1195:. Others argue that humans intervene in nature constantly—sometimes in very substantial ways—for their own interests and to further environmentalist goals. Human responsibility for enhancing existing natural harms has also been cited as a reason for intervention. Some advocates argue that humans already successfully help animals in the wild, such as vaccinating and healing injured and sick animals, rescuing animals in fires and other natural disasters, feeding hungry animals, providing thirsty animals with water, and caring for orphaned animals. They also assert that although wide-scale interventions may not be possible with our current level of understanding, they could become feasible in the future with improved knowledge and technologies. For these reasons, they argue it is important to raise awareness about the issue of wild animal suffering, spread the idea that humans should help animals suffering in these situations, and encourage research into effective measures, which can be taken in the future to reduce the suffering of these individuals, without causing greater harms.
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1172:. More recently, starting in the 19th century, a number of writers have considered the subject from a secular standpoint as a general moral issue, that humans might be able to help prevent. There is considerable disagreement around taking such action, as many believe that human interventions in nature should not take place because of practicality, valuing ecological preservation over the well-being and interests of individual animals, considering any obligation to reduce wild animal suffering implied by animal rights to be absurd, or viewing nature as an idyllic place where happiness is widespread. Some have argued that such interventions would be an example of human
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1352:. Many processes associated with human habitation of an area cause loss of this area and decrease the carrying capacity of the land for that species. In many cases these changes in land use cause a patchy break-up of the wild landscape. Agricultural land frequently displays this type of extremely fragmented, or relictual habitat. Farms sprawl across the landscape with patches of uncleared woodland or forest dotted in-between occasional paddocks.
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Overkill happens whenever hunting occurs at rates greater than the reproductive capacity of the population is being exploited. The effects of this are often noticed much more dramatically in slow-growing populations such as many larger species of fish. Initially when a portion of a wild population is
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felt it was unlikely that exotic species would ever be able to grow abundantly in a place in which they had not evolved. The reality is that the vast majority of species exposed to a new habitat do not reproduce successfully. Occasionally, however, some populations do take hold and after a period of
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Advocates of such interventions argue that animal rights and welfare positions imply an obligation to help animals suffering in the wild due to natural processes. Some have asserted that refusing to help animals in situations where humans would consider it wrong not to help humans is an example of
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the NATURE strand made by WNET-13 in New York and NOVA by WGBH in Boston are notable. Wildlife television is now a multimillion-dollar industry with specialist documentary film-makers in many countries including UK, US, New
Zealand, Australia, Austria, Germany, Japan, and Canada. There are many
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inhibition is lowered. Hunting, fishing and so on, have lowered the competition between members of a population. However, if this hunting continues at rate greater than the rate at which new members of the population can reach breeding age and produce more young, the population will begin to
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of wild populations has been a characteristic of modern man since our exodus from Africa 130,000 – 70,000 years ago. The rate of extinctions of entire species of plants and animals across the planet has been so high in the last few hundred years that it is widely believed that a sixth great
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are all examples of species that have become invasive threats to wild species in various parts of the world. Frequently species that are uncommon in their home range become out-of-control invasions in distant but similar climates. The reasons for this have not always been clear and
1069:. Wildlife tourism currently employs 22 million people worldwide directly or indirectly, and contributes more than $ 120 billion to global GDP. As a multimillion-dollar international industry, wildlife tourism is often characterized by the offering of customized tour packages and
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Populations that are confined to islands, whether literal islands or just areas of habitat that are effectively an "island" for the species concerned, have also been observed to be at greater risk of dramatic population rise of deaths declines following
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found in India. These birds feed on insects on the back of cattle, which helps to keep them disease-free. Destroying the nesting habitats of these birds would cause a decrease in the cattle population because of the spread of insect-borne diseases.
1161:, which favor producing large numbers of offspring, with a low amount of parental care and of which only a small number survive to adulthood, the rest dying in painful ways, has led some to argue that suffering dominates happiness in nature.
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usually extracted from their natural environment or raised under controlled conditions. It can involve the trade of living or dead individuals, tissues such as skins, bones or meat, or other products. Legal wildlife trade is regulated by the
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birds that feed off the many parasitic insects that grow on the hippo. Should the hippo die out, so too will these groups of birds, leading to further destruction as other species dependent on the birds are affected. Also referred to as a
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Moreover, we have unleashed a mass extinction event, the sixth in roughly 540 million years, wherein many current life forms could be annihilated or at least committed to extinction by the end of this century.
