Public policy - Knowledge

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year, to shore up the economy and diminish the UK's national debt. Whilst the Conservatives saw reducing the national debt as an absolute priority, the Labour Party, since the effects of Conservative austerity became apparent, have slated the policy for its 'needless' pressure on the working classes and those reliant on welfare, their 2019 election manifesto stating "Tory cuts pushed our public services to breaking point" and that "the Conservatives have starved our education system of funding". Furthermore, in the US, Members of Congress have observed that partisan rancour, ideological disputes, and decreased willingness to compromise on policies have made policy making far more difficult than it was only a decade ago.These are good examples of how varying political beliefs can impact what is perceived as paramount for the electorate.

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administration, a more complete visualization of current problems will emerge, allowing for more precision in targeted policy-making. Data science involves the transformation, analysis, visualization, and presentation of data, and potentially improve the quality of life and society by providing a more informational environment for public debate and political decision-making. Some examples of utilizing data science in public policy making are resource optimization, improving current public services, and fraud and error mitigation.

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field of decision making. There is a multitude of actors pursuing their goals, sometimes complementary, often competing or contradictory ones." In this sense, public policies can be the result of actors involved, such as interest organization's, and not necessarily the will of the public. Furthermore, public policy is also affected by social and economic conditions, prevailing political values, the publics mood and the structure of government which all play a role in the complexity of public policy making.

6427: 1567: 589: 6391: 5438: 6416: 1143:, failing to capture the current dynamics in today's society as well as sustaining ambiguities and misunderstandings. In contrast, an anthropological approach to studying public policy deconstructs many of the categories and concepts that are currently used, seeking to gain a deeper understanding of the configurations of actors, activities, and influences that go into shaping policy decisions, implementations and results. 6403: 5450: 1127:

interactions of policy proposals, adjustments, decision-making amongst multiple government institutions and respective authoritative actors. Likewise, although its heuristic model is straightforward and easy to understand, the cycle is not totally applicable in all situations of policymaking due to it being far too simple as there are more crucial steps that should go into more complex real life scenarios.

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when the matter of concern is relatively simple and unambiguous, and the means of enactment are expected to be highly disciplined. But where the matter is complex and/or contested – where intentions are confused and/or disguised – it may not be possible to define the policy ideas clearly and unambiguously. In this case it may be useful to identify a policy in terms of what actually happens.

752:, according to whom "public policy is whatever governments choose to do or not to do" (Dye, 1972: 2). Although widely used, Dye's concept is also criticized as being an empty concept. Dye himself admitted that his concept "discourages elaborate academic discussions of the definition of public policy - we say simply that public policy is whatever governments choose to do or not to do". 681:. Therefore, the "policy process is a complex political process in which there are many actors: elected politicians, political party leaders, pressure groups, civil servants, publicly employed professionals, judges, non-governmental organizations, international agencies, academic experts, journalists and even sometimes citizens who see themselves as the passive recipients of policy." 696:, implementation, and evaluation. "It divides the policy process into a series of stages, from a notional starting point at which policymakers begin to think about a policy problem to a notional end point at which a policy has been implemented, and policymakers think about how successful it has been before deciding what to do next." 1102:"Top-down" and "bottom-up" describe the process of policy implementation. Top-down implementation means the carrying out of a policy at the top i.e. central government or legislature. The bottom-up approach suggests that the implementation should start with the target group, as they are seen as the actual implementers of policy. 767:, B. Guy Peters defines public policy as "the set of activities that governments engage in for the purpose of changing their economy and society", effectively saying that public policy is legislation brought in with the aim of benefiting or impacting the electorate in some way. In another definition, author B. Dente in his book 1312:

evidence use in terms of its rigor or quality, while avoiding some of the key limitations or reductionist ideas at times seen with the evidence-based language. Still, the language of evidence-based policy is widely used and, as such, can be interpreted to reflect a desire for evidence to be used well

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It has been determined that instead of certain fields having a higher concentration of information and analysis, it is rather competitive issues that are focused on more. The same report this was determined from also reported that information and analysis only seemed to affect issues over a long-term

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Public policies come from all governmental entities and at all levels: legislatures, courts, bureaucratic agencies, and executive offices at national, local and state levels. On the federal level, public policies are laws enacted by Congress, executive orders issued by the president, decisions handed

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Furthermore, mass communications and technological changes such as the widespread availability of the Internet have caused the public policy system to become more complex and interconnected. This is because there is a new level of scrutiny which the ‘tabloid society’ provides of the decisions made by

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On the local, public policies include city ordinances, fire codes, and traffic regulations. They also take the form of written rules and regulations of city governmental departments: the police, fire departments, street repair, or building inspection. On the state level, public policies involve laws

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The large set of actors in the public policy process, such as politicians, civil servants, lobbyists, domain experts, and industry or sector representatives, use a variety of tactics and tools to advance their aims, including advocating their positions publicly, attempting to educate supporters and

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In public policy making, numerous individuals, corporations, non-profit organizations and interest groups compete and collaborate to influence policymakers to act in a particular way. Therefore, "the failure is possibly not only the politician's fault because he/she is never the lone player in the

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This cycle will unless discontinued go back to the agenda-setting phase and the cycle will commence again. However, the policy cycle is illustrated in a chronological and cyclical structure which could be misleading as in actuality, policymaking would include overlapping stages between the multiple

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Policy implementation is establishing or employing an organization to take responsibility for the policy, making sure the organization has the resources/legal authority to do so, in addition to making sure the policy is carried out as planned. An example of this would be the department of education

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in the USA of the 1950s provided an illustration of the need he found to broaden his conceptualization of public policy beyond stated ideas: "If the formal policy of an educational system forbids discrimination against Negroes but local school boards or administrators so zone school attendance that

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writes "Under popularly elected government, the political incentives are to do what is popular, even if the consequences are worse than the consequences of doing nothing, or doing something that is less popular". Therefore, since "Economics studies the consequences of decisions that are made about

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Unlike the UK, the U.S. has a largely devolved government, with power at local, state and federal level. Due to these various levels of governance, it can often be difficult to coordinate passing bills and legislation, and there is often disagreement. Despite this, the system allows citizens to be

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Most public problems are made through the reflection of social and ideological values. As societies and communities evolve over time, the nature in which norms, customs and morals are proven acceptable, unacceptable, desirable or undesirable changes as well. Thus, the search of crucial problems to

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One dividing line in conceptions of public policy is between those that see it primarily in terms of ideas (principles and plans of action) and those that see it as a collection of empirical phenomena (the things that are done, and their outcomes). The first of these conceptualizations is suitable

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have developed a range of tools and approaches to help in this task. Government action is the decisions, policies, and actions taken by governments, which can have a significant impact on individuals, organizations, and society at large. Regulations, subsidies, taxes, and spending plans are just a

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It is however worth noting that what public policy is put forward can be influenced by the political stance of the party in power. Following the 2008/2009 financial crisis, David Cameron's Conservative party looked to implement a policy of austerity in 2010 after winning the general election that

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Hoffman, Steven J.; Baral, Prativa; Rogers Van Katwyk, Susan; Sritharan, Lathika; Hughsam, Matthew; Randhawa, Harkanwal; Lin, Gigi; Campbell, Sophie; Campus, Brooke; Dantas, Maria; Foroughian, Neda; Groux, Gaëlle; Gunn, Elliot; Guyatt, Gordon; Habibi, Roojin; Karabit, Mina; Karir, Aneesh; Kruja,

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Public policy focuses on the decisions that create the outputs of a political system, such as transport policies, the management of a public health service, the administration of a system schooling and the organization of a defense force. The directly measurable policy outputs, "actions actually

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Another controversy surrounding public policy is that much like anyone, policymakers can sometimes hold bias and end up looking for facts that can prove their preconceptions to be true. In a study of politicians in Denmark, which was published in the British Journal of Political Science, it was

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User-centered policies are policies that are designed and implemented with the end-users, or those who are impacted by the policy, as co-designers. Policymakers using this design process utilize users' knowledge of their lived experiences. This can allow for policymakers focus on including both

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model is particularly important when considering the sheer amount of data available. In terms of using new technology to collect, analyze, and disseminate data, governments are only just beginning to utilize data science for policy implementation. With new technologies implemented in government

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is a concept developed by Anthony Downs (1972) where problems progress through five distinct stages. This reinforces how the policy agenda does not necessarily lead to policy change, as public interest dissipates, most problems end up resolving themselves or get ignored by policymakers. Its key

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Public problems can originate in endless ways and require different policy responses (such as regulations, subsidies, import quotas, and laws) on the local, national, or international level. The public problems that influence public policy making can be of economic, social, or political nature.

