9234:from the original on 15 April 2019
9222:Zachary Mider (18 December 2014).
9152:
8962:from the original on 31 March 2019
8459:James K. Jackson (11 March 2010).
8366:from the original on 12 April 2019
8227:
8179:
8163:from the original on 31 March 2018
7568:from the original on 9 August 2017
7536:The Quarterly Journal of Economics
7345:from the original on 17 April 2019
7283:from the original on 8 August 2017
7189:"Tax haven definition and meaning"
7153:"Tax haven definition and meaning"
6475:
6470:
6011:American Jobs Creation Act of 2004
5844:European Union tax haven blacklist
5691:, starting with fiscal year 2010.
5665:Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act
5659:Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act
5622:
5185:American Jobs Creation Act of 2004
5003:, "Treasure Islands" p. 107 (2010)
4896:, "Treasure Islands" p. 107 (2010)
3680:. However, this changed after the
3376:Historic broad lists of tax havens
3278:), but included for completeness.)
3159:via its IP-based BEPS tools (e.g.
2635:Emerging market-related tax havens
2166:American Jobs Creation Act of 2004
1751:Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act
25:
18441:
18232:Anti-austerity movement in Greece
16781:
16530:Investigative Committee of Russia
15808:
15702:from the original on 1 April 2019
15649:Mike Williams (23 January 2015).
15550:from the original on 22 July 2018
15479:from the original on 22 July 2018
15448:from the original on 22 July 2018
15263:from the original on 8 March 2018
15111:from the original on 7 April 2019
14966:from the original on 4 April 2009
14912:from the original on 21 July 2016
14741:from the original on 4 April 2016
14661:Jill Treanor (18 February 2015).
13809:from the original on 12 June 2018
13226:from the original on 12 June 2018
13212:Max de Haldevang (11 June 2018).
12933:, Working Papers. pp. 44–49.
12892:Michael Hennigan (11 June 2018).
12795:from the original on 12 June 2018
12598:from the original on 1 April 2010
12521:from the original on 6 March 2019
12415:from the original on 6 March 2019
12177:"The Price of Offshore Revisited"
12146:from the original on 6 March 2019
12035:from the original on 2 April 2016
11788:from the original on 22 June 2018
11748:from the original on 22 June 2018
11700:from the original on 22 June 2018
11588:from the original on 17 June 2018
11562:from the original on 7 April 2019
11499:from the original on 16 July 2018
11472:from the original on 3 April 2018
11269:from the original on 29 June 2018
11239:from the original on 10 July 2018
11136:from the original on 4 April 2019
10949:Sir Michael Foot (October 2009).
10856:Jesse Drucker (27 January 2016).
10834:from the original on 12 June 2018
10758:from the original on 20 July 2018
10716:from the original on 28 June 2018
10547:from the original on 20 June 2018
10518:from the original on 29 June 2018
10461:from the original on 24 June 2018
10391:"COUNTERING OFFSHORE TAX EVASION"
10238:from the original on 23 June 2018
10170:from the original on 14 June 2018
10080:from the original on 17 June 2018
10037:Jane Gravelle (15 January 2015).
9940:from the original on 3 April 2019
9800:from the original on 4 April 2019
9624:from the original on 2 April 2019
9577:from the original on 23 June 2018
8917:from the original on 7 April 2016
8591:Alex Cobham (11 September 2017).
8529:from the original on 12 June 2018
8515:"Piercing the Veil of Tax Havens"
8477:from the original on 30 June 2013
8147:"Towards Global Tax Co-operation"
8085:from the original on 8 March 2019
8044:"The Rise of Phantom Investments"
7945:from the original on 22 July 2017
7904:from the original on 12 June 2018
7863:from the original on 4 April 2019
7828:from the original on 17 June 2018
7824:. Bloomberg View. 11 April 2017.
7802:from the original on 13 June 2018
7369:"Explainer: what is a tax haven?"
7199:from the original on 17 June 2018
7127:from the original on 17 June 2018
6482:Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
6228:
6069:
5994:
5837:
5536:and the Icelandic prime minister
5252:Global Innovation Property Centre
5092:
5077:Hines' research was cited by the
3989:is exposed to foreign investors.
3956:
3171:restructuring tax code in 2009–12
2661:
2590:British Empire–related tax havens
2478:Academic quantitative (2010–2018)
2159:OFCs and tax havens as synonymous
2046:
2020:Emerging economy–based tax havens
1989:Emerging economy–based tax havens
1019:Global minimum corporate tax rate
18242:Edward and Elaine Brown standoff
18211:Women's poll tax repeal movement
17779:Committee for Non-Violent Action
17598:
17588:
17587:
16798:
16722:Russian anti-corruption campaign
16712:Anti-austerity movement in Spain
16619:Foreign Extortion Prevention Act
15877:The Economic Case for Tax Havens
15815:
15748:
15724:Kyle Pomerleau (13 March 2018).
15683:
15397:
15371:
15338:
15308:
15275:
15242:
15206:
15123:
15093:
15071:
15049:"Welcome to tax-dodge city, USA"
15040:
15016:Butler, Eamonn (12 April 2009).
15009:
14948:
14924:
14872:
14841:
14811:
14786:
14753:
14720:
14687:
14654:
14628:Simon Bowers (5 November 2014).
14621:
14588:
14555:
14529:Duncan Campbell (4 April 2014).
14522:
14489:
14458:
14425:
14392:
14359:
14326:
14085:
14055:
14036:
14003:
13905:"Narrative Report on Luxembourg"
13897:
13824:
13747:
13716:
13689:"Big trouble on treasure island"
13680:
13646:
13610:
13519:
13473:
13429:
13417:from the original on 7 July 2018
13379:
13342:
13273:
13261:from the original on 2 June 2018
13242:
13144:from the original on 2 June 2018
13127:10.1111/j.1468-0297.2007.02084.x
13036:10.1016/j.euroecorev.2009.06.006
12963:
12937:
12912:
12885:
12859:
12825:from the original on 26 May 2018
12670:
12548:"The Missing Profits of Nations"
12467:
12427:
12393:
12353:
12287:Chris Vellacott (22 July 2012).
12248:
12132:Heather Stewart (21 July 2010).
11971:
11940:
11916:
11904:from the original on 24 May 2018
11885:
11873:from the original on 27 May 2018
11859:
11850:
11826:
11800:
11774:
11760:
11730:
11712:
11682:
11675:William Brittain-Catlin (2005):
11669:
11656:
11630:
11600:
11574:
11541:
11529:from the original on 8 July 2018
11511:
11484:
11454:
11422:
11384:from the original on 5 June 2018
11370:
11358:from the original on 22 May 2018
11328:from the original on 16 May 2018
11324:. Bloomberg News. October 2013.
11281:
11251:
11225:
11213:from the original on 13 May 2018
11195:
11049:
10989:
10942:
10911:
10880:
10818:"The Missing Profits of Nations"
10196:from the original on 22 May 2018
10125:Oxford Review of Economic Policy
10003:. 18 December 2008. p. 12.
10001:Government Accountability Office
9962:Colm Ó Mongáin (26 March 2019).
9614:"The Missing Profits of Nations"
9084:from the original on 27 May 2017
8783:Personen- und Gesellschaftsrecht
8603:from the original on 29 May 2018
8436:10.1111/j.1475-679X.2009.00346.x
8213:Journal of Economic Perspectives
8009:Journal of Economic Perspectives
7892:"The Missing Profits of Nations"
7798:. Bloomberg News. 31 July 2017.
7773:from the original on 24 May 2018
7438:from the original on 8 July 2018
7404:from the original on 2 July 2018
6981:Henry, James S. (October 2003).
6799:(With at least 300 citations on
6775:Journal of Economic Perspectives
6749:Journal of Economic Perspectives
6668:Oxford Review of Economic Policy
6456:
6443:
6434:
6402:
6336:
6322:rates of taxation closer to zero
6138:
6118:
6097:
6058:
5599:Parliament of the European Union
5195:Base erosion and profit shifting
5160:
5025:Working Papers (September 2018).
4768:
4747:
4726:
4705:
4684:
4663:
4642:
4620:
4598:
4577:
4556:
4535:
4514:
4493:
4471:
4449:
4428:
4390:
4369:
4348:
4327:
4306:
4285:
4263:
4241:
4220:
4199:
4178:
4157:
4136:
4115:
4094:
4072:
4050:
3588:
3547:St. Vincent and the Grenadines‡Δ
3193:), and strongly linked to major
2914:& British Virgin Islands*‡Δ
2703:. (Hines and Dharmapala avoided
2343:§ Incentives for tax havens
2299:Government Accountability Office
1972:. London's position as a global
1794:base erosion and profit shifting
1749:following the passing of the US
1662:
1650:
484:Base erosion and profit shifting
54:
16799:
16558:Servicio de Vigilancia Aduanera
16419:National Supervisory Commission
15882:"Why Tax Havens Are a Blessing"
15511:from the original on 3 May 2019
15293:from the original on 1 May 2019
15226:from the original on 1 May 2019
15194:from the original on 1 May 2019
15047:Clark, Andrew (10 April 2009).
14211:from the original on 2 May 2019
13921:from the original on 1 May 2019
13735:from the original on 2 May 2019
13701:from the original on 2 May 2019
13585:; Christian Chavagneux (2009).
12971:"Tax havens and treasure hunts"
12476:"The True Cost of Hidden Money"
12474:Jacques Leslie (15 June 2014).
12268:from the original on 3 May 2019
11980:"The Final Days of a Tax Haven"
10643:
10607:
10578:Department of Finance (Ireland)
10533:
10473:
10441:
10415:
10383:
10182:
9955:
9919:
9866:. DutchNews.nl. 27 March 2019.
8929:
8844:
8775:
8761:See generally, Introduction to
8755:
8735:
8696:International Business Taxation
8101:
7961:
7929:"BEPS Project Background Brief"
7727:
7702:
7677:
7652:
7627:
7609:
7584:
7420:
6952:. University of Chicago Press.
6898:International Business Taxation
6869:; Christian Chavagneux (2009).
6449:The paper lists tax havens as:
6385:
6335:component to be redundant. See
5647:
5376:Liechtenstein tax affair (2008)
4881:, "Abstract: Tax Havens" (2007)
4717:Top 10 Tax haven (Conduit OFC)
4589:Top 10 Tax haven (Conduit OFC)
4568:Top 10 Tax haven (Conduit OFC)
4505:Top 10 Tax haven (Conduit OFC)
4360:Top 10 Tax Haven (Conduit OFC)
4253:Top 10 Tax Haven (Conduit OFC)
4169:Top 10 Tax haven (Conduit OFC)
4127:Top 10 Tax haven (Conduit OFC)
3829:. Henry did the study for the
3571:(†) Identified as one of the 5
2378:, and therefore would not meet
2024:British Empire–based tax havens
1930:British Empire–based tax havens
262:Optimal capital income taxation
18292:Potentially dangerous taxpayer
16506:Investigation Task Force Sweep
16500:National Accountability Bureau
15972:Corruption in local government
15960:Corruption in different fields
15951:
15576:McBride, Will (October 2014).
14401:"A journey from haven to hell"
14199:Ted Mulvany (30 August 2016).
13979:Jesse Frederik (1 June 2017).
13834:; Giovanni Mangraviti (2016).
13358:Congressional Research Service
12552:The Review of Economic Studies
11924:"Lebanon: Election Under Fire"
11171:Zachary Mider (1 March 2017).
11056:Andres Knobel (27 July 2018).
10827:, Working Papers. p. 35.
10543:. Humanosphere. 30 June 2017.
10043:Congressional Research Service
9926:Cliff Taylor (28 March 2019).
9786:Richard Rubin (10 June 2018).
9700:"The Exorbitant Tax Privilege"
9620:, Working Papers. p. 31.
8468:Congressional Research Service
8422:Journal of Accounting Research
8348:Heike Joebges (January 2017).
7386:
7085:"Panama: The Hidden Trillions"
6904:. Cambridge University Press.
6845:Congressional Research Service
6794:
6615:Quarterly Journal of Economics
6528:Quarterly Journal of Economics
6325:
6308:
6279:International business company
6186:List of countries by tax rates
6064:
3996:Nobel Prize–winning economist
3983:modified gross national income
3099:Non-governmental, Quantitative
2497:. CORPNET's lists of top five
2291:non-governmental organisations
2279:
2036:Conduit and Sink OFC 2017 list
1822:§ Inflated GDP-per-capita
1342:List of countries by tax rates
13:
1:
17834:Women's Tax Resistance League
16614:Foreign Corrupt Practices Act
16512:Central Anticorruption Bureau
15795:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2005.04.004
15690:Kyle Pomerleau (3 May 2018).
15471:Anthony Ting (October 2014).
14850:U.S. Internal Revenue Service
14819:U.S. Internal Revenue Service
14727:Luke Harding (5 April 2016).
14432:Mark Lander (13 March 2008).
14269:Aidan Regan (25 April 2019).
14043:Charles Irish. "Tax Havens".
13687:John Henley (21 March 2008).
12751:"Five myths about tax havens"
11930:. 17 May 1976. Archived from
11548:Grech, Herman (25 May 2017).
11380:. Bloomberg. 2 January 2018.
10918:Swanson, Ana (5 April 2016).
9895:Simon Bowers (4 March 2019).
8899:Ahmed Zoromé (1 April 2007).
8857:Contemporary European History
7890:Gabriel Zucman (April 2018).
7266:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2009.07.005
7097:
6104:Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017
5977:Portugal's List of Tax Havens
5730:countries agreed to define a
5712:
5663:In 2010, Congress passed the
5382:2008 Liechtenstein tax affair
5367:
4827:
3917:
3912:
3890:OECD/IMF reports (since 2007)
3726:
3616:Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017
3246:as the "Switzerland of Asia".
3040:(†) Also appears as one of 5
2735:Zucman–Tørsløv–Wier 2018 list
2733:, either BEPS flows like the
2164:2004: US Congress passes the
2052:1929: British courts rule in
1846:Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017
1776:Traditional tax havens, like
1769:, can still shift profits to
767:Natural resources consumption
18343:history in the United States
16674:OECD Anti-Bribery Convention
16664:International asset recovery
16448:Central Vigilance Commission
16003:Corruption Perceptions Index
14562:David Leigh (3 April 2013).
14240:. February 2018. p. 6.
14155:Andrew Blair-Stanek (2015).
13314:Council on Foreign Relations
11949:"Vanuatu to ditch tax haven"
11947:Klan, Anthony (6 May 2008).
11491:Borg, Jacob (29 July 2017).
10660:. University of Birmingham.
10073:. December 2017. p. 3.
9634:Appendix Table 2: Tax Havens
7193:Cambridge English Dictionary
7090:The New York Review of Books
7064:Offshore Jurisdictions Guide
6378:had 52 tax havens, the 2017
6108:Council of Economic Advisors
6020:
5538:Sigmundur DavĂĂ° Gunnlaugsson
5388:Federal Intelligence Service
5284:are "corporate tax havens".
5079:Council of Economic Advisors
5040:Council on Foreign Relations
4633:Top 10 Tax haven (Sink OFC)
4461:Top 10 Tax haven (Sink OFC)
4276:Top 10 Tax Haven (Sink OFC)
4106:Top 10 Tax haven (Sink OFC)
3922:In several research papers,
3874:The Hidden Wealth of Nations
3865:The Hidden Wealth of Nations
3819:Price of Offshore: Revisited
3811:Price of Offshore: Revisited
3632:United States as a tax haven
3605:
3517:Netherlands†& AntillesΔ
3284:British Overseas Territories
3046:(‡) Also appears as a Top 5
2640:
2608:
2579:
2565:
2559:
1999:Corporate-focused tax havens
617:United States as a tax haven
7:
17983:Revolt of the papier timbré
16855:Environmental globalization
16830:Anti-globalization movement
16732:2017–2019 Romanian protests
15782:Journal of Public Economics
13944:Jesse Frederik (May 2017).
13283:. Bloomberg. 25 July 2018.
13179:Journal of Public Economics
11173:"Tracking the tax runaways"
11099:"Offshore Shell Games 2017"
9307:International Monetary Fund
9131:Congressional Budget Office
8908:International Monetary Fund
8906:. IMF Working Paper 07/87.
7938:. January 2017. p. 9.
7253:Journal of Public Economics
7043:Morriss, Andrew P. (2010).
6641:Journal of Public Economics
6585:Journal of Public Economics
6555:Journal of Public Economics
6395:vote is not binding on the
6359:unlimited liability company
6131:
5989:
5970:
5694:
5652:
5084:
4858:
4009:International Monetary Fund
3796:Corporate data. Estimating
3371:, since reduced moderately.
2574:European-related tax havens
2524:In June 2018, tax academic
2468:listed the eight major OFCs
2458:tools havens offer, and on
1860:
1805:to traditional tax havens.
10:
18446:
17794:Irish National Land League
17754:Aide-toi, le ciel t'aidera
17003:Offshore financial centres
16737:2017–2018 Russian protests
16369:Transparency International
16344:Global Financial Integrity
15861:Global Financial Integrity
14496:Ben Quinn (15 June 2013).
11869:. CNN. 20 September 2017.
11770:. NL.com. 6 December 2017.
9446:10.1038/s41598-017-06322-9
8704:Cambridge University Press
8300:Tax Policy and the Economy
8156:. April 2000. p. 17.