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in different cultures around the world, and they and their products may be used as sacred objects in religious rituals. For example, eagles, hawks and their feathers have great cultural and spiritual value to
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first made his appearance in this series, which was followed by the series Zoo Quest during which he and cameraman
Charles Lagus went to many exotic places looking for and filming elusive wildlife—notably the
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by early human hunters. Today, hunting, fishing, and gathering wildlife is still a significant food source in some parts of the world. In other areas, hunting and non-commercial fishing are mainly seen as a
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1153:. Some estimates indicate that these individual animals make up the vast majority of animals in existence. An extensive amount of natural suffering has been described as an unavoidable consequence of
1015:, either actively (e.g. hunting/collection) or passively (e.g. watching/photography). Wildlife tourism is an important part of the tourism industries in many countries including many African and
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Examples of habitat destruction include grazing of bushland by farmed animals, changes to natural fire regimes, forest clearing for timber production and wetland draining for city expansion.
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is an element of many nations' travel industry centered around observation and interaction with local animal and plant life in their natural habitats. While it can include
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329:, it has been estimated that annually the international wildlife trade amounts to billions of dollars and it affects hundreds of millions of animal and plant specimen.
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1065:, with an annual growth about 3%, 7% of world tourism industry relates to wildlife tourism. They also estimate that the growth is much more significant in places like
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This final group is one of secondary effects. All wild populations of living things have many complex intertwining links with other living things around them. Large
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Diamond, J. M. (1989). Overview of recent extinctions. Conservation for the Twenty-first
Century. D. Western and M. Pearl, New York, Oxford University Press: 37-41.
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1274:, "immediate political, economic, and social efforts of an unprecedented scale are essential if we are to prevent these extinctions and their societal impacts."
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acclimation can increase in numbers significantly, having destructive effects on many elements of the native environment of which they have become part.
2016:
257:. However, many wild animals, even the dangerous ones, have value to human beings. This value might be economic, educational, or emotional in nature.
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position, which argues that humans should not harm wild animals but that humans should not intervene to reduce natural harms that they experience.
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A November 2008 report from biologist and author Sally
Kneidel, PhD, documented numerous wildlife species for sale in informal markets along the
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are a significant concern because of increased human encroachment upon wild areas, increased resource extraction and further threats to
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Malaysia is home to a vast array of amazing wildlife. However, illegal hunting and trade poses a threat to
Malaysia's natural diversity.
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1722:"PC Pets for a Price: Combating Online and Traditional Wildlife Crime Through International Harmonization and Authoritative Policies"
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1978:
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If the information is appropriate for the lead of the article, this information should also be included in the body of the article.
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problem, has a negative effect on the viability of many wildlife populations and is one of the major threats to the survival of
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among many. It has experienced a dramatic and rapid growth in recent years worldwide and many elements are closely aligned to
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2713:"If Natural Entities Have Intrinsic Value, Should We Then Abstain from Helping Animals Who Are Victims of Natural Processes?"
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2501:
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1933:
3187:
2679:"The Case for Intervention in Nature on Behalf of Animals: A Critical Review of the Main Arguments against Intervention"
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Ceballos, Gerardo; Ehrlich, Paul R.; Barnosky, Anthony D.; García, Andrés; Pringle, Robert M.; Palmer, Todd M. (2015).
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642:. Illegal wildlife trade is widespread and constitutes one of the major illegal economic activities, comparable to the
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Global wildlife populations have decreased significantly by 68% since 1970 as a result of human activity, particularly
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1180:, and use examples of how human interventions, for other reasons, have unintentionally caused harm. Others, including
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280:, dogs, mice, and rats. Some religions declare certain animals to be sacred, and in modern times, concern for the
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hunted, an increased availability of resources (food, etc.) is experienced increasing growth and reproduction as
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71:
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3623:"More losers than winners: investigating Anthropocene defaunation through the diversity of population trends"
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Dirzo, Rodolfo; Young, Hillary S.; Galetti, Mauro; Ceballos, Gerardo; Isaac, Nick J. B.; Collen, Ben (2014).
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from wildlife in a number of ways, including the legal, social and moral senses. Some animals, however, have
38:
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2008:
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relied on wildlife, both plants and animals, for their food. In fact, some species may have been hunted to
314:
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Ripple WJ, Wolf C, Newsome TM, Galetti M, Alamgir M, Crist E, Mahmoud MI, Laurance WF (13 November 2017).
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Animals can be viewed in their native or similar environments, from vehicles or on foot. This elephant is
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20:
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For academic discussion of wild animal suffering and its alleviation from a secular standpoint see:
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and similar high-intervention activities also fall under the umbrella of wildlife tourism. Wildlife
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Stokstad, Erik (6 May 2019). "Landmark analysis documents the alarming global decline of nature".