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Data-driven policy is a policy designed by a government based on existing data, evidence, rational analysis and use of information technology to crystallize problems and highlight effective solutions. Data-driven policy making aims to make use of data and collaborate with citizens to co-create

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Other scholars define public policy as a system of "courses of action, regulatory measures, laws, and funding priorities concerning a given topic promulgated by a governmental entity or its representatives". Public policy is commonly embodied in "constitutions, legislative acts, and judicial

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The policy stream is a concept developed by John Kingdon as a model proposed to show compelling problems need to be conjoined with two other factors: appropriate political climate and favorable and feasible solutions (attached to problems) that flow together to move onto policy agenda. This

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As stated by Paul Cairney, the implementation gap are the stages a policy must go through before an authoritative decision is made and carried out. As an example, the agenda setting stage is followed by the policy formulation, this will continue until the policy is implemented.

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relatively involved in inputting legislation. Furthermore, each level of government is set up in a similar way with similar rules, and all pump money into creating what is hoped to be effective legislation. Policy creation in America is often seen as unique to other countries.

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Since societies have changed in the past decades, the public policy making system changed too. In the 2010s, public policy making is increasingly goal-oriented, aiming for measurable results and goals, and decision-centric, focusing on decisions that must be taken immediately.

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The direct section of Other echoes the direct section of Money. However, instead of using fiscal power, the state uses authoritative power to enforce this. This comes in ways of making an action mandatory (Oblige) or prohibiting the behavior by threatening of law (Prohibit).

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Because the definition of public problems are not obvious, they are most often denied and not acted upon. The problem stream represents a policy process to compromise for how worthy problems are to create policies and solutions. This is represented in five discrete factors:

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established that they interpreted data between two groups in a case study more successfully when there was no labeling based on class or status as opposed to when they were labeled according to their class or status; their preconceptions affected how they viewed data.

1014:: Citizens acquire acceptance of the problem and it becomes normalized. Newer issues attract the attention of the public. Limited attention span encourages policymakers to delay developing policy to see which public troubles demand necessary and worthwhile solving. 759:

interpretations and regulations which are generally authorized by legislation. Public policy is considered strong when it solves problems efficiently and effectively, serves and supports governmental institutions and policies, and encourages active citizenship.

1379:, all as applied to problems of governmental administration, management, and operations. At the same time, the study of public policy is distinct from political science or economics, in its focus on the application of theory to practice. While the majority of 1211:

Policy design entails conscious and deliberate effort to define policy aims and map them instrumentally. Policy design proposes critical analysis of policy instruments and their implementation. Uncertainties policy designers face include (in brief):

1544:"; this means that artificially tampering with the allocation of scarce resources such as implementing certain public policies such as price controls will cause inefficiency in the economy and decline in the standard of living within society. 787:

In the United States, this concept refers not only to the result of policies, but more broadly to the decision-making and analysis of governmental decisions. As an academic discipline, public policy is studied by professors and students at

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with communities or citizens, which can include potential experts, scientists, engineers and stakeholders or scientific data, or sometimes use some of their results. They are typically made by policy-makers affiliated with (in democratic

4581:; Grilo, Isabel; Thurik, A. Roy (2007), Explaining entrepreneurship and the role of policy: a framework, in: David Audretsch, Isabel Grilo and A. Roy Thurik (eds.), Handbook of Research on Entrepreneurship Policy, Edward Elgar Publishing 771:

explains public policy as "a set of actions that affect the solution of a policy problem, i.e. a dissatisfaction regarding a certain need, demand or opportunity for public intervention. Its quality is measured by the capacity to create

645:, guided by a conception and often implemented by programs. These policies govern and include various aspects of life such as education, health care, employment, finance, economics, transportation, and all over elements of society. The 1179:

politicians and policy makers, often concentrating on the ‘people story’ side of these decisions.The changes pose new challenges to the current public policy systems and pressures leaders to evolve to remain effective and efficient.

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Baekgaard, M., Christensen, J., Dahlmann, C., Mathiasen, A., & Petersen, N. (2019). The Role of Evidence in Politics: Motivated Reasoning and Persuasion among Politicians. British Journal of Political Science, 49(3), 1117-1140.

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Krista; Lavis, John N.; Lee, Olivia; Li, Binxi; Nagi, Ranjana; Naicker, Kiyuri; Røttingen, John-Arne; Sahar, Nicola; Srivastava, Archita; Tejpar, Ali; Tran, Maxwell; Zhang, Yu-qing; Zhou, Qi; Poirier, Mathieu J. P. (9 August 2022).

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Nevertheless, policy design is elemental for the succession of public policy, with it comes intricate and multi-level approaches but it is necessary for good, careful policy design to be considered before implementing the policy.

1199:. However, there is no evidence to suggest that this influx has aided to solving policy issues. Distributive theory claims that legislatures in reality have little use for information that pertains to the policies they vote on. 727:

Negroes are segregated in a few schools, both the impartial law and discriminatory practices must be considered part of the policy." Easton characterized public policy as "a web of decisions and actions that allocates values".

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decisions". Transformative constitutions of Global South considers judicial actions for Public policy as paramount, since the political forces that facilitate legislative decisions may run counter to the will of the people.

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Many actors can be important in the public policy process, but government officials ultimately choose public policy in response to the public issue or problem at hand. In doing so, government officials are expected to meet

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or appropriately in one way or another – such as by ensuring systematic consideration of rigorous and high quality policy relevant evidence, or by avoiding biased and erroneous applications of evidence for political ends.

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More recently, Antonio Lassance has defined public policy as "an institutionalized proposal to solve a central problem, guided by a conception" (Lassance, 2020: 7). Lassance's perspective and concerns are grounded in a

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Legitimation is when approval/ support for the policy instruments is gathered, involving one of or a combination of executive approval, legislative approval, and seeking consent through consultation or referendums.

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few of the various shapes it might take. Achieving certain social or economic objectives, such as fostering economic expansion, lowering inequality, or safeguarding the environment, is the aim of government action.

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Therefore, John Kingdon's model suggests the policy window appears through the emergence and connection of problems, politics and policies, emphasizing an opportunity to stimulate and initiate new policies.

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and Beckmann, Iris A.M. (2007), From Small Business to Entrepreneurship Policy, in: David Audretsch, Isabel Grilo and A. Roy Thurik (eds.), Handbook of Research on Entrepreneurship Policy, Edward Elgar

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Evaluation is the process of assessing the extent to which the policy has been successful, or if this was the right policy to begin with/ was it implemented correctly and if so, did it go as expected.

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Other definitions of public policy in terms of a broad range of empirical phenomena include that of Paul Cairney: "the sum total of government action from signals of intent to the final outcomes".

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The direct section of money explains that a form of direct action is either using the resources already publicly available (Make) or contracting the private sector to address the issue (Buy).

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spreading globally in early 2020. Forecasting and creating data models to prevent the propagation of the virus has become a vital approach for policy makers in governments around the world.

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A government holds a legal monopoly to initiate or threaten physical force to achieve its ends when necessary. For instance, in times of chaos when quick decision making is needed.

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The indirect section of money explains means to dissuade or encourage behavior using money. Literally through taxing the undesired behavior and subsidizing the desired behavior.

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One of the biggest controversies of public policy is that policy making is often influenced by lobbyists such as big corporations in order to sway policies in their favour. The

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Public policy making can be characterized as a dynamic, complex, and interactive system through which public problems are identified and resolved through the creation of new

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A popular way of understanding and engaging in public policy is through a series of stages known as "the policy cycle", which was first discussed by the political scientist

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Political problems: selection process of solutions and decision making. Policies require tedious and rigorous research on advice for its feasibility, legitimacy and choice.

