United States Department of Agriculture

2582: 2546: 1259: 631: 544: 2472: 2522: 2506: 1208: 2534: 1904:(FSIS), which is to ensure that commercial supply of meat, poultry, and egg products is safe, wholesome, and correctly labeled and packaged. The hotline operates year-round on weekdays excluding federal holidays (except Thanksgiving) from 10am to 6PM PT and is staffed by food safety specialists with backgrounds in home economics, nutrition, and food technology. The hotline began on July 1, 1985, and has answered over 2 million calls to date in 2024. The hotline added Spanish support in 2002, and added two hours in April 2017. The hotline can help detect public health threats and has been attributed with increasing American's awareness of foodborne bacteria and how to avoid them. 80: 68: 2566: 1826:

honored through visits to tribal neighbors, discussions of mutual interest, and attempts to honor and accommodate the legal positions of Indians and the federal government. Addressing and demonstrating sensitivity to Native religious beliefs and practices includes walking through Native lands and acknowledging cultural needs when implementing USFS activities. Providing research, technology, and assistance to Indian governments is shown through collaboration of ecological studies and sharing of various environmental technologies, as well as the inclusion of traditional Native practices in contemporary operations of the USFS.

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statistician, further strengthened the expertise by introducing sampling techniques. Professional economists ran a strong Bureau of Agricultural Economics. Most important was the agricultural experiment station system, a network of state partners in the land-grant colleges, which in turn operated a large field service in direct contact with farmers in practically every rural county. The department worked smoothly with a nationwide, well-organized pressure group, the

2631: 5171: 5161: 1310:(SCS) which provided service to private landowners and encouraged subsidies that would relieve soil from excessive farming. The SCS in its early days were hesitant, especially in Southern jurisdictions, to hire Black conservationists. Rather than reaching out to Black students in universities for interviews and job opportunities, students had to reach out for the few opportunities granted to Black conservationists. 1444:, North Carolina by 2013, the number of successful claimants was four times the number of farms with 1 out of 9 African-Americans being paid, while "claimants were not required to present documentary evidence that they had been unfairly treated or had even tried to farm." Lack of documentation is an issue complicated by the USDA practice of discarding denied applications after three years. 4448: 4385: 2715: 767:, farm work occupied a fourth of Americans. Indeed, many young people who moved to the cities in the prosperous 1920s returned to the family farm after the depression caused unemployment after 1929. The USDA helped ensure that food continued to be produced and distributed to those who needed it, assisted with loans for small landowners, and provided technical advice. Its 1855:

250,000 acres of farmland, in its Environmental Quality Incentives Program. In 2001, NRCS funded and published a study, "Environmental Justice: Perceptions of Issues, Awareness and Assistance," focused on rural, Southern "Black Belt" counties and analyzing how the NRCS workforce could more effectively integrate environmental justice into impacted communities.

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rights class action settlement in American history. Lawyers estimated the value of the settlement to be more than $ 2 billion. Some farmers would have their debts forgiven. Judge Friedman appointed a monitor to oversee the settlement. Farmers in Alabama, Mississippi, Arkansas, and Georgia were among those affected by the settlement.

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lands that can affect traditionally hunted wildlife. The APHIS also provides Wildlife Services, which help with wildlife damage on Native lands. This includes emergency trainings, outreach, consultation, internship opportunities for students, and general education on damage reduction, livestock protection, and disease monitoring.

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On August 27, 2018, the USDA announced it would be providing U.S. farmers with a farm aid package totaling $ 4.7 billion in direct payments to American farmers. This package is meant to offset the losses farmers are expected to incur from retaliatory tariffs placed on American exports during the

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To maintain a competitive agricultural sector, USDA will support farmers and ranchers’ ability to start and maintain profitable businesses as well as offer financial support to producers affected by natural disasters. Furthermore, USDA’s research agencies will continue to introduce high-performance

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The Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service provides APHIS Veterinary Services, which serve the tribal community by promoting and fostering safe animal trade and care. This includes prevention of pests and disease from herd and fisheries as well as surveys for diseases on or near Native American

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claims. These claims could be used for monetary relief, debt relief, and/or tax relief. The filing period began June 29, 2011 and lasted 180 days. Track A claimants would be eligible for up to $ 50,000, whereas Track B claimants would be eligible for up to $ 250,000 with a higher standard of proof.

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After numerous public rallies and an intensive NBFA member lobbying effort, Congress approved and Obama signed into law in December 2010 legislation that set aside $ 1.15 billion to resolve the outstanding black farmers' cases. NBFA's John W. Boyd Jr., attended the bill-signing ceremony at the

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on September 12, 2000, when he testified that many farmers had not yet received payments and others were left out of the settlement. It was later revealed that one DoJ staff "general attorney" was unlicensed while she was handling black farmers' cases. NBFA called for all those cases to be reheard.

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The NRCS Strike Force Initiative has identified impoverished counties in Mississippi, Georgia and Arkansas to receive increased outreach and training regarding USDA assistance programs. USDA credits this increased outreach with generating a 196 percent increase in contracts, representing more than

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On February 7, 2012, the USDA released a final Environmental Justice Strategic Plan identifying new and updated goals and performance measures beyond what USDA identified in a 1995 EJ strategy that was adopted in response to E.O. 12898. Generally, USDA believes its existing technical and financial

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The USFS works to maintain good governmental relationships through regular intergovernmental meetings, acknowledgement of pre*existing tribal sovereignty, and a better general understanding of tribal government, which varies from tribe to tribe. Indian treaty rights and trust responsibilities are

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The American food supply chain had to adapt, and it remains safe, secure, and strong, and we all know that starts with America's farmers and ranchers. This program will not only provide immediate relief for our farmers and ranchers, but it will also allow for the purchase and distribution of our

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approved the settlement and consent decree on April 14, 1999. The settlement recognized discrimination against 22,363 black farmers, but the NBFA would later call the agreement incomplete because more than 70,000 were excluded. Nevertheless, the settlement was deemed to be the largest-ever civil

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settlement, filed a new lawsuit against USDA. The Senate and House versions of the black farmers bill, reopening black farmers discrimination cases, became law in June 2008. Some news reports said that the new law could affect up to 74,000 black farmers. In October 2008, the GAO issued a report

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reported in 2004 that the result of such longstanding USDA discrimination was that black farmers had been forced out of business at a rate three times faster than white farmers. In 1920, 1 in 7 U.S. farmers was African-American, and by 2004 the number was 1 in 100. USDA spokesman Ed Loyd, when

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and allotted $ 1,000 for "the collection of agricultural statistics and other agricultural purposes." Ellsworth's interest in aiding agriculture was evident in his annual reports that called for a public depository to preserve and distribute the various new seeds and plants, a clerk to collect

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in 2011 devoted $ 100,000 of its Socially Disadvantaged Farmers and Ranchers program budget to improving its outreach to counties with persistent poverty. USDA's Risk Management Agency has initiated education and outreach to low-income farmers regarding use of biological controls, rather than

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By the year 1933, the department was well established in Washington and very well known in rural America. In the agricultural field the picture was different. Statisticians created a comprehensive data-gathering arm in the Division of Crop and Livestock Estimates. Secretary Henry Wallace, a

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Another initiative highlighted by the agency is the Food and Nutrition Service and Economic Research Service's Food Desert Locator. The Locator provides a spatial view of food deserts, defined as a low-income census tract where a substantial number or share of residents has low access to a

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about this legislation. As the organization was making headway by gathering Congressional supporters in 2007 it was revealed that some USDA Farm Services Agency employees were engaged in activities aimed at blocking Congressional legislation that would aid the black farmers.

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Allegations have been made that throughout the agency's history its personnel have discriminated against farmers of various backgrounds, denying them loans and access to other programs well into the 1990s. The effect of this discrimination caused a reduction in the number of

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discrimination suit against the USDA filed in federal court in 1997. An attorney called it "the most organized, largest civil rights case in the history of the country." Also in 1997, black farmers from at least five states held protests in front of the USDA headquarters in

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Natural Resources and Environment Under Secretary Harris Sherman is the political appointee generally responsible for USDA's EJ strategy, with Patrick Holmes, a senior staffer to the Under Secretary, playing a coordinating role. USDA has no staff dedicated solely to EJ.

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The USDA also is concerned with assisting farmers and food producers with the sale of crops and food on both the domestic and world markets. It plays a role in overseas aid programs by providing surplus foods to developing countries. This aid can go through

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USFS has established several Urban Field Stations, to research urban natural resources' structure, function, stewardship, and benefits. By mapping urban tree coverage, the agency hopes to identify and prioritize EJ communities for urban forest projects.

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for consumers to answer inquiries about the safe storage, handling, and preparation of meat, poultry, and egg products that can be reached at: 1-888-MPHotline (1-888-674-6854). The Hotline also responds to other issues related to the mission of USDA's

2545: 2039:(FFCRA), USDA has up to an additional $ 873.3 million available in Section 32 funding to purchase a variety of agricultural products for distribution to food banks, $ 850 million for food bank administrative costs and USDA food purchases. 1925:

plants, animals, and integrated management options that increase the efficiency of farming practices. Lastly, USDA will also provide tools to producers so that they are well-positioned to secure a share of a growing market for agricultural products.

4065:"Keepseagle settlement filing period open". Delta Farm Press, July 26, 2011. advance-lexis-com.ezproxy1.lib.asu.edu/api/document?collection=news&id=urn:contentItem:53F3-DGH1-DY7H-500C-00000-00&context=1516831. Accessed November 28, 2021. 2290: 5551: 1323:

class-action lawsuit brought by African American farmers, the USDA agreed to a billion-dollar settlement due to its patterns of discrimination in the granting of loans and subsidies to black farmers. In 2011, a second round of payouts,

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lawsuit was filed in the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia on behalf of Hispanic farmers alleging that the USDA discriminated against them in terms of credit transactions and disaster benefits, in direct violation of

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secured congressional support for legislation that would provide $ 100 million in funds to settle late-filer cases. In 2006 a bill was introduced into the House of Representatives and later the Senate by Senator

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was appropriated by Congress for $ 1.25 billion, although this payout, far too late to support the many who desperately needed financial assistance during 1999 lawsuit, only comes out to around $ 250,000 per farmer.

5544: 1799:(USFS) published a resource guide aimed at helping USFS officials with developing and maintaining relations with different tribal governments. To that end, and in coordination with the Forest Service's 4*point 1814:

Implement Forest Service programs and activities honoring Indian treaty rights, and fulfill legally mandated trust responsibilities to the extent that they are determine applicable to National Forest System

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A March 17, 2006 letter from the GAO about the Pigford Settlement indicated that "the court noted that USDA disbanded its Office of Civil Rights in 1983, and stopped responding to claims of discrimination."