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1947:
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or recreation. Meat sourced from wildlife that is not traditionally regarded as game is known as
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60:
2276:"Debunking the Idyllic View of Natural Processes: Population Dynamics and Suffering in the Wild"
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2117:
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forms of wildlife destruction. The loss of animals from ecological communities is also known as
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3337:
3214:"Reducing Extreme Suffering for Non-Human Animals: Enhancement vs. Smaller Future Populations?"
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2644:
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1840:
1647:"Human activity has wiped out two-thirds of world's wildlife since 1970, landmark report says"
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experienced by non-human animals living outside of direct human control due to harms, such as
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2042: One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
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Undomesticated organisms that grow or live wild in an area without being introduced by humans
3237:"Animals in the wild often suffer a great deal. What, if anything, should we do about that?"
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in the US have dominated the market for shows about wildlife on cable television, while on
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Wildlife in a
Changing World – An Analysis of the 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
8:
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Animal Ethics Goes Wild: The
Problem of Wild Animal Suffering and Intervention in Nature
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2524:"Towards Welfare Biology: Evolutionary Economics of Animal Consciousness and Suffering"
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Elephant safari after the One-horned
Rhinoceros in Royal Chitwan National Park, Manali
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3363:"Accelerated modern human–induced species losses: Entering the sixth mass extinction"
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For discussion of wild animal suffering and its relation to the problem of evil see:
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The four most general reasons that lead to destruction of wildlife include overkill,
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300:
296:
3529:"The Rapid Decline Of The Natural World Is A Crisis Even Bigger Than Climate Change"
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to protest against the exploitation of wildlife for human benefit or entertainment.
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2162:"Animals in Need: the Problem of Wild Animal Suffering and Intervention in Nature"
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4786:
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4111:
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2645:"The Problem of Evil in Nature: Evolutionary Bases of the Prevalence of Disvalue"
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936:. Camels, sheep, goats may be offered as sacrifice during the three days of Eid.
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that are untouched by human factors, most scientists agree that much wildlife is
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Intergovernmental
Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services
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sold for as little as $ 1.60 (5 Peruvian soles). Many Amazon species, including
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Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora
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2092:"How Tourism Benefits Nature and Wildlife - Sustainable Travel International"
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3672:"'Mutilating the tree of life': Wildlife loss accelerating, scientists warn"
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3440:
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3290:
2818:"Refusing Help and Inflicting Harm. A Critique of the Environmentalist View"
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have animal symbols: "Mark is a lion, Luke is a bull and John is an eagle."
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New Directions in Conservation Medicine: Applied Cases of Ecological Health
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1011:, in its simplest sense, is interacting with wild animals in their natural
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265:
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162:, a group of wildlife species that are especially popular in human culture.
34:
2784:"A Welfare State For Elephants? A Case Study of Compassionate Stewardship"
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4329:
4206:
4172:
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3621:
Finn, Catherine; Grattarola, Florencia; Pincheira-Donoso, Daniel (2023).
2348:
1614:"Humans exploiting and destroying nature on unprecedented scale – report"
1411:
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1239:
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27:
2374:
Nature Red in Tooth and Claw: Theism and the Problem of Animal Suffering
2074:"The world needs wildlife tourism. But that won't work without wildlife"
717:. The increasing demand for wildlife as a source of traditional food in
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4605:
4547:
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4155:
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2542:
1782:"Zoonotic viruses associated with illegally imported wildlife products"
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4265:
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3979:
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3802:"Young people can't remember how much more wildlife there used to be"
3703:"Mutilation of the tree of life via mass extinction of animal genera"
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The habitat of any given species is considered its preferred area or
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1930:"Veggie Revolution: Monkeys and parrots pouring from the jungle..."
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was a similar pioneer, the first wildlife series LOOK presented by
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3002:"Animals, Predators, The Right to Life and The Duty to Save Lives"
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contains information that is not included elsewhere in the article
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4123:
3924:
3592:"Biodiversity: Almost half of animals in decline, research shows"
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1566:
Wildlife conservation evaluation: attributes, criteria and values
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as religious objects. In Hinduism the cow is regarded as sacred.
752:
586:
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186:
174:
2262:
1903:"Huge haul of dead owls and live lizards in Peninsular Malaysia"
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The topic has historically been discussed in the context of the
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measure, which is further evidence that humans have unleashed a
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4302:
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3948:
1257:
Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services
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In Christianity the Bible has a variety of animal symbols, the
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269:
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3468:
Cowie, Robert H.; Bouchet, Philippe; Fontaine, Benoît (2022).