1008:: Investigating through cost-benefit analysis, bringing awareness of financial, environmental, structural curbs to consider solutions and what makes for their consequences. 716:

Public policy can be conceptualized in varying ways, according to the purposes of the speaker or author, and the characteristics of the situation they are concerned with.

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National Research Council; Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education; Committee on the Use of Social Science Knowledge in Public Policy (31 October 2012).

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Börner, J.; Wunder, S.; Wertz-Kanounnikoff, S.; Hyman, G.; Nascimento, N. (1 November 2014). "Forest law enforcement in the Brazilian Amazon: Costs and income effects".

1453: 2081: 1968:"The co-production of a "relevant" expertise – administrative and scientific cooperation in the French water policies elaboration and implementation since the 1990s" 755:

In an institutionalist view, the foundation of public policy is composed of national constitutional laws and regulations. Further foundational aspects include both

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Yeboah-Assiamah, Emmanuel; Muller, Kobus; Domfeh, Kwame Ameyaw (1 January 2017). "Institutional assessment in natural resource governance: A conceptual overview".

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Maintenance is when the policy makers decide to either terminate or continue the policy. The policy is usually either continued as is, modified, or discontinued.

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This is the setting of the objectives for the policy, along with identifying the cost and effect of solutions that could be proposed from policy instruments.

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taken in pursuance of policy decisions and statements," can be differentiated from the broader policy outcomes, "focus on a policy's societal consequences."

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Schuster, W. Michael (31 December 2008). "For the Greater Good: The Use of Public Policy Considerations in Confirming Chapter 11 Plans of Reorganization".

1297:, Smith questioned the current process of policy making and urged for a more "evidence-based approach" commenting that it has "valuable lessons to offer". 1077:

across multiple policy domains suggests enforcement mechanisms are the "only modifiable treaty design choice" with the potential to improve the mostly low

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enacted by the state legislatures, decisions made by state courts, rules developed by state bureaucratic agencies, and decisions made by governors.

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Each system is influenced by different public problems and issues, and has different stakeholders; as such, each requires different public policy.

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The small system dynamics model is a method of condensing and simplifying the understanding of complex issues related to overall productivity.

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identifies problems that require government attention, deciding which issue deserve the most attention and defining the nature of the problem.

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User and Community Co-production of Public Services and Public Policies through Collective Decision-making: the Role of Emerging Technologies

653:. Public policy can be considered the sum of a government's direct and indirect activities and has been conceptualized in a variety of ways. 3162: 2185: 1061:

Enforcement mechanisms are a central part of various policies. Enforcement mechanisms co-determine natural resource governance outcomes and

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Brandsen, Taco; Steen, Trui; Verschuere, Bram. "Co-Creation and Co-Production in Public Services: Urgent Issues in Practice and Research".

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The indirect section of Other is spreading information on an issue to the public (Inform) and making calls to action on an issue (Implore)

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Ghaffarzadegan, Navid; Lyneis, John; Richardson, George P. (2011). "How small system dynamics models can help the public policy process".

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Bovaird, Tony, and Elke Löffler. "The changing context of public policy." In Public management and governance, pp. 13-26. Routledge, 2003

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Nawarat, Nongyao; Medley, Michael (2018). "The Public Regime for Migrant Child Education in Thailand: Alternative Depictions of Policy".

2099: 1817: 737:: "the principles that govern action directed towards given ends". Titmuss' perspective was particularly one of social contract ethics. 3563: 3328: 1674: 1159:

opponents, and mobilizing allies on a particular issue. The use of effective tools and instruments determines the outcome of a policy.

1065:-related policies may require proper enforcement mechanisms (and often substitutes) to have a positive effect. Enforcement may include 617: 4573:

Policy entrepreneurs and the design of public policy: Conceptual framework and the case of the National Health Insurance Law in Israel

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Data sets rarely merge between government agencies or within agencies or countries' governments. This is beginning to change with the

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In the 2020s, policymakers will use data for policies and public service design, while responding to citizen engagement demands. The

953:: Scientific measurements, qualitative, statistical data using empirical evidence is used to bring relevance to particular phenomena. 796:

throughout the country. The U.S. professional association of public policy practitioners, researchers, scholars, and students is the

692:, published in 1956. The characterization of particular stages can vary, but a basic sequence is agenda setting, policy formulation, 2983:

Dhanshyam, M.; Srivastava, Samir K. (May 2021). "Effective policy mix for plastic waste mitigation in India using System Dynamics".

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criticise public policymakers for not "understanding basic economics". In particular, a member of the Chicago school of economics,

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design entails conscious and deliberate effort to define policy aims and map them instrumentally. Academics and other experts in

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Compliance: Understanding the target market and discovering data for those dependent, disadvantaged or deviant on policy change.

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the use of land, labour, capital and other resources that go into producing the volume of output which determines a country's

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Davidson, Roger H., Walter J. Oleszek, Frances E. Lee, and Eric Schickler. Congress and Its Members. 17th ed. CQ Press. 2020

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degrees, there are several universities that offer undergraduate education in public policy. Notable institutions include:

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comprehensiveness and comprehension within policies to aid in clarity for end-users, such as workers or organizations.

3528:"'And the rest is implementation.' Comparing approaches to what happens in policy processes beyond Great Expectations" 937:, another concept demonstrating the critical moment within a time and situation that a new policy could be motivated. 5721: 4506: 4158: 3736: 3585: 2582: 2301: 1495:

that occurred in the late 20th and early 21st centuries created a need for a subset of public policy that focused on

971:: Media coverage supports by drawing attention to issues, thus prompting policymakers to respond and address changes. 485: 6407: 5673: 5454: 3979: 1595: 91: 4032:"Covid-19: How unprecedented data sharing has led to faster-than-ever outbreak research | Research and Innovation" 6343: 5716: 4122:

Ranney, Frances (11 March 2009). "Beyond Foucault: Toward a user‐centered approach to sexual harassment policy".

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Rinfret, Sara; Scheberie, Denise; Pautz, Michelle (2018). "Chapter 2: The Policy Process and Policy Theories".

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has been criticized for oversimplifying the processes of public policy, particularly in use of models based on

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Kraft, Michael E., and Scott R. Furlong. Public policy: Politics, analysis, and alternatives. Cq Press, 2019.

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The development and analysis of evidence based / evidence informed policy are supported by multidisciplinary

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Much of public policy is concerned with evaluating decision-making in governments and public bureaucracies.

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Officials considered policymakers bear the responsibility to advance the interests of various stakeholders.

6248: 6158: 5633: 3855:. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 10429. Springer International Publishing. pp. 100–111. 244: 76: 47: 5800: 5481: 5318: 4616: 3262: 1532: 1290: 548: 3958: 3823: 2921:

Gupta, Kuhika; Jenkins-Smith, Hank (2016-07-07). Lodge, Martin; Page, Edward C; Balla, Steven J (eds.).

6464: 4651: 2476:, SpringerBriefs in Applied Sciences and Technology, Springer International Publishing, pp. 1–27, 1465: 81: 52: 4568:, McDougall, Patricia P. (2004), The Emergence of Entrepreneurship Policy, Small Business Economics 22 1733:"What Is a Policy and What Is a Government Program? A Simple Question With No Clear Answer, Until Now" 965:: Elements of dominant values, customs, beliefs are crucial to devising problems needed for attention. 6474: 6062: 5790: 5658: 5643: 5576: 5343: 5295: 4829: 1294: 1002:: Something is identified as a problem, supported awareness by media to pursue seriousness of problem 603: 208: 4201: 4017: 3374: 2559: 1777: 885:

It is through a combined effort of these means that a state addresses and works on any given issue.

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policy. Policy makers can now make use of new data sources and technological developments like

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Sharkansky, Ira; R. Hofferbert. "Dimensions of State Politics, Economics, and Public Policy".

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A topology model can be used to demonstrate the types of and implementation of public policy:

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Stone, Diane. "Global public policy, transnational policy communities, and their networks".