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USDA's offices and agencies are listed below, with full-time equivalent staff levels according to the estimated FY2023 appropriation, as reported in USDA's FY2024 Congressional Budget Justification.

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This provided $ 16 billion for farmers and ranchers, and $ 3 billion to purchase surplus produce, dairy, and meat from farmers for distribution to charitable organizations. As part of the

5350: 2381: 1476:, in terms of the reasoning it set forth in the lawsuit. Eventually, a settlement was reached between the plaintiffs and the USDA to the amount of up to $ 760 million, awardable through individual 1057: 969: 2719: 1440:

White House. As of 2013, 90,000 African-American, Hispanic, female and Native American farmers had filed claims. It was reported that some had been found fraudulent, or transparently bogus. In

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Protests in front of the USDA were a strategy employed in later years as the black farmers sought to keep national attention focused on the plight of the black farmers. Representatives of the

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On 7 February 2022, the USDA announced the Partnerships for Climate-Smart Commodities, a $ 1 billion program that will test and verify the benefits of climate-friendly agricultural practices.

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members in Washington, D.C. In November 2021, GFSI announced its Technical Equivalence was under strategic review explaining the assessment has raised concerns across many stakeholders.

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and ensuring they understand and receive their environmental rights. USDA does fund programs with social and environmental equity goals; however, it has no staff dedicated solely to EJ.

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APHIS Veterinary Services : Helping Native Americans Protect Their Livestock and Fisheries. United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, 2012.

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In October 2022, the USDA announced a $ 1.3 billion debt relief program for about 36,000 farmers who had fallen behind on loan payments or facing foreclosures. The provisions in the

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Plus + certification programme, where Technical Equivalence is limited to government-owned food safety certification programmes. This is misaligned with U.S. Government Policy and

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supermarket or large grocery store. The mapped deserts can be used to direct agency resources to increase access to fresh fruits and vegetables and other food assistance programs.

5911: 5888: 2324: 2006:(DMI). Furthermore, the USDA collaborates with United Dairy Industry Association (UDIA), the National Fluid Milk Processor Promotion Board for market information on the industry. 1541: 4211: APHIS Wildlife Services : Controlling Wildlife Damage on Native American Lands. United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, 2012. 7561: 2505: 1283:, and other minorities have experienced discrimination in a variety of forms at the hands of the USDA. The majority of these discriminatory actions have occurred through the 1841:

Meanwhile, the Agricultural Marketing Service (AMS) is exploring a program to use meat from bisons raised on tribal land to supply AMS food distribution programs to tribes.

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was appointed to be the first commissioner. Lincoln called it the "people's department", since over half of the nation, at the time, was directly or indirectly involved in

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Zobbe, Henrik. "On the foundation of agricultural policy research in the United States." (Dept. of Agricultural Economics Staff Paper 02–08, Purdue University, 2002)

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between 12th Street and 14th SW, the department had offices for its staff and the entire width of the Mall up to B Street NW to plant and experiment with plants.

2358: 1596: 1592: 1588: 4041: 2018:, Congress allocated funding to the USDA to address the disturbances rippling through the agricultural sector. On April 17, 2020, U.S. Secretary of Agriculture 7343: 7338: 5952: 5898: 2409: 1859: 1829:

The Intertribal Technical Assistance Network works to improve access of tribal governments, communities and individuals to USDA technical assistance programs.

6221: 6033: 5210: 4260: 1461: 2565: 7556: 6297: 5971: 4578: 1303: 1031: 7386: 7381: 7313: 6292: 5850: 2269: 2187: 1410:(GAO) issued a report highly critical of the USDA in its handling of the black farmers cases. NBFA continued to lobby Congress to provide relief. NBFA's 1221: 630: 543: 3484: 2032: 506: 7541: 498: 4845: 1941:

for food safety. In August 2018, USDA achieved Technical Equivalence against Version 7.1 of the GFSI Benchmarking Requirements for their Harmonized

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schools' participation in federal nutrition programs, by developing community gardens on tribal lands, and developing tribal food policy councils.

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agricultural statistics, the preparation of statewide reports about crops in different regions, and the application of chemistry to agriculture.

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Jones, Arnita A, and Wayne D. Rasmussen. "Wayne Rasmussen and the Development of Policy History at the United States Department of Agriculture"

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Part of the USDA's functions includes promoting the economic development of the agricultural sector. In their 2022 strategic plan, they pledged:

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criticizing the USDA's handling of discrimination complaints. The GAO recommended an oversight review board to examine civil rights complaints.

7396: 6356: 6150: 6104: 5375: 4597:"OMB Circular A-119: Federal Participation in the Development and Use of Voluntary Consensus Standards and in Conformity Assessment Activities" 3834: 2441: 2420: 1544:, which created a system that would allow for allegations of gender discrimination to be heard against the USDA and enable claims for damages. 1420: 1075: 5140: 2776: 1964:

Plus+ Standard (V. 3.0) was published in February 2021 with reference to GFSI Guidance Document Version 2020, Part III, ignoring reference to

622:. In the ensuing years, agitation for a separate bureau within the department or a separate department devoted to agriculture kept recurring. 282:, protects natural resources, fosters rural communities and works to end hunger in the United States and internationally. It is headed by the 7218: 6038: 5937: 5906: 5807: 5576: 5560: 5260: 3156: 1392: 823: 314: 226: 4498: 7323: 7111: 6334: 6078: 4657: 4244: 4179: 2144: 1469: 1371: 5145: 4746: 4721: 3812: 1403:

acknowledging that the USDA loan process was unfair to minority farmers, had claimed it was hard to determine the effect on such farmers.

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The USDA is divided into eight distinct mission areas, each of which have at least one agency dedicated to the theme of the mission area:

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The NBFA's president was invited to testify before congress on this matter numerous times following the settlement, including before the

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A guide to improving farmhouse kitchens, put out by the department's Institute of Home Economics, Agricultural Research Service, in 1952

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that are targeted to financially distressed, small rural communities and other opportunities specifically for Alaskan Native villages.

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after farm interests objected to the addition of labor. Finally, in 1889 the Department of Agriculture was given cabinet-level status.

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status. Staffed by only eight employees, the department was charged with conducting research and development related to "agriculture,

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Report to Congress on the National Dairy Promotion and Research Program and the National Fluid Milk Processor Promotion Program

4617: 3681: 2015: 1561: 1239: 1009: 818: 713: 343: 217: 4596: 7424: 6423: 6023: 5322: 4884: 4029:...claimants were not required to present documentary evidence that they had been unfairly treated or had even tried to farm. 3588: 3554: 3521: 3140: 2947: 2455: 2345: 1572: 1453: 1276: 567: 146: 4894:

Gardner, Bruce L. (1996). "The Federal Government in Farm Commodity Markets: Recent Reform Efforts in a Long-Term Context".

4406: 1258: 1207: 747:, and other subjects to the public. With these and similar provisions, the USDA reached out to every county of every state. 6391: 6386: 6361: 6236: 6187: 6119: 6114: 6099: 6013: 5673: 4979: 4295: 3087:

Danbom, David B. (1986). "The Agricultural Experiment Station and Professionalization: Scientists' Goals for Agriculture".

2413: 2297: 7276: 6638: 6406: 6401: 6381: 6376: 6053: 6018: 5860: 5638: 5583: 4495:"Making the Connection: Activity Report of the USDA Meat and Poultry Hotline for 2000 About the Meat and Poultry Hotline" 4468: 3269: 497:, which provides healthy food to over 40 million low-income and homeless people each month. USDA is a member of the 301:

Approximately 71% of the USDA's $ 213 billion budget goes towards nutrition assistance programs administered by the

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Phillips, Sarah T., et al. "Reflections on one hundred and fifty years of the United States Department of Agriculture."

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The USDA monitors American dairy production and markets, for which it has a Dairy Board and a marketing branch known as

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The Executive Order also created an Interagency Working Group (IWG) consisting of 11 heads of departments and agencies.

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improve research and data collection relating to the health and environment of minority and low-income populations; and

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Administer programs and activities to address and be sensitive to traditional Native religious beliefs and practices.

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passed separate bills giving Cabinet status to the Department of Agriculture and Labor, but the bill was defeated in

591: 4868:(1965–2021), highly detailed coverage of each presidency since Truman; extensive coverage of agricultural policies. 7444: 7016: 6231: 6166: 5921: 4688: 4267: 3042: 2659: 1407: 2742: 1560:(USDA) stated an ongoing desire to integrate environmental justice into its core mission and operations. In 2011, 7482: 7462: 6329: 6124: 5653: 2674: 2434: 2242: 1977: 1946: 791: 771:, established in 1923, published shopping advice and recipes to stretch family budgets and make food go farther. 757: 732: 5963: 2874: 5448: 3459: 3308: 3187: 2235: 1557: 1127: 679: 388: 287: 6937: 6788: 6339: 5942: 5868: 5757: 5686: 5405: 3488: 3182: 2700: 1930: 1145: 740: 587: 428: 3884: 1863:

pesticides, for pest control. The Rural Utilities Service administers water and wastewater loans, including

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Black farmers protested at Lafayette Park across from the White House, on September 22, 1997, against USDA.

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In the 1880s, varied advocacy groups were lobbying for Cabinet representation. Business interests sought a

667: 468: 405: 310: 309:(formerly known as the 'Food Stamp' program), which is the cornerstone of USDA's nutrition assistance. The 291: 3358:

Helms, Douglas. "Eroding the Color Line: The Soil Conservation Service and the Civil Rights Act of 1964."

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out of a desire to further promulgate and diffuse scientific knowledge amongst the American people, the

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assistance programs provide solutions to environmental inequity, such as its initiatives on education,

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set aside $ 3.1 billion to help such farmers with high-risk operations caused by USDA-backed loans.

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and human nutrition in the most general and comprehensive sense of those terms". Agriculturalist

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enforce all health and environmental statutes in areas with minority and low-income populations;

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Treatment of minority and limited resource producers by the U.S. Department of Agriculture: ...

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on the basis of gender. A Congressional response to the lawsuit resulted in the passing of the

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In early June 2008 hundreds of black farmers, denied a chance to have their cases heard in the

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Many of the programs concerned with the distribution of food and nutrition to people of the

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and livestock food production, promotes agricultural trade and production, works to assure

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Provide research, transfer of technology, and technical assistance to Indian governments.