2574:"Ethical Interventions in the Wild. An Annotated Bibliography"
2486:. In Chignell, Andrew; Cuneo, Terence; Halteman, Matt (eds.).
2432:. In Chignell, Andrew; Cuneo, Terence; Halteman, Matt (eds.).
2244:
Dawkins, Richard (1995). "Chapter 4: God's Utility Function".
621:
refers to the products that are derived from non-domesticated
4590:
4430:
4356:
4143:
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2488:
Philosophy Comes to Dinner: Arguments on the Ethics of Eating
2434:
Philosophy Comes to Dinner: Arguments on the Ethics of Eating
2155:
2153:
1410:
is by far the most destructive process that can occur in any
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218:
190:
3139:"Why the Situation of Animals in the Wild Should Concern Us"
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2109:
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984:, Zimbabwe, was quite undisturbed by the people and vehicle.
253:. Some wildlife threaten human safety, health, property and
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species. The illegal wildlife trade has been linked to the
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198:
151:
3470:"The Sixth Mass Extinction: fact, fiction or speculation?"
2150:
2009:"Eid Al-Adha 2014: Muslims Observe The Feast Of Sacrifice"
1832:
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4138:
3259:
3205:
3155:
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3095:. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 357.
3082:
3032:
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2214:
2184:
2106:
1285:, impact of introduced species and chains of extinction.
824:
812:
638:(CITES), which currently has 184 member countries called
599:
237:, all have distinct forms of wildlife. While the term in
3422:"World Scientists' Warning to Humanity: A Second Notice"
3419:
3127:
3041:"Harm in the Wild: Facing Non-Human Suffering in Nature"
1314:
26:"Wild animal" redirects here. For the Vanity album, see
2852:"Relations and Moral Obligations towards Other Animals"
1773:
859:
in Indonesia and lemurs in Madagascar. Since 1984, the
2067:
2065:
1780:
Smith KM, Anthony SJ, Switzer WM, et al. (2012).
1742:
872:
magazines and websites which cover wildlife including
1726:
William and Mary Environmental Law and Policy Journal
1433:
1397:
animals such as the hippopotamus have populations of
3467:
2302:"The overwhelming prevalence of suffering in Nature"
1743:
Vié, J.-C.; Hilton-Taylor, C.; Stuart, S.N. (2009).
1595:
Wildlife: Destruction, Conservation and Biodiversity
680:
have a target to end the illegal supply of wildlife.
2084:
2062:
1901:Shepherd, Chris R.; Thomas, R. (12 November 2008).
1838:
1779:
472:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
74:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2615:Etikk I Praksis - Nordic Journal of Applied Ethics
1900:
33:"Wild animals" redirects here. For the film, see
4920:
2907:Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics
850:, was a studio-based show, with filmed inserts.
3700:
1358:
721:is decimating populations of sharks, primates,
233:, and other areas including the most developed
2331:The Autobiography of Charles Darwin: 1809-1882
1979:"The Significance of the Eagle to the Indians"
3835:
3235:Wiblin, Robert; Harris, Kieran (2019-08-15).
2901:Delon, Nicolas; Purves, Duncan (2018-04-01).
1851:. Oxford University Press. pp. 151–163.
3701:Ceballos, Gerardo; Ehrlich, Paul R. (2023).
3234:
1839:Smith, KF; Schloegel, LM; Rosen, GE (2012).
800:Wildlife has long been a common subject for
676:. Global initiative like the United Nations
260:Humans have historically tended to separate
3774:. Conservation and Wildlife. Archived from
2900:
2193:"Parasite Load and Disease in Wild Animals"
1719:
1592:
924:, to commemorate the sacrificial spirit of
725:and other animals, which they believe have
385:Learn how and when to remove these messages
332:
3842:
3828:
3670:Greenfield, Patrick (September 19, 2023).
3669:
3333:The Sixth Extinction: An Unnatural History
2333:. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 90.
2047:
1847:; Ostfeld, Richard; Daszak, Peter (eds.).
1841:"Wildlife Trade and the Spread of Disease"
1611:
910:animal species have spiritual significance
3738:
3728:
3638:
3495:
3485:
3449:
3439:
3396:
2947:
2867:
2833:
2799:
2762:
2747:"The Importance of Wild-Animal Suffering"
2728:
2694:
2660:
2626:
2589:
2159:
2133:
2118:"The Importance of Wild-Animal Suffering"
1815:
1805:
1612:Greenfield, Patrick (September 9, 2020).
1063:United Nations World Tourism Organization
550:Learn how and when to remove this message
532:Learn how and when to remove this message
430:Learn how and when to remove this message
134:Learn how and when to remove this message
3559:
3553:
3115:
2950:"Animal Liberation: A Triangular Affair"
2299:
2031:
1928:Phd, Sally Kneidel (November 10, 2008).