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Tom Sasse, 2018, ‘Government must tackle bias in decision making’, Institute for Government

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Effectiveness: There is a possibility of spillovers, complementariness and inconsistencies.

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to gain new insights and make policy decisions which contribute to societal development.

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Ritter, Alison (1 January 2009). "How do drug policy makers access research evidence?".

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The Politics of Evidence: from Evidence Based Policy to the Good Governance of Evidence

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Technical difficulties: mechanism, design, constituency, environment of public policies

959:: Policymakers make judgements whether an issue constitutes a problem worthy of action. 570: 163: 3900:"Data-driven anticipatory governance. Emerging scenarios in data for policy practices" 2291: 2274: 2257: 19:

This article is about government action. For use of the phrase in legal doctrine, see

6280: 6275: 6263: 6258: 6130: 6120: 6040: 5983: 5927: 5516: 5290: 5270: 5215: 4843: 4728: 4707: 4700: 4319: 4309: 4270: 4233:"Systematic Reviews: What have they got to offer evidence based policy and practice?" 4232: 4214: 4143: 4099: 4081: 3935: 3864: 3790: 3732: 3695: 3620: 3608: 3559: 3547: 3503: 3453: 3433: 3312: 3139: 3121: 3043: 3012: 3000: 2965: 2907: 2895: 2874:"The Role and Impact of the Multiple-Streams Approach in Comparative Policy Analysis" 2847: 2785: 2738: 2695: 2606: 2578: 2534: 2485: 2452: 2397: 2372: 2347: 2322: 2297: 2242: 2160: 2152: 2089: 2064: 2046: 1997: 1865: 1844: 1807: 1752: 1748: 1496: 1442: 1431: 1376: 1360: 1258: 565: 239: 101: 96: 57: 30: 4062:"Data-driven modeling and forecasting of COVID-19 outbreak for public policy making" 3688: 3324: 3039: 2996: 6295: 6140: 6115: 5922: 5912: 5902: 5350: 5197: 5165: 5142: 4978: 4877: 4808: 4736: 4501:"How the NRA, a powerful influence on American politics, found itself under attack" 4262: 4206: 4131: 4089: 4073: 3921: 3911: 3856: 3782: 3758:

The Paradox of Policy Analysis: If It Is Not Used, Why Do We Produce So Much of It?

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down by the US Supreme Court, and regulations issued by bureaucratic agencies.

1136: 1074: 912: 704: 646: 471: 390: 344: 286: 4135: 3351: 3349: 3347: 3345: 2831: 1992: 1967: 1790:

Hoffman-Miller, Patricia, MPA. “Public Policy.” Salem Press Encyclopedia, 2022

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solve becomes difficult to distinguish within 'top-down' governmental bodies.

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Wedel, Janine R.; Shore, Cris; Feldman, Gregory; Lathrop, Stacy (July 2005).

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Howlett Michael, Giest Sarah (2013). "Chapter 2: The policy-making process".

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One of the most known and controversial concepts of public policy is that of

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ESRC UK Centre for Evidence Based Policy and Practice. Retrieved 7 May 2016

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Thei, Geurts (2010). "Public Policy Making: The 21st Century Perspective".

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As an academic discipline, public policy brings in elements of many

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ethics and take the needs of all project stakeholders into account.

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Maffei, Stefano; Leoni, Francesco; Villari, Beatrice (2020-04-02).

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An example of conceiving public policy as ideas is a definition by

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set of elements like laws, regulations, guidelines, and actions to

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The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

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or combine incentive and disincentive-based policy instruments. A

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or program theory which he believes can be empirically tested.

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Kathryn E. Newcomer; Harry P. Hatry; Joseph S. Wholey (2015).

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Traditionally, the academic field of public policy focused on

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The Decision Process: Seven Categories of Functional Analysis

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In the contemporary era, there has been a massive influx of

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Realization of costs which will be incurred by the solutions

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The British Journal of Politics and International Relations

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Dusza, Karl (1989). "Max Weber's conception of the state".

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Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies

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International Journal of Politics, Culture and Society

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American public policy : promise and performance

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period and thusly ineffective at reactionary action.

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Page, Benjamin I.; Shapiro, Robert Y. (March 1983).