7157:Collins English Dictionary
5998:
5974:
5841:
5698:
5671:(IRS) all clients who are
5656:
5583:
5547:
5502:
5476:HSBC Private Bank (Suisse)
5474:via its Swiss subsidiary,
5455:
5440:
5410:
5379:
5291:
5164:
4903:offshore financial centres
4766:
4745:
4724:
4703:
4682:
4661:
4640:
4617:
4596:
4575:
4554:
4533:
4512:
4491:
4468:
4447:
4426:
4388:
4367:
4346:
4325:
4304:
4283:
4260:
4239:
4218:
4197:
4176:
4155:
4134:
4113:
4092:
4069:
4048:
4029:
3960:
3704:Tangier International Zone
3692:ship registration industry
3019:
3005:
2991:
2977:
2963:
2949:
2935:
2921:
2912:Caribbean: Cayman Islands*
2905:
2891:
2724:ITEP Connections 2017 list
2701:Dharmapala–Hines 2009 list
2654:
2563:
2284:
1983:Regional Financial Centres
1966:Tangier International Zone
1962:offshore financial centres
1900:Conyers Dill & Pearman
1855:
531:Offshore financial centres
421:Repatriation tax avoidance
29:
18279:
18224:
18133:
18067:
18008:
17988:Revolt of the va-nu-pieds
17970:
17944:
17936:Cornish Rebellion of 1497
17928:
17902:
17893:
17847:
17741:
17685:
17653:
17583:
17541:
17416:
17351:
17268:
17259:
17186:
17023:
16944:
16937:
16817:
16789:
16697:2011 Azerbaijani protests
16687:
16647:
16598:
16589:
16382:
16336:
16327:
16282:
16184:
16174:Offshore financial centre
16025:
16016:
15995:
15977:Interest group corruption
15959:
13559:Tolley's Offshore Service
10622:Financial Stability Forum
10501:10.1007/s10797-012-9250-z
9207:percent of tax haven GDP.
8866:10.1017/S0960777323000437
6834:Jane G. Gravelle (2015).
6819:. John Wiley & Sons.
6722:American Economic Journal
6706:Qing Hong, Michael Smart
6263:Related types of entities
6027:2012 G20 Los Cabos summit
5828:Luxembourg Prime Minister
5707:Common Reporting Standard
5701:Common Reporting Standard
5677:tax identification number
5337:special purpose companies
4944:foreign direct investment
4930:and Wilson, who in their
3978:offshore financial centre
3907:foreign direct investment
3901:Finance & Development
3593:U.S. dedicated entities:
3023:British Virgin Islands*‡Δ
3020:British Virgin Islands*‡Δ
2756:Research also highlights
2448:Financial Stability Forum
2143:offshore financial centre
2028:European-based tax havens
1944:European-based tax havens
1932:. The 1929 court case of
1773:using intricate schemes.
1736:offshore financial centre
996:Financial transaction tax
86:Property tax equalization
16845:Democratic globalization
16639:Whistleblower protection
16127:Cryptocurrency and crime
15024:. London. Archived from
13591:Cornell University Press
13401:Cornell University Press
13023:European Economic Review
11666:, 25 Dec. 2012, pp. 1, 5
10284:Tax Havens by Most Cited
9041:Cornell University Press
8654:. History & Policy.
8293:"Do Tax Havens Flourish"
6875:Cornell University Press
6698:European Economic Review
6372:list of sovereign states
5926:§ Top 10 tax havens
5922:§ Top 20 tax havens
5799:Malaysian Prime Minister
5669:Internal Revenue Service
5333:special purpose vehicles
5321:§ Top 10 tax havens
5282:§ Top 10 tax havens
4812:§ Top 10 tax havens
4808:§ Top 10 tax havens
3821:in 2012–2014, by former
3721:
3430:British Virgin Islands‡Δ
3395:§ Top 20 tax havens
3391:§ Top 10 tax havens
3114:§ Top 10 tax havens
3110:§ Top 10 tax havens
2804:transformed its tax code
2677:§ Top 10 tax havens
2650:
2645:§ Top 10 tax havens
2604:§ Top 10 tax havens
2584:§ Top 10 tax havens
2566:Tax haven § History
2246:§ Top 10 tax havens
2101:publishes the important
1798:§ Top 10 tax havens
1753:and the adoption of the
1347:Tax revenue to GDP ratio
1006:Currency transaction tax
587:Liechtenstein tax affair
18410:Corporate tax avoidance
18262:Movimiento Pos Me Salto
17127:Investor-state disputes
17080:Illicit financial flows
16924:Political globalization
16872:Global financial system
16008:Economics of corruption
15902:21 January 2021 at the
15675:– via Brookings.
15543:Harvard Business Review
15379:"Hipocrisia Tributária"
15083:22 October 2012 at the
13845:Edward Elgar Publishing
11235:. CNBC. November 2016.
10480:Francis Weyzig (2013).
10358:CESifo Economic Studies
9793:The Wall Street Journal
9705:. Working Paper 24983.
8823:"History of Tax Havens"
8652:"History of Tax Havens"
8313:10.1086/tpe.19.20061896
6082:The Wall Street Journal
6051:Single malt arrangement
6035:2015 G20 Antalya summit
6031:Multilateral Instrument
5797:from the blacklist and
5717:
5437:Luxembourg leaks (2014)
5300:University of Amsterdam
5181:McDermott International
5138:Preferential tax ruling
3694:. The series of bloody
3624:Financial Secrecy Index
3148:, Hong Kong and Taiwan.
2710:Connections – focus on
2683:Financial Secrecy Index
2554:Financial Secrecy Index
2491:University of Amsterdam
2222:University of Amsterdam
2181:Financial Secrecy Index
2088:McDermott International
2077:manufacturing tax haven
1724:Financial Secrecy Index
1713:non-domiciled investors
1054:Permanent establishment
1049:Exchange of Information
552:Financial Secrecy Index
203:Medical savings account
18405:Taxation-related lists
18385:Economic globalization
18380:International taxation
18191:Poplar Rates Rebellion
18039:Philadelphia Tea Party
17468:Christopher Chase-Dunn
17236:Primitive accumulation
16919:Military globalization
16850:Economic globalization
16835:Cultural globalization
16634:UK Bribery Act of 2010
16390:Oficina AnticorrupciĂłn
16139:Noble cause corruption
15996:Measures of corruption
15658:HM Revenue and Customs
14937:. OECD. 2 April 2009.
14798:www.europarl.europa.eu
13073:"IDEAS/RePEc Database"
12949:Harvard Kennedy School
12564:10.1093/restud/rdac049
10454:. OECD. 9 April 1998.
10268:"IDEAS/RePEc Database"
9005:. Palgrave Macmillan.
8936:Dieter Haller (2021).
8825:. History and Policy.
8222:Table 1: 52 Tax Havens
6928:. Palgrave Macmillan.
6382:study lists 29 states.
6176:International taxation
5981:Since the early 2000s
5943:On 27 March 2019, the
5620:
5614:
5608:
5544:Paradise papers (2017)
5514:
5464:
5259:
5217:§ Financial scale
5135:
5064:
5035:
5028:
5006:
4990:
4962:A finding of the 1994
4934:, label tax havens as
4924:
4899:
4884:
4856:
4851:Harvard Kennedy School
4001:
3946:
3856:2013 report funded by
3823:McKinsey & Company
3760:amount of annual taxes
3739:
3292:British Virgin Islands
3232:
3097:The longest list from
2747:ITEP Profits 2017 list
2745:, or Profits like the
2599:
2444:
2366:
1810:§ Financial scale
1728:§ Tax haven lists
949:Vehicle miles traveled
568:Ireland as a tax haven
382:Private tax collection
18425:Offshore magic circle
18390:International finance
18267:Yellow vests protests
18257:Movimento Passe Livre
18237:Anti-Bin Tax Campaign
18059:White Lotus Rebellion
17962:Revolt of the Pitauds
17733:Unreported employment
17677:List of tax resisters
16364:Mo Ibrahim Foundation
16144:Professional courtesy
16107:Honest services fraud
12517:. 10 September 2019.
11936:on 30 September 2007.
11832:Leslie Wayne (2012):
11664:San Jose Mercury News
11352:Sydney Morning Herald
10790:. 25 September 2017.
10752:University of Chicago
9755:. 10 September 2018.
8570:"Tackling Tax Havens"
8357:Hans-Böckler-Stiftung
7617:"CRS by jurisdiction"
6646:93 (11–12) 1261–1270
6380:Conduit and Sink OFCs
6376:James Hines 2010 list
6191:Panama as a tax haven
6015:merger tax inversions
5687:to be filed with the
5615:
5609:
5603:
5580:Pandora Papers (2021)
5556:offshore magic circle
5512:
5425:'s campaign manager,
5349:bankruptcy remoteness
5294:Conduit and Sink OFCs
5249:
5224:intellectual property
5145:Harmful Tax Practices
5113:
5044:
5033:
5010:
4992:
4984:
4907:
4885:
4871:
4838:
4820:Conduit and Sink OFCs
4799:Data is sourced from
4484:Tax haven (Sink OFC)
4297:Tax haven (Sink OFC)
4085:Tax haven (Sink OFC)
3995:
3967:Tax havens have high
3929:
3734:
3387:Conduit and Sink OFCs
3383:James Hines 2010 list
3226:
3204:– one of the largest
3120:James Hines 2010 list
3103:Conduit and Sink OFCs
2743:James Hines 2010 list
2720:Conduit and Sink OFCs
2597:
2548:In October 2009, the
2511:Conduit and Sink OFCs
2464:list of 22 major OFCs
2430:
2410:brass plate companies
2404:Lack of transparency;
2347:
2211:intellectual property
2145:(OFC) with a list of
2094:to tax haven, Panama.
1970:Moroccan independence
1920:brass plate companies
622:Panama as a tax haven
574:Ireland v. Commission
542:Conduit and sink OFCs
537:Offshore magic circle
458:Unreported employment
18287:Income tax threshold
18166:Champaran Satyagraha
17856:An Act of Conscience
17789:I Don't Pay Movement
17764:Anti-Poll Tax Unions
17533:Immanuel Wallerstein
17194:Capital accumulation
17060:Endangered languages
16328:Institutions dealing
16062:Conflict of interest
15987:Political corruption
15536:(26 December 2017).
15507:. 28 November 2018.
14985:BBC (7 April 2009).
13219:Quartz (publication)
13114:The Economic Journal
12713:(19 November 2010).
12594:. 22 February 2007.
11894:"A German Tax Haven"
11839:12 June 2018 at the
11030:(10 February 2016).
10423:"Tax Haven Criteria"
9122:Hall, Keith (2017).
8958:. 7 September 2017.
8940:. Transcript Verlag.
8023:10.1257/jep.28.4.121
7973:World Economic Forum
7331:10.1162/REST_a_00591
6590:93 (9–10) 1058–1068
6007:naked tax inversions
5936:and the 5th largest
5918:United Arab Emirates
5882:the Marshall Islands
5499:Panama papers (2015)
5386:In 2008, the German
5189:merger tax inversion
4918:The Economic Journal
4543:United Arab Emirates
4228:United Arab Emirates
3538:St. Kitts and NevisΔ
3409:Antigua and BarbudaΔ
3108:(*) Appears in as a
3061:Hines–Rice 1994 list
3026:(n.a. as "Caribbean"
2827:leprechaun economics
2718:like CORPNET's 2017
2697:Hines–Rice 1994 list
2691:Tax rate – focus on
2625:Overseas Territories
2369:OECD–IMF (1998–2018)
2190:publishes a list of
1786:corporate tax havens
1771:corporate tax havens
1618:United Arab Emirates
1360:Individual Countries
1069:Foreign revenue rule
861:Inheritance (estate)
580:Leprechaun economics
18354:Taxation as slavery
18315:Redemption movement
18311:Freeman on the land
18161:Bondelswarts affair
18125:Wallachian uprising
18115:Tancament de Caixes
18090:Hut Tax War of 1898
17952:Croquant rebellions
17605:Business portal
17164:Transnational crime
17070:Forced displacement
17055:Economic inequality
16929:Trade globalization
16825:Alter-globalization
16169:Offshore investment
15621:Wall Street Journal
15441:The Financial Times
15289:. 6 November 2018.
15222:. 19 January 2018.
15107:. 5 December 2017.
14852:(25 January 2012).
14129:Wall Street Journal
14069:. 29 January 2019.
13912:Tax Justice Network
13803:Tax Justice Network
13757:(17 October 2017).
13662:Tax Justice Network
13656:(12 October 2015).
13533:. 17 October 2017.
13492:. 17 October 2017.
13316:(6 February 2019).
12755:The Washington Post
12682:Tax Justice Network
12586:"Places in the sun"
12446:Tax Justice Network
12409:Tax Justice Network
12372:Tax Justice Network
12227:Tax Justice Network
12184:Tax Justice Network
12026:Tax Justice Network
11898:Handelsblatt Global
11744:. 7 November 2017.
11614:. 28 January 2014.
11354:. 5 February 2015.
11130:Wall Street Journal
11062:Tax Justice Network
11036:Tax Justice Network
10744:Dhammika Dharmapala
10311:. 17 October 2017.
10116:Dhammika Dharmapala
9573:. 8 December 2017.
9534:. 7 December 2017.
9437:2017NatSR...7.6246G
9342:Tax Justice Network
9284:Tax Justice Network
9282:Alex Cobham of the
8597:Tax Justice Network
8071:(8 November 2017).
7857:Wall Street Journal
7477:Tax Justice Network
7398:Tax Justice Network
7260:(9–10): 1058–1068.
7237:Dhammika Dharmapala
7083:(27 October 2016).
6770:"Treasure Islands"
6677:Dhammika Dharmapala
6594:Dhammika Dharmapala
6496:
6393:European Parliament
6171:Flag of convenience
6166:Economic inequality
5945:European Parliament
5910:Trinidad and Tobago
5831:Jean-Claude Juncker
5573:SĂĽddeutsche Zeitung
5529:SĂĽddeutsche Zeitung
5492:SĂĽddeutsche Zeitung
5427:Jean-Jacques Augier
5417:In April 2013, the
5242:Corporate tax haven
5226:(IP) accounting to
5177:naked tax inversion
4864:Promoters of growth
3937:Dhammika Dharmapala
3831:Tax Justice Network
3650:Dhammika Dharmapala
3499:Marshall Islands‡↕Δ
3244:Tax Justice Network
3118:(♣) Appears on the
3028:contains 2 havens)
2842:
2729:Quantum – focus on
2693:effective tax rates
2550:Tax Justice Network
2544:Related definitions
2446:In April 2000, the
2439:Dhammika Dharmapala
2332:Dhammika Dharmapala
2295:Tax Justice Network
2275:list of tax havens.
2269:European Parliament
2251:2018: Tax academic
2177:Tax Justice Network
1732:effective tax rates
1730:. The consensus on
1657:Business portal
1352:Tax rates in Europe
1222:Tax Justice Network
1168:Dhammika Dharmapala
671:Airport improvement
479:Transfer mispricing
270:Distribution of Tax
42:Part of a series on
18297:Render unto Caesar
18151:Bardoli Satyagraha
18146:Bambatha Rebellion
17863:Civil Disobedience
17774:Catalunya Diu Prou
17378:Andre Gunder Frank
17152:Race to the bottom
17142:North–South divide
16860:Global citizenship
16570:Warioba Commission
16508:(Papua New Guinea)
16252:Regulatory capture
16057:Commercial bribery
15825:has a profile for
15777:James R. Hines Jr.
13437:James R. Hines Jr.
13323:The New York Times
13121:(523): 1310–1335.
12852:5 May 2018 at the
12481:The New York Times
12301:on 22 October 2012
12067:. 30 August 2016.
11845:The New York Times
11726:. 3 November 2013.
10047:Cornell University
9059:10.7591/j.ctt7z6jm
8821:(1 October 2009).
8785:of 20 January 1926
8650:(1 October 2009).
8568:(September 2019).
8289:James R. Hines Jr.
8240:James R. Hines Jr.
8208:"Treasure Islands"
8204:James R. Hines Jr.
7975:. 27 February 2020
7559:10.1093/qje/qjt012
7309:James R. Hines Jr.
7241:James R. Hines Jr.
6730:Niels Johannesen,
6620:128 (3) 1321–1364
6490:
6355:secrecy indicators
6337:§ Definitions
6274:Free economic zone
6112:James R. Hines Jr.
6059:§ Fundamental
5848:In December 2017,
5681:green card holders
5564:Frederik Obermaier
5515:
5452:Swiss leaks (2015)
5398:, and the British
5357:Cayman Islands SPC
5288:Conduits and Sinks
5260:
5213:Bermuda Black Hole
5058:The New York Times
5036:
5001:James R. Hines Jr.
4991:
4921:, (September 2007)
4894:James R. Hines Jr.
4879:James R. Hines Jr.
4416:Country/Territory
4038:Country/Territory
4002:
3941:James R. Hines Jr.
3924:James R. Hines Jr.
3740:
3646:James R. Hines Jr.
3233:
3065:7 major tax havens
2840:
2621:Crown Dependencies
2600:
2489:In July 2017, the
2355:James R. Hines Jr.
2327:James R. Hines Jr.
2205:in Ireland, while
2188:James R. Hines Jr.
2099:James R. Hines Jr.
2040:Zucman's 2018 list
2015:James R. Hines Jr.
1909:Aktiengesellschaft
1896:offshore companies
1258:Eight per thousand
1173:James R. Hines Jr.
1064:European Union FTT
81:Government revenue
18367:
18366:
18359:Taxation as theft
18330:Tax noncompliance
18307:Sovereign citizen
18275:
18274:
18110:Saminism Movement
18054:Whiskey Rebellion
18021:Fries's Rebellion
17613:
17612:
17579:
17578:
17438:K. Anthony Appiah
17433:Daniele Archibugi
17182:
17181:
16971:COVID-19 pandemic
16877:Global governance
16749:
16748:
16745:
16744:
16585:
16584:
16323:
16322:
16300:Election security
16247:Political scandal
15982:Police corruption
15831:
15775:; C Fritz Foley;
15761:. 8 October 2021.
15409:eur-lex.europa.eu
15352:. 26 March 2019.
