207:
limited use include their lack of access to transportation (disabled persons and children are unable to operate vehicles) and lack of knowledge in assembling certain foods (primarily canned goods). Furthermore, the study found that unemployed users are more inclined to hold negative attitudes about the program; while full-time workers, retirees, and disabled persons (people who cannot work due to disability) considered the program beneficial because it allowed them to expand their food budget and use excess money on other needs. Hence, by giving users access to free food, users were able to have left over money to spend on higher quality foods and other goods and services.
117:
75:
137:
worth of food annually for the program as surpluses of available foods decreased. As a result, private organizations now received funding by the government to distribute to low-income families. However, this form of funding began to decline in 1994, as only $ 80 million worth of food were funded. With less food being distributed, the program experienced a phasing-out and by 1996 the federal government had used no money to purchase food.
87:
with incomes below the poverty level in the State. States provide the food to local agencies that they have selected, usually food banks, which in turn distribute the food to local organizations, such as soup kitchens and food pantries that directly serve the public. States also provide the food to other types of local organizations, such as community action agencies, which distribute the foods directly to low-income households.
527:
391:
133:. The program not only helped low-income Americans gain access to food commodities in times of desperation, but also helped establish a network of private emergency feeding organizations (EFOs) (i.e.-food pantries, food banks, soup kitchens, etc.) that assisted in the delivering of food to low-income families and individuals.
219:
The types of foods USDA purchases for TEFAP vary depending on the preferences of States and on agricultural market conditions. Nearly 90 nutritious, high-quality products are available, including canned and fresh fruits and vegetables, fresh and dried eggs, meat, poultry, fish, milk and cheese, pasta
210:
Geographical factors and population density also contribute to the program's efficiency and use. Rural agencies often receive fewer donations under TEFAP due to the fact that they include a smaller network of volunteer support compared to urban cities. This suggests that there is less opportunity for
65:
Studies suggest that employment status and geographical location effect recipients' perceptions of the program as well as the program's utility. In addition, the program offers a variety of specific foods and is available to low-income individuals and households under specific requirements by States.
61:
In addition to TEFAP's history, the program has numerous economic effects on market prices for "entitlement" commodities (purchased), "bonus" commodities (surplus), and commodities that the program does not provide; furthermore, TEFAP effects the revenue of retailers' sales and the spending behavior
189:
Contrarily, market prices are effected differently when the government purchases commodities for the purpose of redistribution. Here, market prices for entitlement commodities sold in stores rise. As a result, non-recipients of the program become less willing to purchase these commodities. However,
176:
There are numerous perceived economic effects and outcomes that The
Emergency Food Assistance Program produces: TEFAP impacts the way both users and non-users of the program consume goods and services; prices of commodities (including those not distributed through TEFAP) are also slightly effected.
136:
In the first six years of TEFAP, the United States
Federal Government (through USDA) funded the program by contributing $ 50 million annually towards administrative (and distribution) costs. By 1988, the federal government, in addition to funding administrative costs, began purchasing $ 120 million
90:
These local organizations distribute USDA Foods to eligible recipients for household consumption or use them to prepare and serve meals in a congregate setting. Under TEFAP, States also receive administrative funds to support the storage and distribution of USDA Foods. These funds must, in part, be
82:
TEFAP is a federal program in the United States that helps supplement the diets of low-income
Americans, including elderly people, by providing them with emergency food and nutrition assistance at no cost. It provides food and administrative funds to States to supplement the diets of these groups.
86:
Through TEFAP, the USDA purchases a variety of nutritious, high-quality USDA Foods, and makes those foods available to State
Distributing Agencies. The amount of food each State receives out of the total amount of food provided is based on the number of unemployed persons and the number of people
164:
2) Households that meet State eligibility criteria may receive food for home use. States set income standards, which may, at the State's discretion, be met through participation in other existing
Federal, State, or local food, health, or welfare programs for which eligibility is based on income.