1644:
1328:
1209:
1090:
987:
975:
778:
688:
585:
561:
145:
3799:
3682:from the original on September 25, 2023
3326:
3253:
3211:
2999:
2744:
2475:
2421:
2243:
2115:
2071:
1976:
1388:
4921:
3038:
2903:"Wild Animal Suffering is Intractable"
2849:
2778:
2676:
2571:
2371:
2329:(September 1993). Barlow, Nora (ed.).
2325:
2160:Faria, Catia; Paez, Eze (2015-05-11).
1626:from the original on September 9, 2020
1199:
834:a popular program featuring zoologist
3849:
3823:
3526:
3136:
3119:Wildlife rights and human obligations
3088:
2883:
2710:
2642:
2608:"The Ethics of Wild Animal Suffering"
2390:
2347:
2300:Iglesias, Alejandro Villamor (2018).
2273:
2220:
1958:from the original on 13 November 2012
1563:
1315:Habitat destruction and fragmentation
1184:writers, have defended variants of a
3541:from the original on October 3, 2019
3161:
3122:(PhD thesis). University of Reading.
2815:
2605:
2058:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
1989:from the original on 3 November 2012
1645:Woodyatt, Amy (September 10, 2020).
1593:Harris, J. D.; Brown, P. L. (2009).
1375:Mice, cats, rabbits, dandelions and
470:adding citations to reliable sources
441:
391:
350:
72:adding citations to reliable sources
43:
3800:Vaughan, Adam (December 11, 2019).
3039:Sözmen, Beril İdemen (2013-11-01).
2190:
1927:
1336:and increased road-building in the
943:is a famous title of Jesus. In the
13:
3602:from the original on July 17, 2023
2948:Callicott, J. Baird (1980-11-01).
2888:(Ph.D.). Universitat Pompeu Fabra.
2856:Relations. Beyond Anthropocentrism
2822:Relations. Beyond Anthropocentrism
2788:Relations. Beyond Anthropocentrism
2751:Relations. Beyond Anthropocentrism
2717:Relations. Beyond Anthropocentrism
2683:Relations. Beyond Anthropocentrism
2649:Relations. Beyond Anthropocentrism
2578:Relations. Beyond Anthropocentrism
2518:
2372:Murray, Michael (April 30, 2011).
2248:. London: Orion Publishing Group.
2166:Relations. Beyond Anthropocentrism
2122:Relations. Beyond Anthropocentrism
2048:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "
2019:from the original on 21 March 2015
1657:from the original on June 10, 2021
1254:") is currently ongoing. The 2019
1157:, as well as the pervasiveness of
1073:to allow close access to wildlife.
193:. Wildlife was also synonymous to
14:
4945:
3793:
3262:"Defaunation in the Anthropocene"
3048:Ethical Theory and Moral Practice
2098:. 25 January 2021. Archived from
1909:from the original on 1 April 2012
366:This article has multiple issues.
4903:
4902:
3316:from the original on 2017-05-11.
2481:"The Moral Problem of Predation"
2427:"The Moral Problem of Predation"
2037:
1491:
1479:
1467:
1455:
1443:
1083:This section is an excerpt from
968:This section is an excerpt from
446:
396:
355:
343:This section is an excerpt from
48:
3764:
3755:
3694:
3663:
3614:
3584:
3520:
3461:
3413:
3354:
3320:
3228:
3180:
2982:from the original on 2019-02-20
2941:
2466:
2316:
2001:
1983:The Quebec History Encyclopedia
1970:
1940:
1921:
1894:
1865:
1687:from the original on 2020-11-14
1003:- and animal-friendly tourism,
678:Sustainable Development Goal 15
457:needs additional citations for
374:or discuss these issues on the
209:. Wildlife can be found in all
59:needs additional citations for
2711:Cunha, Luciano Carlos (2015).
2197:Wild-Animal Suffering Research
2072:Scanlon, John (22 June 2017).
1713:
1698:
1669:
1638:
1605:
1586:
1557:
920:Muslims conduct sacrifices on
177:, but has come to include all
1:
3188:"Helping animals in the wild"
2306:Revista de Bioética y Derecho
2116:Tomasik, Brian (2015-11-02).
1551:
817:American Broadcasting Company
39:Wild Animals (disambiguation)
3868:Pollution / quality
3006:Ethics & the Environment
2965:10.5840/enviroethics19802424
2223:"Egalitarianism and Animals"
1807:10.1371/journal.pone.0029505
1752:. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN.