15322:. 12 March 2019.
13797:(November 2015).
13600:978-0-8014-7612-9
13509:National Archives
13053:on 29 August 2018
12979:. 11 April 2011.
12749:(15 April 2016).
11209:. 18 April 2018.
10328:National Archives
10166:. 20 March 2017.
10118:(December 2008).
9012:978-0-230-10501-0
7739:oecd-ilibrary.org
7714:oecd-ilibrary.org
7689:oecd-ilibrary.org
7664:oecd-ilibrary.org
7639:oecd-ilibrary.org
7596:oecd-ilibrary.org
7073:978-1-60594-433-3
7054:978-0-8447-4324-0
6996:978-1-56858-254-2
6935:978-0-230-10501-0
6884:978-0-8014-7612-9
6792:
6791:
6652:, John D. Wilson
6302:Explanatory notes
6201:Tax noncompliance
6041:Anti-Double Irish
5726:on 2 April 2009,
5724:London G20 summit
5568:Bastian Obermayer
5524:Bastian Obermayer
5423:François Hollande
5353:financial centres
5345:orphan structures
4958:U.S. tax receipts
4790:
4789:
4784:
4783:
4406:
4405:
3787:national accounts
3764:amount of capital
3690:had a prosperous
3664:Former tax havens
3562:not on Hines list
3559:Turks and CaicosΔ
3553:not on Hines list
3442:not on Hines list
3116:are listed below.
3093:Top 20 tax havens
3032:
3031:
2790:Top 10 tax havens
2716:Orbis connections
2712:legal connections
2317:One of the first
2117:tax rates, their
1948:holding companies
1842:OECD BEPS Project
1720:financial secrecy
1705:
1704:
1640:
1639:
1236:
1235:
1228:Tax Policy Center
971:Negative (income)
747:Environmental tax
629:
628:
547:Financial centres
367:Tax investigation
305:
304:
173:Tax harmonization
16:(Redirected from
18437:
18395:Offshore finance
18206:Vedaranyam March
18171:Kheda Satyagraha
18085:House Tax Hartal
18016:Boston Tea Party
17920:Peasants' Revolt
17900:
17899:
17884:Vyborg Manifesto
17713:Self-sufficiency
17640:
17633:
17626:
17617:
17616:
17603:
17602:
17591:
17590:
17544:
17453:Jean Baudrillard
17421:
17368:Giovanni Arrighi
17356:
17313:Branko Milanović
17293:Jagdish Bhagwati
17271:
17266:
17265:
17157:pollution havens
17122:Invasive species
17026:
16947:
16942:
16941:
16892:Global workforce
16802:
16801:
16776:
16769:
16762:
16753:
16752:
16596:
16595:
16334:
16333:
16315:Vote suppression
16202:Crony capitalism
16132:Hawala and crime
16122:Money laundering
16102:Graft (politics)
16082:Confidence trick
16023:
16022:
16017:Forms or aspects
15946:
15939:
15932:
15923:
15922:
15829:
15819:
15818:
15802:
15801:
15769:
15763:
15762:
15760:
15752:
15746:
15745:
15743:
15741:
15721:
15715:
15714:
15709:
15707:
15687:
15681:
15680:
15674:
15672:
15666:
15655:
15646:
15640:
15639:
15634:
15632:
15618:
15610:
15604:
15603:
15601:
15599:
15593:
15582:
15573:
15564:
15563:
15557:
15555:
15530:
15524:
15523:
15518:
15516:
15495:
15489:
15488:
15486:
15484:
15468:
15462:
15461:
15455:
15453:
15431:
15425:
15424:
15422:
15420:
15401:
15395:
15394:
15392:
15390:
15375:
15369:
15368:
15363:
15361:
15342:
15336:
15335:
15333:
15331:
15312:
15306:
15305:
15300:
15298:
15279:
15273:
15272:
15270:
15268:
15246:
15240:
15239:
15233:
15231:
15219:The Sunday Times
15210:
15204:
15203:
15201:
15199:
15184:
15178:
15177:
15175:
15173:
15158:
15152:
15151:
15149:
15147:
15127:
15121:
15120:
15118:
15116:
15097:
15091:
15075:
15069:
15068:
15066:
15064:
15044:
15038:
15037:
15035:
15033:
15028:on 30 April 2011
15013:
15007:
15006:
15004:
15002:
14982:
14976:
14975:
14973:
14971:
14962:. 3 April 2009.
14952:
14946:
14945:
14943:
14936:
14928:
14922:
14921:
14919:
14917:
14897:
14888:
14887:
14876:
14870:
14869:
14867:
14865:
14845:
14839:
14838:
14836:
14834:
14821:(14 July 2011).
14815:
14809:
14808:
14806:
14804:
14790:
14784:
14783:
14781:
14779:
14757:
14751:
14750:
14748:
14746:
14724:
14718:
14717:
14715:
14713:
14691:
14685:
14684:
14682:
14680:
14658:
14652:
14651:
14649:
14647:
14625:
14619:
14618:
14616:
14614:
14592:
14586:
14585:
14583:
14581:
14559:
14553:
14552:
14550:
14548:
14526:
14520:
14519:
14517:
14515:
14493:
14487:
14486:
14484:
14482:
14462:
14456:
14455:
14453:
14451:
14429:
14423:
14422:
14420:
14418:
14396:
14390:
14389:
14387:
14385:
14363:
14357:
14356:
14354:
14352:
14330:
14324:
14323:
14317:
14315:
14309:
14302:
14294:
14288:
14287:
14285:
14283:
14266:
14257:
14256:
14254:
14252:
14246:
14235:
14227:
14221:
14220:
14218:
14216:
14196:
14190:
14189:
14184:
14182:
14176:
14161:
14152:
14146:
14145:
14143:
14141:
14119:
14113:
14112:
14106:
14104:
14089:
14083:
14082:
14080:
14078:
14059:
14053:
14052:
14040:
14034:
14033:
14031:
14029:
14007:
14001:
14000:
13998:
13996:
13985:De Correspondent
13976:
13970:
13969:
13967:
13965:
13954:De Correspondent
13941:
13935:
13934:
13928:
13926:
13920:
13909:
13901:
13895:
13894:
13892:
13890:
13868:
13862:
13861:
13842:
13828:
13822:
13821:
13816:
13814:
13795:Nicholas Shaxson
13791:
13785:
13784:
13778:
13776:
13755:Nicholas Shaxson
13751:
13745:
13744:
13742:
13740:
13720:
13714:
13713:
13708:
13706:
13684:
13678:
13677:
13675:
13673:
13654:Nicholas Shaxson
13650:
13644:
13643:
13638:
13636:
13614:
13608:
13607:
13575:
13569:
13556:
13550:
13549:
13544:
13542:
13523:
13517:
13516:
13506:
13504:
13498:
13485:
13477:
13471:
13470:
13464:
13462:
13433:
13427:
13426:
13424:
13422:
13383:
13377:
13376:
13374:
13372:
13366:
13355:
13346:
13340:
13339:
13337:
13335:
13306:
13297:
13296:
13294:
13292:
13277:
13271:
13270:
13268:
13266:
13246:
13240:
13239:
13233:
13231:
13209:
13203:
13202:
13196:
13194:
13188:
13175:
13163:
13154:
13153:
13151:
13149:
13143:
13110:
13101:
13092:
13091:
13086:
13084:
13069:
13063:
13062:
13060:
13058:
13052:
13046:. Archived from
13019:
13010:
12997:
12996:
12990:
12988:
12967:
12961:
12960:
12958:
12956:
12941:
12935:
12934:
12928:
12916:
12910:
12909:
12903:
12901:
12889:
12883:
12882:
12880:
12878:
12863:
12857:
12844:
12835:
12834:
12832:
12830:
12821:. 28 July 2016.
12811:
12805:
12804:
12802:
12800:
12791:. 11 June 2018.
12781:
12775:
12774:
12768:
12766:
12747:Nicholas Shaxson
12743:
12734:
12733:
12728:
12726:
12711:Nicholas Shaxson
12707:
12698:
12697:
12695:
12693:
12684:. 3 March 2010.
12674:
12668:
12667:
12661:
12659:
12642:
12636:
12635:
12633:
12631:
12614:
12608:
12607:
12605:
12603:
12582:
12576:
12575:
12558:(3): 1499–1534.
12543:
12534:
12533:
12528:
12526:
12507:
12498:
12497:
12495:
12493:
12471:
12465:
12464:
12462:
12460:
12454:
12443:
12435:Nicholas Shaxson
12431:
12425:
12424:
12422:
12420:
12401:Nicholas Shaxson
12397:
12391:
12390:
12388:
12386:
12380:
12369:
12361:Nicholas Shaxson
12357:
12351:
12350:
12344:
12342:
12333:. 22 July 2012.
12321:
12315:
12314:
12308:
12306:
12297:. Archived from
12284:
12278:
12277:
12275:
12273:
12264:. 22 July 2012.
12252:
12246:
12245:
12243:
12241:
12235:
12224:
12218:(22 July 2012).
12216:Nicholas Shaxson
12212:
12203:
12202:
12200:
12198:
12192:
12181:
12169:
12160:
12159:
12153:
12151:
12129:
12120:
12119:
12096:
12087:
12086:
12081:
12079:
12073:
12062:
12054:
12045:
12044:
12042:
12040:
12034:
12023:
12011:
11996:
11995:
11993:
11991:
11975:
11969:
11968:
11966:
11964:
11955:. Archived from
11944:
11938:
11937:
11935:
11920:
11914:
11913:
11911:
11909:
11889:
11883:
11882:
11880:
11878:
11863:
11857:
11854:
11848:
11830:
11824:
11823:
11821:
11819:
11804:
11798:
11797:
11795:
11793:
11778:
11772:
11771:
11764:
11758:
11757:
11755:
11753:
11734:
11728:
11727:
11716:
11710:
11709:
11707:
11705:
11696:. 9 April 2017.
11686:
11680:
11673:
11667:
11660:
11654:
11653:
11651:
11649:
11634:
11628:
11627:
11625:
11623:
11604:
11598:
11597:
11595:
11593:
11578:
11572:
11571:
11569:
11567:
11545:
11539:
11538:
11536:
11534:
11515:
11509:
11508:
11506:
11504:
11488:
11482:
11481:
11479:
11477:
11468:. 31 July 2017.
11458:
11452:
11451:
11449:
11435:
11426:
11420:
11419:
11417:
11415:
11400:
11394:
11393:
11391:
11389:
11374:
11368:
11367:
11365:
11363:
11344:
11338:
11337:
11335:
11333:
11318:
11312:
11311:
11306:
11304:
11295:. 13 June 2018.
11285:
11279:
11278:
11276:
11274:
11265:. October 2015.
11255:
11249:
11248:
11246:
11244:
11229:
11223:
11222:
11220:
11218:
11199:
11193:
11192:
11190:
11188:
11168:
11149:
11148:
11143:
11141:
11132:. 10 June 2018.
11122:
11113:
11112:
11103:
11094:
11081:
11080:
11075:
11073:
11053:
11047:
11046:
11044:
11042:
11028:Nicholas Shaxson
11024:
11015:
11014:
11012:
11010:
10993:
10987:
10986:
10984:
10982:
10976:
10955:
10946:
10940:
10939:
10937:
10935:
10915:
10909:
10908:
10906:
10904:
10884:
10878:
10877:
10875:
10873:
10853:
10844:
10843:
10841:
10839:
10833:
10822:
10810:
10804:
10803:
10801:
10799:
10780:
10771:
10770:
10765:
10763:
10740:
10729:
10728:
10723:
10721:
10686:
10680:
10679:
10674:
10672:
10666:
10659:
10653:(4 April 2012).
10647:
10641:
10640:
10638:
10636:
10630:
10624:. 5 April 2000.
10619:
10611:
10605:
10604:
10598:
10596:
10590:
10575:
10567:
10561:
10560:
10554:
10552:
10537:
10531:
10530:
10525:
10523:
10517:
10486:
10477:
10471:
10470:
10468:
10466:
10460:
10453:
10445:
10439:
10438:
10436:
10434:
10419:
10413:
10412:
10410:
10408:
10402:
10395:
10387:
10381:
10380:
10375:
10373:
10367:
10354:
10345:
10336:
10335:
10325:
10323:
10317:
10304:
10296:
10287:
10286:
10281:
10279:
10264:
10251:
10250:
10245:
10243:
10237:
10226:
10217:
10206:
10205:
10203:
10201:
10186:
10180:
10179:
10177:
10175:
10156:
10150:
10149:
10143:
10141:
10112:
10093:
10092:
10087:
10085:
10079:
10068:
10060:
10054:
10053:
10034:
10023:
10022:
10017:
10015:
10009:
9998:
9990:
9984:
9983:
9981:
9979:
9959:
9953:
9952:
9947:
9945:
9923:
9917:
9916:
9914:
9912:
9892:
9883:
9882:
9877:
9875:
9860:
9851:
9850:
9848:
9846:
9837:. 20 July 2018.
9834:Business Insider
9825:
9814:
9813:
9807:
9805:
9783:
9772:
9771:
9766:
9764:
9743:
9726:
9725:
9723:
9721:
9715:
9704:
9692:
9673:
9672:
9667:
9665:
9656:. 13 June 2018.
9646:
9637:
9636:
9631:
9629:
9606:
9591:
9590:
9584:
9582:
9563:
9552:
9551:
9545:
9543:
9524:
9513:
9512:
9506:
9504:
9482:
9469:
9468:
9458:
9448:
9430:
9404:
9387:
9386:
9384:
9382:
9362:
9349:
9348:
9334:
9323:
9322:
9320:
9318:
9309:. 23 June 2000.
9299:
9290:
9289:
9279:
9277:
9255:
9244:
9243:
9241:
9239:
9219:
9210:
9209:
9203:
9201:
9195:
9180:
9171:
9150:
9149:
9147:
9145:
9139:
9128:
9119:
9094:
9093:
9091:
9089:
9072:
9063:
9062:
9032:
9017:
9016:
8997:Nicholas Shaxson
8993:
8972:
8971:
8969:
8967:
8948:
8942:
8941:
8933:
8927:
8926:
8924:
8922:
8916:
8905:
8896:
8879:
8878:
8868:
8848:
8842:
8841:
8836:
8834:
8815:
8786:
8779:
8773:
8759:
8753:
8739:
8733:
8732:
8730:
8728:
8722:
8701:
8687:
8668:
8667:
8665:
8663:
8644:
8613:
8612:
8610:
8608:
8588:
8582:
8581:
8566:Nicholas Shaxson
8562:
8543:
8542:
8536:
8534:
8510:
8491:
8490:
8484:
8482:
8476:
8465:
8456:
8445:
8444:
8438:
8429:(5): 1283–1316.
8412:
8401:
8400:
8385:
8376:
8375:
8373:
8371:
8365:
8354:
8345:
8336:
8335:
8330:
8328:
8322:
8315:
8297:
8285:
8274:
8273:
8267:
8265:
8259:
8248:
8236:
8225:
8224:
8200:
8177:
8176:
8170:
8168:
8162:
8151:
8143:
8124:
8123:
8121:
8119:
8105:
8099:
8098:
8092:
8090:
8065:
8056:
8055:
8039:
8028:
8027:
8025:
7996:
7985:
7984:
7982:
7980:
7965:
7959:
7958:
7952:
7950:
7944:
7933:
7925:
7914:
7913:
7911:
7909:
7903:
7896:
7887:
7876:
7875:
7870:
7868:
7859:. 10 June 2018.
7849:
7838:
7837:
7835:
7833:
7818:
7812:
7811:
7809:
7807:
7792:
7783:
7782:
7780:
7778:
7769:. 25 July 2017.
7759:
7750:
7749:
7747:
7745:
7731:
7725:
7724:
7722:
7720:
7706:
7700:
7699:
7697:
7695:
7681:
7675:
7674:
7672:
7670:
7656:
7650:
7649:
7647:
7645:
7631:
7625:
7624:
7613:
7607:
7606:
7604:
7602:
7588:
7582:
7581:
7575:
7573:
7567:
7552:
7543:(3): 1321–1364.
7532:
7520:
7503:
7502:
7497:
7495:
7489:
7474:
7465:
7452:
7451:
7445:
7443:
7424:
7418:
7417:
7411:
7409:
7400:. 28 June 2018.
7390:
7384:
7383:
7381:
7379:
7364:
7358:
7357:
7352:
7350:
7305:
7296:
7295:
7290:
7288:
7282:
7249:
7233:
7212:
7211:
7206:
7204:
7185:
7176:
7175:
7170:
7168:
7149:
7140:
7139:
7134:
7132:
7111:
7077:
7058:
7000:
6988:
6968:Various articles
6963:
6939:
6920:Nicholas Shaxson
6915:
6903:
6888:
6858:
6842:
6830:
6818:
6809:Raymond W. Baker
6533:109 (1) 149–182
6497:
6489:
6464:
6460:
6454:
6447:
6441:
6438:
6432:
6428:
6422:
6418:
6409:
6406:
6400:
6389:
6383:
6368:
6362:
6351:
6340:
6329:
6323:
6312:
6289:Offshore company
6156:Asset protection
6148:
6143:
6142:
6141:
5934:Top 10 tax haven
5930:Pierre Moscovici
5810:French President
5495:, and the ICIJ.
5469:
5431:Anthony Merchant
5327:Tax-free wrapper
5232:transfer pricing
5133:
5130:De Correspondent
5062:
5061:(February 2019).