206:
There is limited information about TEFAP users' attitude toward the program, however, one study suggests that families with children or disabled persons value the program the most among other groups that use the program, despite being the group that uses the program the least. Reasons for their
202:
Aside from private organizations, and EFO's (food banks) that emerged as a result of the program's implementation, advocates and benefits of the program historically include farmers and businesses within the food industry looking to reduce costs. Furthermore, early literature suggest that many
43:(CCC). This program was explicitly authorized by the Congress in 1983 when funding was provided to assist states with the costs involved in storing and distributing the commodities. The program originally was entitled the Temporary Emergency Food Assistance Program when authorized under the
128:
in 1981, the administration responded by enacting the
Omnibus Reconciliation Act of 1982 which allowed for surpluses of dairy products (cheese) to be given by states to public and private organizations that then donated these products to low-income families. Despite criticism, the Reagan
104:
TEFAP contributes to the food safety net in times of disaster. TEFAP foods may be redesignated for disaster relief efforts when necessary. TEFAP has the flexibility to deploy USDA Foods quickly to areas of need since it is a program with an existing emergency feeding network.
152:
Public or private nonprofit organizations that provide nutrition assistance to low-income
Americans, either through the distribution of food for home use or the preparation of meals, may receive food as local agencies. They must also meet the following criteria:
181:
foods, or food items that they would purchase had they not had access to free food provided by the program. This causes prices for substitute commodities in markets to decrease. In addition, non-users of the program are more willing to purchase foods that are
54:(USDA). TEFAP does not have federal entitlement status; funding for the program is determined by an annual Congressional appropriation. Funding for TEFAP foods is reauthorized through the federal
531:
565:
1218:
311:
Derrickson, Joda; Spellman, Patricia; Rice, Jeanne; Mahoney, Carol (1999-01-01). "Temporary
Emergency Food Assistance Program: Perceptions of Benefits and Effect of Welfare Reform".
761:
144:, whom was the newly appointed secretary of the USDA. The federal government has since provided funding for administrative costs and has purchased food commodities for the program.
101:
USDA Foods available through TEFAP reflect USDA's strides in making the foods consistent with the
Dietary Guidelines for Americans, with reduced levels of fat, sodium, and sugar.
953:
723:
1570:
1186:
17:
1318:
1403:
592:
227:
by TEFAP in school lunch programs are regarded as healthy. Particularly, a 2011 study prepared for the USDA found that TEFAP foods received higher average
716:
1311:
1128:
1082:
702:
1482:
1195:
826:
658:
487:
Daponte, B. O., & Bade, S. (2006). How the
Private Food Assistance Network Evolved: Interactions between Public and Private Responses to Hunger.
291:
Comparing the Emergency Food Assistance Program and the Food Stamp Program : Recipient Characteristics, Market Effects, and Benefit/cost Ratios
1632:
1519:
1461:
1454:
672:
1577:
1295:
44:
865:
1055:
1048:
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1325:
50:
TEFAP was first authorized as the Temporary Emergency Food Assistance Program in 1981 and continues to be administered federally by the
1260:
1004:
709:
203:
low-income individuals preferred TEFAP to other dietary social programs due to the lack of social stigma associated with the program.
1556:
1491:
1475:
1387:
585:
289:
Levedahl, J. William., Nicole. Ballenger, Courtney. Harold, and United States. Department of Agriculture. Economic Research Service.
232:
228:
125:
1498:
1267:
893:
644:
619:
610:
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Organizations that distribute food for home use must determine household eligibility by applying income standards set by the State.
98:
In 2017, the USDA allotted $ 374,350,009 across the country for TEFAP. The USDA breaks the fund allocation by state and by region.
293:. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, 1994. Print. Agricultural Economic Report; No. 689.
1396:
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51:
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130:
1424:
1135:
637:
578:
560:
327:
1170:
939:
626:
651:
252:
344:
Molnar, Joseph (2001). "Private Food Assistance in a Small Metropolitan Area: Urban Resources and Rural Needs" (PDF).
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925:
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States can adjust eligibility criteria to ensure that assistance is provided only to those households most in need.
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1410:
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1142:
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Organizations that provide prepared meals must demonstrate that they serve predominantly low-income persons.
129:
administration expanded this process by launching the Temporary Emergency Food Assistance Program under the
1584:
1438:
1041:
946:
40:
194:, non-recipients spend more on these commodities in locations where foods are purchased for distribution.
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1105:
1098:
601:
417:
381:
1600:
1246:
183:
92:
1431:
1156:
1071:
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3) Recipients of prepared meals are considered to be low-income and are not subject to a means test.