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Kennedy School of Government 1437:Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy 712:Varying conceptions of public policy 5778: 4966: 4558:Political Economy for Public Policy 3188:Routledge Handbook of public policy 2723:"Introduction: Theories and Issues" 2630:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. 2391: 2366: 2321:. London: Pearson. pp. 46–70. 1972:Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 1966:Deroubaix, J. F. (26 August 2008). 1012:Decline in public interest in issue 13: 5712:National civil service commissions 4549: 4157:Moilanen, Stephen (May 15, 2019). 4110: 3765: 3717: 2756: 2591: 2015:Morgan, M. Granger (20 May 2014). 1190: 14: 6491: 5496: 4631: 4507:Canadian Broadcasting Corporation 4163:Stanford Social Innovation Review 4124:Technical Communication Quarterly 3418:American Political Science Review 2710:A Typology of Governmental Action 2605:. 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Los Angeles. 4297: 4286:from the original on 2022-01-24 4225: 4180: 4169:from the original on 2022-01-26 4150: 4053: 4042:from the original on 2022-05-09 4024: 3992:from the original on 2022-03-19 3972: 3961:from the original on 2022-01-21 3942: 3891: 3880:from the original on 2022-01-18 3837: 3826:from the original on 2022-01-21 3803: 3775:Howlett, Michael (2010-12-17). 3708: 3670: 3659:from the original on 2020-01-26 3641: 3630:from the original on 2021-11-29 3577: 3566:from the original on 2022-12-21 3519: 3510: 3471: 3460:from the original on 2022-12-21 3405: 3390: 3331:from the original on 2023-01-17 3284: 3273:from the original on 2022-01-18 3255: 3244:from the original on 2022-02-14 3224: 3194: 3179: 3084: 3054: 3040:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2014.04.021 3019: 2997:10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.105455 2976: 2941: 2914: 2865: 2836:Sociology and the Public Agenda 2823: 2798:from the original on 2022-01-18 2714: 2702: 2667: 2619: 2566: 2526: 2515:from the original on 2022-01-20 2497: 2465: 2440: 2410: 2385: 2360: 2335: 2310: 2283: 2266: 2249: 2214: 2199: 2188:from the original on 2022-12-21 2171: 2128: 2075: 2008: 1959: 1864:Bovaird, Tony; Loeffler, Elke. 1351:fields and concepts, including 1032: 919:Social construction of problems 900:The policy cycle as set out in 863:Regulation: Oblige and Prohibit 834:The Types of Government Action 6301:Science and technology studies 3190:. London; New York: Routledge. 2474:Understanding Policy Decisions 1916: 1881: 1857: 1832: 1793: 1784: 1689: 1658: 1427:Blavatnik School of Government 1414:Blavatnik School of Government 1327: 1147:Responsibility of policymakers 1121: 1050: 866:Knowledge: Inform and Implore 815:or reform of existing policy. 769:Understanding Policy Decisions 481:Theories of political behavior 107:Political history of the world 1: 5236:Needle and syringe programmes 5090:Universal access to education 4542:doi:10.1017/S0007123417000084 3917:10.1080/25741292.2020.1763896 3649:"Rebuild our Public Services" 3263:"Understanding policy cycles" 2891:10.1080/13876988.2016.1174410 1891:Co-Production and Co-Creation 1651: 1304:policy, using others such as 1105: 664:. Sometimes they are made by 649:of public policy is known as 496:Critique of political economy 4561:. Princeton University Press 4078:10.1016/j.isatra.2021.01.028 3584:Stanley, Liam (2016-03-07). 3484:Political Research Quarterly 3237:. Institute for Government. 2962:10.1016/j.forpol.2016.10.006 2149:10.1016/j.drugpo.2007.11.017 2088:. National Academies Press. 1135:The mainstream tradition of 855:Transfer: Tax and Subsidize 77:Outline of political science 7: 5319:Publicly funded health care 4414:. Basic Books. p. 416. 4231:Boaz, Ashby, Young (2002). 3861:10.1007/978-3-319-64322-9_9 3028:Global Environmental Change 2950:Forest Policy and Economics 2735:10.1007/978-0-230-35699-3_1 2727:Understanding Public Policy 2482:10.1007/978-3-319-02520-9_1 2472:Dente, Bruno (2013-12-05), 2451:. 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Audretsch 4474:. pp. 99–113. 4238:2020-08-14 at the 3467:– via JSTOR. 3206:Political Pipeline 2688:10.1007/BF01430691 2509:mainweb-v.musc.edu 2235:10.1111/aspp.12408 1641:Public criminology 1616:Mandate (politics) 1542:standard of living 1418: 1406: 1369:program evaluation 1237:Data-driven policy 1114:Policy maintenance 1089:Implementation gap 1025:Policy formulation 833: 277:Political analysis 209:Semi-parliamentary 6465:Political science 6447: 6446: 6441: 6440: 6281:Political economy 6276:Political ecology 6131:Community studies 6121:Cognitive science 6084:Interdisciplinary 5984:Political science 5746: 5745: 5517:Government agency 5464: 5463: 5291:Public university 5271:Public open space 5216:Drinking fountain 5176:Telecommunication 4921: 4920: 4846: 4839: 4832: 4793: 4786: 4757: 4750: 4731: 4724: 4717: 4710: 4703: 4696: 4689: 4675: 4315:978-1-4833-9150-2 4276:978-1-138-93940-0 4038:. 23 March 2020. 3870:978-3-319-64321-2 3796:978-0-203-83863-1 3701:978-0-252-00197-0 3068:. 3 August 2022. 2853:978-0-8039-5083-2 2791:978-0-7619-4904-6 2744:978-0-230-22971-6 2612:978-0-203-13621-8 2491:978-3-319-02519-3 2458:978-1-78195-576-5 2403:978-0-13-613147-2 2378:978-0-205-71685-2 2353:978-1-118-89360-9 2328:978-0-13-292193-0 2095:978-0-309-26164-7 2027:(20): 7176–7184. 1850:978-1-5063-2971-0 1813:978-1-5063-9957-7 1735:. Rochester, NY. 1497:global governance 1443:Leiden University 1432:Durham University 1377:public management 1361:political economy 1306:evidence informed 1259:COVID-19 pandemic 994:Pre-problem stage 870: 869: 660:, typically by a 628: 627: 576:Political parties 516:Electoral systems 240:Political science 214:Semi-presidential 126:Political systems 102:Political history 97:Political economy 6487: 6475:Public economics 6429: 6419: 6418: 6405: 6404: 6393: 6392: 6296:Regional science 6141:Cultural studies 6116:Business studies 5773: 5766: 5759: 5750: 5749: 5684:Northern Ireland 5491: 5484: 5477: 5468: 5467: 5452: 5451: 5440: 5439: 5351:Social insurance 5198:Waste management 5166:Electric utility 5143:Public transport 5060:Public ownership 4979:Municipalization 4961: 4954: 4947: 4938: 4937: 4925: 4924: 4878:Public budgeting 4842: 4835: 4828: 4789: 4782: 4755:Renewable energy 4753: 4746: 4727: 4720: 4713: 4706: 4699: 4692: 4685: 4671: 4626: 4619: 4612: 4603: 4602: 4543: 4539: 4533: 4530: 4524: 4523: 4521: 4520: 4497: 4491: 4490: 4482: 4476: 4475: 4467: 4461: 4460: 4452: 4446: 4445: 4437: 4431: 4430: 4422: 4416: 4415: 4407: 4401: 4394: 4388: 4387: 4385: 4384: 4378: 4372:. Archived from 4371: 4363: 4357: 4356: 4348: 4342: 4341: 4335: 4327: 4301: 4295: 4294: 4292: 4291: 4285: 4260: 4249: 4243: 4229: 4223: 4222: 4204: 4184: 4178: 4177: 4175: 4174: 4154: 4148: 4147: 4119: 4108: 4107: 4097: 4066:ISA Transactions 4057: 4051: 4050: 4048: 4047: 4028: 4022: 4021: 