5026:
5004:
4964:Hines-Rice paper
4922:
4897:
4882:
4854:
4774:
4772:
4771:
4753:
4751:
4750:
4732:
4730:
4729:
4711:
4709:
4708:
4690:
4688:
4687:
4669:
4667:
4666:
4648:
4646:
4645:
4626:
4624:
4623:
4604:
4602:
4601:
4583:
4581:
4580:
4562:
4560:
4559:
4541:
4539:
4538:
4520:
4518:
4517:
4499:
4497:
4496:
4477:
4475:
4474:
4455:
4453:
4452:
4434:
4432:
4431:
4410:
4409:
4396:
4394:
4393:
4375:
4373:
4372:
4354:
4352:
4351:
4333:
4331:
4330:
4312:
4310:
4309:
4291:
4289:
4288:
4269:
4267:
4266:
4247:
4245:
4244:
4226:
4224:
4223:
4205:
4203:
4202:
4184:
4182:
4181:
4163:
4161:
4160:
4142:
4140:
4139:
4121:
4119:
4118:
4100:
4098:
4097:
4078:
4076:
4075:
4056:
4054:
4053:
4032:
4031:
4004:
4003:
3944:
3825:chief economist
3231:ordered by value
3078:since 1982 (see
3072:proxy indicators
2843:
2839:
2758:proxy indicators
2707:in these lists).
2639:As discussed in
2578:As discussed in
2442:
2364:
2323:Hines–Rice paper
2170:naked inversions
2107:major tax havens
2103:Hines–Rice paper
2032:Hines' 2010 list
1974:financial centre
1922:. Tax academic
1884:Post World War I
1878:South Sea Bubble
1697:
1690:
1683:
1669:Money portal
1667:
1666:
1665:
1655:
1654:
1331:
1330:
1152:
1151:
1059:Transfer pricing
1039:Tax equalization
1013:
956:Corporate profit
592:Luxembourg Leaks
526:Corporate havens
405:
404:
221:
220:
58:
39:
38:
21:
18445:
18444:
18440:
18439:
18438:
18436:
18435:
18434:
18370:
18369:
18368:
18363:
18271:
18220:
18129:
18063:
18004:
17993:Salt Tax Revolt
17966:
17940:
17924:
17895:
17889:
17870:Clericis laicos
17843:
17784:Fasci Siciliani
17737:
17681:
17649:
17644:
17614:
17609:
17597:
17575:
17556:Thomas Friedman
17542:
17537:
17488:Anthony Giddens
17463:Manuel Castells
17428:Arjun Appadurai
17419:
17417:
17412:
17354:
17352:
17347:
17343:Joseph Stiglitz
17283:Richard Baldwin
17269:
17261:
17255:
17214:Fiscal localism
17178:
17132:McDonaldization
17050:Development aid
17024:
17019:
16988:Multilingualism
16983:Labor arbitrage
16959:Climate justice
16945:
16933:
16887:Global politics
16840:Deglobalization
16813:
16785:
16780:
16750:
16741:
16689:
16683:
16651:
16649:
16643:
16600:
16591:Anti-corruption
16581:
16378:
16330:with corruption
16329:
16319:
16295:Electoral fraud
16290:Ballot stuffing
16278:
16180:
16018:
16012:
15991:
15967:Corporate crime
15955:
15950:
15904:Wayback Machine
15837:
15836:
15835:
15820:
15816:
15811:
15806:
15805:
15770:
15766:
15758:
15754:
15753:
15749:
15739:
15737:
15722:
15718:
15705:
15703:
15688:
15684:
15670:
15668:
15664:
15653:
15647:
15643:
15630:
15628:
15611:
15607:
15597:
15595:
15591:
15580:
15574:
15567:
15553:
15551:
15531:
15527:
15514:
15512:
15497:
15496:
15492:
15482:
15480:
15469:
15465:
15451:
15449:
15432:
15428:
15418:
15416:
15403:
15402:
15398:
15388:
15386:
15377:
15376:
15372:
15359:
15357:
15344:
15343:
15339:
15329:
15327:
15314:
15313:
15309:
15296:
15294:
15281:
15280:
15276:
15266:
15264:
15247:
15243:
15229:
15227:
15212:
15211:
15207:
15197:
15195:
15186:
15185:
15181:
15171:
15169:
15160:
15159:
15155:
15145:
15143:
15128:
15124:
15114:
15112:
15099:
15098:
15094:
15090:, 26 July 2012.
15085:Wayback Machine
15076:
15072:
15062:
15060:
15045:
15041:
15031:
15029:
15014:
15010:
15000:
14998:
14983:
14979:
14969:
14967:
14954:
14953:
14949:
14941:
14934:
14930:
14929:
14925:
14915:
14913:
14898:
14891:
14878:
14877:
14873:
14863:
14861:
14846:
14842:
14832:
14830:
14816:
14812:
14802:
14800:
14792:
14791:
14787:
14777:
14775:
14758:
14754:
14744:
14742:
14725:
14721:
14711:
14709:
14692:
14688:
14678:
14676:
14659:
14655:
14645:
14643:
14626:
14622:
14612:
14610:
14593:
14589:
14579:
14577:
14560:
14556:
14546:
14544:
14527:
14523:
14513:
14511:
14494:
14490:
14480:
14478:
14463:
14459:
14449:
14447:
14430:
14426:
14416:
14414:
14397:
14393:
14383:
14381:
14364:
14360:
14350:
14348:
14331:
14327:
14313:
14311:
14307:
14300:
14296:
14295:
14291:
14281:
14279:
14276:Washington Post
14267:
14260:
14250:
14248:
14244:
14233:
14229:
14228:
14224:
14214:
14212:
14197:
14193:
14180:
14178:
14174:
14164:UCLA Law Review
14159:
14153:
14149:
14139:
14137:
14120:
14116:
14102:
14100:
14091:
14090:
14086:
14076:
14074:
14061:
14060:
14056:
14041:
14037:
14027:
14025:
14017:Daily Telegraph
14008:
14004:
13994:
13992:
13977:
13973:
13963:
13961:
13942:
13938:
13924:
13922:
13918:
13907:
13903:
13902:
13898:
13888:
13886:
13869:
13865:
13855:
13840:
13829:
13825:
13812:
13810:
13792:
13788:
13774:
13772:
13752:
13748:
13738:
13736:
13721:
13717:
13704:
13702:
13685:
13681:
13671:
13669:
13651:
13647:
13634:
13632:
13615:
13611:
13601:
13593:. p. 102.
13576:
13572:
13557:
13553:
13540:
13538:
13525:
13524:
13520:
13502:
13500:
13496:
13483:
13479:
13478:
13474:
13460:
13458:
13434:
13430:
13420:
13418:
13411:
13384:
13380:
13370:
13368:
13364:
13353:
13347:
13343:
13333:
13331:
13307:
13300:
13290:
13288:
13279:
13278:
13274:
13264:
13262:
13247:
13243:
13229:
13227:
13210:
13206:
13192:
13190:
13186:
13173:
13164:
13157:
13147:
13145:
13141:
13108:
13102:
13095:
13082:
13080:
13071:
13070:
13066:
13056:
13054:
13050:
13017:
13011:
13000:
12986:
12984:
12969:
12968:
12964:
12954:
12952:
12943:
12942:
12938:
12926:
12917:
12913:
12899:
12897:
12890:
12886:
12876:
12874:
12865:
12864:
12860:
12854:Wayback Machine
12845:
12838:
12828:
12826:
12813:
12812:
12808:
12798:
12796:
12783:
12782:
12778:
12764:
12762:
12744:
12737:
12724:
12722:
12708:
12701:
12691:
12689:
12676:
12675:
12671:
12657:
12655:
12643:
12639:
12629:
12627:
12615:
12611:
12601:
12599:
12584:
12583:
12579:
12544:
12537:
12524:
12522:
12509:
12508:
12501:
12491:
12489:
12472:
12468:
12458:
12456:
12452:
12441:
12437:(4 June 2014).
12432:
12428:
12418:
12416:
12403:(4 June 2014).
12398:
12394:
12384:
12382:
12378:
12367:
12358:
12354:
12340:
12338:
12323:
12322:
12318:
12304:
12302:
12285:
12281:
12271:
12269:
12254:
12253:
12249:
12239:
12237:
12233:
12222:
12213:
12206:
12196:
12194:
12190:
12179:
12170:
12163:
12149:
12147:
12130:
12123:
12097:
12090:
12077:
12075:
12071:
12060:
12056:
12055:
12048:
12038:
12036:
12032:
12021:
12017:(1 July 2012).
12012:
11999:
11989:
11987:
11976:
11972:
11962:
11960:
11945:
11941:
11922:
11921:
11917:
11907:
11905:
11890:
11886:
11876:
11874:
11865:
11864:
11860:
11855:
11851:
11847:, 30 Jun. 2012.
11841:Wayback Machine
11831:
11827:
11817:
11815:
11806:
11805:
11801:
11791:
11789:
11780:
11779:
11775:
11766:
11765:
11761:
11751:
11749:
11736:
11735:
11731:
11718:
11717:
11713:
11703:
11701:
11688:
11687:
11683:
11674:
11670:
11661:
11657:
11647:
11645:
11635:
11631:
11621:
11619:
11606:
11605:
11601:
11591:
11589:
11580:
11579:
11575:
11565:
11563:
11546:
11542:
11532:
11530:
11525:. 20 May 2017.
11517:
11516:
11512:
11502:
11500:
11495:. Times Malta.
11489:
11485:
11475:
11473:
11460:
11459:
11455:
11433:
11427:
11423:
11413:
11411:
11402:
11401:
11397:
11387:
11385:
11376:
11375:
11371:
11361:
11359:
11346:
11345:
11341:
11331:
11329:
11320:
11319:
11315:
11302:
11300:
11287:
11286:
11282:
11272:
11270:
11263:The Independent
11257:
11256:
11252:
11242:
11240:
11231:
11230:
11226:
11216:
11214:
11201:
11200:
11196:
11186:
11184:
11169:
11152:
11139:
11137:
11124:
11123:
11116:
11101:
11095:
11084:
11071:
11069:
11054:
11050:
11040:
11038:
11025:
11018:
11008:
11006:
10994:
10990:
10980:
10978:
10974:
10968:
10953:
10947:
10943:
10933:
10931:
10924:Washington Post
10916:
10912:
10902:
10900:
10885:
10881:
10871:
10869:
10854:
10847:
10837:
10835:
10831:
10820:
10811:
10807:
10797:
10795:
10782:
10781:
10774:
10761:
10759:
10741:
10732:
10719:
10717:
10710:
10687:
10683:
10670:
10668:
10664:
10657:
10648:
10644:
10634:
10632:
10628:
10617:
10613:
10612:
10608:
10594:
10592:
10588:
10573:
10569:
10568:
10564:
10550:
10548:
10539:
10538:
10534:
10521:
10519:
10515:
10484:
10478:
10474:
10464:
10462:
10458:
10451:
10447:
10446:
10442:
10432:
10430:
10421:
10420:
10416:
10406:
10404:
10400:
10393:
10389:
10388:
10384:
10371:
10369:
10365:
10352:
10346:
10339:
10321:
10319:
10315:
10302:
10298:
10297:
10290:
10277:
10275:
10266:
10265:
10254:
10241:
10239:
10235:
10224:
10218:
10209:
10199:
10197:
10188:
10187:
10183:
10173:
10171:
10158:
10157:
10153:
10139:
10137:
10113:
10096:
10083:
10081:
10077:
10066:
10062:
10061:
10057:
10035:
10026:
10013:
10011:
10007:
9996:
9992:
9991:
9987:
9977:
9975:
9960:
9956:
9943:
9941:
9924:
9920:
9910:
9908:
9893:
9886:
9873:
9871:
9862:
9861:
9854:
9844:
9842:
9827:
9826:
9817:
9803:
9801:
9784:
9775:
9762:
9760:
9752:The Japan Times
9745:
9744:
9729:
9719:
9717:
9713:
9702:
9693:
9676:
9663:
9661:
9648:
9647:
9640:
9627:
9625:
9607:
9594:
9580:
9578:
9571:Financial Times
9565:
9564:
9555:
9541:
9539:
9526:
9525:
9516:
9502:
9500:
9492:Financial Times
9483:
9472:
9405:
9390:
9380:
9378:
9363:
9352:
9336:
9335:
9326:
9316:
9314:
9301:
9300:
9293:
9275:
9273:
9265:Financial Times
9256:
9247:
9237:
9235:
9220:
9213:
9199:
9197:
9193:
9178:
9172:
9153:
9143:
9141:
9137:
9126:
9120:
9097:
9087:
9085:
9074:
9073:
9066:
9051:
9043:. p. 224.
9033:
9020:
9013:
8994:
8975:
8965:
8963:
8950:
8949:
8945:
8934:
8930:
8920:
8918:
8914:
8903:
8897:
8882:
8849:
8845:
8832:
8830:
8816:
8789:
8780:
8776:
8760:
8756:
8740:
8736:
8726:
8724:
8720:
8714:
8699:
8688:
8671:
8661:
8659:
8645:
8616:
8606:
8604:
8589:
8585:
8563:
8546:
8532:
8530:
8511:
8494:
8480:
8478:
8474:
8463:
8457:
8448:
8413:
8404:
8386:
8379:
8369:
8367:
8363:
8352:
8346:
8339:
8326:
8324:
8320:
8295:
8286:
8277:
8263:
8261:
8257:
8246:
8237:
8228:
8220:(24): 103–125.
8201:
8180:
8166:
8164:
8160:
8149:
8145:
8144:
8127:
8117:
8115:
8107:
8106:
8102:
8088:
8086:
8066:
8059:
8040:
8031:
8002:(August 2014).
7997:
7988:
7978:
7976:
7967:
7966:
7962:
7948:
7946:
7942:
7931:
7927:
7926:
7917:
7907:
7905:
7901:
7894:
7888:
7879:
7866:
7864:
7851:
7850:
7841:
7831:
7829:
7820:
7819:
7815:
7805:
7803:
7794:
7793:
7786:
7776:
7774:
7761:
7760:
7753:
7743:
7741:
7733:
7732:
7728:
7718:
7716:
7708:
7707:
7703:
7693:
7691:
7683:
7682:
7678:
7668:
7666:
7658:
7657:
7653:
7643:
7641:
7633:
7632:
7628:
7615:
7614:
7610:
7600:
7598:
7590:
7589:
7585:
7571:
7569:
7565:
7550:10.1.1.371.3828
7530:
7526:(August 2013).
7521:
7506:
7493:
7491:
7487:
7472:
7466:
7455:
7441:
7439:
7434:. 4 July 2018.
7426:
7425:
7421:
7407:
7405:
7392:
7391:
7387:
7377:
7375:
7365:
7361:
7348:
7346:
7306:
7299:
7286:
7284:
7280:
7247:
7234:
7215:
7202:
7200:
7187:
7186:
7179:
7166:
7164:
7151:
7150:
7143:
7130:
7128:
7120:Financial Times
7113:
7112:
7105:
7100:
7087:(part 1 of 2),
7081:Alan Rusbridger
7074:
7055:
6997:
6970:
6960:
6936:
6912:
6901:
6885:
6855:
6840:
6827:
6797:
6754:28 (4) 121–148
6673:24 (4) 661–679
6560:90 (3) 513–531
6509:Vol-Issue-Page
6478:
6476:Academic papers
6473:
6471:Further reading
6468:
6467:
6461:
6457:
6448:
6444:
6439:
6435:
6429:
6425:
6419:
6412:
6407:
6403:
6390:
6386:
6369:
6365:
6352:
6343:
6330:
6326:
6313:
6309:
6304:
6299:
6298:
6265:
6259:
6235:Corporate haven
6231:
6225:
6144:
6139:
6137:
6134:
6121:
6100:
6072:
6067:
6043:
6023:
6003:
5997:
5992:
5979:
5973:
5846:
5840:
5813:Nicolas Sarkozy
5743:still excludes
5720:
5715:
5703:
5697:
5689:1040 tax return
5661:
5655:
5650:
5625:
5623:Countermeasures
5588:
5582:
5552:
5550:Paradise Papers
5546:
5520:Mossack Fonseca
5507:
5501:
5460:
5454:
5445:
5439:
5415:
5409:
5384:
5378:
5370:
5341:Section 110 SPV
5329:
5296:
5290:
5244:
5197:
5169:
5163:
5140:
5134:
5124:
5095:
5087:
5063:
5051:
5027:
5017:
5005:
4999:
4960:
4923:
4914:
4898:
4892:
4883:
4877:
4866:
4861:
4855:
4845:
4830:
4825:
4769:
4767:
4748:
4746:
4727:
4725:
4706:
4704:
4685:
4683:
4664:
4662:
4643:
4641:
4621:
4619:
4599:
4597:
4578:
4576:
4557:
4555:
4536:
4534:
4515:
4513:
4494:
4492:
4472:
4470:
4450:
4448:
4429:
4427:
4391:
4389:
4370:
4368:
4349:
4347:
4328:
4326:
4307:
4305:
4286:
4284:
4264:
4262:
4242:
4240:
4221:
4219:
4200:
4198:
4179:
4177:
4158:
4156:
4137:
4135:
4116:
4114:
4095:
4093:
4073:
4071:
4051:
4049:
3974:proxy indicator
3965:
3959:
3945:
3935:
3920:
3915:
3892:
3869:
3853:
3815:
3803:
3729:
3724:
3666:
3618:mostly removed.