1710:. CITES Secretariat, Geneva.
1359:Impact of introduced species
1077:
815:since 1965, later moving to
771:are sold primarily as food.
656:Wildlife trade is a serious
315:Zoological Society of London
272:environments. This includes
7:
3137:Horta, Oscar (2015-01-05).
2376:. Oxford University Press.
2221:Horta, Oscar (2014-11-25).
2191:Ray, Georgia (2017-11-22).
1677:"¿Qué es la CITES? | CITES"
1429:
1288:
1233:This subsection focuses on
1067:UNESCO World Heritage Sites
903:
869:Public Broadcasting Service
821:Public Broadcasting Service
809:National Geographic Society
684:
158:). Lions are an example of
10:
4950:
3527:Vidal J (March 15, 2019).
3092:The Case for Animal Rights
2869:10.7358/rela-2015-002-sozm
2835:10.7358/rela-2015-002-paez
2801:10.7358/rela-2015-002-pear
2764:10.7358/rela-2015-002-toma
2730:10.7358/rela-2015-001-cunh
2696:10.7358/rela-2015-001-torr
2662:10.7358/rela-2015-001-hort
2591:10.7358/rela-2015-002-dora
2135:10.7358/rela-2015-002-toma
1368:
1362:
1318:
1203:
1082:
967:
962:
793:
342:
32:
25:
18:
4898:
4839:
4704:
4697:
4578:
4439:Types / location
4438:
4429:
4239:
4034:
3947:
3917:
3866:
3857:
3162:Sebo, Jeff (2020-01-15).
3143:Animal Charity Evaluators
3116:Kapembwa, Julius (2017).
3060:10.1007/s10677-013-9416-5
2919:10.1007/s10806-018-9722-y
2606:Moen, Ole Martin (2016).
1147:killings by other animals
21:Wildlife (disambiguation)
3212:Vinding, Magnus (2020).
3018:10.2979/ete.2009.14.1.15
2050:Animals in Christian Art
1985:. Marianopolis College.
1977:Bélange, Claude (2004).
1252:Holocene Mass Extinction
840:BBC natural history unit
774:
747:, including wild-caught
337:
333:Interactions with humans
3730:10.1073/pnas.2306987120
3570:10.1126/science.aax9287
3291:10.1126/science.1251817
3164:"All we owe to animals"
3000:Simmons, Aaron (2009).
2745:Tomasik, Brian (2015).
2572:Dorado, Daniel (2015).
1599:Nova Science Publishers
1506:Do not feed the animals
1417:Another example is the
1250:extinction event ("the
1159:reproductive strategies
789:Tamiasciurus douglasii)
670:new infectious diseases
3389:10.1126/sciadv.1400253
3338:Henry Holt and Company
2850:Sözmen, Beril (2015).
2677:Torres, Mikel (2015).
2628:10.5324/eip.v10i1.1972
2531:Biology and Philosophy
1345:
1230:
1168:as an instance of the
1166:philosophy of religion
1103:
993:
985:
791:
741:
694:
615:
583:
303:, according to a 2020
163:
37:. For other uses, see
3441:10.1093/biosci/bix125
2884:Faria, Catia (2016).
2643:Horta, Oscar (2015).
2490:. London: Routledge.
2436:. London: Routledge.
2274:Horta, Oscar (2010).
2096:sustainabletravel.org
2055:Catholic Encyclopedia
1564:Usher, M. B. (1986).
1526:Wildlife conservation
1332:
1325:Habitat fragmentation
1309:unsustainable hunting
1213:
1107:Wild animal suffering
1094:
1085:Wild animal suffering
991:
979:
811:specials appeared on
782:
731:
692:
672:in humans, including
589:
565:
323:sixth mass extinction
160:charismatic megafauna
149:
4814:remnant natural area
4451:storage and recovery
4117:habitat conservation
3935:Deforestation (REDD)
2957:Environmental Ethics
1936:on February 9, 2010.
1720:Izzo, J. B. (2010).
1568:. London, New York:
1521:In situ conservation
1516:Ex situ conservation
1412:ecological community
1389:Chains of extinction
1151:psychological stress
982:Hwange National Park
590:Framed butterflies,
466:improve this article
325:event. According to
310:Living Planet Report
68:improve this article
19:For other uses, see
4768:Earth Overshoot Day
4342:Marine conservation
4323:non-timber products
3721:2023PNAS..12006987C
3715:(39): e2306987120.
3534:The Huffington Post
3381:2015SciA....1E0253C
3283:2014Sci...345..401D
3218:Between the Species
3089:Regan, Tom (2004).