1796: 1496: 1473: 1379: 1344: 1319: 1284: 1225: 975: 712:, and farmers tried to raise the Department of Agriculture to Cabinet rank. In 1887, the 486: 355: 5176: 3349:, https://heinonline-org.ezproxy1.lib.asu.edu/HOL/P?h=hein.crs/crsmthmatal0001&i=11. 2477:

A 1918 call from the United States Department of Agriculture to feed birds in the winter

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Historic technical reports from USDA (and other federal agencies) are available in the

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Farm policies of the United States, 1790–1950: a study of their origins and development

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Orden, David; Zulauf, Carl (October 2015). "Political Economy of the 2014 Farm Bill".

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Century of service: the first 100 years of the United States Department of Agriculture

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Century of Service: The first 100 years of the United States Department of Agriculture

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Forest Service National Resource Guide to American Indian and Alaska Native Relations

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and is distributed via 47 state offices that altogether cover the entire continental

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The Fault Lines of Farm Policy: A Legislative and Political History of the Farm Bill

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Benedict, Murray R. (1950). "The Trend in American Agricultural Policy 1920–1949".

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Maintain a governmental relationship with Federally Recognized tribal governments.

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financing and technical assistance for entrepreneurs, including loans and lending

1523: 1398: 659: 651: 4640:"Where the dollars go: Lobbying a big business for large food and beverage CPGs" 4371:"What is the United States Department of Agriculture' Meat and Poultry Hotline?" 1595:

requires that achieving EJ must be part of each federal agency's mission. Under

7434: 7153: 7061: 6803: 6721: 5031: 2695: 2588: 2351: 2283: 2208: 1804: 1676: 1655: 1537: 744: 575: 522: 5056: 3393: 3376: 3276: 7530: 7101: 6972: 6910: 6853: 6828: 6793: 6758: 6711: 6665: 6579: 6542: 6503: 6428: 4452: 4389: 3576: 3460:"The Pigford Cases: USDA Settlement of Discrimination Suits by Black Farmers" 3431: 3408:"United States: Black US Farmers Awaiting Billions in Promised Debt Relief". 2539:

A guide to making clothes, put out by the Institute of Home Economics in 1959

1864: 1680: 1660: 1275:

farmers have been the most hit by discriminatory actions by the USDA, women,

781: 702: 478: 322: 171: 158: 4333: 3343:

Garcia v. Vilsack: A Policy and Legal Analysis of a USDA Discrimination Case

2979:"Ellsworth, Henry Leavitt, 1791–1858 – Social Networks and Archival Context" 7163: 7086: 6843: 6677: 6591: 6483: 6451: 4972: 3157:"Agriculture Department Will Pay $ 4.7 Billion To Farmers Hit In Trade War" 2019: 1584: 1533: 1500: 1457: 1425: 1363: 1350: 687: 4950: 2939:

History of Human Nutrition Research in the U. S. Department of Agriculture

1571:

in rural communities around the United States, as well as connecting with

1317:, the USDA formally ended racial segregation among its staff. In the 1999 1185:

Under Secretary of Agriculture for Trade and Foreign Agricultural Affairs

7233: 6982: 6868: 6699: 6633: 6473: 5247: 4658:"GFSI Launches a Strategic Review of its Technical Equivalence Programme" 3432:"GAO-06-469R Pigford Settlement: The Role of the Court-Appointed Monitor" 1564: 1509: 1367: 698: 683: 675: 525:, provides the legal basis of such actions. The USDA is a partner of the 482: 295: 279: 213: 4829: 3377:"Racial Orders, Congress, and the Agricultural Welfare State, 1865–1940" 2630: 7513: 7238: 7200: 6741: 6650: 6280: 5659:

Office of the Assistant Secretary for Insular and International Affairs

4959: 4907: 4138:"Collaborating for Prosperity With American Indians and Alaska Natives" 3115:

Freedom from fear: The American people in depression and war, 1929–1945

3100: 2600: 1783: 5050: 3703: 3701: 3699: 3043:"Opinion: Goodbye, U.S.D.A., Hello, Department of Food and Well-Being" 7498: 7467: 7243: 7228: 7071: 6962: 6689: 6275: 2961: 2959: 2882: 1969: 1933:(GFSI) in 2018. GFSI is a private organization where members of the 1742: 582:

was established, though it did not incorporate agriculture. In 1837,

4222:

https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/stelprdb1045586.pdf

3813:"Obama: USDA Should Not Undermine Legislation to Help Black Farmers" 2499:, a short documentary produced by the department during World War II 5155: 5151: 5135: 4710:. United States Department of Agriculture. July 1, 2006. p. 6. 3696: 2665:

Alternative Agricultural Research and Commercialization Corporation

1981: 1280: 2956: 662:

established the independent Department of Agriculture through the

4451:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

4388:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

3224:"Secretary Perdue Announces Creation of Undersecretary for Trade" 2852: 1896: 1477: 760:. It represented the largest commercial growers before Congress. 4677:"The Unbearable Whiteness of Milk: Food Oppression and the USDA" 2743:"United States Department of Agriculture FY 2024 Budget Summary" 7508: 4559:. United States Department of Agriculture. May 2018. p. 15 2053:

Important legislation setting policy of the USDA includes the:

1688: 1684: 1456:, discriminated in a similar fashion to black farmers, filed a 313:

is the largest agency within the department, which administers

4852:

The Development of American Agriculture: A Historical Analysis

1937:

have control over benchmarking requirements in recognition of

7503: 5995:

Federal executive departments of the United States of America

5005:

Henry Cantwell Wallace as Secretary of Agriculture, 1921–1924

4242:

http://www.dm.usda.gov/hmmd/FinalEJImplementationreport_1.pdf

2291:

Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act Extension

1972:

and ISO T/S 22002-3 Prerequisite Programmes for Farming. The

1244:

Section of Vegetable Pathology, Division of Botany (1887–90)

4808:(US Department of Agriculture, 1963), the standard history; 3304:

Atonement and Forgiveness: A New Model for Black Reparations

2027:

agricultural abundance to help our fellow Americans in need.

1773:

increased access to 21st century telecommunications services

5590: 5225: 3204:"USDA announces $ 1 billion debt relief for 36,000 farmers" 1973: 1675:

funding has been allocated for community infrastructure in

4980:"Farm Subsidy Tradition and Modern Agricultural Realities" 3577:

M. Susan Orr Klopfer; Fred Klopfer; Barry Klopfer (2005).

1907:

The USDA also offers online text support via "Ask Karen."

1287:, which oversees loan and assistance programs to farmers. 1058:

Under Secretary for Food, Nutrition, and Consumer Services

611:

was called the "Father of the Department of Agriculture."

7304:

Agricultural Trade Development and Assistance Act of 1954

6266:

Prehistoric agriculture in the Southwestern United States

5125:

Works by or about United States Department of Agriculture

4724:. United States Department of Agriculture. April 17, 2020 3509: 3275:. General Accounting Office. January 1999. Archived from 3131:

A Square Meal: A Culinary History of the Great Depression

1748:

tribal workplace development and employment opportunities

1349:

Following long-standing concerns, black farmers joined a

797: 519:

Agricultural Trade Development and Assistance Act of 1954

38: 5141:

USA: USDA Issues grants to support for robotics research

5087: 3740:"USDA discrimination accused of withering black farmers" 3580:

Where Rebels Roost... Mississippi Civil Rights Revisited

1957:(private standards) or developing government standards. 240: 5070:

Agriculture in the United States: a documentary history

3457: 3183:"USDA commits $ 1 billion to climate-smart agriculture" 1691:. Such funding has been used for a variety of reasons: 1644: 7344:

Federal Agriculture Improvement and Reform Act of 1996

7339:

Food, Agriculture, Conservation, and Trade Act of 1990

5953:

White House Office of Energy and Climate Change Policy

5664:

Office of Surface Mining, Reclamation, and Enforcement

4315:

http://www.dm.usda.gov/hmmd/FinalUSDAEJSTRATScan_1.pdf

4094:

http://www.dm.usda.gov/hmmd/FinalUSDAEJSTRATScan_1.pdf

4014:"U.S. Opens Spigot After Farmers Claim Discrimination" 2853:"FNS Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP)" 2410:

Food, Agriculture, Conservation, and Trade Act of 1990

1627: 1140:

Under Secretary for Research, Education, and Economics

305:(FNS). The largest component of the FNS budget is the 7562:

Agricultural organizations based in the United States

6222:

Early history of food regulation in the United States

3663:"Southern farmers among those affected by court case" 3041:

Salvador, Ricardo; Bittman, Mark (December 4, 2020).

1849: 1112:

Under Secretary for Marketing and Regulatory Programs

1094:

Under Secretary for Natural Resources and Environment

6165: 4747:"USDA Announces Coronavirus Food Assistance Program" 4722:"USDA Announces Coronavirus Food Assistance Program" 3908:"Reopening black farmers' suits could cost billions" 2612: 1776:

reliable and affordable water and wastewater systems

1735: 1703:

loan guarantees loans for very-low-income homeowners

1637:, and economic development in impacted communities. 1547: 1304:

Soil Conservation and Domestic Allotment Act of 1936

970:

Under Secretary for Farm Production and Conservation

509:, foreign governments, international bodies such as 7314:

California Agricultural Labor Relations Act of 1975

5851:

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences

4987:

University of California Agricultural Issues Center

4741: 4739: 4527:. Washington, DC. November 18, 2003. Archived from 4521:"USDA Hotline: A Food Safety Resource for Millions" 2875:"United States Interagency Council on Homelessness" 2188:

Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act

2022:announced the Coronavirus Food Assistance Program: 1222:

Agricultural Stabilization and Conservation Service

5136:Technical Report Archive and Image Library (TRAIL) 4365: 4363: 3128: 3004:"7 U.S. Code § 2201 – Establishment of Department" 2033:Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act 5521:*Reports directly to the Secretary of Agriculture 4061: 4059: 4011: 3513:Homecoming: The Story of African-American Farmers 1247:Renamed Division of Vegetable Pathology (1890–95) 1215: 1019:Farm Production and Conservation Business Center 602:established the Agricultural Division within the 499:United States Interagency Council on Homelessness 7528: 5841:Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry 5727:Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy 5496:Farm Production and Conservation Business Center 5152:Works by United States Department of Agriculture 5146:USDA Awards $ 97 M for Renewable Energy Projects 5120:National Archives document of the USDA's origins 4736: 4291:USDA, Water and Environmental Programs Website, 4046:Natural Resources Conservation Service Louisiana 3858:"Senate Votes to Reopen Black Farmers' Lawsuits" 3068:Evening Star – June 18, 1868 – page 4 – column 4 697:in Washington, designed by famed D.C. architect 5682:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 4469:"USDA expands 'Meat and Poultry Hotline' hours" 4360: 3040: 1915: 1832: 1472:. This case relied heavily on its predecessor, 561: 4928:Farm policies and politics in the Truman years 4818:Zeitschrift für die gesamte Staatswissenschaft 4056: 3988:"USDA Action On Bias Complaints Is Criticized" 3679: 3370: 3368: 2968:. National Archives publication, 1977. Page 7. 2687:, history of Congressional laws on agriculture 2421:Federal Agriculture Improvement and Reform Act 1709:financing for farm laborers and their families 1421:United States House Committee on the Judiciary 554:The standard history is Gladys L. Baker, ed., 362:Food, Nutrition, and Consumer Services (FNCS) 6151: 5979: 5938:Environmental Science Services Administration 5591:National Aeronautics and Space Administration 5545: 5211: 4293:http://www.rurdev.usda.gov/UWEP_HomePage.html 4261:"Water and Environmental Programs Fact Sheet" 3615:"Judge Approves Settlement for Black Farmers" 3338: 3336: 3334: 3332: 1807:policy, the resource guide discusses how to: 1536:lawsuit was filed in the same court alleging 1393:United States Senate Committee on Agriculture 1211:A nutrition researcher considers canned peas. 919:Office of Partnerships and Public Engagement 464:Trade and Foreign Agriculture Affairs (TFAA) 5740:National Laboratories and Technology Centers 5013:"80 Years of Farm Bills—Evolutionary Reform" 3765:"Black Farmers Follow Up on USDA Grievances" 3126: 2373:(Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for 2145:Soil Conservation and Domestic Allotment Act 1929:The USDA formalized a relationship with the 1372:United States House Committee on Agriculture 1370:. And NBFA's president testified before the 401:Natural Resources and the Environment (NRE) 7557:United States federal executive departments 6261:Prehistoric agriculture on the Great Plains 5917:U.S. Special Presidential Envoy for Climate 5010: 4936: 4854:(2nd ed. U of Minnesota Press, 1993) 512pp. 4463: 4461: 3609: 3607: 3458:Tadlock Cowan; Jody Feder (June 14, 2011). 3365: 3120: 2339:Federal Environmental Pesticide Control Act 2270:Consolidated Farm and Rural Development Act 1883: 1760:increased access to capital through Tribal 693:In 1868, the department moved into the new 598:and local agricultural societies. In 1839, 539:History of agriculture in the United States 30:"USDA" redirects here. For other uses, see 6249:List of food plants native to the Americas 6158: 6144: 5986: 5972: 5912:Clean Energy Innovation and Implementation 5846:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 5763:Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service 5552: 5538: 5454:Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service 5426:National Institute of Food and Agriculture 5218: 5204: 5092: 4939:American Journal of Agricultural Economics 4857:Cochrane, Willard W. and Mary Ellen Ryan. 4428: 4426: 4424: 3885:"Black farmers file new suit against USDA" 3787:"Allen Unveils Bill to Help Black Farmers" 3329: 2593:Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service 2449:Food, Conservation, and Energy Act of 2008 1620:among minority and low-income populations. 1366:and other administration officials at the 1156:National Institute of Food and Agriculture 1118:Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service 829:Office of Safety, Security and Protection 423:National Institute of Food and Agriculture 395:Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service 298:, who has served since February 24, 2021. 248: 78: 7324:Children's Act for Responsible Employment 5874:Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency 5365:Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion 4994: 4958: 4914: 4405:. USDA. September 5, 2004. Archived from 3905: 3899: 3882: 3855: 3392: 3381:Studies in American Political Development 3242: 3240: 495:Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program 493:. Activities in this program include the 412:Research, Education, and Economics (REE) 307:Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program 7542:1862 establishments in the United States 7272:National Agricultural Statistics Service 5416:National Agricultural Statistics Service 4973:https://doi.org/10.3098/ah.2013.87.3.314 4917:"BARC History: Bureau of Plant Industry" 4815: 4513: 4458: 4309: 4307: 4174: 4172: 4160: 4114: 4112: 4110: 4108: 3604: 2737: 2735: 1751:sustainable renewable energy development 1447: 1257: 1238:Soil Conservation Service (SCS) renamed 1206: 1176:National Agricultural Statistics Service 943:Office of the Chief Information Officer 641: 629: 558:(U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1963). 542: 417:National Agricultural Statistics Service 384:Marketing and Regulatory Programs (MRP) 336:Farm Production and Conservation (FPAC) 7552:Government agencies established in 1862 7537:United States Department of Agriculture 7309:Agriculture Risk Protection Act of 2000 7267:United States Department of Agriculture 6227:Indentured servitude in British America 5948:United States Coast and Geodetic Survey 5889:Combat Capabilities Development Command 5649:United States Fish and Wildlife Service 5227:United States Department of Agriculture 5187:United States Department of Agriculture 4893: 4874: 4674: 4497:. USDA FSIS. March 2002. Archived from 4421: 4334:"USDA ERS – Food Access Research Atlas" 3767:. National Public Radio. April 25, 2006 3374: 2724:United States Department of Agriculture 2707: 2382:Agriculture and Consumer Protection Act 2114:Perishable Agricultural Commodities Act 2037:Families First Coronavirus Response Act 1844: 1713: 1706:financing for affordable rental housing 1664:campaign in tribal areas by increasing 1055:Food, Nutrition, and Consumer Services 666:to be headed by a commissioner without 260:United States Department of Agriculture 14: 7529: 5783:Natural Resources Conservation Service 5492:Natural Resources Conservation Service 5353:Food, Nutrition, and Consumer Services 5272:Trade and Foreign Agricultural Affairs 3793:. Associated Press. September 29, 2006 3737: 3453: 3451: 3375:Johnson, Kimberley S. (October 2011). 3300: 3237: 3086: 2442:Farm Security and Rural Investment Act 2042: 1949:which instructs its agencies to adopt 1336: 1240:Natural Resources Conservation Service 1010:Natural Resources Conservation Service 935:Office of the Chief Financial Officer 861:Office of Budget and Program Analysis 815: 798:Organization and Component Staff Level 344:Natural Resources Conservation Service 6139: 5967: 5533: 5504:Office of the Chief Financial Officer 5323:Under Secretary for Rural Development 5199: 5072:(4 vol, Random House, 1975) 3661pp. 4351: 4326: 4304: 4253: 4234: 4214: 4169: 4156: 4154: 4121: 4105: 4086: 3985: 3954: 3127:Ziegelman, Jane; Coe, Andrew (2016). 2966:Preliminary Inventory, Issues 187–195 2732: 2456:Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act of 2010 2346:Environmental Quality Improvement Act 1649: 1294:ruling of unconstitutionality of the 1271:farmers in the United States. Though 1197: 1136: 1108: 1032:Under Secretary for Rural Development 966: 837:Agriculture Buildings and Facilities 807: 618:was transferred to the newly created 4012:Sharon LaFraniere (April 25, 2013). 3957:"USDA Faulted Over Minority Farmers" 3680:Daniel Pulliam (February 11, 2005). 3510:Charlene Gilbert; Quinn Eli (2002). 