3591:
3584:
3582:
3576:
3569:
3568:
3484:Liechtenstein‡Δ
3433:Cayman Islands‡
3378:
3125:
3123:
3117:
3095:
3051:
3045:
3039:
3027:
2953:Cayman Islands*
2913:
2906:Cayman Islands*
2792:
2787:
2754:
2741:flows like the
2731:profits shifted
2664:
2659:
2653:
2637:
2592:
2576:
2568:
2562:
2552:introduced the
2546:
2501:, and top five
2480:
2452:list of 46 OFCs
2443:
2437:
2417:
2371:
2365:
2353:
2321:, was the 1994
2315:
2287:
2282:
2179:introduced the
2111:profit shifting
2049:
1978:Bank of England
1915:Societé Anonyme
1863:
1858:
1701:
1663:
1661:
1649:
1642:
1641:
1328:
1318:
1317:
1273:Fiscus Judaicus
1248:
1238:
1237:
1196:Advocacy groups
1149:
1141:
1140:
1131:Trade agreement
1126:Free-trade zone
1084:
1074:
1073:
1011:
991:
981:
980:
641:
631:
630:
602:Paradise Papers
443:Debtors' prison
402:
392:
391:
362:Tax preparation
322:Revenue service
317:
307:
306:
218:
208:
207:
188:Double taxation
183:Tax withholding
178:Tax competition
96:Non-tax revenue
76:
35:
32:Tax Heaven 3000
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
18443:
18433:
18432:
18427:
18422:
18417:
18412:
18407:
18402:
18397:
18392:
18387:
18382:
18365:
18364:
18362:
18361:
18356:
18351:
18346:
18332:
18327:
18322:
18317:
18304:
18299:
18294:
18289:
18283:
18281:
18280:Related topics
18277:
18276:
18273:
18272:
18270:
18269:
18264:
18259:
18254:
18249:
18247:Bonnets Rouges
18244:
18239:
18234:
18228:
18226:
18222:
18221:
18219:
18218:
18213:
18208:
18203:
18198:
18193:
18188:
18186:Poll Tax Riots
18183:
18178:
18173:
18168:
18163:
18158:
18153:
18148:
18143:
18137:
18135:
18131:
18130:
18128:
18127:
18122:
18117:
18112:
18107:
18102:
18097:
18092:
18087:
18082:
18077:
18071:
18069:
18065:
18064:
18062:
18061:
18056:
18051:
18046:
18041:
18036:
18031:
18023:
18018:
18012:
18010:
18006:
18005:
18003:
18002:
17996:
17990:
17985:
17980:
17974:
17972:
17968:
17967:
17965:
17964:
17959:
17954:
17948:
17946:
17942:
17941:
17939:
17938:
17932:
17930:
17926:
17925:
17923:
17922:
17917:
17912:
17906:
17904:
17897:
17891:
17890:
17888:
17887:
17880:
17873:
17866:
17859:
17851:
17849:
17845:
17844:
17842:
17841:
17836:
17831:
17826:
17821:
17819:Peace churches
17816:
17811:
17806:
17801:
17796:
17791:
17786:
17781:
17776:
17771:
17766:
17761:
17756:
17751:
17745:
17743:
17739:
17738:
17736:
17735:
17730:
17725:
17720:
17715:
17710:
17705:
17703:Local currency
17700:
17695:
17689:
17687:
17683:
17682:
17680:
17679:
17674:
17668:
17663:
17657:
17655:
17651:
17650:
17647:Tax resistance
17643:
17642:
17635:
17628:
17620:
17611:
17610:
17608:
17607:
17595:
17584:
17581:
17580:
17577:
17576:
17574:
17573:
17568:
17563:
17558:
17553:
17547:
17545:
17539:
17538:
17536:
17535:
17530:
17525:
17520:
17515:
17510:
17505:
17500:
17495:
17490:
17485:
17480:
17475:
17470:
17465:
17460:
17458:Zygmunt Bauman
17455:
17450:
17445:
17440:
17435:
17430:
17424:
17422:
17414:
17413:
17411:
17410:
17405:
17400:
17395:
17390:
17385:
17380:
17375:
17370:
17365:
17359:
17357:
17349:
17348:
17346:
17345:
17340:
17335:
17330:
17325:
17323:Thomas Piketty
17320:
17318:Kevin O'Rourke
17315:
17310:
17308:Michael Hudson
17305:
17300:
17298:Robert Brenner
17295:
17290:
17285:
17280:
17274:
17272:
17263:
17257:
17256:
17254:
17253:
17248:
17243:
17238:
17233:
17232:
17231:
17226:
17216:
17211:
17206:
17201:
17196:
17190:
17188:
17184:
17183:
17180:
17179:
17177:
17176:
17171:
17169:Westernization
17166:
17161:
17160:
17159:
17149:
17144:
17139:
17134:
17129:
17124:
17119:
17118:
17117:
17112:
17107:
17102:
17097:
17092:
17082:
17077:
17072:
17067:
17062:
17057:
17052:
17047:
17042:
17041:
17040:
17029:
17027:
17021:
17020:
17018:
17017:
17012:
17011:
17010:
17008:Tax inversions
17005:
16995:
16990:
16985:
16980:
16978:Digital divide
16975:
16974:
16973:
16963:
16962:
16961:
16954:Climate change
16950:
16948:
16939:
16935:
16934:
16932:
16931:
16926:
16921:
16916:
16915:
16914:
16909:
16899:
16894:
16889:
16884:
16879:
16874:
16869:
16868:
16867:
16857:
16852:
16847:
16842:
16837:
16832:
16827:
16821:
16819:
16815:
16814:
16812:
16811:
16806:
16796:
16790:
16787:
16786:
16779:
16778:
16771:
16764:
16756:
16747:
16746:
16743:
16742:
16740:
16739:
16734:
16729:
16724:
16719:
16714:
16709:
16704:
16699:
16693:
16691:
16685:
16684:
16682:
16681:
16676:
16671:
16666:
16661:
16655:
16653:
16645:
16644:
16642:
16641:
16636:
16631:
16626:
16621:
16616:
16611:
16604:
16602:
16593:
16587:
16586:
16583:
16582:
16580:
16579:
16573:
16567:
16561:
16555:
16549:
16544:
16538:
16533:
16527:
16521:
16515:
16509:
16503:
16497:
16491:
16485:
16480:
16474:
16469:
16463:
16457:
16451:
16445:
16440:
16434:
16433:
16432:
16427:
16416:
16410:
16404:
16398:
16393:
16386:
16384:
16380:
16379:
16377:
16376:
16371:
16366:
16361:
16356:
16351:
16349:Global Witness
16346:
16340:
16338:
16331:
16325:
16324:
16321:
16320:
16318:
16317:
16312:
16307:
16305:Gerrymandering
16302:
16297:
16292:
16286:
16284:
16280:
16279:
16277:
16276:
16271:
16266:
16265:
16264:
16254:
16249:
16244:
16239:
16234:
16229:
16224:
16222:Ghost soldiers
16219:
16214:
16209:
16204:
16199:
16194:
16188:
16186:
16182:
16181:
16179:
16178:
16177:
16176:
16171:
16161:
16156:
16151:
16146:
16141:
16136:
16135:
16134:
16129:
16119:
16114:
16109:
16104:
16099:
16094:
16089:
16084:
16079:
16078:
16077:
16072:
16064:
16059:
16054:
16049:
16044:
16035:
16029:
16027:
16020:
16014:
16013:
16011:
16010:
16005:
15999:
15997:
15993:
15992:
15990:
15989:
15984:
15979:
15974:
15969:
15963:
15961:
15957:
15956:
15949:
15948:
15941:
15934:
15926:
15920:
15919:
15913:
15907:
15893:
15888:
15886:Cato Institute
15879:
15874:
15868:
15863:
15858:
15853:
15848:
15843:
15821:
15814:
15813:
15812:
15810:
15809:External links
15807:
15804:
15803:
15789:(3): 513–531.
15773:Mihir A. Desai
15764:
15747:
15730:Tax Foundation
15716:
15696:Tax Foundation
15682:
15641:
15605:
15585:Tax Foundation
15565:
15534:Mihir A. Desai
15525:
15490:
15463:
15426:
15396:
15370:
15337:
15307:
15274:
15241:
15205:
15179:
15153:
15122:
15092:
15070:
15039:
15008:
14977:
14947:
14923:
14889:
14871:
14840:
14810:
14785:
14752:
14719:
14686:
14653:
14620:
14587:
14554:
14521:
14488:
14457:
14439:New York Times
14424:
14391:
14358:
14325:
14289:
14258:
14222:
14191:
14147:
14114:
14084:
14054:
14035:
14002:
13971:
13936:
13896:
13863:
13854:978-1783474035
13853:
13823:
13786:
13746:
13715:
13679:
13645:
13609:
13599:
13583:Richard Murphy
13570:
13551:
13531:New York Times
13518:
13489:whitehouse.gov
13472:
13428:
13410:978-0801476129
13409:
13391:Richard Murphy
13378:
13341:
13298:
13272:
13241:
13204:
13155:
13093:
13064:
12998:
12976:New York Times
12962:
12936:
12920:Gabriel Zucman
12911:
12884:
12858:
12836:
12806:
12776:
12735:
12699:
12669:
12637:
12609:
12577:
12535:
12499:
12466:
12426:
12392:
12352:
12316:
12279:
12247:
12204:
12173:James S. Henry
12161:
12121:
12088:
12046:
12015:James S. Henry
11997:
11970:
11953:The Australian
11939:
11915:
11884:
11858:
11849:
11825:
11799:
11773:
11759:
11729:
11711:
11681:
11668:
11655:
11629:
11599:
11573:
11540:
11523:Times of Malta
11510:
11483:
11453:
11447:10.3386/w15091
11421:
11395:
11369:
11339:
11313:
11280:
11250:
11224:
11194:
11177:Bloomberg News
11150:
11114:
11082:
11048:
11016:
10988:
10966:
10941:
10910:
10879:
10845:
10816:(April 2018).
10814:Gabriel Zucman
10805:
10772:
10730:
10708:
10694:Richard Murphy
10681:
10642:
10606:
10562:
10532:
10495:(6): 910–937.
10472:
10440:
10429:on 12 May 2012
10414:
10382:
10337:
10308:whitehouse.gov
10288:
10252:
10231:. p. 50.
10207:
10181:
10151:
10094:
10055:
10024:
9985:
9954:
9918:
9884:
9852:
9815:
9773:
9727:
9709:. p. 11.
9696:Gabriel Zucman
9674:
9638:
9610:Gabriel Zucman
9592:
9553:
9514:
9470:
9421:(6246): 6246.
9388:
9371:Tax Foundation
9350:
9324:
9291:
9245:
9228:Bloomberg News
9211:
9151:
9095:
9064:
9049:
9018:
9011:
8973:
8943:
8928:
8880:
8843:
8787:
8774:
8754:
8734:
8713:978-0899307770
8712:
8669:
8614:
8583:
8544:
8492:
8446:
8402:
8377:
8337:
8275:
8226:
8178:
8125:
8100:
8069:Gabriel Zucman
8057:
8029:
8000:Gabriel Zucman
7986:
7960:
7915:
7897:. p. 68.
7877:
7839:
7813:
7784:
7751:
7726:
7701:
7676:
7651:
7626:
7608:
7583:
7524:Gabriel Zucman
7504:
7453:
7432:Richard Murphy
7419:
7385:
7359:
7325:(4): 713–727.
7297:
7213:
7177:
7141:
7102:
7101:
7099:
7096:
7095:
7094:
7078:
7072:
7059:
7053:
7040:
7039:
7038:
7032:
7026:
7020:
7014:
7001:
6995:
6978:
6969:
6966:
6965:
6964:
6959:978-0226422640
6958:
6944:Gabriel Zucman
6940:
6934:
6916:
6911:978-0899307770
6910:
6889:
6883:
6867:Richard Murphy
6859:
6854:978-1482527681
6853:
6831:
6826:978-0471644880
6825:
6801:Google Scholar
6796:
6793:
6790:
6789:
6786:
6781:
6780:24 (4) 103–26
6778:
6771:
6768:
6764:
6763:
6760:
6758:Gabriel Zucman
6755:
6752:
6745:
6742:
6738:
6737:
6734:
6732:Gabriel Zucman
6728:
6725:
6718:
6715:
6711:
6710:
6707:
6704:
6701:
6694:
6691:
6687:
6686:
6683:
6674:
6671:
6664:
6661:
6657:
6656:
6653:
6647:
6644:
6637:
6634:
6630:
6629:
6626:
6624:Gabriel Zucman
6621:
6618:
6611:
6608:
6604:
6603:
6600:
6591:
6588:
6581:
6578:
6574:
6573:
6570:
6561:
6558:
6551:
6548:
6544:
6543:
6540:
6534:
6531:
6524:
6521:
6517:
6516:
6513:
6510:
6507:
6504:
6501:
6477:
6474:
6472:
6469:
6466:
6465:
6455:
6442:
6433:
6423:
6410:
6401:
6384:
6363:
6341:
6324:
6306:
6305:
6303:
6300:
6297:
6296:
6294:Offshore trust
6291:
6286:
6281:
6276:
6271:
6264:
6261:
6260:
6258:
6257:
6252:
6247:
6242:
6237:
6230:
6229:Similar idioms
6227:
6226:
6224:
6223:
6218:
6213:
6208:
6203:
6198:
6193:
6188:
6183:
6178:
6173:
6168:
6163:
6158:
6152:
6151:
6150:
6149:
6133:
6130:
6120:
6117:
6099:
6096:
6071:
6070:United Kingdom
6068:
6066:
6063:
6042:
6039:
6022:
6019:
5999:Main article:
5996:
5995:Anti-inversion
5993:
5991:
5988:
5975:Main article:
5972:
5969:
5854:American Samoa
5842:Main article:
5839:
5838:European Union
5836:
5794:
5793:
5790:
5775:
5752:
5719:
5716:
5714:
5711:
5699:Main article:
5696:
5693:
5657:Main article:
5654:
5651:
5649:
5646:
5645:
5644:
5641:
5638:
5635:
5632:
5624:
5621:
5586:Pandora Papers
5584:Main article:
5581:
5578:
5548:Main article:
5545:
5542:
5503:Main article:
5500:
5497:
5480:Hervé Falciani
5456:Main article:
5453:
5450:
5441:Main article:
5438:
5435:
5413:Offshore Leaks
5411:Main article:
5408:
5405:
5380:Main article:
5377:
5374:
5369:
5366:
5328:
5325:
5292:Main article:
5289:
5286:
5273:employment tax
5243:
5240:
5209:Dutch Sandwich
5205:earnings strip
5196:
5193:
5165:Main article:
5162:
5159:
5139:
5136:
5122:
5109:Dutch Sandwich
5094:
5093:Captured state
5091:
5086:
5083:
5049:
5019:Gabriel Zucman
5015:
4997:
4959:
4956:
4912:
4890:
4875:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4847:Gabriel Zucman
4843:
4834:Gabriel Zucman
4829:
4826:
4824:
4823:
4816:
4804:
4796:
4788:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4781:
4778:
4765:
4761:
4760:
4757:
4744:
4740:
4739:
4736:
4723:
4719:
4718:
4715:
4702:
4698:
4697:
4694:
4681:
4677:
4676:
4675:Oil & Gas
4673:
4660:
4656:
4655:
4652:
4639:
4635:
4634:
4631:
4616:
4612:
4611:
4610:Oil & Gas
4608:
4595:
4591:
4590:
4587:
4574:
4570:
4569:
4566:
4553:
4549:
4548:
4547:Oil & Gas
4545:
4532:
4528:
4527:
4526:Oil & Gas
4524:
4511:
4507:
4506:
4503:
4490:
4486:
4485:
4482:
4467:
4463:
4462:
4459:
4446:
4442:
4441:
4440:Oil & Gas
4438:
4425:
4421:
4420:
4417:
4414:
4407:
4404:
4403:
4402:Oil & Gas
4400:
4387:
4383:
4382:
4379:
4366:
4362:
4361:
4358:
4345:
4341:
4340:
4339:Oil & Gas
4337:
4324:
4320:
4319:
4316:
4303:
4299:
4298:
4295:
4282:
4278:
4277:
4274:
4259:
4255:
4254:
4251:
4238:
4234:
4233:
4232:Oil & Gas
4230:
4217:
4213:
4212:
4211:Oil & Gas
4209:
4196:
4192:
4191:
4190:Oil & Gas
4188:
4175:
4171:
4170:
4167:
4154:
4150:
4149:
4148:Oil & Gas
4146:
4133:
4129:
4128:
4125:
4112:
4108:
4107:
4104:
4091:
4087:
4086:
4083:
4068:
4064:
4063:
4062:Oil & Gas
4060:
4047:
4043:
4042:
4039:
4036:
4028:
4027:
4024:GDP-per-capita
4016:
4013:GDP-per-capita
3969:GDP-per-capita
3958:
3957:GDP-per-capita
3955:
3933:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3891:
3888:
3868:
3862:
3858:Jersey Finance
3852:
3851:
3848:
3845:
3842:
3838:
3827:James S. Henry
3814:
3808:
3802:
3801:
3794:
3791:Gabriel Zucman
3783:
3771:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3719:
3718:
3711:
3700:
3685:
3665:
3662:
3658:tax inversions
3654:Gabriel Zucman
3642:
3641:
3635:
3620:
3619:
3609:
3606:§ History
3590:
3587:
3567:
3566:
3563:
3560:
3557:
3554:
3551:
3548:
3545:
3542:
3539:
3536:
3533:
3530:
3527:
3524:
3521:
3518:
3515:
3512:
3509:
3506:
3503:
3500:
3497:
3494:
3491:
3488:
3485:
3482:
3479:
3476:
3473:
3470:
3467:
3464:
3461:
3458:
3455:
3452:
3449:
3446:
3443:
3440:
3437:
3434:
3431:
3428:
3425:
3422:
3419:
3416:
3413:
3410:
3407:
3404:
3400:
3399:
3377:
3374:
3373:
3372:
3365:secrecy scores
3357:
3338:
3331:
3325:
3318:
3317:
3316:
3309:
3306:Cayman Islands
3302:
3295:
3279:
3266:
3255:
3254:
3247:
3221:
3220:
3209:
3198:
3175:
3174:
3167:United Kingdom
3164:
3161:Dutch Sandwich
3149:
3138:
3094:
3091:
3084:GDP-per-capita
3030:
3029:
3024:
3021:
3018:
3014:
3013:
3010:
3007:
3004:
3000:
2999:
2996:
2993:
2990:
2986:
2985:
2982:
2979:
2976:
2972:
2971:
2968:
2965:
2962:
2958:
2957:
2956:Netherlands*â€
2954:
2951:
2948:
2944:
2943:
2942:Switzerland*â€
2940:
2937:
2934:
2930:
2929:
2926:
2923:
2920:
2916:
2915:
2910:
2907:
2904:
2900:
2899:
2896:
2893:
2890:
2886:
2885:
2881:
2880:
2875:
2872:
2867:
2863:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2835:key tax havens
2800:Gabriel Zucman
2791:
2788:
2786:
2785:
2782:GDP-per-capita
2777:GDP-per-capita
2774:
2771:tax inversions
2767:tax inversions
2762:
2753:
2752:
2751:
2750:
2727:
2708:
2686:
2680:
2668:
2663:
2662:Types of lists
2660:
2652:
2649:
2641:§ History
2636:
2633:
2609:§ History
2591:
2588:
2580:§ History
2575:
2572:
2561:
2558:
2545:
2542:
2538:Cayman Islands
2526:Gabriel Zucman
2522:
2521:
2518:
2495:Orbis database
2479:
2476:
2466:, and in 2018
2435:
2416:
2415:
2405:
2402:
2399:
2395:
2370:
2367:
2351:
2314:
2311:
2293:, such as the
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2277:
2276:
2265:
2253:Gabriel Zucman
2249:
2237:
2218:
2195:
2184:
2173:
2162:
2131:
2122:
2095:
2080:
2065:
2061:
2048:
2047:Notable events
2045:
2044:
2043:
1996:
1993:Norfolk Island
1986:
1954:
1953:
1952:
1951:
1941:
1881:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1818:GDP-per-capita
1767:multinationals
1703:
1702:
1700:
1699:
1692:
1685:
1677:
1674:
1673:
1672:
1671:
1659:
1644:
1643:
1638:
1637:
1636:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1623:United Kingdom
1620:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1362:
1361:
1357:
1356:
1355:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1336:
1335:
1329:
1324:
1323:
1320:
1319:
1316:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1249:
1244:
1243:
1240:
1239:
1234:
1233:
1232:
1231:
1225:
1219:
1216:Tax Foundation
1213:
1207:
1198:
1197:
1193:
1192:
1191:
1190:
1188:Gabriel Zucman
1185:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1163:Mihir A. Desai
1157:
1156:
1150:
1147:
1146:
1143:
1142:
1139:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1112:
1111:
1106:
1096:
1091:
1085:
1080:
1079:
1076:
1075:
1072:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1024:Robin Hood tax
1021:
1016:
1008:
1003:
998:
992:
987:
986:
983:
982:
979:
978:
973:
968:
963:
961:Excess profits
958:
953:
952:
951:
946:
941:
932:
927:
913:
908:
903:
898:
893:
888:
883:
878:
873:
868:
863:
858:
853:
848:
846:Gross receipts
843:
838:
833:
828:
827:
826:
821:
816:
811:
806:
801:
796:
786:
785:
784:
779:
774:
769:
764:
759:
754:
744:
739:
738:
737:
732:
727:
722:
717:
712:
707:
697:
696:
695:
685:
684:
683:
678:
673:
663:
658:
653:
648:
642:
637:
636:
633:
632:
627:
626:
625:
624:
619:
614:
609:
604:
599:
597:Offshore Leaks
594:
589:
584:
583:
582:
577:
562:
561:
560:Major examples
557:
556:
555:
554:
549:
544:
539:
534:
528:
523:
515:
514:
510:
509:
508:
507:
502:
497:
495:Dutch Sandwich
492:
487:
481:
476:
468:
467:
463:
462:
461:
460:
455:
450:
445:
440:
435:
433:Tax resistance
430:
425:
424:
423:
410:
409:
403:
398:
397:
394:
393:
390:
389:
384:
379:
374:
369:
364:
359:
354:
349:
344:
339:
337:Taxable income
334:
332:Tax assessment
329:
324:
318:
313:
312:
309:
308:
303:
302:
301:
300:
295:
290:
285:
280:
272:
271:
267:
266:
265:
264:
259:
254:
249:
244:
239:
234:
226:
225:
224:General Theory
219:
214:
213:
210:
209:
206:
205:
200:
195:
193:Representation
190:
185:
180:
175:
170:
165:
160:
155:
150:
145:
140:
135:
130:
125:
120:
115:
114:
113:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
77:
72:
71:
68:
67:
60:
59:
51:
50:
44:
43:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
18442:
18431:
18428:
18426:
18423:
18421:
18420:Global issues
18418:
18416:
18413:
18411:
18408:
18406:
18403:
18401:
18400:Tax avoidance
18398:
18396:
18393:
18391:
18388:
18386:
18383:
18381:
18378:
18377:
18375:
18360:
18357:
18355:
18352:
18350:
18347:
18344:
18340:
18336:
18335:Tax protester
18333:
18331:
18328:
18326:
18325:Tax inversion
18323:
18321:
18318:
18316:
18312:
18308:
18305:
18303:
18300:
18298:
18295:
18293:
18290:
18288:
18285:
18284:
18282:
18278:
18268:
18265:
18263:
18260:
18258:
18255:
18253:
18250:
18248:
18245:
18243:
18240:
18238:
18235:
18233:
18230:
18229:
18227:
18223:
18217:
18214:
18212:
18209:
18207:
18204:
18202:
18199:
18197:
18194:
18192:
18189:
18187:
18184:
18182:
18179:
18177:
18174:
18172:
18169:
18167:
18164:
18162:
18159:
18157:
18154:
18152:
18149:
18147:
18144:
18142:
18139:
18138:
18136:
18132:
18126:
18123:
18121:
18118:
18116:
18113:
18111:
18108:
18106:
18105:Rebecca Riots
18103:
18101:
18098:
18096:
18095:Low Rebellion
18093:
18091:
18088:
18086:
18083:
18081:
18078:
18076:
18075:Anti-Rent War
18073:
18072:
18070:
18066:
18060:
18057:
18055:
18052:
18050:
18047:
18045:
18042:
18040:
18037:
18035:
18032:
18030:
18028:
18024:
18022:
18019:
18017:
18014:
18013:
18011:
18007:
18000:
17997:
17994:
17991:
17989:
17986:
17984:
17981:
17979:
17976:
17975:
17973:
17969:
17963:
17960:
17958:
17955:
17953:
17950:
17949:
17947:
17943:
17937:
17934:
17933:
17931:
17927:
17921:
17918:
17916:
17913:
17911:
17910:Tuchin Revolt
17908:
17907:
17905:
17901:
17898:
17892:
17886:
17885:
17881:
17879:
17878:
17874:
17872:
17871:
17867:
17865:
17864:
17860:
17858:
17857:
17853:
17852:
17850:
17846:
17840:
17837:
17835:
17832:
17830:
17827:
17825:
17822:
17820:
17817:
17815:
17814:Pagal Panthis
17812:
17810:
17807:
17805:
17802:
17800:
17797:
17795:
17792:
17790:
17787:
17785:
17782:
17780:
17777:
17775:
17772:
17770:
17767:
17765:
17762:
17760:
17757:
17755:
17752:
17750:
17747:
17746:
17744:
17742:Organizations
17740:
17734:
17731:
17729:
17726:
17724:
17723:Tax avoidance
17721:
17719:
17718:Simple living
17716:
17714:
17711:
17709:
17706:
17704:
17701:
17699:
17696:
17694:
17691:
17690:
17688:
17684:
17678:
17675:
17672:
17669:
17667:
17664:
17662:
17659:
17658:
17656:
17652:
17648:
17641:
17636:
17634:
17629:
17627:
17622:
17621:
17618:
17606:
17601:
17596:
17594:
17586:
17585:
17582:
17572:
17571:Vandana Shiva
17569:
17567:
17564:
17562:
17559:
17557:
17554:
17552:
17549:
17548:
17546:
17540:
17534:
17531:
17529:
17526:
17524:
17523:Saskia Sassen
17521:
17519:
17518:George Ritzer
17516:
17514:
17513:Antonio Negri
17511:
17509:
17508:L. H. M. Ling
17506:
17504:
17501:
17499:
17496:
17494:
17493:Michael Hardt
17491:
17489:
17486:
17484:
17481:
17479:
17476:
17474:
17473:Alfred Crosby
17471:
17469:
17466:
17464:
17461:
17459:
17456:
17454:
17451:
17449:
17446:
17444:
17441:
17439:
17436:
17434:
17431:
17429:
17426:
17425:
17423:
17415:
17409:
17406:
17404:
17403:Susan Strange
17401:
17399:
17396:
17394:
17391:
17389:
17386:
17384:
17381:
17379:
17376:
17374:
17373:Robert W. Cox
17371:
17369:
17366:
17364:
17361:
17360:
17358:
17350:
17344:
17341:
17339:
17336:
17334:
17333:Jeffrey Sachs
17331:
17329:
17326:
17324:
17321:
17319:
17316:
17314:
17311:
17309:
17306:
17304:
17301:
17299:
17296:
17294:
17291:
17289:
17286:
17284:
17281:
17279:
17276:
17275:
17273:
17267:
17264:
17258:
17252:
17251:World-systems
17249:
17247:
17246:World history
17244:
17242:
17241:Social change
17239:
17237:
17234:
17230:
17227:
17225:
17222:
17221:
17220:
17219:Modernization
17217:
17215:
17212:
17210:
17207:
17205:
17202:
17200:
17197:
17195:
17192:
17191:
17189:
17185:
17175:
17172:
17170:
17167:
17165:
17162:
17158:
17155:
17154:
17153:
17150:
17148:
17145:
17143:
17140:
17138:
17135:
17133:
17130:
17128:
17125:
17123:
17120:
17116:
17113:
17111:
17108:
17106:
17103:
17101:
17098:
17096:
17093:
17091:
17088:
17087:
17086:
17083:
17081:
17078:
17076:
17073:
17071:
17068:
17066:
17063:
17061:
17058:
17056:
17053:
17051:
17048:
17046:
17043:
17039:
17036:
17035:
17034:
17031:
17030:
17028:
17022:
17016:
17013:
17009:
17006:
17004:
17001:
17000:
16999:
16996:
16994:
16991:
16989:
16986:
16984:
16981:
16979:
16976:
16972:
16969:
16968:
16967:
16964:
16960:
16957:
16956:
16955:
16952:
16951:
16949:
16943:
16940:
16936:
16930:
16927:
16925:
16922:
16920:
16917:
16913:
16910:
16908:
16905:
16904:
16903:
16900:
16898:
16895:
16893:
16890:
16888:
16885:
16883:
16882:Global health
16880:
16878:
16875:
16873:
16870:
16866:
16863:
16862:
16861:
16858:
16856:
16853:
16851:
16848:
16846:
16843:
16841:
16838:
16836:
16833:
16831:
16828:
16826:
16823:
16822:
16820:
16816:
16810:
16807:
16805:
16797:
16795:
16792:
16791:
16788:
16784:
16783:Globalization
16777:
16772:
16770:
16765:
16763:
16758:
16757:
16754:
16738:
16735:
16733:
16730:
16728:
16725:
16723:
16720:
16718:
16715:
16713:
16710:
16708:
16705:
16703:
16700:
16698:
16695:
16694:
16692:
16686:
16680:
16677:
16675:
16672:
16670:
16667:
16665:
16662:
16660:
16657:
16656:
16654:
16648:International
16646:
16640:
16637:
16635:
16632:
16630:
16627:
16625:
16622:
16620:
16617:
16615:
16612:
16609:
16606:
16605:
16603:
16597:
16594:
16592:
16588:
16577:
16574:
16571:
16568:
16565:
16562:
16559:
16556:
16554:(South Korea)
16553:
16550:
16548:
16545:
16542:
16539:
16537:
16534:
16531:
16528:
16525:
16522:
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16337:International
16335:
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16311:
16308:
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16301:
16298:
16296:
16293:
16291:
16288:
16287:
16285:
16281:
16275:
16272:
16270:
16269:State capture
16267:
16263:
16260:
16259:
16258:
16255:
16253:
16250:
16248:
16245:
16243:
16240:
16238:
16235:
16233:
16230:
16228:
16225:
16223:
16220:
16218:
16215:
16213:
16212:Elite capture
16210:
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16205:
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16200:
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16048:
16045:
16043:
16039:
16036:
16034:
16031:
16030:
16028:
16024:
16021:
16019:of corruption
16015:
16009:
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15994:
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15506:
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15504:TheJournal.ie
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14130:
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14118:
14111:
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14094:
14088:
14072:
14068:
14064:
14058:
14051:(3): 449–510.
14050:
14046:
14039:
14023:
14019:
14018:
14013:
14006:
13990:
13986:
13982:
13975:
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13588:
13584:
13580:
13574:
13568:
13567:1-4057-1568-5
13564:
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13555:
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12625:
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12591:The Economist
12587:
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12211:
12209:
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12178:
12175:(July 2014).
12174:
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12140:
12135:
12128:
12126:
12118:
12114:
12110:
12106:
12102:
12095:
12093:
12085:
12070:
12066:
12065:EU Commission
12059:
12053:
12051:
12031:
12027:
12020:
12016:
12010:
12008:
12006:
12004:
12002:
11985:
11982:. Bloomberg.
11981:
11974:
11959:on 7 May 2008
11958:
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11934:
11929:
11928:Time Magazine
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10967:9781845325923
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10862:Bloomberg.com
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10815:
10809:
10793:
10789:
10785:
10779:
10777:
10769:
10757:
10754:. p. 1.
10753:
10749:
10745:
10739:
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10735:
10727:
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10711:
10709:9780801476129
10705:
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10293:
10285:
10273:
10269:
10263:
10261:
10259:
10257:
10249:
10234:
10230:
10229:EU Commission
10223:
10216:
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10107:
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10065:
10059:
10052:
10049:. p. 4.
10048:
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8771:0-406-94264-1
8768:
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8751:0-7545-1339-4
8748:
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8509:
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8499:
8497:
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8470:. p. 7.
8469:
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8113:openDemocracy
8110:
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8049:
8045:
8038:
8036:
8034:
8024:
8019:
8016:(4): 121–48.
8015:
8011:
8010:
8005:
8001:
7995:
7993:
7991:
7974:
7970:
7964:
7957:
7941:
7937:
7930:
7924:
7922:
7920:
7900:
7893:
7886:
7884:
7882:
7874:
7862:
7858:
7854:
7848:
7846:
7844:
7827:
7823:
7817:
7801:
7797:
7791:
7789:
7772:
7768:
7764:
7758:
7756:
7740:
7736:
7730:
7715:
7711:
7705:
7690:
7686:
7680:
7665:
7661:
7655:
7640:
7636:
7630:
7622:
7618:
7612:
7597:
7593:
7587:
7580:
7564:
7560:
7556:
7551:
7546:
7542:
7538:
7537:
7529:
7525:
7519:
7517:
7515:
7513:
7511:
7509:
7501:
7486:
7482:
7478:
7471:
7464:
7462:
7460:
7458:
7450:
7449:jurisdiction.
7437:
7433:
7429:
7423:
7416:
7403:
7399:
7395:
7389:
7374:
7370:
7363:
7356:
7344:
7340:
7336:
7332:
7328:
7324:
7320:
7319:
7314:
7310:
7304:
7302:
7294:
7279:
7275:
7271:
7267:
7263:
7259:
7255:
7254:
7246:
7242:
7238:
7232:
7230:
7228:
7226:
7224:
7222:
7220:
7218:
7210:
7198:
7194:
7190:
7184:
7182:
7174:
7162:
7158:
7154:
7148:
7146:
7138:
7126:
7123:. June 2018.