2354:The Problem of Pain
2227:Between the Species
1948:"Charles Lagus BSC"
1798:2012PLoSO...729505S
1321:Habitat destruction
1301:decrease in numbers
1279:habitat destruction
1260:, published by the
1229:before the present.
1223:population genetics
1200:Loss and extinction
1155:Darwinian evolution
1057:sustainable tourism
610:spiders on sale in
319:Living Planet Index
305:World Wildlife Fund
282:natural environment
4753:Ecosystem services
3876:Ambient standards
3772:"Critical Species"
3627:Biological Reviews
3474:Biological Reviews
3328:Kolbert, Elizabeth
2816:Paez, Eze (2015).
2543:10.1007/BF00852469
1845:Aguirre, A. Alonso
1570:Chapman & Hall
1541:World Wildlife Day
1511:Endangered species
1365:Introduced species
1346:
1231:
1139:weather conditions
1104:
994:
986:
881:Birds & Blooms
852:David Attenborough
796:Nature documentary
792:
695:
616:
584:
241:usually refers to
181:that grow or live
164:
4916:
4915:
4894:
4893:
4693:
4692:
4372:genetic resources
4308:genetic resources
3943:
3942:
3851:Natural resources
3640:10.1111/brv.12974
3487:10.1111/brv.12816
3434:(12): 1026–1028.
3336:. New York City:
3277:(6195): 401–406.
3102:978-0-520-24386-6
2396:"Nonmoral Nature"
2394:(February 1982).
2255:978-0-297-81540-2
2246:River Out of Eden
1952:Wild Film History
1873:"Goal 15 targets"
1858:978-0-19-990905-6
1759:978-2-8317-1063-1
1579:978-94-010-8315-7
1531:Wildlife corridor
1406:, this series of
1338:Amazon Rainforest
1296:density dependent
1206:Biodiversity loss
1143:natural disasters
875:National Wildlife
861:Discovery Channel
738:Chris S. Shepherd
693:A ground pangolin
604:Emperor scorpions
582:on sale in Greece
560:
559:
552:
542:
541:
534:
516:
440:
439:
432:
389:
301:intensive farming
297:population growth
144:
143:
136:
118:
4941:
4906:
4905:
4857:
4804:Natural heritage
4763:overexploitation
4702:
4701:
4436:
4435:
4382:herbal medicines
4362:FAO Plant Treaty
3902:
3879:
3864:
3863:
3844:
3837:
3830:
3821:
3820:
3811:
3788:
3787:
3785:
3783:
3768:
3762:
3759:
3753:
3752:
3742:
3732:
3698:
3692:
3691:
3689:
3687:
3667:
3661:
3660:
3642:
3633:(5): 1732–1748.
3618:
3612:
3611:
3609:
3607:
3598:. May 23, 2023.
3588:
3582:
3581:
3557:
3551:
3550:
3548:
3546:
3524:
3518:
3517:
3499:
3489:
3465:
3459:
3458:
3453:
3443:
3417:
3411:
3410:
3400:
3368:Science Advances
3358:
3352:
3351:
3324:
3318:
3317:
3315:
3266:
3257:
3251:
3250:
3248:
3247:
3232:
3226:
3225:
3209:
3203:
3202:
3200:
3199:
3184:
3178:
3177:
3175:
3174:
3159:
3153:
3152:
3150:
3149:
3134:
3125:
3123:
3113:
3107:
3106:
3086:
3080:
3079:
3054:(5): 1075–1088.