1274:
1202:
886:
856:
849:
1281:
1034:
918:
909:
1533:
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932:
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47:(P.L. 98â8). The program was renamed to The Emergency Food Assistance Program (TEFAP) in 1990.
1468:
1163:
997:
902:
872:
753:
124:
After hunger-activist groups had become upset with the Reagan Administration's cuts to the
570:
211:
low-income family's in lower-income families in rural areas comparatively to urban areas.
8:
630:
35:(TEFAP) is a program that evolved out of surplus commodity donation efforts begun by the
879:
537:
745:
539:
Report for Congress: Agriculture: A Glossary of Terms, Programs, and Laws, 2005 Edition
224:
324:
990:
514:"Comparison of USDA Foods Offered and Delivered in the National School Lunch Program"
513:
186:
in demand, due to the fact that the program reduces the prices of those commodities.
1225:
496:
320:
177:
When foods are donated through TEFAP, users of the program reduce their demand for
1505:
1332:
835:
178:
91:
passed down to local agencies. TEFAP is administered at the Federal level by the
231:(Healthy Eating Index) scores in comparison to diets of average Americans and
1626:
555:
500:
395:
418:"WHITE PAPER ON THE EMERGENCY FOOD ASSISTANCE PROGRAM (TEFAP): Final Report"
141:
1357:
39:
in late 1981 to dispose of surplus foods (especially cheese) held by the
116:
74:
1288:
1025:
1018:
55:
1219:
Federal Employees Liability Reform and Tort Compensation Act of 1988
1011:
842:
394:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
1547:
457:"TEFAP ADMINISTRATIVE FUNDS AND FOOD ENTITLEMENT ALLOCATIONS"
108:
All USDA Foods offered through TEFAP are domestically grown.
1571:
Surface Transportation and Uniform Relocation Assistance Act
1187:
Emergency Food Assistance and Soup Kitchen-Food Bank Program
600:
36:
444:
The Emergency Food Administration: background and funding
1319:
Voting Accessibility for the Elderly and Handicapped Act
1404:
Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1985
190:
since their demand for these commodities is generally
140:
In 1997, the program rebounded through the efforts of
446:. Library of Congress; Congressional Research Report.
1289:
Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986
1312:
Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act
1483:Medicaid Home and Community-Based Services Waivers
1196:Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act
553:
382:"The Emergency Food Assistance Program Fact Sheet"
253:"Understanding Nutrition: Primer Module on TEFAP"
1624:
1520:Tax Equity and Fiscal Responsibility Act of 1982
1462:Interest and Dividend Tax Compliance Act of 1983
1578:Technical and Miscellaneous Revenue Act of 1988
1296:Temporary Emergency Food Assistance Act of 1983
45:Temporary Emergency Food Assistance Act of 1983
970:Caribbean Basin Economic Recovery Act of 1983
586:
1455:GarnâSt. Germain Depository Institutions Act
346:The Journal of Sociology and Social Welfare
18:Temporary Emergency Food Assistance Program
1282:Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments of 1986
1261:National Appliance Energy Conservation Act
1005:Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986
593:
579:
1557:Secondary Mortgage Market Enhancement Act
1492:Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1987
1476:Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1981
1388:Federal Agricultural Mortgage Corporation
1056:IsraelâUnited States Free Trade Agreement
1049:CanadaâUnited States Free Trade Agreement
535:
511:
1499:Railroad Retirement Solvency Act of 1983
1268:National Fishing Enhancement Act of 1984
564:) is being considered for deletion. See
489:Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly
115:
73:
1633:United States Department of Agriculture
1397:Cable Communications Policy Act of 1984
1347:Water Resources Development Act of 1988
1340:Water Resources Development Act of 1986
1150:Comprehensive Crime Control Act of 1984
735:
52:United States Department of Agriculture
14:
1625:
1122:Asbestos Hazard Emergency Response Act
1113:Office of National Drug Control Policy
197:
1564:Surface Transportation Assistance Act
1303:The Emergency Food Assistance Program
1180:Emergency Food Assistance Act of 1983
1065:Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act
574:
285:
131:Emergency Food Assistance Act of 1983
33:The Emergency Food Assistance Program
1425:Extra-Long Staple Cotton Act of 1983
1136:Civil Rights Restoration Act of 1987
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1171:United States Sentencing Commission
512:Zimmerman, Thea (August 22, 2011).
