31:
419:
766:
much less possible. This is generally argued to be because large non-tax revenues weaken the links between state and society and facilitate government investment in repression and patronage, and also because the presence of large non-tax revenues leads to less redistribution of wealth. For instance,
749:
Their value is correlated with changing economic circumstances, repayments and interest on loans may be renegotiated, a record fine in the field of competition can significantly vary the profits of fines and penalties. Moreover, some years are marked by exceptional events: for example, in France in
710:
Vis-à -vis tax revenues, much less academic study has been conducted into the volume and distribution of non-tax revenues, although the most significant forms — oil and natural gas revenues and foreign aid — have been extensively studied since
Hossein Mahdavy’s seminal 1970 analysis of the
733:
and over 90 percent of total government revenue. In resource-poor nations — excluding those gaining strategic rents due to geography or perceived need for aid — non-tax revenues are typically around 10 percent of total government revenue.
746:, and slightly less than that for the globe as a whole. Many countries in Africa can report changes in non-tax revenue of over 35 percent from one year to another due to variations in the price of their natural resources.
1020:
999:
1028:
893:
Zainulabideen, Farhan; Iqbal, Zafar (July–December 2009). "Taxation and Good
Governance and the Influence of Non-Tax Revenues on a Polity: The Pakistani Experience".
758:
The presence of large non-tax revenues — invariably from non-renewable natural resources, foreign aid, or strategic rents like those associated with the
938:
Prichard, Wilson; Salardi, Paola; Segal, Paul (September 2018). "Taxation, non-tax revenue and democracy: New evidence using new cross-country data".
870:
Mahdavy, Hossein (1970). "The
Patterns and Problems of Economic Development in a Rentier Stare: The Case of Iran". In Cook, Michael A. (ed.).
978:
Manna from heaven: The impact of nonrenewable resource revenues on other revenues of resource exporters in Latin
America and the Caribbean
448:
623:
796:
914:"A Comparative View on the Tax Performance of Developing Countries: Regional Patterns, Non-Tax Revenue and Governance"
811:
Based upon an estimated 10.1 percent of global GDP as non-tax revenue and 32.9 percent as total government revenue.
722:. Three years later, Christian von Haldenwang and Maksym Ivanyna produced a higher estimate of around 31 percent.
984:
957:
Mourre, Gilles; Reut, Adriana (7 June 2018). "Non-tax revenue in the
European Union: A source of fiscal risk?".
750:
2012, the sale of "4G" radio frequencies resulted in the collection of nearly €1.3 billion in non-tax revenues.
718:
In 2009, Farhan
Zainulabideen and Zafar Iqbal estimated non-tax revenues to comprise a quarter of total global
657:
paid by a weaker state to a stronger one, often as a condition of peace after suffering military defeat. The
679:
441:
1070:
524:
507:
collected in exchange for the use of many public services and facilities. Tolls charged for the use of
767:
it has been calculated that foreign aid has reduced tax revenue in sub-Saharan Africa by ten percent.
742:
Non-tax revenues fluctuate much more from one year to another than taxes — three times as much in the
136:
499:
often from leases for developing natural resources on public land or fisheries in territorial waters
977:
879:
434:
1090:
730:
712:
673:
348:
683:
636:
489:
913:
528:
8:
687:
543:
328:
193:
156:
47:
30:
719:
699:
584:
469:
353:
323:
277:
215:
151:
611:
418:
399:
307:
255:
112:
67:
62:
603:
272:
262:
161:
141:
117:
654:
855:
763:
666:
658:
650:
607:
560:
548:
404:
381:
376:
371:
302:
200:
181:
124:
87:
52:
743:
662:
599:
297:
237:
225:
22:
852:
Oil, Non-Tax
Revenue, and the Redistributional Foundations of Regime Stability
1084:
485:
282:
232:
210:
205:
188:
129:
105:
82:
72:
57:
40:
578:
422:
242:
220:
146:
77:
1063:
Taxation and State-Building in
Developing Countries: Capacity and Consent
629:
615:
343:
800:
759:
726:
645:
588:
570:
534:
292:
267:
168:
92:
1066:
635:
Aid from another level of government (intragovernmental aid) or from
554:
508:
493:
16:
How a government collects money other than through compulsory levies
574:
564:
504:
518:
875:
832:
Martin, James (May 1972). "Land
Grading: A Pollution Stopper".
287:
912:
von
Haldenwang, Christian; Ivanyna, Maksym (August 23, 2012).
854:. Duke University Seminar on Global Governance and Democracy.
693:
619:
1006:
784:
641:
592:
725:
Twenty-first century studies show that non-tax revenue in
514:
473:
644:, or other borrowing, from monetary funds and/or other
911:
937:
799:
may be considered non-tax revenue for the receiving
1042:Ross, Michael (2001). "Does Oil Hinder Democracy".