4015: 4010: 4008: 4000: 3998: 3997: 3991: 3984: 3976: 3970: 3969: 3967: 3966: 3946: 3940: 3939: 3929: 3919: 3895: 3889: 3888: 3886: 3885: 3879: 3850: 3841: 3835: 3834: 3832: 3831: 3807: 3801: 3800: 3772: 3763: 3762: 3752: 3743: 3742: 3724: 3715: 3712: 3706: 3705: 3693: 3683: 3677: 3674: 3668: 3667: 3665: 3664: 3653:The Labour Party 3645: 3639: 3638: 3636: 3635: 3629: 3590: 3581: 3575: 3574: 3572: 3571: 3523: 3517: 3514: 3508: 3507: 3475: 3469: 3468: 3466: 3465: 3409: 3403: 3402: 3394: 3388: 3385: 3379: 3378: 3372: 3367: 3365: 3357: 3353: 3340: 3339: 3337: 3336: 3288: 3282: 3281: 3279: 3278: 3259: 3253: 3252: 3250: 3249: 3243: 3236: 3228: 3222: 3221: 3219: 3217: 3198: 3192: 3191: 3183: 3177: 3174: 3172: 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4546: 4540: 4536: 4531: 4527: 4518: 4516: 4499: 4498: 4494: 4483: 4479: 4468: 4464: 4453: 4449: 4438: 4434: 4427:Basic Economics 4423: 4419: 4412:Basic Economics 4408: 4404: 4395: 4391: 4382: 4380: 4376: 4369: 4365: 4364: 4360: 4349: 4345: 4329: 4328: 4316: 4302: 4298: 4289: 4287: 4283: 4277: 4258: 4250: 4246: 4240:Wayback Machine 4230: 4226: 4211:10.1002/sdr.442 4202:10.1.1.407.8702 4185: 4181: 4172: 4170: 4155: 4151: 4120: 4111: 4058: 4054: 4045: 4043: 4030: 4029: 4025: 4013: 4011: 4002: 4001: 3995: 3993: 3989: 3982: 3978: 3977: 3973: 3964: 3962: 3947: 3943: 3896: 3892: 3883: 3881: 3877: 3871: 3848: 3842: 3838: 3829: 3827: 3808: 3804: 3797: 3773: 3766: 3753: 3746: 3739: 3725: 3718: 3713: 3709: 3702: 3684: 3680: 3675: 3671: 3662: 3660: 3647: 3646: 3642: 3633: 3631: 3627: 3588: 3582: 3578: 3569: 3567: 3524: 3520: 3515: 3511: 3476: 3472: 3463: 3461: 3430:10.2307/1956018 3410: 3406: 3395: 3391: 3386: 3382: 3370: 3368: 3359: 3358: 3354: 3343: 3334: 3332: 3289: 3285: 3276: 3274: 3261: 3260: 3256: 3247: 3245: 3241: 3234: 3230: 3229: 3225: 3215: 3213: 3200: 3199: 3195: 3184: 3180: 3168: 3166: 3158:York University 3151: 3089: 3085: 3075: 3073: 3060: 3059: 3055: 3024: 3020: 2981: 2977: 2946: 2942: 2919: 2915: 2870: 2866: 2858: 2856: 2854: 2828: 2824: 2808: 2807: 2801: 2799: 2792: 2768: 2757: 2749: 2747: 2745: 2719: 2715: 2707: 2703: 2672: 2668: 2657: 2650: 2639: 2635: 2624: 2620: 2613: 2599: 2592: 2585: 2571: 2567: 2555: 2553: 2544: 2543: 2531: 2527: 2518: 2516: 2503: 2502: 2498: 2492: 2470: 2466: 2459: 2445: 2441: 2431: 2429: 2416: 2415: 2411: 2404: 2390: 2386: 2379: 2365: 2361: 2354: 2340: 2336: 2329: 2315: 2311: 2304: 2288: 2284: 2271: 2267: 2254: 2250: 2219: 2215: 2204: 2200: 2191: 2189: 2176: 2172: 2133: 2129: 2113: 2112: 2105: 2103: 2096: 2080: 2076: 2013: 2009: 1964: 1960: 1921: 1917: 1907: 1905: 1901: 1894: 1886: 1882: 1872: 1870: 1862: 1858: 1851: 1837: 1833: 1823: 1821: 1814: 1798: 1794: 1789: 1785: 1773: 1771: 1762: 1761: 1729: 1720: 1710: 1708: 1703:. 1 June 2021. 1695: 1694: 1690: 1680: 1678: 1663: 1659: 1654: 1631:Policy analysis 1601:Harold Lasswell 1573:Politics portal 1571: 1564: 1561: 1525: 1489:domestic policy 1373:policy analysis 1345: 1339: 1330: 1322:policy analysis 1284: 1276: 1267: 1239: 1209: 1197:policy analysis 1193: 1191:Policy analysis 1149: 1133: 1124: 1116: 1108: 1100: 1091: 1067:law enforcement 1059: 1053: 1044: 1035: 1027: 982: 943: 933:reinforces the 930: 921: 910: 891: 828: 809: 735:Richard Titmuss 714: 668:or are made in 624: 586: 581: 580: 511: 510: 501: 500: 458: 457: 448: 447: 416: 415: 406: 405: 401:Public interest 386:Domestic policy 376: 369: 368: 357: 356: 321: 314: 313: 302: 301: 263: 256: 249: 242: 234: 233: 224: 223: 129: 128: 117: 116: 72: 71: 62: 31:Politics series 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6493: 6483: 6482: 6477: 6472: 6467: 6462: 6445: 6444: 6439: 6438: 6436: 6435: 6423: 6411: 6399: 6386: 6383: 6382: 6380: 6379: 6374: 6369: 6362: 6356: 6354: 6350: 6349: 6347: 6346: 6340: 6338: 6334: 6333: 6331: 6330: 6325: 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5702: 5701: 5699: 5698: 5696:European Union 5693: 5688: 5687: 5686: 5679:United Kingdom 5676: 5671: 5666: 5661: 5656: 5651: 5646: 5641: 5636: 5631: 5626: 5621: 5616: 5611: 5606: 5605: 5604: 5594: 5589: 5584: 5579: 5573: 5571: 5567: 5566: 5564: 5563: 5561:Public service 5558: 5553: 5548: 5543: 5534: 5529: 5524: 5519: 5514: 5508: 5506: 5502: 5501: 5494: 5493: 5486: 5479: 5471: 5462: 5461: 5459: 5458: 5446: 5433: 5430: 5429: 5427: 5426: 5421: 5416: 5411: 5406: 5401: 5399:Public holiday 5396: 5391: 5386: 5380: 5378: 5374: 5373: 5371: 5370: 5368:Youth services 5365: 5364: 5363: 5358: 5356:Social pension 5348: 5347: 5346: 5336: 5331: 5326: 5324:Public housing 5321: 5315: 5313: 5307: 5306: 5304: 5303: 5298: 5293: 5288: 5283: 5278: 5273: 5268: 5266:Public library 5263: 5258: 5253: 5248: 5243: 5238: 5233: 5231:Infrastructure 5228: 5226:Free education 5223: 5218: 5212: 5210: 5204: 5203: 5201: 5200: 5195: 5190: 5185: 5184: 5183: 5173: 5168: 5162: 5160: 5158:Public utility 5154: 5153: 5151: 5150: 5145: 5140: 5135: 5134: 5133: 5131:Savings system 5126:Postal service 5123: 5118: 5113: 5107: 5105: 5104:Basic services 5101: 5100: 5098: 5097: 5092: 5087: 5082: 5077: 5072: 5067: 5062: 5057: 5052: 5047: 5042: 5037: 5032: 5027: 5022: 5020:Product sample 5017: 5015:Free newspaper 5012: 5007: 5001: 4999: 4995: 4994: 4992: 4991: 4986: 4981: 4975: 4972: 4971: 4964: 4963: 4956: 4949: 4941: 4935: 4932: 4931: 4919: 4918: 4916: 4915: 4910: 4908:Youth services 4905: 4900: 4898:Policy studies 4895: 4890: 4885: 4880: 4875: 4870: 4864: 4862: 4858: 4857: 4855: 4854: 4849: 4848: 4847: 4840: 4833: 4821: 4816: 4811: 4806: 4801: 4796: 4795: 4794: 4787: 4784:Pharmaceutical 4775: 4770: 4765: 4760: 4759: 4758: 4751: 4748:Nuclear energy 4739: 4734: 4733: 4732: 4725: 4718: 4711: 4704: 4697: 4690: 4678: 4677: 4676: 4664: 4659: 4654: 4652:Climate change 4649: 4643: 4641: 4637: 4636: 4629: 4628: 4621: 4614: 4606: 4600: 4599: 4598:. Polity Press 4589: 4582: 4576: 4569: 4562: 4551: 4548: 4545: 4544: 4534: 4525: 4511:. 2020-09-03. 4492: 4477: 4462: 4447: 4432: 4417: 4402: 4389: 4358: 4343: 4314: 4296: 4275: 4244: 4224: 4179: 4149: 4109: 4052: 4023: 4014:|journal= 3971: 3941: 3910:(2): 123–134. 3890: 3869: 3836: 3802: 3795: 3764: 3744: 3737: 3716: 3707: 3700: 3678: 3669: 3640: 3599:(2): 389–406. 3576: 3538:(2): 103–121. 3518: 3509: 3470: 3424:(1): 175–190. 3404: 3389: 3380: 3371:|journal= 3341: 3283: 3269:. 2018-08-02. 3254: 3223: 3193: 3178: 3176: 3175: 3083: 3053: 3018: 2975: 2940: 2913: 2884:(3): 221–227. 2864: 2852: 2822: 2790: 2755: 2743: 2713: 2701: 2666: 2648: 2633: 2618: 2611: 2590: 2583: 2565: 2556:|journal= 2525: 2496: 2490: 2464: 2457: 2439: 2409: 2402: 2384: 2377: 2359: 2352: 2334: 2327: 2309: 2302: 2282: 2265: 2248: 2229:(3): 412–415. 2213: 2198: 2170: 2127: 2094: 2074: 2007: 1958: 1935:(4): 729–743. 