3201: 3180: 2766: 2414:Organic Foods Production Act of 1990 2371:National School Lunch Act Amendments 2298:Appalachian Regional Development Act 2151:Agricultural Marketing Agreement Act 1654:USDA has had a role in implementing 1645:EJ Initiatives in Tribal Communities 1484: 1419:. In 2007 Boyd testified before the 1383:, U.S. Federal District Court Judge 743:in each state to teach agriculture, 731:provided for the federal funding of 321:that together comprise about 25% of 7277:United States Census of Agriculture 5011:Zulauf, Carl; Orden, David (2016). 4637: 3448: 1790: 1628:2012 Environmental Justice Strategy 1137:Research, Education, and Economics 710:Department of Commerce and Industry 290:and is a member of the president's 24: 7478:United Food and Commercial Workers 7382:Agricultural workers mental health 5816:Science and Technology Directorate 5731:Office of Environmental Management 5486:Federal Crop Insurance Corporation 5463:Under Secretary of Agriculture for 5439:Under Secretary of Agriculture for 5398:Research, Education, and Economics 5396:Under Secretary of Agriculture for 5386:Food Safety and Inspection Service 5376:Under Secretary of Agriculture for 5351:Under Secretary of Agriculture for 5341:Rural Business-Cooperative Service 5303:Under Secretary of Agriculture for 5270:Under Secretary of Agriculture for 5062: 4977: 4798: 4151: 4145:Federal Depository Library Program 3986:Fears, Darryl (October 23, 2008). 3955:Etter, Lauren (October 23, 2008). 3860:. Associated Press. Archived from 3713:National Black Farmers Association 3621:. ASSOCIATED PRESS. April 15, 1999 2722:from websites or documents of the 2691:United States Agricultural Society 2412:PL 101-624 (This act includes the 2009: 1902:Food Safety and Inspection Service 1850:Technical and financial assistance 1700:single-family housing direct loans 1616:identify differential patterns of 1515: 1460:lawsuit against the USDA alleging 1360:National Black Farmers Association 1109:Marketing and Regulatory Programs 1091:Natural Resources and Environment 1082:Food Safety and Inspection Service 1042:Rural Business-Cooperative Service 998:Federal Crop Insurance Corporation 695:Department of Agriculture Building 636:Department of Agriculture Building 458:Rural Business-Cooperative Service 378:Food Safety and Inspection Service 25: 7573: 7249:Pacific Northwest oyster industry 5899:Executive Office of the President 5787:National Water and Climate Center 5634:Bureau of Ocean Energy Management 5561:United States government agencies 5441:Marketing and Regulatory Programs 5305:Natural Resources and Environment 5079: 5039: 4757:from the original on May 19, 2020 4675:Freeman, Andrea (December 2013). 4403:"USDA Meat & Poultry Hotline" 3738:Martin, Andrew (August 8, 2004). 3008:LII / Legal Information Institute 2767:Good, Keith (February 24, 2021). 2515:, Artist at Dept. of Ag., 1/5/26 2365:Rural Development Act Reform 3.31 1736:Business and cooperative programs 1548:Environmental justice initiatives 1253: 967:Farm Production and Conservation 654:is the current USDA headquarters. 109:Cabinet status: February 15, 1889 6308: 6167:Agriculture in the United States 5922:Council on Environmental Quality 5702:Oceanic and Atmospheric Research 5465:Farm Production and Conservation 5292: 5169: 5159: 4689:University of California, Irvine 4446: 4383: 3815:. August 8, 2007. Archived from 3465:. Congressional Research Service 3202:Pitt, David (October 18, 2022). 2748:. U.S. Department of Agriculture 2718: This article incorporates 2713: 2660:Adjusted Gross Revenue Insurance 2643: 2629: 2615: 2580: 2564: 2544: 2532: 2520: 2504: 2482: 2470: 2120:Foreign Agricultural Service Act 2102:National Agricultural Conference 2084:Food Control and Production Acts 1694: 1618:consumption of natural resources 1408:Government Accountability Office 733:agricultural experiment stations 638:on the National Mall around 1895 489:to those in need are run by the 272:United States federal government 66: 54: 7463:Farm Labor Organizing Committee 5808:Department of Homeland Security 5654:United States Geological Survey 5577:Environmental Protection Agency 5261:Deputy Secretary of Agriculture 4859:American Farm Policy: 1948–1973 4769: 4714: 4695: 4668: 4650: 4631: 4618:"Harmonized GAP Plus+ Standard" 4610: 4589: 4571: 4553:USDA Strategic Plan FY2018-2022 4543: 4487: 4434:"USDA Meat and Poultry Hotline" 4395: 4285: 4205: 4196: 4130: 4080:Environmental Protection Agency 4068: 4034: 4005: 3979: 3948: 3926: 3887:. FOXNews.com. Associated Press 3876: 3856:Ben Evans (December 17, 2007). 3849: 3823: 3805: 3779: 3757: 3731: 3673: 3655: 3633: 3570: 3537: 3503: 3477: 3424: 3401: 3352: 3294: 3262: 3216: 3195: 3188:Chemical & Engineering News 3174: 3149: 3107: 3080: 3071: 3062: 3034: 3021: 2996: 2971: 2910:"Agricultural Research Service" 2675:Congressional seed distribution 2435:Agriculture Risk Protection Act 2243:Poultry Products Inspection Act 2157:National Victory Garden Program 1731:tribal administration buildings 1567:emphasized the USDA's focus on 1231:Animal Damage Control (renamed 1076:Under Secretary for Food Safety 853:Hazardous Materials Management 824:Deputy Secretary of Agriculture 792:Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 774: 758:American Farm Bureau Federation 750: 274:that aims to meet the needs of 27:Department of the US government 6110:Health, Education, and Welfare 5584:Global Change Research Program 5449:Agricultural Marketing Service 3934:"Help Ahead for Black Farmers" 3412:. Bangkok. September 3, 2021. 3309:University of California Press 3077:25 Stat 659 (February 9, 1889) 3027:12 Stat. 387, now codified at 2942:. Government Printing Office. 2930: 2902: 2897:online here for free download. 2889: 2867: 2845: 2827: 2791: 2760: 2325:Wholesome Poultry Products Act 1558:U.S. Department of Agriculture 1542:Equality for Women Farmers Act 1216:Inactive Departmental Services 1128:Agricultural Marketing Service 951:Office of the General Counsel 927:Office of the Chief Economist 894:Office of Hearings and Appeals 741:cooperative extension services 513:, or approved nonprofits. The 389:Agricultural Marketing Service 288:president of the United States 286:, who reports directly to the 13: 1: 6044:Housing and Urban Development 5943:United States Fish Commission 5869:Air Force Research Laboratory 5758:Agricultural Research Service 5430:Office of the Chief Scientist 5410:National Agricultural Library 5406:Agricultural Research Service 4861:(U of Minnesota Press, 1976). 3833:. Thehill.com. Archived from 3549:U.S. G.P.O. January 1, 1997. 2701:Food and Agriculture Councils 2571:USDA Visitor's Center in the 2004:Dairy Management Incorporated 1968:and technical specifications 1951:voluntary consensus standards 1931:Global Food Safety Initiative 1890:USDA Meat and Poultry hotline 1719:child and senior care centers 1578: 1146:Agricultural Research Service 429:Agricultural Research Service 7483:Woman's Land Army of America 6210:Eastern Agricultural Complex 6195:Ancient Hawaiian aquaculture 5879:Joint Typhoon Warning Center 5778:Foreign Agricultural Service 5476:Commodity Credit Corporation 5279:Foreign Agricultural Service 5049:14#1 (1992), pp. 11–29 4240:USDA, Progress Report at 9, 2680:Institute of Child Nutrition 2595:. This piece of luggage at 2555:'s office is located in the 2223:Soil Bank Program authorized 1916:Private sector relationships 1833:Tribal Services/Cooperatives 1767: 1189:Foreign Agricultural Service 981:Commodity Credit Corporation 911:Office of Inspector General 903:Office of Homeland Security 845:Departmental Administration 625: 562:Origins in the Patent Office 469:Foreign Agricultural Service 311:United States Forest Service 7: 6256:Native American in Virginia 5598:National Science Foundation 5158:(public domain audiobooks) 4687:(4): 1251–1279 – via 4313:USDA, Strategic Plan at 6, 3906:Ben Evans (June 28, 2008). 3831:"The Hill newspaper (2007)" 2895:It is not copyright and is 2608: 2428:Food Quality Protection Act 2375:Women, Infants and Children 2204:PL 81-439 (Section 416 (b)) 2169:Farmers Home Administration 2139:Resettlement Administration 2126:Agricultural Adjustment Act 1671:More than $ 6.2 billion in 1296:Agricultural Adjustment Act 1224:(ASCS) (became part of the 328: 294:. The current secretary is 10: 7578: 7364:Taylor Grazing Act of 1934 7354:Packers and Stockyards Act 7219:Southwestern United States 6306: 5773:Food and Nutrition Service 5616:Department of the Interior 5361:Food and Nutrition Service 5284:United States Codex Office 5148:(archived 10 October 2007) 4875:Coppess, Jonathan (2018). 4127:USDA, Strategic Plan at 6. 3883:Ben Evans (June 4, 2008). 