892:
705:
1082:
975:
886:
872:Studies in Economic History of the Middle East
976:Ossowski, Rolando; Gonzáles, Alberto (2012).
442:
583:less often, fines for increasing stormwater
956:
933:
931:
783:Land grading prevents the accumulation of
449:
435:
29:
1060:
849:
1000:Revenue Statistics in Africa, 1990-2019
928:
869:
850:Morrison, Kevin M. (October 24, 2006).
1083:
831:
998:"Non-Tax Revenue Trends, 2000-2019".
845:
843:
1041:
700:voluntary contributions to the state
1061:Bräutigam, Deborah A., ed. (2008).
795:For example, in the United States,
13:
840:
692:Revenue from sales of state-owned
308:Trade / commerce ministry
14:
1102:
517:for the granting or issuance of
417:
1054:
1035:
1013:
991:
985:Inter-American Development Bank
969:
950:
905:
862:
825:
805:
789:
777:
729:can reach up to 80 percent of
706:Global distribution and volume
1:
818:
737:
549:hunting and fishing licenses
7:
1021:"Les recettes non fiscales"
669:offer a well-known example.
479:
10:
1107:
1071:Cambridge University Press
753:
591:, or cutting-down healthy
525:vehicle registration plate
137:Deficit / surplus
762:— has been shown to make
238:Monetary (currency) union
770:
672:Revenue from profitable
1025:Fourum dela performance
880:Oxford University Press
674:state-owned enterprises
731:Gross Domestic Product
713:Imperial State of Iran
684:sovereign wealth funds
555:professional licensing
349:Discretionary spending
661:paid by the defeated
637:equalization payments
1009:. 2021. p. 103.
587:, destroying native
529:vehicle registration
521:. Examples include:
895:Policy Perspectives
610:. Examples include
519:permits or licenses
496:from private firms
472:not generated from
1031:on 6 January 2017.
720:government revenue
620:criminal offenders
470:government revenue
354:Mandatory spending
278:Non-tariff barrier
216:Monetary authority
1073:. pp. 18–19.
940:World Development
834:Soil Conservation
628:Aid from abroad (
544:driver's licenses
537:registration fees
459:
458:
400:Fiscal adjustment
1098:
1075:
1074:
1058:
1052:
1051:
1039:
1033:
1032:
1027:. Archived from
1017:
1011:
1010:
1004:
995:
989:
988:
982:
973:
967:
966:
954:
948:
947:
935:
926:
925:
909:
903:
902:
890:
884:
883:
866:
860:
859:
847:
838:
837:
829:
812:
809:
803:
793:
787:
781:
680:investment funds
624:civil forfeiture
604:assets forfeited
466:non-tax receipts
451:
444:
437:
421:
273:Gains from trade
263:Balance of trade
142:Finance ministry
33:
19:
18:
1106:
1105:
1101:
1100:
1099:
1097:
1096:
1095:
1081:
1080:
1079:
1078:
1059:
1055:
1040:
1036:
1019:
1018:
1014:
1002:
997:
996:
992:
980:
974:
970:
955:
951:
936:
929:
910:
906:
891:
887:
867:
863:
856:Duke University
848:
841:
830:
826:
821:
816:
815:
810:
806:
794:
790:
782:
778:
773:
764:democratisation
756:
740:
708:
667:First World War
659:war reparations
482:
462:Non-tax revenue
455:
410:
409:
405:Monetary reform
395:
387:
386:
382:Price stability
377:Economic growth
372:Balanced budget
367:
359:
358:
339:Non-tax revenue
334:
333:
313:
312:
303:Trade diversion
258:
248:
247:
201:Discount window
184:
182:Monetary policy
174:
173:
108:
98:
97:
43:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1104:
1094:
1093:
1077:
1076:
1053:
1044:World Politics
1034:
1012:
990:
968:
949:
927:
904:
885:
861:
839:
823:
822:
820:
817:
814:
813:
804:
797:federal grants
788:
775:
774:
772:
769:
755:
752:
744:European Union
739:
736:
707:
704:
703:
702:
698:Donations and
696:
690:
676:
670:
663:Central Powers
648:
639:
633:
626:
602:collected and
597:
596:
595:
581:
567:
557:
551:
546:
541:
538:
532:
512:
511:are an example
502:
501:
500:
481:
478:
457:
456:
454:
453:
446:
439:
431:
428:
427:
426:
425:
412:
411:
408:
407:
402:
396:
393:
392:
389:
388:
385:
384:
379:
374:
368:
365:
364:
361:
360:
357:
356:
351:
346:
341:
335:
332:
331:
326:
320:
319:
318:
315:
314:
311:
310:
305:
300:
298:Trade creation
295:
290:
285:
280:
275:
270:
265:
259:
254:
253:
250:
249:
246:
245:
240:
235:
230:
229:
228:
226:currency board
223:
213:
208:
203:
198:
197:
196:
185:
180:
179:
176:
175:
172:
171:
166:
165:
164:
154:
149:
144:
139:
134:
133:
132:
122:
121:
120:
109:
104:
103:
100:
99:
96:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
44:
39:
38:
35:
34:
26:
25:
23:Public finance
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1103:
1092:
1091:Fiscal policy
1089:
1088:
1086:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1057:
1050:(3): 325–361.