7122:
7121:
7116:
7110:
7108:
7103:
7092:
7091:
7086:
7082:
7079:
7075:
7069:
7065:
7060:
7056:
7050:
7046:
7041:
7036:
7033:
7030:
7027:
7024:
7021:
7018:
7015:
7012:
7009:
7008:
7006:
7002:
6998:
6992:
6987:
6986:
6979:
6976:
6972:
6971:
6961:
6955:
6951:
6950:
6945:
6941:
6937:
6931:
6927:
6926:
6921:
6917:
6913:
6907:
6900:
6899:
6894:
6890:
6886:
6880:
6876:
6872:
6868:
6864:
6860:
6856:
6850:
6846:
6839:
6838:
6832:
6828:
6822:
6817:
6816:
6810:
6806:
6805:
6804:
6802:
6787:
6785:
6782:
6779:
6777:
6776:
6772:
6769:
6766:
6765:
6761:
6759:
6756:
6753:
6751:
6750:
6746:
6743:
6740:
6739:
6735:
6733:
6729:
6726:
6724:
6723:
6719:
6716:
6713:
6712:
6708:
6705:
6703:54 (1) 82–95
6702:
6700:
6699:
6695:
6692:
6689:
6688:
6684:
6682:
6678:
6675:
6672:
6670:
6669:
6665:
6662:
6659:
6658:
6654:
6651:
6648:
6645:
6643:
6642:
6638:
6635:
6632:
6631:
6627:
6625:
6622:
6619:
6617:
6616:
6612:
6609:
6606:
6605:
6601:
6599:
6595:
6592:
6589:
6587:
6586:
6582:
6579:
6576:
6575:
6571:
6569:
6566:, C F Foley,
6565:
6562:
6559:
6557:
6556:
6552:
6549:
6546:
6545:
6541:
6538:
6535:
6532:
6530:
6529:
6525:
6522:
6519:
6518:
6514:
6511:
6508:
6505:
6502:
6499:
6498:
6494:
6488:
6485:
6483:
6459:
6452:
6446:
6437:
6427:
6417:
6415:
6405:
6398:
6397:EU Commission
6394:
6388:
6381:
6377:
6373:
6367:
6360:
6356:
6350:
6348:
6346:
6338:
6334:
6328:
6321:
6317:
6311:
6307:
6295:
6292:
6290:
6287:
6285:
6284:Offshore bank
6282:
6280:
6277:
6275:
6272:
6270:
6267:
6266:
6256:
6253:
6251:
6248:
6246:
6243:
6241:
6238:
6236:
6233:
6232:
6222:
6221:Tax residence
6219:
6217:
6214:
6212:
6211:Tax exporting
6209:
6207:
6204:
6202:
6199:
6197:
6194:
6192:
6189:
6187:
6184:
6182:
6179:
6177:
6174:
6172:
6169:
6167:
6164:
6162:
6159:
6157:
6154:
6153:
6147:
6136:
6129:
6125:
6119:International
6116:
6113:
6109:
6105:
6098:United States
6095:
6093:
6088:
6084:
6083:
6078:
6062:
6060:
6056:
6052:
6048:
6038:
6036:
6032:
6028:
6018:
6016:
6012:
6008:
6002:
5987:
5984:
5978:
5968:
5966:
5962:
5958:
5954:
5950:
5946:
5941:
5939:
5935:
5931:
5927:
5923:
5919:
5915:
5911:
5907:
5903:
5899:
5895:
5891:
5887:
5883:
5879:
5875:
5871:
5867:
5863:
5859:
5855:
5851:
5850:EU Commission
5845:
5835:
5832:
5829:
5824:
5822:
5818:
5814:
5811:
5805:
5803:
5800:
5791:
5788:
5784:
5780:
5776:
5773:
5769:
5765:
5761:
5757:
5753:
5750:
5746:
5742:
5738:
5737:
5736:
5733:
5729:
5725:
5710:
5708:
5702:
5692:
5690:
5686:
5682:
5678:
5674:
5670:
5666:
5660:
5642:
5639:
5636:
5633:
5630:
5629:
5628:
5619:
5613:
5607:
5602:
5600:
5595:
5593:
5587:
5577:
5575:
5574:
5569:
5565:
5561:
5557:
5551:
5541:
5539:
5535:
5534:David Cameron
5531:
5530:
5525:
5521:
5511:
5506:
5505:Panama Papers
5496:
5494:
5493:
5488:
5487:
5481:
5477:
5473:
5468:
5467:
5459:
5449:
5444:
5434:
5432:
5428:
5424:
5420:
5414:
5404:
5401:
5397:
5393:
5389:
5383:
5373:
5365:
5363:
5358:
5354:
5350:
5346:
5342:
5338:
5334:
5324:
5322:
5318:
5314:
5309:
5305:
5301:
5298:In 2017, the
5295:
5285:
5283:
5278:
5274:
5268:
5265:
5257:
5253:
5248:
5239:
5237:
5233:
5229:
5225:
5220:
5218:
5214:
5210:
5206:
5202:
5192:
5190:
5186:
5182:
5178:
5174:
5173:tax inversion
5168:
5167:Tax inversion
5161:Tax inversion
5158:
5156:
5152:
5151:
5146:
5131:
5127:
5121:
5118:
5112:
5110:
5106:
5101:
5090:
5082:
5080:
5075:
5071:
5068:
5060:
5059:
5054:
5048:
5043:
5041:
5032:
5024:
5020:
5014:
5009:
5002:
4996:
4988:
4983:
4979:
4977:
4976:check-the-box
4973:
4969:
4965:
4955:
4953:
4947:
4945:
4941:
4937:
4933:
4929:
4920:
4919:
4911:
4906:
4904:
4895:
4889:
4880:
4874:
4870:
4852:
4848:
4842:
4837:
4835:
4821:
4817:
4813:
4809:
4805:
4802:
4798:
4797:
4795:
4794:
4786:
4779:
4777:
4763:
4762:
4758:
4756:
4742:
4741:
4737:
4735:
4721:
4720:
4716:
4714:
4700:
4699:
4695:
4693:
4679:
4678:
4674:
4672:
4658:
4657:
4653:
4651:
4650:United States
4637:
4636:
4632:
4630:
4629:
4614:
4613:
4609:
4607:
4593:
4592:
4588:
4586:
4572:
4571:
4567:
4565:
4551:
4550:
4546:
4544:
4530:
4529:
4525:
4523:
4509:
4508:
4504:
4502:
4488:
4487:
4483:
4481:
4480:
4465:
4464:
4460:
4458:
4444:
4443:
4439:
4437:
4423:
4422:
4418:
4415:
4411:
4408:
4401:
4399:
4385:
4384:
4380:
4378:
4364:
4363:
4359:
4357:
4343:
4342:
4338:
4336:
4322:
4321:
4317:
4315:
4314:United States
4301:
4300:
4296:
4294:
4280:
4279:
4275:
4273:
4272:
4257:
4256:
4252:
4250:
4236:
4235:
4231:
4229:
4215:
4214:
4210:
4208:
4194:
4193:
4189:
4187:
4173:
4172:
4168:
4166:
4152:
4151:
4147:
4145:
4131:
4130:
4126:
4124:
4110:
4109:
4105:
4103:
4089:
4088:
4084:
4082:
4081:
4066:
4065:
4061:
4059:
4045:
4044:
4040:
4037:
4033:
4030:
4026:
4025:
4021:
4015:
4014:
4010:
4005:
3999:
3994:
3990:
3986:
3984:
3979:
3975:
3970:
3964:
3954:
3952:
3942:
3938:
3932:
3928:
3925:
3910:
3908:
3903:
3902:
3896:
3887:
3883:
3879:
3876:
3875:
3866:
3861:
3859:
3849:
3846:
3843:
3840:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3828:
3824:
3820:
3812:
3807:
3799:
3795:
3792:
3788:
3784:
3781:
3777:
3773:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3761:
3756:
3754:
3750:
3746:
3738:
3733:
3716:
3712:
3709:
3705:
3701:
3697:
3693:
3689:
3686:
3683:
3679:
3675:
3671:
3668:
3667:
3661:
3659:
3655:
3651:
3647:
3639:
3636:
3633:
3629:
3628:
3627:
3625:
3617:
3613:
3610:
3607:
3603:
3602:United States
3599:
3596:
3595:
3594:
3589:Unusual cases
3586:
3580:
3574:
3564:
3561:
3558:
3555:
3552:
3549:
3546:
3543:
3540:
3537:
3534:
3531:
3528:
3525:
3522:
3519:
3516:
3513:
3510:
3507:
3504:
3501:
3498:
3495:
3492:
3489:
3486:
3483:
3480:
3477:
3474:
3471:
3468:
3465:
3462:
3459:
3456:
3453:
3450:
3447:
3444:
3441:
3438:
3436:Cook IslandsΔ
3435:
3432:
3429:
3426:
3423:
3420:
3417:
3414:
3411:
3408:
3405:
3402:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3355:
3351:
3350:secrecy score
3347:
3343:
3339:
3336:
3335:Liechtenstein
3332:
3329:
3326:
3323:
3319:
3314:
3310:
3307:
3303:
3300:
3296:
3293:
3289:
3288:
3286:
3285:
3280:
3277:
3273:
3272:
3267:
3264:
3260:
3259:
3258:
3252:
3248:
3245:
3241:
3238:
3237:
3236:
3230:
3225:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3179:
3178:
3172:
3168:
3165:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3136:
3132:
3131:
3130:
3127:
3121:
3115:
3111:
3106:
3104:
3100:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3076:tax inversion
3073:
3068:
3066:
3062:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3043:
3037:
3025:
3022:
3016:
3015:
3011:
3008:
3002:
3001:
2997:
2994:
2992:Netherlands*â€
2988:
2987:
2983:
2980:
2974:
2973:
2970:Luxembourg*‡
2969:
2967:Switzerland*â€
2966:
2960:
2959:
2955:
2952:
2946:
2945:
2941:
2938:
2936:Switzerland*â€
2932:
2931:
2927:
2924:
2918:
2917:
2911:
2908:
2902:
2901:
2897:
2895:Netherlands*â€
2894:
2888:
2887:
2883:
2882:
2879:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2865:
2864:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2845:
2844:
2838:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2807:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2783:
2778:
2775:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2763:
2761:
2759:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2681:
2678:
2674:
2673:its 2023 list
2670:
2669:
2667:
2658:
2648:
2646:
2642:
2632:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2617:
2614:
2610:
2605:
2596:
2587:
2585:
2581:
2571:
2567:
2557:
2555:
2551:
2541:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2519:
2516:
2515:
2514:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2487:
2485:
2484:52 tax havens
2475:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2440:
2434:
2429:
2426:
2420:
2413:
2411:
2406:
2403:
2400:
2397:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2362:
2361:
2356:
2350:
2346:
2344:
2339:
2335:
2333:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2310:
2306:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2274:
2273:EU Commission
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2247:
2242:
2241:EU Commission
2238:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2193:
2192:52 tax havens
2189:
2185:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2129:
2128:
2123:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2084:tax inversion
2081:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2059:
2058:Sol Picciotto
2055:
2051:
2050:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2007:tax inversion
2004:
2003:Gordon Report
2000:
1997:
1994:
1990:
1987:
1984:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1956:
1955:
1949:
1945:
1942:
1939:
1938:Sol Picciotto
1935:
1931:
1928:
1927:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1916:
1911:
1910:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1882:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1868:
1867:
1866:
1853:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1814:
1811:
1806:
1804:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1774:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1739:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1716:
1714:
1710:
1698:
1693:
1691:
1686:
1684:
1679:
1678:
1676:
1675:
1670:
1660:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1647:
1646:
1645:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1628:United States
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
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1334:All Countries
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1288:Tolerance tax
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989:International
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891:Resource rent
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713:
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706:
703:
702:
701:
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688:Capital gains
686:
682:
679:
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669:
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623:
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607:Panama Papers
605:
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581:
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512:
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503:
501:
498:
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493:
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488:
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482:
480:
477:
475:
474:Tax inversion
472:
471:
470:
469:
465:
464:
459:
456:
454:
451:
449:
446:
444:
441:
439:
436:
434:
431:
429:
426:
422:
419:
418:
417:
416:Tax avoidance
414:
413:
412:
411:
407:
406:
401:
400:Noncompliance
396:
395:
388:
385:
383:
380:
378:
377:Tax collector
375:
373:
370:
368:
365:
363:
360:
358:
357:Tax residence
355:
353:
350:
348:
345:
343:
340:
338:
335:
333:
330:
328:
327:Revenue stamp
325:
323:
320:
319:
316:
311:
310:
299:
296:
294:
291:
289:
286:
284:
281:
279:
276:
275:
274:
273:
269:
268:
263:
260:
258:
255:
253:
250:
248:
245:
243:
242:Tax incidence
240:
238:
237:Excess burden
235:
233:
230:
229:
228:
227:
223:
222:
217:
212:
211:
204:
201:
199:
196:
194:
191:
189:
186:
184:
181:
179:
176:
174:
171:
169:
166:
164:
163:Tax incentive
161:
159:
158:Tax advantage
156:
154:
151:
149:
146:
144:
141:
139:
136:
134:
131:
129:
126:
124:
121:
119:
118:Tax threshold
116:
112:
109:
108:
107:
104:
102:
99:
97:
94:
92:
89:
87:
84:
82:
79:
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70:
69:
66:
65:fiscal policy
63:An aspect of
62:
61:
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53:
52:
49:
46:
45:
41:
40:
37:
33:
19:
18319:
18302:Irwin Schiff
18181:Mau movement
18176:Johnson cult
18100:Mejba Revolt
18026:
17882:
17875:
17868:
17861:
17854:
17698:Gift economy
17566:John R. Saul
17551:Noam Chomsky
17543:Non–academic
17483:Susan George
17478:Nancy Fraser
17448:Walden Bello
17393:David Harvey
17383:Stephen Gill
17303:Jayati Ghosh
17209:Earth system
17075:Human rights
17015:Water crisis
16997:
16912:early modern
16479:(Madagascar)
16403:(Bangladesh)
16310:Vote pairing
16262:Rent-setting
16257:Rent-seeking
16217:Failed state
16163:
16117:Match fixing
16087:Embezzlement
16066:Corporation
16038:Black market
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12951:. 7 May 2018
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7031:(2014-01-21)
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6639:
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6539:, Eric Rice
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6240:Pirate haven
6146:Banks portal
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5317:Conduit OFCs
5297:
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5264:tax treaties
5261:
5258:Sub-Category
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4671:Saudi Arabia
4618:
4582:
4469:
4335:Saudi Arabia
4261:
4246:
4070:
4018:
4007:
3998:Paul Krugman
3987:
3966:
3950:
3947:
3930:
3921:
3899:
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3532:Seychelles‡Δ
3469:Isle of ManΔ
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3364:
3349:
3281:
3269:
3256:
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3176:
3128:
3107:
3098:
3096:
3088:
3070:In terms of
3069:
3064:
3058:
3054:
3035:
3033:
2998:Hong Kong*‡
2984:Puerto Rico
2939:Luxembourg*‡
2928:Singapore*â€
2892:Luxembourg*‡
2834:
2823:Paul Krugman
2808:
2793:
2755:
2730:
2711:
2704:
2692:
2665:
2638:
2618:
2601:
2577:
2569:
2547:
2529:
2523:
2509:. CORPNET's
2499:Conduit OFCs
2488:
2481:
2445:
2431:
2421:
2418:
2407:
2392:
2384:Criteria iii
2383:
2379:
2372:
2358:
2348:
2340:
2336:
2316:
2307:
2288:
2260:
2259:) estimates
2256:
2226:Conduit OFCs
2215:Allergan plc
2203:Covidien plc
2155:8 major OFCs
2125:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2053:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2011:Double Irish
2002:
1998:
1988:
1957:
1947:
1943:
1933:
1929:
1913:
1907:
1903:
1883:
1869:
1864:
1834:
1826:Celtic Tiger
1815:
1807:
1782:tax treaties
1775:
1740:
1731:
1717:
1708:
1706:
1588:South Africa
1183:Joel Slemrod
851:Hypothecated
819:Sugary drink
693:Expatriation
572:
520:
490:Double Irish
453:Black market
298:Proportional
247:Laffer curve
232:Price effect
36:
18415:Tax evasion
18216:Women's War
18156:Beit Sahour
18080:Dog Tax War
17957:Rappenkrieg
17824:Peacemakers
17728:Tax evasion
17561:Naomi Klein
17443:Ulrich Beck
17418:Politics /
17408:Robert Wade
17398:Ronen Palan
17388:Peter Gowan
17338:Amartya Sen
17328:Dani Rodrik
17278:David Autor
17204:Development
17085:Imperialism
17033:Brain drain
16652:and efforts
16650:instruments
16601:enforcement
16543:(Singapore)
16456:(Indonesia)
16392:(Argentina)
16274:State crime
16232:Mafia state
16227:Kleptocracy
16192:Clientelism
16159:Tax evasion
16042:Grey market
15419:14 November
15389:13 November
14916:13 December
14340:Der Spiegel
13832:Ronen Palan
13624:Irish Times
13579:Ronen Palan
13387:Ronen Palan
13334:24 February
13310:Brad Setser
13148:4 September
12652:Irish Times
12624:Irish Times
11742:Irish Times
11466:Malta Today
11293:Irish Times
11207:Irish Times
10958:HM Treasury
10690:Ronen Palan
10651:Ronen Palan
9933:Irish Times
9654:Irish Times
9532:Irish Times
9317:4 September
8819:Ronen Palan
8691:Sol Piccolo
8648:Ronen Palan
7442:1 September
7408:1 September
7378:27 December
7167:27 December
6893:Sol Piccolo
6863:Ronen Palan
6795:Major books
6784:James Hines
6681:James Hines
6598:James Hines
6568:James Hines
6564:Mihir Desai
6537:James Hines
6245:Tax shelter
6216:Tax justice
6196:Ringfencing
6079:. In 2014,
6065:Fundamental
6005:To prevent
5961:Netherlands
5902:Saint Lucia
5874:South Korea
5802:Najib Razak
5458:Swiss Leaks
5100:Ronen Palan
5067:Tax justice
5053:Brad Setser
4940:tax justice
4713:Netherlands
4585:Switzerland
4356:Netherlands
4249:Switzerland
3985:, or GNI*.
3951:tax justice
3813:(2012–2014)
3737:tax evasion
3678:Middle East
3612:Puerto Rico
3541:St. Lucia↕Δ
3511:MontserratΔ
3487:Luxembourg‡
3454:Gibraltar‡Δ
3271:Isle of Man
3191:Conduit OFC
3183:Switzerland
3157:Conduit OFC
3153:Netherlands
3042:Conduit OFC
3009:Hong Kong*‡
3006:Singapore*â€
2981:Singapore*â€
2964:Hong Kong*‡
2860:Zucman 2018
2833:listed the
2695:, like the
2629:HM Treasury
2433:implemented
2380:Criteria ii
2280:Definitions
2090:moves from
1924:Ronen Palan
1888:World War I
1874:Leon Abbett
1763:tax evasion
1747:Switzerland
1743:tax evasion
1603:Switzerland
1568:Philippines
1543:New Zealand
1538:Netherlands
1178:Ronen Palan
916:User charge
735:Value-added
700:Consumption
612:Swiss Leaks
500:Single Malt
438:Tax shelter
428:Tax evasion
387:Tax farming
372:Tax shelter
288:Progressive
252:Optimal tax
153:Tax amnesty
148:Tax holiday
106:Tax bracket
91:Tax revenue
18374:Categories
18201:Salt March
17896:by century
17749:Addiopizzo
17503:Paul Hirst
17498:David Held
17363:Samir Amin
17353:Political
17288:Ravi Batra
17229:history of
17224:ecological
17199:Dependency
17147:Offshoring
17110:scientific
17100:linguistic
17065:Fair trade
17045:Care drain
16998:Tax havens
16993:Population
16902:History of
16727:Yo Soy 132
16572:(Tanzania)
16502:(Pakistan)
16415:(Cameroon)
16242:Plutocracy
16197:Coronelism
16154:Slush fund
15953:Corruption
15896:Tax Havens
15828:tax haven
15583:(Report).