3485:"PBS The News Hour (1999)" 2195:Hope-Aiken Agriculture Act 2182:Research and Marketing Act 2090:Packers and Stockyards Act 2046: 1995: 1870: 1779:financing electric systems 1666:Bureau of Indian Education 1521: 1488: 1342: 1064:Food and Nutrition Service 620:Department of the Interior 566:Early in its history, the 536: 532: 491:Food and Nutrition Service 367:Food and Nutrition Service 303:Food and Nutrition Service 36: 29: 7547:Ministries of agriculture 7491: 7443: 7417: 7397:Genetically modified food 7372: 7334:Food Security Act of 1985 7289: 7257: 7211: 7180:Northern Mariana Islands 6639:genetically modified food 6437: 6417:Connecticut shade tobacco 6317: 6173: 6087: 6034:Health and Human Services 6001: 5930: 5897: 5859: 5829: 5821:United States Coast Guard 5806: 5750:Department of Agriculture 5748: 5717: 5672: 5629:Bureau of Land Management 5614: 5571: 5519: 5503: 5462: 5437: 5421:Economic Research Service 5394: 5374: 5349: 5321: 5301: 5290: 5269: 5240:Jamie L. Whitten Building 5233: 5109:Department of Agriculture 5100:Department of Agriculture 5068:Rasmussen, Wayne D., ed. 3394:10.1017/S0898588X11000095 2557:Jamie L. Whitten Building 2463: 2175:National School Lunch Act 1953:before relying upon 1308:Soil Conservation Service 1184: 1166:Economic Research Service 1090: 1072: 1054: 1026: 877:Office of Communications 810: 648:Jamie L. Whitten Building 435:Economic Research Service 235: 206: 195: 187: 142:Jamie L. Whitten Building 137: 127: 113: 93: 88: 77: 65: 53: 49:Department of Agriculture 5884:Office of Naval Research 5692:Marine Fisheries Service 5624:Bureau of Indian Affairs 5252:Secretary of Agriculture 4220:USDA, NRCS EJ Guidance, 3936:. NPR. December 31, 2007 2553:Secretary of Agriculture 2396:Food and Agriculture Act 2304:Food and Agriculture Act 2250:Food Additives Amendment 2108:Agricultural Credits Act 1991: 1910: 1884:Meat and poultry hotline 1728:educational institutions 1562:Secretary of Agriculture 1306:, which established the 959:Office of the Secretary 819:Secretary of Agriculture 769:Bureau of Home Economics 714:House of Representatives 515:Agricultural Act of 1949 284:secretary of agriculture 37:Not to be confused with 5793:Rural Utilities Service 5605:Smithsonian Institution 5511:National Finance Center 5336:Rural Utilities Service 4915:Griesbach, Rob (2010). 4879:. U of Nebraska Press. 4866:Congress and the Nation 4436:. USDA. October 5, 2023 3961:The Wall Street Journal 3641:"Black Farmers Lawsuit" 3301:Brooks, Roy L. (2004). 2685:United States farm bill 2389:Safe Drinking Water Act 2058:1890, 1891, 1897, 1906 2049:United States farm bill 1980:might be attributed to 1966:international standards 1725:healthcare institutions 1599:federal agencies must: 1454:Native American farmers 1046:Rural Utilities Service 869:Office of Civil Rights 737:Smith-Lever Act of 1914 588:Commissioner of Patents 584:Henry Leavitt Ellsworth 580:Smithsonian Institution 548:Harvey Washington Wiley 446:Rural Utilities Service 441:Rural Development (RD) 132:U.S. federal government 99:; 162 years ago 7359:Pure Food and Drug Act 5674:Department of Commerce 5482:Risk Management Agency 4971:87.3 (2013): 314–367. 4777:"Laws and Regulations" 4638:Doering, Christopher. 4266:. USDA. Archived from 4227:March 8, 2021, at the 4185:. USDA. Archived from 4161:Mitchell, Joe (1997). 4092:USDA, Strategic Plan, 2720:public domain material 2591:is part of the USDA's 2236:Federal Plant Pest Act 2066:Pure Food and Drug Act 2029: 1978:OMB Circular No. A-119 1947:OMB Circular No. A-119 1927: 1583:On February 16, 1994, 1263: 1212: 993:Risk Management Agency 655: 639: 551: 527:World Cocoa Foundation 517:, section 416 (b) and 350:Risk Management Agency 7430:California nut crimes 6440:or territory-specific 5907:Climate Policy Office 5861:Department of Defense 5831:Department of Health 5644:National Park Service 5639:Bureau of Reclamation 5565:environmental science 5331:Rural Housing Service 4870:online free to borrow 4850:Cochrane, Willard W. 4804:Baker, Gladys L. ed. 4373:. USA. March 22, 2024 4192:on February 26, 2012. 3819:on November 11, 2008. 3487:. PBS. Archived from 2815:on September 12, 2016 2359:Rural Development Act 2078:Federal Farm Loan Act 2024: 1998:Dairy Management Inc. 1996:Further information: 1922: 1782:integrating electric 1754:regional food systems 1597:Executive Order 12898 1593:Executive Order 12898 1589:Executive Order 12898 1554:environmental justice 1448:Keepseagle v. Vilsack 1261: 1210: 1038:Rural Housing Service 645: 633: 546: 537:Further information: 452:Rural Housing Service 172:38.88806°N 77.03000°W 120:Agricultural Division 32:USDA (disambiguation) 6438:State, commonwealth, 5719:Department of Energy 5257:Xochitl Torres Small 5047:The Public Historian 4969:Agricultural History 4896:Agricultural History 4836:Benedict, Murray R. 4681:UC Irvine Law Review 4550:"Strategic Goal 2". 4409:on September 5, 2004 4082:. February 22, 2013. 3643:. NPR. March 2, 1999 3491:on December 30, 2013 3360:Agricultural History 3282:on February 24, 2009 3089:Agricultural History 2779:on February 19, 2022 2708:Notes and references 2623:United States portal 2257:Humane Slaughter Act 1986:Consumer Goods Forum 1935:Consumer Goods Forum 1860:Farm Services Agency 1845:Other EJ Initiatives 1741:increased access to 1714:Community facilities 1608:public participation 1528:In 2001, similar to 1495:In 2000, similar to 1313:As part of the 1964 722:conference committee 340:FPAC Business Center 268:executive department 223:Xochitl Torres Small 7473:United Farm Workers 7319:Capper–Volstead Act 7299:Agricultural policy 5768:Farm Service Agency 5472:Farm Service Agency 5131:(historic archives) 5003:Winters, Donald L. 4951:10.1093/ajae/aav028 4531:on October 17, 2004 4501:on October 17, 2004 3992:The Washington Post 3864:on October 30, 2008 3837:on October 11, 2007 3791:The Washington Post 2983:snaccooperative.org 2311:Child Nutrition Act 2229:Mutual Security Act 2060:Meat Inspection Act 2043:Related legislation 1797:U.S. Forest Service 1497:Pigford v. Glickman 1474:Pigford v. Glickman 1462:loan discrimination 1380:Pigford v. Glickman 1362:met with President 1345:Pigford v. Glickman 1338:Pigford v. Glickman 1320:Pigford v. Glickman 1290:In response to the 1285:Farm Service Agency 1226:Farm Service Agency 976:Farm Service Agency 735:in each state. The 592:Department of State 487:nutrition education 356:Farm Service Agency 319:national grasslands 191:105,778 (June 2007) 177:38.88806; -77.03000 168: / 147:Independence Avenue 50: 6205:Columbian exchange 6105:Commerce and Labor 5833:and Human Services 4978:Sumner, Daniel A. 4926:Matusow, Allen J. 4606:. The White House. 4320:2012-02-26 at the 4298:2012-06-21 at the 4247:2012-02-26 at the 4099:2012-02-26 at the 4018:The New York Times 3914:. Associated Press 3692:on April 16, 2005. 3113:David M. Kennedy, 3048:The New York Times 2885:on April 24, 2012. 2670:Butter-Powder Tilt 2651:Agriculture portal 2318:Wholesome Meat Act 2163:Steagall Amendment 2072:Cotton Futures Act 1955:industry standards 1722:emergency services 1650:Tribal development 1417:George Felix Allen 1412:John Boyd (farmer) 1264: 1213: 656: 640: 552: 511:World Food Program 276:commercial farming 202:213 billion (2024) 46: 7524: 7523: 7349:Grain Futures Act 7224:Black Dirt Region 6133: 6132: 6039:Homeland Security 5961: 5960: 5735:Office of Science 5527: 5526: 4886:978-1-4962-0512-4 4180:"Progress Report" 4118:Holmes interview. 3682:"Unlicensed Hire" 3669:on July 11, 2012. 3590:978-1-4116-4102-0 3556:978-0-16-055410-0 3523:978-0-8070-0963-5 3410:Asia News Monitor 3181:Erickson, Britt. 3142:978-0-06-221641-0 3135:. HarperCollins. 2949:978-0-16-094384-3 2491: 2403:Food Security Act 2096:Grain Futures Act 2016:COVID-19 pandemic 1984:and influence of 1939:private standards 1673:Rural Development 1585:President Clinton 1573:Indigenous Tribes 1530:Garcia v. Vilsack 1491:Garcia v. Vilsack 1485:Garcia v. Vilsack 1233:Wildlife Services 1205: 1204: 1028:Rural Development 885:Office of Ethics 701:. Located on the 672:rural development 658:On May 15, 1862, 373:Food Safety (FS) 256: 255: 207:Agency executives 97:May 15, 1862 16:(Redirected from 7569: 7425:Adulterated food 7407:Ogallala Aquifer 6312: 6183:African-American 6160: 6153: 6146: 6137: 6136: 6079:Veterans Affairs 5988: 5981: 5974: 5965: 5964: 5554: 5547: 5540: 5531: 5530: 5296: 5295: 5220: 5213: 5206: 5197: 5196: 5173: 5172: 5163: 5162: 5129:Internet Archive 5114:Federal Register 5096: 5091: 5090: 5088:Official website 5035: 5017: 5000: 4998: 4984: 4964: 4962: 4945:(5): 1298–1311. 4923: 4921: 4911: 4890: 4833: 4792: 4791: 4789: 4787: 4773: 4767: 4766: 4764: 4762: 4743: 4734: 4733: 4731: 4729: 4718: 4712: 4711: 4709: 4699: 4693: 4692: 4672: 4666: 4665: 4654: 4648: 4647: 4635: 4629: 4628: 4622: 4614: 4608: 4607: 4601: 4593: 4587: 4586: 4575: 4569: 4568: 4566: 4564: 4558: 4547: 4541: 4540: 4538: 4536: 4517: 4511: 4510: 4508: 4506: 4491: 4485: 4484: 4482: 4480: 4465: 4456: 4450: 4449: 4445: 4443: 4441: 4430: 4419: 4418: 4416: 4414: 4399: 4393: 4387: 4386: 4382: 4380: 4378: 4367: 4358: 4357:Velde interview. 