1915: 1880: 1856: 1849: 1831: 1812: 1792: 1783: 1774:|journal= 1718: 1688: 1656: 1655: 1653: 1650: 1649: 1648: 1643: 1638: 1636:Public comment 1633: 1628: 1623: 1621:Overton window 1618: 1613: 1608: 1603: 1598: 1593: 1588: 1583: 1577: 1576: 1560: 1557: 1524: 1521: 1505:climate change 1485: 1484: 1482:Jamia Hamdard 1479: 1474: 1468: 1463: 1457: 1451: 1445: 1440: 1434: 1429: 1424: 1401:, home to the 1349:social science 1343:Policy studies 1341:Main article: 1338: 1335: 1329: 1326: 1302:evidence-based 1283: 1280: 1275: 1272: 1266: 1263: 1238: 1235: 1230: 1229: 1226: 1223: 1220: 1217: 1208: 1205: 1192: 1189: 1148: 1145: 1137:policy studies 1132: 1129: 1123: 1120: 1115: 1112: 1107: 1104: 1099: 1096: 1090: 1087: 1075:policy studies 1052: 1049: 1047:being set up. 1043: 1042:Implementation 1040: 1034: 1031: 1026: 1023: 1022: 1021: 1015: 1009: 1003: 997: 981: 978: 973: 972: 966: 960: 957:Interpretation 954: 942: 941:Problem stream 939: 929: 926: 920: 917: 913:Agenda setting 909: 908:Agenda setting 906: 890: 887: 868: 867: 864: 861: 857: 856: 853: 850: 846: 845: 842: 839: 827: 824: 808: 805: 713: 710: 705:policy studies 686:Harold Laswell 647:implementation 626: 625: 623: 622: 615: 608: 600: 597: 596: 583: 582: 579: 578: 573: 568: 563: 558: 557: 556: 540: 535: 530: 529: 528: 518: 512: 508: 507: 506: 503: 502: 499: 498: 493: 488: 483: 478: 465: 459: 456:Related topics 455: 454: 453: 450: 449: 446: 445: 440: 435: 430: 424: 423: 417: 413: 412: 411: 408: 407: 404: 403: 398: 393: 391:Foreign policy 388: 383: 370: 364: 363: 362: 359: 358: 355: 354: 353: 352: 338: 333: 328: 315: 309: 308: 307: 304: 303: 300: 299: 294: 289: 287:Policy studies 284: 279: 274: 269: 264: 252: 250: 238: 235: 231: 230: 229: 226: 225: 222: 221: 216: 211: 206: 201: 196: 191: 186: 181: 176: 171: 166: 161: 156: 151: 146: 141: 136: 130: 124: 123: 122: 119: 118: 115: 114: 109: 104: 99: 94: 89: 84: 79: 73: 70:Primary topics 69: 68: 67: 64: 63: 61: 60: 55: 50: 44: 41: 40: 34: 33: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6492: 6481: 6480:Social policy 6478: 6476: 6473: 6471: 6468: 6466: 6463: 6461: 6460:Public policy 6458: 6457: 6455: 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6046: 6042: 6039: 6037: 6034: 6032: 6031:developmental 6029: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6019: 6018: 6017: 6014: 6010: 6007: 6005: 6004:public policy 6002: 6000: 5997: 5995: 5992: 5990: 5987: 5986: 5985: 5982: 5978: 5975: 5974: 5973: 5970: 5966: 5963: 5961: 5958: 5956: 5955:legal systems 5953: 5951: 5950:legal history 5948: 5946: 5945:jurisprudence 5943: 5942: 5941: 5938: 5934: 5931: 5929: 5926: 5924: 5921: 5919: 5916: 5914: 5911: 5909: 5906: 5904: 5901: 5900: 5899: 5896: 5892: 5889: 5887: 5884: 5882: 5879: 5877: 5874: 5873: 5872: 5869: 5865: 5862: 5860: 5857: 5855: 5852: 5850: 5847: 5846: 5845: 5842: 5838: 5835: 5833: 5830: 5828: 5825: 5823: 5820: 5819: 5818: 5815: 5814: 5812: 5808: 5802: 5799: 5797: 5794: 5792: 5789: 5788: 5785: 5781: 5774: 5769: 5767: 5762: 5760: 5755: 5754: 5751: 5739: 5736: 5733: 5732: 5729: 5723: 5720: 5718: 5715: 5713: 5710: 5709: 5707: 5703: 5697: 5694: 5692: 5691:United States 5689: 5685: 5682: 5681: 5680: 5677: 5675: 5672: 5670: 5667: 5665: 5662: 5660: 5657: 5655: 5652: 5650: 5647: 5645: 5642: 5640: 5637: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5627: 5625: 5622: 5620: 5617: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5607: 5603: 5600: 5599: 5598: 5595: 5593: 5590: 5588: 5585: 5583: 5580: 5578: 5575: 5574: 5572: 5568: 5562: 5559: 5557: 5556:Public policy 5554: 5552: 5549: 5547: 5544: 5542: 5541:Spoils system 5538: 5535: 5533: 5530: 5528: 5525: 5523: 5520: 5518: 5515: 5513: 5512:Public sector 5510: 5509: 5507: 5503: 5499: 5498:Civil service 5492: 5487: 5485: 5480: 5478: 5473: 5472: 5469: 5457: 5456: 5447: 5445: 5444: 5435: 5434: 5431: 5425: 5422: 5420: 5417: 5415: 5412: 5410: 5409:Public sector 5407: 5405: 5402: 5400: 5397: 5395: 5392: 5390: 5387: 5385: 5382: 5381: 5379: 5375: 5369: 5366: 5362: 5359: 5357: 5354: 5353: 5352: 5349: 5345: 5342: 5341: 5340: 5337: 5335: 5334:Job guarantee 5332: 5330: 5327: 5325: 5322: 5320: 5317: 5316: 5314: 5312: 5308: 5302: 5299: 5297: 5294: 5292: 5289: 5287: 5286:Public toilet 5284: 5282: 5279: 5277: 5276:Public school 5274: 5272: 5269: 5267: 5264: 5262: 5259: 5257: 5254: 5252: 5249: 5247: 5244: 5242: 5239: 5237: 5234: 5232: 5229: 5227: 5224: 5222: 5219: 5217: 5214: 5213: 5211: 5209: 5205: 5199: 5196: 5194: 5191: 5189: 5186: 5182: 5179: 5178: 5177: 5174: 5172: 5171:Oil & gas 5169: 5167: 5164: 5163: 5161: 5159: 5155: 5149: 5146: 5144: 5141: 5139: 5136: 5132: 5129: 5128: 5127: 5124: 5122: 5119: 5117: 5114: 5112: 5111:Civil service 5109: 5108: 5106: 5102: 5096: 5093: 5091: 5088: 5086: 5083: 5081: 5078: 5076: 5073: 5071: 5070:Public rights 5068: 5066: 5065:Public policy 5063: 5061: 5058: 5056: 5053: 5051: 5048: 5046: 5045:Public health 5043: 5041: 5038: 5036: 5035:Public domain 5033: 5031: 5028: 5026: 5023: 5021: 5018: 5016: 5013: 5011: 5008: 5006: 5003: 5002: 5000: 4996: 4990: 4987: 4985: 4982: 4980: 4977: 4976: 4973: 4969: 4962: 4957: 4955: 4950: 4948: 4943: 4942: 4939: 4933: 4926: 4914: 4911: 4909: 4906: 4904: 4901: 4899: 4896: 4894: 4891: 4889: 4886: 4884: 4881: 4879: 4876: 4874: 4871: 4869: 4866: 4865: 4863: 4859: 4853: 4850: 4845: 4841: 4838: 4834: 4831: 4827: 4826: 4825: 4822: 4820: 4817: 4815: 4812: 4810: 4807: 4805: 4802: 4800: 4797: 4792: 4788: 4785: 4781: 4780: 4779: 4776: 4774: 4771: 4769: 4766: 4764: 4763:Environmental 4761: 4756: 4752: 4749: 4745: 4744: 4743: 4740: 4738: 4735: 4730: 4726: 4723: 4719: 4716: 4712: 4709: 4705: 4702: 4698: 4695: 4691: 4688: 4684: 4683: 4682: 4679: 4674: 4670: 4669: 4668: 4665: 4663: 4660: 4658: 4655: 4653: 4650: 4648: 4645: 4644: 4642: 4638: 4634: 4633:Public policy 4627: 4622: 4620: 4615: 4613: 4608: 4607: 4604: 4597: 4593: 4590: 4586: 4583: 4580: 4577: 4574: 4570: 4567: 4563: 4560: 4559: 4554: 4553: 4538: 4529: 4514: 4510: 4508: 4502: 4496: 4488: 4481: 4473: 4466: 4458: 4451: 4443: 4436: 4428: 4421: 4413: 4406: 4399: 4393: 4379:on 2012-04-26 4375: 4368: 4362: 4354: 4347: 4339: 4333: 4325: 4321: 4317: 4311: 4307: 4300: 4282: 4278: 4272: 4268: 4264: 4257: 4256: 4248: 4241: 4237: 4234: 4228: 4220: 4216: 4212: 4208: 4203: 4198: 4194: 4190: 4183: 4168: 4164: 4160: 4153: 4145: 4141: 4137: 4133: 4129: 4125: 4118: 4116: 4114: 4105: 4101: 4096: 4091: 4087: 4083: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4063: 4056: 4041: 4037: 4033: 4027: 4019: 4006: 3988: 3981: 3975: 3960: 3956: 3952: 3945: 3937: 3933: 3928: 3927:11311/1140914 3923: 3918: 3913: 3909: 3905: 3901: 3894: 3876: 3872: 3866: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3847: 3840: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3806: 3798: 3792: 3788: 3784: 3780: 3779: 3771: 3769: 3760: 3759: 3751: 3749: 3740: 3738:1-4786-3671-8 3734: 3730: 3723: 3721: 3711: 3703: 3697: 3692: 3691: 3682: 3673: 3658: 3654: 3650: 3644: 3626: 3622: 3618: 3614: 3610: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3594: 3587: 3580: 3565: 3561: 3557: 3553: 3549: 