1049:
1045:
1038:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1016:
1008:
1001:
994:
987:. p. 17.
986:
979:
972:
964:
960:
953:
945:
941:
934:
932:
923:
919:
915:
908:
900:
896:
889:
881:
877:
873:
865:
857:
853:
846:
844:
835:
828:
824:
808:
802:
798:
792:
786:
780:
776:
768:
765:
761:
751:
747:
745:
735:
732:
728:
723:
721:
716:
714:
701:
697:
695:
691:
689:
685:
681:
678:Revenue from
677:
675:
671:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
649:
647:
643:
640:
638:
634:
631:
627:
625:
621:
617:
613:
612:parking fines
609:
605:
601:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
580:
576:
572:
568:
566:
562:
558:
556:
552:
550:
547:
545:
542:
540:building fees
539:
536:
533:
530:
526:
523:
522:
520:
516:
513:
510:
506:
503:
498:
497:
495:
491:
487:
484:
483:
477:
475:
471:
467:
463:
452:
447:
445:
440:
438:
433:
432:
430:
429:
424:
420:
416:
415:
414:
413:
406:
403:
401:
398:
397:
391:
390:
383:
380:
378:
375:
373:
370:
369:
363:
362:
355:
352:
350:
347:
345:
342:
340:
337:
336:
330:
327:
325:
322:
321:
317:
316:
309:
306:
304:
301:
299:
296:
294:
291:
289:
286:
284:
283:Protectionism
281:
279:
276:
274:
271:
269:
266:
264:
261:
260:
257:
252:
251:
244:
241:
239:
236:
234:
233:Monetary base
231:
227:
224:
222:
219:
218:
217:
214:
212:
211:Interest rate
209:
207:
206:Gold reserves
204:
202:
199:
195:
192:
191:
190:
189:Bank reserves
187:
186:
183:
178:
177:
170:
167:
163:
160:
159:
158:
155:
153:
150:
148:
145:
143:
140:
138:
135:
131:
128:
127:
126:
123:
119:
116:
115:
114:
111:
110:
107:
106:Fiscal policy
102:
101:
94:
91:
89:
86:
84:
81:
79:
76:
74:
71:
69:
66:
64:
61:
59:
56:
54:
51:
49:
46:
45:
42:
37:
36:
32:
28:
27:
24:
21:
20:
1062:
1056:
1047:
1043:
1037:
1029:the original
1024:
1015:
993:
971:
962:
959:Policy Watch
958:
952:
943:
939:
921:
917:
907:
898:
894:
888:
871:
864:
851:
833:
827:
807:
791:
779:
757:
748:
741:
724:
717:
709:
579:land grading
465:
461:
460:
338:
256:Trade policy
243:Money supply
221:central bank
194:requirements
147:Fiscal union
48:Agricultural
901:(2): 73–98.
727:petrostates
655:indemnities
646:governments
630:foreign aid
616:court costs
527:permits or
490:concessions
344:Tax revenue
1005:(Report).
983:(Report).
965:: 198–223.
946:: 295–312.
836:: 224–225.
819:References
760:Suez Canal
738:Volatility
688:endowments
665:after the
618:levied on
589:vegetation
571:demolition
535:watercraft
509:toll roads
293:Trade bloc
268:Free trade
93:Policy mix
68:Investment
63:Industrial
1067:Cambridge
918:Economics
569:fees for
565:passports
559:fees for
553:fees for
505:User fees
494:royalties
1085:Category
575:rezoning
480:Examples
329:Spending
157:Spending
130:internal
88:Monetary
53:Economic
41:Policies
754:Effects
651:Tribute
608:penalty
366:Optimum
324:Revenue
162:deficit
152:Revenue
876:London
801:states
694:assets
622:, and
585:runoff
577:, and
492:, and
423:Portal
394:Reform
288:Tariff
118:policy
113:Budget
83:Fiscal
73:Social
58:Energy
1003:(PDF)
981:(PDF)
771:Notes
686:, or
642:Loans
606:as a
600:Fines
593:trees
561:visas
486:Rents
474:taxes
78:Trade
1007:OECD
868:See
785:silt
531:fees
515:Fees
468:are
125:Debt
944:109
653:or
563:or
464:or
169:Tax
1087::
1069::
1065:.
1048:53
1046:.
1023:.
963:26
961:.
942:.
930:^
920:.
916:.
897:.
878::
874:.
842:^
715:.
682:,
614:,
573:,
488:,
476:.
924:.
922:6
899:6
882:.
858:.
632:)
450:e
443:t
436:v
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