4355: 4349: 4348: 4346: 4344: 4338:www.ers.usda.gov 4330: 4324: 4311: 4302: 4289: 4283: 4282: 4280: 4278: 4273:on June 25, 2012 4272: 4265: 4257: 4251: 4238: 4232: 4218: 4212: 4209: 4203: 4200: 4194: 4193: 4191: 4184: 4176: 4167: 4166: 4158: 4149: 4148: 4142: 4134: 4128: 4125: 4119: 4116: 4103: 4090: 4084: 4083: 4072: 4066: 4063: 4054: 4053: 4052:on May 25, 2020. 4048:. 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Beacon Press. 3507: 3501: 3500: 3498: 3496: 3481: 3475: 3474: 3472: 3470: 3464: 3455: 3446: 3445: 3443: 3441: 3436: 3428: 3422: 3421: 3405: 3399: 3398: 3396: 3372: 3363: 3356: 3350: 3340: 3327: 3326: 3298: 3292: 3291: 3289: 3287: 3281: 3274: 3266: 3260: 3259: 3257: 3255: 3244: 3235: 3234: 3232: 3230: 3220: 3214: 3213: 3209:Associated Press 3199: 3193: 3192: 3178: 3172: 3171: 3169: 3167: 3153: 3147: 3146: 3134: 3124: 3118: 3111: 3105: 3104: 3084: 3078: 3075: 3069: 3066: 3060: 3059: 3057: 3055: 3038: 3032: 3025: 3019: 3018: 3016: 3014: 3000: 2994: 2993: 2991: 2989: 2975: 2969: 2963: 2954: 2953: 2934: 2928: 2927: 2925: 2923: 2914: 2906: 2900: 2893: 2887: 2886: 2881:. Archived from 2871: 2865: 2864: 2862: 2860: 2849: 2843: 2842: 2831: 2825: 2824: 2822: 2820: 2814: 2808:. Archived from 2803: 2799:"History of FNS" 2795: 2789: 2788: 2786: 2784: 2775:. Archived from 2773:Farm Policy News 2764: 2758: 2757: 2755: 2753: 2747: 2739: 2717: 2716: 2653: 2648: 2647: 2646: 2639: 2634: 2633: 2625: 2620: 2619: 2618: 2584: 2573:Jamie L. Whitten 2568: 2548: 2536: 2524: 2508: 2497:Hemp for Victory 2493: 2492: 2474: 2332:Agricultural Act 2277:Agricultural Act 2263:Agricultural Act 2216:Agricultural Act 2202:Agricultural Act 2035:(CARES) and the 1791:Tribal relations 1385:Paul L. Friedman 1356:Washington, D.C. 1315:Civil Rights Act 1277:Native Americans 1273:African American 1269:African American 805: 804: 765:Great Depression 568:American economy 521:, also known as 315:national forests 252: 247: 244: 242: 227:Deputy Secretary 183: 182: 180: 179: 178: 173: 169: 166: 165: 164: 161: 151:Washington, D.C. 114:Preceding agency 107: 105: 100: 84:Flag of the USDA 82: 72:Logo of the USDA 70: 60:Seal of the USDA 58: 51: 45: 21: 7577: 7576: 7572: 7571: 7570: 7568: 7567: 7566: 7527: 7526: 7525: 7520: 7487: 7458:Convict leasing 7453:Bracero Program 7439: 7413: 7374: 7368: 7291: 7285: 7259: 7253: 7207: 7108:Virgin Islands 7038:South Carolina 6439: 6433: 6313: 6304: 6293:Native American 6244:New World crops 6188:Black land loss 6169: 6164: 6134: 6129: 6083: 5997: 5992: 5962: 5957: 5926: 5893: 5855: 5832: 5825: 5802: 5744: 5713: 5707:Weather Service 5687:Geodetic Survey 5668: 5610: 5567: 5558: 5528: 5523: 5522: 5515: 5499: 5464: 5458: 5440: 5433: 5397: 5390: 5377: 5370: 5352: 5345: 5317: 5304: 5297: 5293: 5288: 5271: 5265: 5229: 5224: 5194: 5193: 5192: 5174: 5170: 5160: 5104:USAspending.gov 5086: 5085: 5082: 5065: 5063:Primary sources 5042: 5032:choices.31.4.16 5015: 4982: 4919: 4887: 4801: 4799:Further reading 4796: 4795: 4785: 4783: 4775: 4774: 4770: 4760: 4758: 4745: 4744: 4737: 4727: 4725: 4720: 4719: 4715: 4707: 4701: 4700: 4696: 4673: 4669: 4656: 4655: 4651: 4636: 4632: 4620: 4616: 4615: 4611: 4599: 4595: 4594: 4590: 4577: 4576: 4572: 4562: 4560: 4556: 4549: 4548: 4544: 4534: 4532: 4519: 4518: 4514: 4504: 4502: 4493: 4492: 4488: 4478: 4476: 4475:. April 4, 2017 4467: 4466: 4459: 4447: 4439: 4437: 4432: 4431: 4422: 4412: 4410: 4401: 4400: 4396: 4384: 4376: 4374: 4369: 4368: 4361: 4356: 4352: 4342: 4340: 4332: 4331: 4327: 4322:Wayback Machine 4312: 4305: 4300:Wayback Machine 4290: 4286: 4276: 4274: 4270: 4263: 4259: 4258: 4254: 4249:Wayback Machine 4239: 4235: 4229:Wayback Machine 4219: 4215: 4210: 4206: 4201: 4197: 4189: 4182: 4178: 4177: 4170: 4159: 4152: 4140: 4136: 4135: 4131: 4126: 4122: 4117: 4106: 4101:Wayback Machine 4091: 4087: 4074: 4073: 4069: 4064: 4057: 4040: 4039: 4035: 4022: 4020: 4010: 4006: 3996: 3994: 3984: 3980: 3970: 3968: 3953: 3949: 3939: 3937: 3932: 3931: 3927: 3917: 3915: 3904: 3900: 3890: 3888: 3881: 3877: 3867: 3865: 3854: 3850: 3840: 3838: 3829: 3828: 3824: 3811: 3810: 3806: 3796: 3794: 3785: 3784: 3780: 3770: 3768: 3763: 3762: 3758: 3748: 3746: 3744:Chicago Tribune 3736: 3732: 3722: 3720: 3719:on May 10, 2023 3707: 3706: 3697: 3678: 3674: 3661: 3660: 3656: 3646: 3644: 3639: 3638: 3634: 3624: 3622: 3613: 3612: 3605: 3595: 3593: 3591: 3575: 3571: 3561: 3559: 3557: 3543: 3542: 3538: 3528: 3526: 3524: 3508: 3504: 3494: 3492: 3483: 3482: 3478: 3468: 3466: 3462: 3456: 3449: 3439: 3437: 3434: 3430: 3429: 3425: 3407: 3406: 3402: 3373: 3366: 3357: 3353: 3341: 3330: 3323: 3299: 3295: 3285: 3283: 3279: 3272: 3268: 3267: 3263: 3253: 3251: 3246: 3245: 3238: 3228: 3226: 3222: 3221: 3217: 3200: 3196: 3179: 3175: 3165: 3163: 3155: 3154: 3150: 3143: 3125: 3121: 3112: 3108: 3085: 3081: 3076: 3072: 3067: 3063: 3053: 3051: 3039: 3035: 3029:7 U.S.C. § 2201 3026: 3022: 3012: 3010: 3002: 3001: 2997: 2987: 2985: 2977: 2976: 2972: 2964: 2957: 2950: 2936: 2935: 2931: 2921: 2919: 2912: 2908: 2907: 2903: 2894: 2890: 2873: 2872: 2868: 2858: 2856: 2855:. June 21, 2013 2851: 2850: 2846: 2835:"USDA Agencies" 2833: 2832: 2828: 2818: 2816: 2812: 2801: 2797: 2796: 2792: 2782: 2780: 2765: 2761: 2751: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2740: 2733: 2714: 2710: 2705: 2649: 2644: 2642: 2637:Politics portal 2635: 2628: 2621: 2616: 2614: 2611: 2604: 2585: 2576: 2569: 2560: 2549: 2540: 2537: 2528: 2525: 2516: 2509: 2500: 2494: 2483: 2478: 2475: 2466: 2461: 2133:Farm Credit Act 2051: 2045: 2012: 2010:COVID-19 relief 2000: 1994: 1918: 1913: 1894:user assistance 1892:is a toll-free 1886: 1873: 1852: 1847: 1835: 1801:American Indian 1793: 1770: 1738: 1716: 1697: 1652: 1647: 1630: 1581: 1550: 1526: 1524:Love v. Vilsack 1520: 1517:Love v. Vilsack 1493: 1487: 1450: 1399:Chicago Tribune 1347: 1341: 1292:Supreme Court's 1256: 1218: 800: 777: 763:As late as the 753: 660:Abraham Lincoln 652:Washington D.C. 628: 564: 541: 535: 331: 239: 231: 176: 174: 170: 167: 162: 159: 157: 155: 154: 153: 144: 123: 108: 103: 101: 98: 89:Agency overview 83: 73: 61: 48: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7575: 7565: 7564: 7559: 7554: 7549: 7544: 7539: 7522: 7521: 7519: 7518: 7517: 7516: 7511: 7501: 7495: 7493: 7489: 7488: 7486: 7485: 7480: 7475: 7470: 7465: 7460: 7455: 7449: 7447: 7441: 7440: 7438: 7437: 7435:Cattle raiding 7432: 7427: 7421: 7419: 7415: 7414: 7412: 7411: 7410: 7409: 7399: 7394: 7392:Farmer suicide 7389: 7387:Climate change 7384: 7378: 7376: 7370: 7369: 7367: 7366: 7361: 7356: 7351: 7346: 7341: 7336: 7331: 7326: 7321: 7316: 7311: 7306: 7301: 7295: 7293: 7287: 7286: 7284: 7283: 7282: 7281: 7280: 7279: 7263: 7261: 7255: 7254: 7252: 7251: 7246: 7241: 7236: 7231: 7226: 7221: 7215: 7213: 7209: 7208: 7206: 7205: 7204: 7203: 7198: 7188: 7187: 7186: 7178: 7177: 7176: 7168: 7167: 7166: 7158: 7157: 7156: 7151: 7141: 7140: 7139: 7133:West Virginia 7131: 7130: 7129: 7124: 7116: 7115: 7114: 7106: 7105: 7104: 7099: 7091: 7090: 7089: 7084: 7076: 7075: 7074: 7066: 7065: 7064: 7056: 7055: 7054: 7046: 7045: 7044: 7036: 7035: 7034: 7029: 7021: 7020: 7019: 7014: 7004: 7003: 7002: 6992: 6991: 6990: 6985: 6977: 6976: 6975: 6967: 6966: 6965: 6957: 6956: 6955: 6947: 6946: 6945: 6938:North Carolina 6935: 6934: 6933: 6928: 6923: 6915: 6914: 6913: 6908: 6898: 6897: 6896: 6891: 6883: 6882: 6881: 6875:New Hampshire 6873: 6872: 6871: 6866: 6858: 6857: 6856: 6848: 6847: 6846: 6841: 6833: 6832: 6831: 6826: 6818: 6817: 6816: 6808: 6807: 6806: 6798: 6797: 6796: 6791: 6786: 6778: 6777: 6776: 6771: 6765:Massachusetts 6763: 6762: 6761: 6756: 6746: 6745: 6744: 6739: 6734: 6726: 6725: 6724: 6722:Louisiana wine 6716: 6715: 6714: 6704: 6703: 6702: 6694: 6693: 6692: 6682: 6681: 6680: 6670: 6669: 6668: 6663: 6655: 6654: 6653: 6643: 6642: 6641: 6636: 6631: 6626: 6616: 6615: 6614: 6606: 6605: 6604: 6599: 6594: 6584: 6583: 6582: 6577: 6569: 6568: 6567: 6562: 6552: 6551: 6550: 6545: 6535: 6534: 6533: 6528: 6523: 6518: 6508: 6507: 6506: 6501: 6493: 6492: 6491: 6486: 6478: 6477: 6476: 6471: 6466: 6456: 6455: 6454: 6443: 6441: 6435: 6434: 6432: 6431: 6426: 6421: 6420: 6419: 6409: 6404: 6399: 6394: 6389: 6384: 6379: 6374: 6369: 6364: 6359: 6357:Christmas tree 6354: 6349: 6348: 6347: 6337: 6332: 6327: 6321: 6319: 6315: 6314: 6307: 6305: 6303: 6302: 6301: 6300: 6295: 6285: 6284: 6283: 6273: 6268: 6263: 6258: 6253: 6252: 6251: 6241: 6240: 6239: 6234: 6224: 6219: 6218: 6217: 6207: 6202: 6197: 6192: 6191: 6190: 6179: 6177: 6171: 6170: 6163: 6162: 6155: 6148: 6140: 6131: 6130: 6128: 6127: 6122: 6117: 6112: 6107: 6102: 6097: 6091: 6089: 6085: 6084: 6082: 6081: 6076: 6071: 6069:Transportation 6066: 6061: 6056: 6051: 6046: 6041: 6036: 6031: 6026: 6021: 6016: 6011: 6005: 6003: 5999: 5998: 5991: 5990: 5983: 5976: 5968: 5959: 5958: 5956: 5955: 5950: 5945: 5940: 5934: 5932: 5928: 5927: 5925: 5924: 5919: 5914: 5909: 5903: 5901: 