3545: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3529: 3522: 3513: 3505: 3501: 3497: 3493: 3489: 3485: 3481: 3474: 3459: 3455: 3451: 3447: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3415: 3408: 3400: 3393: 3384: 3376: 3363: 3352: 3350: 3348: 3346: 3330: 3326: 3322: 3318: 3314: 3310: 3306: 3302: 3298: 3294: 3287: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3258: 3240: 3233: 3227: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3197: 3189: 3182: 3164: 3160: 3159: 3154: 3149: 3148: 3145: 3141: 3136: 3131: 3127: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3087: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3057: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3037: 3033: 3029: 3022: 3014: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2979: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2944: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2917: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2897: 2892: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2868: 2855: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2826: 2818: 2812: 2797: 2793: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2774: 2766: 2764: 2762: 2760: 2746: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2717: 2711: 2705: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2670: 2662: 2655: 2653: 2644: 2637: 2629: 2622: 2614: 2608: 2604: 2597: 2595: 2586: 2584:9780367348298 2580: 2576: 2569: 2561: 2548: 2540: 2536: 2529: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2500: 2493: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2468: 2460: 2454: 2450: 2443: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2413: 2405: 2399: 2395: 2388: 2380: 2374: 2370: 2363: 2355: 2349: 2345: 2338: 2330: 2324: 2320: 2313: 2305: 2303:0-394-49447-4 2299: 2295: 2294: 2293:Social Policy 2286: 2278: 2277: 2269: 2261: 2260: 2252: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2217: 2209: 2202: 2187: 2183: 2182: 2174: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2131: 2123: 2117: 2101: 2097: 2091: 2087: 2086: 2078: 2070: 2066: 2061: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2043: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2011: 2003: 1999: 1994: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1962: 1953: 1948: 1943: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1919: 1900: 1893: 1892: 1884: 1869: 1868: 1860: 1852: 1846: 1842: 1835: 1819: 1815: 1809: 1805: 1804: 1796: 1787: 1779: 1766: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1727: 1725: 1723: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1692: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1661: 1657: 1647: 1644: 1642: 1639: 1637: 1634: 1632: 1629: 1627: 1624: 1622: 1619: 1617: 1614: 1612: 1609: 1607: 1604: 1602: 1599: 1597: 1594: 1592: 1589: 1587: 1584: 1582: 1579: 1578: 1574: 1568: 1563: 1556: 1552: 1550: 1545: 1543: 1538: 1537:Thomas Sowell 1534: 1530: 1523:Controversies 1520: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1483: 1480: 1478: 1475: 1472: 1469: 1467: 1464: 1461: 1458: 1455: 1452: 1449: 1448:Hertie School 1446: 1444: 1441: 1438: 1435: 1433: 1430: 1428: 1425: 1423: 1420: 1419: 1415: 1410: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1365:social policy 1362: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1344: 1334: 1325: 1323: 1319: 1314: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1298: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1279: 1271: 1262: 1260: 1255: 1252: 1247: 1245: 1234: 1227: 1224: 1221: 1218: 1215: 1214: 1213: 1207:Policy design 1204: 1200: 1198: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1166: 1165:public sector 1160: 1156: 1152: 1144: 1142: 1138: 1128: 1119: 1111: 1103: 1095: 1086: 1084: 1080: 1079:effectiveness 1076: 1072: 1071:meta-analysis 1068: 1064: 1058: 1048: 1039: 1030: 1019: 1016: 1013: 1010: 1007: 1004: 1001: 998: 995: 992: 991: 990: 987: 977: 970: 967: 964: 961: 958: 955: 952: 949: 948: 947: 938: 936: 935:policy window 928:Policy stream 925: 916: 914: 905: 903: 898: 896: 886: 883: 880: 876: 873: 865: 862: 859: 858: 854: 851: 848: 847: 843: 840: 838: 837: 831: 823: 820: 816: 814: 804: 801: 799: 795: 791: 785: 781: 777: 775: 770: 766: 761: 758: 753: 751: 750:Thomas R. Dye 746: 744: 738: 736: 731: 728: 725: 721: 717: 709: 706: 702: 697: 695: 691: 687: 682: 680: 676: 671: 670:co-production 667: 663: 659: 654: 652: 648: 644: 640: 636: 632: 631:Public policy 621: 616: 614: 609: 607: 602: 601: 599: 598: 595: 590: 585: 584: 577: 574: 572: 569: 567: 564: 562: 559: 554: 550: 546: 545: 544: 541: 539: 536: 534: 531: 527: 524: 523: 522: 519: 517: 514: 513: 505: 504: 497: 494: 492: 489: 487: 484: 482: 479: 477: 473: 469: 466: 464: 461: 460: 452: 451: 444: 441: 439: 436: 434: 431: 429: 426: 425: 422: 419: 418: 410: 409: 402: 399: 397: 396:Civil society 394: 392: 389: 387: 384: 380: 375: 374:Public policy 372: 371: 367: 361: 360: 350: 346: 342: 341: 339: 337: 334: 332: 329: 325: 320: 317: 316: 312: 306: 305: 298: 295: 293: 290: 288: 285: 283: 280: 278: 275: 273: 270: 268: 265: 260: 255: 251: 246: 241: 237: 236: 228: 227: 220: 217: 215: 212: 210: 207: 205: 202: 200: 197: 195: 194:Parliamentary 192: 190: 187: 185: 182: 180: 179:Hybrid regime 177: 175: 172: 170: 167: 165: 162: 160: 157: 155: 152: 150: 147: 145: 142: 140: 137: 135: 132: 131: 127: 121: 120: 113: 110: 108: 105: 103: 100: 98: 95: 93: 90: 88: 85: 83: 80: 78: 75: 74: 66: 65: 59: 56: 54: 51: 49: 46: 45: 43: 42: 39: 36: 35: 32: 28: 27: 22: 6430: 6406: 6394: 6364: 6171:Food studies 6111:Area studies 6003: 5864:mathematical 5859:econometrics 5817:Anthropology 5734: 5555: 5537:Merit system 5453: 5441: 5394:Public float 5329:Job creation 5281:Public space 5208:Public works 5085:Public value 5080:Public trust 5064: 4861:Other topics 4647:Agricultural 4632: 4595: 4556: 4537: 4528: 4517:. Retrieved 4504: 4495: 4487:Human Action 4486: 4480: 4471: 4465: 4456: 4450: 4441: 4435: 4426: 4420: 4411: 4405: 4397: 4392: 4381:. Retrieved 4374:the original 4361: 4352: 4346: 4305: 4299: 4288:. Retrieved 4254: 4247: 4227: 4195:(1): 22–44. 4192: 4188: 4182: 4171:. Retrieved 4162: 4152: 4127: 4123: 4069: 4065: 4055: 4044:. Retrieved 4036:ec.europa.eu 4035: 4026: 4005:cite journal 3994:. Retrieved 3974: 3963:. Retrieved 3954: 3944: 3907: 3903: 3893: 3882:. Retrieved 3852: 3839: 3828:. Retrieved 3819: 3815: 3805: 3777: 3757: 3728: 3710: 3689: 3681: 3672: 3661:. Retrieved 3652: 3643: 3632:. Retrieved 3596: 3592: 3579: 3568:. Retrieved 3535: 3531: 3521: 3512: 3487: 3483: 3473: 3462:. Retrieved 3421: 3417: 3407: 3398: 3392: 3383: 3362:cite journal 3333:. Retrieved 3303:(1): 30–51. 3300: 3296: 3286: 3275:. Retrieved 3266: 3257: 3246:. Retrieved 3226: 3214:. Retrieved 3205: 3196: 3187: 3181: 3169:15 September 3167:. Retrieved 3156: 3101: 3097: 3086: 3076:15 September 3074:. 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