15383:JM Madeira
15055:. London.
13453:(4): 714.
12896:. Finfacts
12658:30 January
12630:30 January
12107:(1): 123.
10956:(Report).
10147:investors.
9428:1703.03016
9129:(Report).
8488:countries.
7956:countries.
7744:27 October
7719:27 October
7694:27 October
7669:27 October
7644:27 October
7601:27 October
7098:References
6512:Author(s)
6493:tax havens
6491:Papers on
6077:patent box
5949:Luxembourg
5783:Costa Rica
5756:Montserrat
5713:Blacklists
5368:Data leaks
5335:(SPVs) or
5105:Amazon Inc
4972:2010 paper
4853:(May 2018)
4828:Acceptance
4457:Luxembourg
4293:San Marino
4102:Luxembourg
4020:World Bank
3961:See also:
3918:Prosperity
3913:Incentives
3696:civil wars
3682:Intra Bank
3544:St. Martin
3535:Singaporeâ€
3529:San Marino
3505:Micronesia
3502:Mauritius‡
3463:Hong Kong‡
3439:Costa Rica
3421:Barbados↕Δ
3406:Anguilla‡Δ
3202:Luxembourg
3012:Bermuda*‡
2898:Ireland*â€
2850:Hines 2010
2796:Dharmapala
2699:, and the
2655:See also:
2564:See also:
2239:2017: The
2220:2017: The
2207:Apple Inc.
2175:2009: The
2147:42–46 OFCs
2141:define an
2133:2000: The
1918:and other
1803:"conduits"
1513:Kazakhstan
1398:Bangladesh
1393:Azerbaijan
1326:By country
1283:Temple tax
1253:Church tax
1136:ATA Carnet
1121:Free trade
1116:Tariff war
1044:Tax treaty
925:Congestion
866:Land value
757:Eco-tariff
725:Television
681:Solidarity
661:Ad valorem
521:Tax havens
352:Tax shield
347:Tax refund
315:Collection
293:Regressive
168:Tax reform
18:Tax havens
18339:arguments
18320:Tax haven
18196:Turra Coo
18120:Tithe War
18001:in Moscow
17999:Salt Riot
17894:Campaigns
17829:Planka.nu
17708:Rebellion
17528:John Urry
17420:sociology
17270:Economics
17174:World war
16897:Globality
16865:education
16690:movements
16610:(pending)
16578:(Vietnam)
16566:(Ukraine)
16526:(Romania)
16520:(Romania)
16496:(Nigeria)
16490:(Myanmar)
16468:(Liberia)
16439:(Croatia)
16409:(Burundi)
16283:Elections
16164:Tax haven
16092:Extortion
16052:Collusion
16033:Baksheesh
15830:(Q272051)
15022:The Times
14833:25 August
13541:19 August
13503:19 August
13461:16 August
13421:22 August
13371:22 August
13291:19 August
13200:countries
13193:21 August
13135:153485002
13083:23 August
13057:28 August
12987:23 August
12765:17 August
12725:17 August
12692:17 August
12572:0034-6527
12312:trillion.
12157:Observer.
11990:23 August
11818:22 August
11273:19 August
11243:19 August
11217:19 August
11072:22 August
10762:17 August
10635:18 August
10522:17 August
10465:17 August
10372:17 August
10322:19 August
10278:23 August
10242:20 August
10140:18 August
10014:17 August
9845:30 August
9628:17 August
9581:19 August
9542:19 August
9200:17 August
8875:0960-7773
8833:22 August
8481:21 August
8306:: 65–99.
8264:16 August
7572:28 August
7545:CiteSeerX
7349:16 August
7287:16 August
7003:From the
6453:(page 6.)
6320:effective
6269:Free port
6206:Tax exile
6021:Anti-BEPS
5817:Hong Kong
5779:Guatemala
5745:Hong Kong
5732:blacklist
5685:Form 8938
5558:law firm
5443:Lux Leaks
5313:Sink OFCs
5150:Lux Leaks
5117:Joop Wijn
4936:parasitic
4628:Hong Kong
4501:Singapore
4271:Hong Kong
4123:Singapore
3493:MaldivesΔ
3481:Liberia‡Δ
3460:GuernseyΔ
3457:Grenada↕Δ
3451:DominicaΔ
3418:Bahrain↕Δ
3415:Bahamas‡Δ
3322:Mauritius
3313:Gibraltar
3229:Sink OFCs
3213:Hong Kong
3206:Sink OFCs
3197:, Jersey.
3146:Sink OFCs
3142:Singapore
2950:Bermuda*‡
2925:Bermuda*‡
2922:Ireland*â€
2909:Ireland*â€
2855:ITEP 2017
2714:, either
2560:Groupings
2503:Sink OFCs
2386:. As the
2261:aggregate
2230:Sink OFCs
2199:Medtronic
2119:effective
2073:corporate
1784:. Modern
1709:tax haven
1593:Sri Lanka
1558:Palestine
1518:Lithuania
1483:Indonesia
1468:Hong Kong
1388:Australia
1378:Argentina
1246:Religious
1034:Spahn tax
1029:Tobin tax
881:Pigouvian
799:Cigarette
772:Severance
705:Departure
513:Locations
466:Corporate
448:Smuggling
216:Economics
138:Tax shift
133:Deduction
123:Exemption
18349:Tax riot
18141:Agbekoya
17995:in Spain
17978:Angelets
17593:Category
17262:scholars
17187:Theories
17095:cultural
17090:academic
16794:Journals
16599:Laws and
16532:(Russia)
16514:(Poland)
16462:(Latvia)
16421:(China)
16383:National
16237:Nepotism
16207:Cronyism
16112:Kickback
15900:Archived
15740:15 April
15734:Archived
15706:15 April
15700:Archived
15678:returned
15662:Archived
15625:Archived
15589:Archived
15548:Archived
15509:Archived
15477:Archived
15446:Archived
15413:Archived
15360:27 March
15354:Archived
15350:RTE News
15324:Archived
15320:RTE News
15291:Archived
15287:RTE News
15267:17 April
15261:Archived
15224:Archived
15192:Archived
15166:Archived
15146:17 April
15140:Archived
15109:Archived
15081:Archived
15063:14 April
15057:Archived
15032:14 April
14995:Archived
14991:BBC News
14964:Archived
14960:BBC News
14939:Archived
14910:Archived
14858:Archived
14827:Archived
14778:24 April
14772:Archived
14745:24 April
14739:Archived
14712:24 April
14706:Archived
14679:24 April
14673:Archived
14646:24 April
14640:Archived
14613:24 April
14607:Archived
14580:24 April
14574:Archived
14547:24 April
14541:Archived
14514:24 April
14508:Archived
14481:24 April
14475:Archived
14450:24 April
14444:Archived
14417:24 April
14411:Archived
14384:24 April
14378:Archived
14351:24 April
14345:Archived
14321:business
14314:28 April
14305:Archived
14282:25 April
14242:Archived
14215:27 April
14209:Archived
14172:Archived
14170:(2): 4.
14140:19 March
14134:Archived
14103:24 April
14097:Archived
14077:24 April
14071:Archived
14028:25 April
14022:Archived
13995:30 April
13989:Archived
13964:30 April
13958:Archived
13916:Archived
13914:. 2018.
13889:30 April
13883:Archived
13813:29 April
13807:Archived
13775:30 April
13769:Archived
13733:Archived
13729:Euronews
13699:Archived
13672:30 April
13666:Archived
13629:Archived
13561:(2006),
13535:Archived
13514:numbers.
13494:Archived
13455:Archived
13415:Archived
13362:Archived
13328:Archived
13285:Archived
13259:Archived
13224:Archived
13184:Archived
13139:Archived
13077:Archived
13044:37028316
12981:Archived
12907:Bermuda.
12877:10 April
12871:Archived
12850:Archived
12823:Archived
12793:Archived
12759:Archived
12719:Archived
12686:Archived
12596:Archived
12519:Archived
12515:phys.org
12492:27 April
12486:Archived
12450:Archived
12413:Archived
12376:Archived
12335:Archived
12330:BBC News
12272:24 April
12266:Archived
12261:BBC News
12231:Archived
12188:Archived
12144:Archived
12069:Archived
12030:Archived
11984:Archived
11902:Archived
11871:Archived
11837:Archived
11812:Archived
11786:Archived
11746:Archived
11698:Archived
11616:Archived
11586:Archived
11560:Archived
11555:BBC News
11527:Archived
11497:Archived
11470:Archived
11408:Archived
11382:Archived
11356:Archived
11326:Archived
11297:Archived
11267:Archived
11237:Archived
11211:Archived
11187:24 April
11181:Archived
11134:Archived
11066:Archived
11041:24 April
11009:24 April
10981:24 April
10972:Archived
10934:23 April
10928:Archived
10897:Archived
10872:11 March
10866:Archived
10829:Archived
10798:25 April
10792:Archived
10788:RTE News
10756:Archived
10746:(2014).
10714:Archived
10696:(2010).
10662:Archived
10626:Archived
10586:Archived
10545:Archived
10513:Archived
10509:45082557
10456:Archived
10433:22 March
10398:Archived
10363:Archived
10333:numbers.
10313:Archived
10272:Archived
10233:Archived
10194:Archived
10168:Archived
10134:Archived
10132:(4): 3.
10075:Archived
10005:Archived
9978:20 April
9972:Archived
9968:RTE News
9944:20 April
9938:Archived
9911:20 April
9905:Archived
9874:20 April
9868:Archived
9839:Archived
9811:Berkeley
9798:Archived
9757:Archived
9711:Archived
9658:Archived
9622:Archived
9575:Archived
9536:Archived
9497:Archived
9465:28740120
9381:28 April
9375:Archived
9344:. 2018.
9311:Archived
9276:27 April
9270:Archived
9238:15 April
9232:Archived
9191:Archived
9144:28 April
9135:Archived
9088:28 April
9082:Archived
8999:(2011).
8966:23 April
8960:Archived
8912:Archived
8859:: 1–18.
8827:Archived
8765:(2001),
8745:(2002),
8727:23 April
8718:Archived
8693:(1992).
8662:23 April
8656:Archived
8601:Archived
8540:reasons.
8527:Archived
8472:Archived
8361:Archived
8318:Archived
8291:(2005).
8255:Archived
8242:(2007).
8206:(2010).
8158:Archived
8118:26 March
8083:Archived
7979:26 March
7940:Archived
7899:Archived
7861:Archived
7826:Archived
7800:Archived
7771:Archived
7563:Archived
7485:Archived
7436:Archived
7402:Archived
7343:Archived
7339:54649623
7278:Archived
7274:16653726
7243:(2009).
7197:Archived
7195:. 2018.
7161:Archived
7125:Archived
6946:(2016).
6922:(2011).
6895:(1992).
6811:(2005).
6506:Journal
6250:Tax hell
6132:See also
5990:Specific
5983:Portugal
5971:Portugal
5959:and the
5938:Sink OFC
5886:Mongolia
5862:Barbados
5695:OECD CRS
5653:US FATCA
5466:Le Monde
5308:big data
5236:shifting
5123:—
5085:Concepts
5050:—
5016:—
4998:—
4913:—
4891:—
4876:—
4859:Benefits
4844:—
4780:49,175‡
4759:49,496‡
4738:50,078‡
4696:51,399‡
4654:57,467‡
4381:52,150‡
4318:59,495‡
3934:—
3878:havens.
3727:Overview
3710:in 1956.
3598:Delaware
3573:Conduits
3565:VanuatuΔ
3526:Samoa‡↕Δ
3523:Panama↕Δ
3508:Monaco‡Δ
3472:Jersey‡Δ
3466:Irelandâ€
3448:Djibouti
3427:Bermuda‡
3424:Belize‡Δ
3403:AndorraΔ
3282:Current
3217:Sink OFC
3195:Sink OFC
3187:Sink OFC
3048:Sink OFC
2995:BahamasΔ
2978:Jersey‡Δ
2874:Profits
2866:Quantum
2825:called "
2819:Facebook
2705:rankings
2436:—
2352:—
2264:shifted.
2127:Criteria
2115:headline
1861:Overview
1613:Tanzania
1578:Portugal
1553:Pakistan
1433:Colombia
1413:Bulgaria
1278:Leibzoll
1155:Academic
1148:Research
966:Windfall
906:Turnover
886:Property
836:Georgist
782:Stumpage
777:Steering
762:Landfill
742:Dividend
666:Aviation
656:Per unit
651:Indirect
342:Tax lien
278:Tax rate
257:Theories
111:Flat tax
74:Policies
48:Taxation
17915:Harelle
17686:Methods
17355:economy
17260:Notable
17038:reverse
16966:Disease
16907:archaic
16818:Aspects
16809:Studies
16804:Outline
16688:Protest
16560:(Spain)
16450:(India)
16149:Scandal
16047:Bribery
16026:General
15823:Scholia
15256:Reuters
15136:Bbc.com
15088:Reuters
15001:7 April
14970:4 April
14803:29 June
13932:sector.
13230:13 June
12799:13 June
12602:4 March
12525:2 March
12459:4 March
12419:4 March
12385:4 March
12341:5 March
12305:22 July
12294:Reuters
12240:4 March
12197:4 March
12150:5 March
12113:2348144
12078:4 March
12039:4 March
11648:29 July
11622:29 July
11612:Reuters
11566:7 April
11303:13 June
11140:13 June
10595:17 June
10551:20 June
10407:17 June
10200:17 June
10174:17 June
10164:Reuters
10084:17 June
9804:13 June
9664:13 June
9549:havens.
9456:5524793
9433:Bibcode
9287:empty."
8533:13 June
8096:trusts.
8089:6 March
7867:13 June
7494:17 June
7203:17 June
7131:17 June
6421:havens.
6333:secrecy
6025:At the
5957:Ireland
5914:Tunisia
5890:Namibia
5866:Grenada
5858:Bahrain
5787:Uruguay
5772:Vanuatu
5722:At the
5560:Appleby
5304:CORPNET
5256:Patents
4928:Slemrod
4815:tables.
4755:Denmark
4734:Austria
4692:Iceland
4564:Ireland
4398:Bahrain
4377:Iceland
4165:Ireland
4022:(2016)
4011:(2017)
3715:Vanuatu
3708:Morocco
3699:States.
3688:Liberia
3674:Lebanon
3638:Germany
3514:Nauru‡Δ
3478:Lebanon
3445:Cyprus‡
3381:is the
3367:on the
3352:on the
3342:Bahamas
3328:Curaçao
3299:Bermuda
3135:Ireland
2530:et alia
2285:Context
2257:et alia
2151:22 OFCs
1904:Anstalt
1892:Bermuda
1856:History
1633:Uruguay
1533:Namibia
1528:Morocco
1493:Ireland
1473:Iceland
1458:Germany
1448:Finland
1443:Denmark
1438:Croatia
1383:Armenia
1373:Algeria
1368:Albania
1015:(CCCTB)
876:Payroll
831:General
824:Tobacco
794:Alcohol
730:Tourist
676:Landing
408:General
143:Tax cut
101:Tax law
18029:affair
18027:Gaspee
17693:Barter
17654:Topics
17115:social
16946:Global
16938:Issues
16477:BIANCO
14864:3 July
13851:
13597:
13565:
13407:
13265:1 June
13133:
13042:
12955:30 May
12900:30 May
12829:31 May
12789:Quartz
12570:
12111:
11908:23 May
11877:1 June
11792:2 June
11752:2 June
11704:1 June
11592:23 May
11533:31 May
11503:31 May
11476:31 May
11414:23 May
11388:23 May
11362:23 May
11332:23 May
10964:
10903:7 June
10893:Forbes
10838:15 May
10720:6 July
10706:
10671:6 July
10602:haven.
10507:
9463:
9453:
9414:Nature
9057:
9047:
9009:
8921:31 May
8873:
8769:
8749:
8710:
8607:1 June
8370:1 June
8327:31 May
8271:years.
8167:1 June
7949:1 June
7908:15 May
7832:23 May
7806:23 May
7777:23 May
7547:
7337:
7272:
7070:
7051:
6993:
6956:
6932:
6908:
6881:
6851:
6823:
6503:Paper
6316:regime
5965:Cyprus
5963:, and
5898:Panama
5770:, and
5768:Panama
4952:Zucman
4793:Notes:
4776:Sweden
4773:
4752:
4731:
4710:
4689:
4668:
4647:
4625:
4606:Norway
4603:
4561:
4540:
4522:Brunei
4519:
4498:
4476:
4454:
4433:
4395:
4374:
4353:
4332:
4311:
4290:
4268:
4225:
4207:Kuwait
4204:
4186:Norway
4183:
4162:
4144:Brunei
4141:
4120:
4099:
4077:
4055:
3867:(2015)
3745:QIAIFs
3670:Beirut
3556:TongaΔ
3496:Malta‡
3490:Macao↕
3475:Jordan
3412:ArubaΔ
3263:Jersey
3240:Taiwan
2815:Google
2363:(2016)
2267:2019:
2197:2015:
2186:2010:
2097:1994:
2038:, and
2034:, the
1778:Jersey
1608:Taiwan
1598:Sweden
1583:Russia
1573:Poland
1548:Norway
1498:Israel
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