5895: 5894: 5892: 5891: 5886: 5881: 5876: 5871: 5865: 5863: 5857: 5856: 5854: 5853: 5848: 5843: 5837: 5835: 5827: 5826: 5824: 5823: 5818: 5812: 5810: 5804: 5803: 5801: 5800: 5798:Forest Service 5795: 5790: 5780: 5775: 5770: 5765: 5760: 5754: 5752: 5746: 5745: 5743: 5742: 5737: 5732: 5729: 5723: 5721: 5715: 5714: 5712: 5711: 5710: 5709: 5704: 5699: 5694: 5689: 5678: 5676: 5670: 5669: 5667: 5666: 5661: 5656: 5651: 5646: 5641: 5636: 5631: 5626: 5620: 5618: 5612: 5611: 5609: 5608: 5601: 5594: 5587: 5580: 5572: 5569: 5568: 5557: 5556: 5549: 5542: 5534: 5525: 5524: 5520: 5517: 5516: 5514: 5513: 5507: 5505: 5501: 5500: 5498: 5497: 5494: 5489: 5479: 5468: 5466: 5460: 5459: 5457: 5456: 5451: 5445: 5443: 5435: 5434: 5432: 5431: 5428: 5423: 5418: 5413: 5402: 5400: 5392: 5391: 5389: 5388: 5382: 5380: 5372: 5371: 5369: 5368: 5357: 5355: 5347: 5346: 5344: 5343: 5338: 5333: 5327: 5325: 5319: 5318: 5316: 5315: 5313:Forest Service 5309: 5307: 5299: 5298: 5291: 5289: 5287: 5286: 5281: 5275: 5273: 5267: 5266: 5264: 5263: 5254: 5244: 5243: 5237:Headquarters: 5234: 5231: 5230: 5223: 5222: 5215: 5208: 5200: 5175: 5168: 5167: 5166: 5165: 5164: 5149: 5143: 5138: 5132: 5122: 5117: 5106: 5097: 5081: 5080:External links 5078: 5077: 5076: 5064: 5061: 5060: 5059: 5053: 5041: 5040:Historiography 5038: 5037: 5036: 5008: 5001: 4996:10.1.1.411.284 4975: 4965: 4934: 4924: 4912: 4902:(2): 177–195. 4891: 4885: 4872: 4862: 4855: 4848: 4834: 4813: 4800: 4797: 4794: 4793: 4768: 4735: 4713: 4694: 4667: 4649: 4630: 4609: 4604:whitehouse.gov 4588: 4570: 4542: 4512: 4486: 4457: 4420: 4394: 4359: 4350: 4325: 4303: 4284: 4252: 4233: 4213: 4204: 4195: 4168: 4150: 4129: 4120: 4104: 4085: 4067: 4055: 4033: 4004: 3978: 3947: 3925: 3898: 3875: 3848: 3822: 3804: 3778: 3756: 3730: 3695: 3672: 3654: 3632: 3619:New York Times 3603: 3589: 3583:. Lulu Press. 3569: 3555: 3536: 3522: 3502: 3476: 3447: 3423: 3400: 3387:(2): 143–161. 3364: 3351: 3328: 3321: 3293: 3261: 3250:. Archives.gov 3236: 3215: 3194: 3173: 3148: 3141: 3119: 3117:(1999). p 203. 3106: 3095:(2): 246–255. 3079: 3070: 3061: 3033: 3020: 2995: 2970: 2955: 2948: 2929: 2901: 2888: 2866: 2844: 2826: 2790: 2759: 2730: 2729: 2728: 2727: 2709: 2706: 2704: 2703: 2698: 2696:USDA home loan 2693: 2688: 2682: 2677: 2672: 2667: 2662: 2656: 2655: 2654: 2640: 2626: 2610: 2607: 2606: 2605: 2597:Dulles Airport 2589:Beagle Brigade 2586: 2579: 2577: 2570: 2563: 2561: 2550: 2543: 2541: 2538: 2531: 2529: 2526: 2519: 2517: 2510: 2503: 2501: 2495: 2481: 2479: 2476: 2469: 2465: 2462: 2460: 2459: 2452: 2445: 2438: 2431: 2424: 2417: 2406: 2399: 2392: 2385: 2378: 2367: 2361: 2355: 2352:Food Stamp Act 2348: 2342: 2335: 2328: 2321: 2314: 2307: 2300: 2294: 2287: 2284:Food Stamp Act 2280: 2273: 2266: 2259: 2253: 2246: 2239: 2232: 2225: 2219: 2212: 2209:Food for Peace 2205: 2198: 2191: 2184: 2178: 2171: 2165: 2159: 2153: 2147: 2141: 2135: 2129: 2122: 2116: 2110: 2104: 2098: 2092: 2086: 2080: 2074: 2068: 2062: 2055: 2044: 2041: 2011: 2008: 1993: 1990: 1976:exception to 1917: 1914: 1912: 1909: 1885: 1882: 1872: 1869: 1851: 1848: 1846: 1843: 1834: 1831: 1823: 1822: 1819: 1816: 1812: 1792: 1789: 1788: 1787: 1780: 1777: 1774: 1769: 1766: 1765: 1764: 1758: 1755: 1752: 1749: 1746: 1737: 1734: 1733: 1732: 1729: 1726: 1723: 1720: 1715: 1712: 1711: 1710: 1707: 1704: 1701: 1696: 1693: 1677:Indian country 1656:Michelle Obama 1651: 1648: 1646: 1643: 1629: 1626: 1622: 1621: 1614: 1611: 1604: 1580: 1577: 1556:strategy, the 1552:In their 2012 1549: 1546: 1538:discrimination 1522:Main article: 1519: 1514: 1489:Main article: 1486: 1483: 1449: 1446: 1343:Main article: 1340: 1335: 1255: 1254:Discrimination 1252: 1251: 1250: 1249: 1248: 1242: 1236: 1229: 1217: 1214: 1203: 1202: 1199: 1195: 1194: 1191: 1186: 1182: 1181: 1178: 1172: 1171: 1168: 1162: 1161: 1158: 1152: 1151: 1148: 1143: 1134: 1133: 1130: 1124: 1123: 1120: 1115: 1106: 1105: 1102: 1100:Forest Service 1097: 1088: 1087: 1084: 1079: 1070: 1069: 1066: 1061: 1052: 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2513:Mary C. Foley 2507: 2502: 2498: 2480: 2473: 2468: 2467: 2457: 2453: 2450: 2446: 2443: 2439: 2436: 2432: 2429: 2425: 2422: 2418: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2404: 2400: 2397: 2393: 2390: 2386: 2383: 2379: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2366: 2362: 2360: 2356: 2353: 2349: 2347: 2343: 2340: 2336: 2333: 2329: 2326: 2322: 2319: 2315: 2312: 2308: 2305: 2301: 2299: 2295: 2292: 2288: 2285: 2281: 2278: 2274: 2271: 2267: 2264: 2260: 2258: 2254: 2251: 2247: 2244: 2240: 2237: 2233: 2230: 2226: 2224: 2220: 2217: 2213: 2211:Act PL 83-480 2210: 2206: 2203: 2199: 2196: 2192: 2189: 2185: 2183: 2179: 2176: 2172: 2170: 2166: 2164: 2160: 2158: 2154: 2152: 2148: 2146: 2142: 2140: 2136: 2134: 2130: 2127: 2123: 2121: 2117: 2115: 2111: 2109: 2105: 2103: 2099: 2097: 2093: 2091: 2087: 2085: 2081: 2079: 2075: 2073: 2069: 2067: 2063: 2061: 2057: 2056: 2054: 2050: 2040: 2038: 2034: 2028: 2023: 2021: 2017: 2007: 2005: 1999: 1989: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1958: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1926: 1921: 1908: 1905: 1903: 1898: 1895: 1891: 1881: 1877: 1868: 1866: 1865:SEARCH Grants 1861: 1856: 1842: 1839: 1830: 1827: 1820: 1817: 1813: 1810: 1809: 1808: 1806: 1805:Alaska Native 1802: 1798: 1795:In 1997, the 1785: 1781: 1778: 1775: 1772: 1771: 1763: 1759: 1756: 1753: 1750: 1747: 1744: 1740: 1739: 1730: 1727: 1724: 1721: 1718: 1717: 1708: 1705: 1702: 1699: 1698: 1695:Rural housing 1692: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1681:United States 1678: 1674: 1669: 1667: 1663: 1662: 1657: 1642: 1638: 1636: 1625: 1619: 1615: 1612: 1609: 1605: 1602: 1601: 1600: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1576: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1545: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1525: 1518: 1513: 1511: 1507: 1502: 1498: 1492: 1482: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1445: 1443: 1437: 1434: 1429: 1427: 1422: 1418: 1413: 1409: 1404: 1401: 1400: 1394: 1389: 1386: 1382: 1381: 1375: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1352: 1346: 1339: 1334: 1330: 1327: 1322: 1321: 1316: 1311: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1288: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1260: 1246: 1245: 1243: 1241: 1237: 1234: 1230: 1227: 1223: 1220: 1219: 1209: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1190: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1177: 1174: 1173: 1169: 1167: 1164: 1163: 1159: 1157: 1154: 1153: 1149: 1147: 1144: 1142: 1141: 1135: 1131: 1129: 1126: 1125: 1121: 1119: 1116: 1114: 1113: 1107: 1103: 1101: 1098: 1096: 1095: 1089: 1085: 1083: 1080: 1078: 1077: 1071: 1067: 1065: 1062: 1060: 1059: 1053: 1049: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1036: 1034: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1018: 1017: 1013: 1011: 1008: 1007: 1003: 999: 996: 995: 994: 991: 990: 986: 982: 979: 978: 977: 974: 972: 971: 965: 961: 958: 957: 953: 950: 949: 945: 942: 941: 937: 934: 933: 929: 926: 925: 921: 918: 917: 913: 910: 909: 905: 902: 901: 897: 895: 892: 891: 887: 884: 883: 879: 876: 875: 871: 868: 867: 863: 860: 859: 855: 852: 851: 847: 844: 843: 839: 836: 835: 831: 828: 826: 825: 821: 820: 814: 806: 803: 795: 793: 788: 785: 783: 782:Trump tariffs 772: 770: 766: 761: 759: 748: 746: 742: 738: 734: 730: 727:In 1887, the 725: 723: 719: 715: 711: 706: 704: 703:National Mall 700: 696: 691: 689: 685: 681: 677: 673: 669: 665: 661: 653: 649: 644: 637: 632: 623: 621: 617: 616:Patent Office 614:In 1849, the 612: 610: 605: 604:Patent Office 601: 597: 593: 589: 585: 581: 577: 573: 569: 559: 557: 549: 545: 540: 530: 528: 524: 520: 516: 512: 508: 502: 500: 496: 492: 488: 484: 480: 479:United States 475: 470: 467: 466: 465: 459: 456: 453: 450: 447: 444: 443: 442: 436: 433: 430: 427: 424: 421: 418: 415: 414: 413: 407: 404: 403: 402: 396: 393: 390: 387: 386: 385: 379: 376: 375: 374: 368: 365: 364: 363: 357: 354: 351: 348: 345: 342: 339: 338: 337: 334: 326: 324: 323:federal lands 320: 316: 312: 308: 304: 299: 297: 293: 289: 285: 281: 277: 273: 269: 265: 261: 251: 246: 238: 234: 228: 224: 221: 219: 215: 212: 211: 209: 205: 201: 198: 196:Annual budget 194: 190: 186: 181: 152: 148: 143: 140: 136: 133: 130: 126: 119: 118: 116: 112: 96: 92: 87: 81: 76: 69: 64: 57: 52: 47:United States 44: 40: 33: 19: 7402:Water supply 7266: 6995:Pennsylvania 6810:Mississippi 6335:Blackcurrant 6237:Pennsylvania 6008: 5749: 5603: 5596: 5589: 5582: 5575: 5563:involved in 5238: 5226: 5185: 5184: 5183:profile for 5181:organization 5180: 5112: 5074:vol 4 online 5069: 5046: 5023: 5019: 5004: 4986: 4968: 4942: 4938: 4927: 4899: 4895: 4876: 4865: 4858: 4851: 4846:another copy 4837: 4821: 4817: 4805: 4784:. 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