171:
24:
352:â via Western Michigan University.
214:
25:
1644:
1513:Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981
568:to help reach a consensus. âș
466:
427:
401:
355:
333:
296:
262:
1418:Expedited Funds Availability Act
1367:Agriculture and Food Act of 1981
1212:Emergency Wetlands Resources Act
977:Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act
962:We begin bombing in five minutes
530: This article incorporates
525:
442:Billings, Kara Clifford (2018).
389:
1374:Agricultural Credit Act of 1987
505:
120:History of TEFAP's Expenditures
1446:Dairy Export Incentive Program
547:Congressional Research Service
449:
313:Journal of Nutrition Education
245:
147:
95:(FNS), an agency of the USDA.
13:
1:
1541:Low-Income Housing Tax Credit
1527:Katie Beckett Medicaid waiver
1469:Internal Revenue Code of 1986
1411:Deficit Reduction Act of 1984
1381:Agriculture Mediation Program
1233:Hunger Prevention Act of 1988
1143:Coastal Barrier Resources Act
325:10.1016/S0022-3182(99)70382-1
238:
1585:Video Privacy Protection Act
1439:Conservation Reserve Program
1042:Trade and Tariff Act of 1984
947:Strategic Defense Initiative
78:TEFAP's Distribution Process
41:Commodity Credit Corporation
7:
1254:Minerals Management Service
1106:Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1988
1099:Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1986
602:Presidency of Ronald Reagan
561:Presidency of Ronald Reagan
69:
10:
1649:
1247:Medical Waste Tracking Act
1240:Martin Luther King Jr. Day
724:Presidential proclamations
111:
93:Food and Nutrition Service
1594:
1432:Food Security Act of 1985
1356:
1333:Water Quality Act of 1987
1157:Armed Career Criminal Act
1081:
825:
762:Joint session of Congress
609:
1275:Nuclear Waste Policy Act
1203:Toxics Release Inventory
566:templates for discussion
501:10.1177/0899764006289771
126:Food Stamp Program (FSP)
27:U.S. federal aid program
1601:â Carter administration
1035:American Homecoming Act
919:Constructive engagement
682:Administration scandals
1534:Tax Reform Act of 1986
754:"Tear down this wall!"
532:public domain material
225:"offered" and "served"
220:products, and cereal.
121:
79:
1610:Bush administration â
1164:Sentencing Reform Act
1072:ExonâFlorio Amendment
998:Executive Order 12333
984:GoldwaterâNichols Act
659:Judicial appointments
645:Assassination attempt
119:
77:
1092:AIDS crisis response
866:Soviet Union summits
1326:1982 VRA Amendments
954:International trips
926:Invasion of Grenada
696:Impeachment efforts
638:Second inauguration
631:Release of hostages
198:Perceptions and Use
933:IranâContra affair
627:First inauguration
122:
80:
58:every five years.
1620:
1619:
991:Montreal Protocol
821:
820:
812:1988 SOTU Address
805:1987 SOTU Address
798:1986 SOTU Address
791:1985 SOTU Address
784:1984 SOTU Address
777:1983 SOTU Address
770:1982 SOTU Address
710:Executive actions
16:(Redirected from
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172:Economic Effects
21:
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1506:Reagan tax cuts
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1358:Economic policy
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1083:Domestic policy
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536:Jasper Womach.
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827:Foreign policy
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495:(4), 668â690.
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62:of consumers.
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604:(1981â1989)
554:âč The
148:Eligibility
894:INF Treaty
887:Washington
620:Transition
330:0022-3182.
239:References
223:The foods
179:substitute
1026:H-2B visa
1019:H-2A visa
880:ReykjavĂk
192:inelastic
56:Farm Bill
1627:Category
1012:Form I-9
857:2nd term
850:1st term
843:Cold War
737:Speeches
611:Timeline
556:template
70:Overview
652:Cabinet
558:below (
462:. 2017.
184:elastic
112:History
903:Moscow
873:Geneva
764:(1981)
756:(1987)
748:(1983)
1548:MACRS
543:(PDF)
534:from
460:(PDF)
421:(PDF)
385:(PDF)
256:(PDF)
629:and
328:ISSN
233:SNAP
37:USDA
497:doi
321:doi
229:HEI
1629::
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20:)
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