3045:
3036:
3030:
3029:
2997:
2991:
2990:
2988:
2987:
2981:
2954:
2945:
2939:
2938:
2898:
2892:
2889:
2880:
2878:
2876:
2871:
2846:
2844:
2842:
2837:
2812:
2810:
2808:
2803:
2775:
2773:
2771:
2766:
2741:
2739:
2737:
2732:
2707:
2705:
2703:
2698:
2673:
2671:
2669:
2664:
2639:
2637:
2635:
2630:
2612:
2602:
2600:
2598:
2593:
2568:
2566:
2565:
2559:
2553:. Archived from
2528:
2515:
2513:
2512:
2506:
2500:. Archived from
2485:
2470:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2458:
2452:
2446:. Archived from
2431:
2418:
2416:
2414:
2400:
2387:
2368:
2344:
2320:
2314:
2313:
2297:
2291:
2290:
2280:
2271:
2260:
2259:
2241:
2235:
2234:
2218:
2212:
2211:
2209:
2208:
2199:. Archived from
2188:
2182:
2181:
2157:
2148:
2147:
2137:
2113:
2104:
2103:
2088:
2082:
2081:
2069:
2060:
2059:
2041:
2040:
2035:
2029:
2028:
2026:
2024:
2005:
1999:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1974:
1968:
1967:
1965:
1963:
1944:
1938:
1937:
1925:
1919:
1918:
1916:
1914:
1898:
1892:
1891:
1889:
1888:
1879:. Archived from
1869:
1863:
1862:
1836:
1830:
1829:
1819:
1809:
1777:
1771:
1770:
1768:
1766:
1751:
1740:
1734:
1733:
1717:
1711:
1707:Member countries
1702:
1696:
1695:
1693:
1692:
1673:
1667:
1666:
1664:
1662:
1642:
1636:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1609:
1603:
1602:
1590:
1584:
1583:
1561:
1496:
1495:
1484:
1483:
1482:
1472:
1471:
1470:
1460:
1459:
1448:
1447:
1439:
1371:Invasive species
1216:human migrations
997:Wildlife tourism
970:Wildlife tourism
926:Ibrāhīm in Islam
915:Native Americans
863:and its spinoff
805:television shows
785:Douglas squirrel
739:
702:hunter-gatherers
674:emergent viruses
555:
548:
537:
530:
526:
523:
517:
515:
474:
450:
442:
435:
428:
424:
421:
415:
400:
399:
392:
381:
359:
358:
351:
251:human activities
207:hunted for sport
139:
132:
128:
125:
119:
117:
76:
52:
44:
4949:
4948:
4944:
4943:
4942:
4940:
4939:
4938:
4919:
4918:
4917:
4912:
4890:
4855:
4835:
4821:Systems ecology
4787:Natural capital
4689:
4574:
4563:reclaimed water
4425:
4387:UPOV Convention
4235:
4030:
3939:
3913:
3909:Ozone depletion
3900:
3877:
3853:
3848:
3796:
3791:
3781:
3779:
3770:
3769:
3765:
3760:
3756:
3699:
3695:
3685:
3683:
3668:
3664:
3619:
3615:
3605:
3603:
3590:
3589:
3585:
3558:
3554:
3544:
3542:
3525:
3521:
3466:
3462:
3418:
3414:
3375:(5): e1400253.
3359:
3355:
3348:
3325:
3321:
3313:
3264:
3258:
3254:
3245:
3243:
3233:
3229:
3210:
3206:
3197:
3195:
3186:
3185:
3181:
3172:
3170:
3160:
3156:
3147:
3145:
3135:
3128:
3114:
3110:
3103:
3087:
3083:
3043:
3037:
3033:
2998:
2994:
2985:
2983:
2979:
2952:
2946:
2942:
2899:
2895:
2874:
2872:
2840:
2838:
2806:
2804:
2769:
2767:
2735:
2733:
2701:
2699:
2667:
2665:
2633:
2631:
2610:
2596:
2594:
2563:
2561:
2557:
2526:
2510:
2508:
2504:
2498:
2483:
2471:
2467:
2456:
2454:
2450:
2444:
2429:
2412:
2410:
2403:Natural History
2398:
2384:
2365:
2341:
2327:Darwin, Charles
2321:
2317:
2298:
2294:
2278:
2272:
2263:
2256:
2242:
2238:
2219:
2215:
2206:
2204:
2189:
2185:
2158:
2151:
2114:
2107:
2090:
2089:
2085:
2070:
2063:
2038:
2036:
2032:
2022:
2020:
2013:Huffington Post
2007:
2006:
2002:
1992:
1990:
1975:
1971:
1961:
1959:
1946:
1945:
1941:
1926:
1922:
1912:
1910:
1899:
1895:
1886:
1884:
1871:
1870:
1866:
1859:
1837:
1833:
1778:
1774:
1764:
1762:
1760:
1749:
1741:
1737:
1718:
1714:
1703:
1699:
1690:
1688:
1675:
1674:
1670:
1660:
1658:
1643:
1639:
1629:
1627:
1610:
1606:
1591:
1587:
1580:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1502:
1490:
1480:
1478:
1468:
1466:
1454:
1442:
1434:
1432:
1408:chain reactions
1391:
1373:
1367:
1361:
1327:
1319:Main articles:
1317:
1291:
1218:, according to
1208:
1202:
1197:
1196:
1170:problem of evil
1101:California vole
1097:red-tailed hawk
1088:
1080:
1075:
1074:
973:
965:
906:
848:Sir Peter Scott
798:
777:
763:, turtle eggs,
740:
737:
687:
682:
681:
578:jaws and dried
556:
545:
544:
543:
538:
527:
521:
518:
475:
473:
463:
451:
436:
425:
419:
416:
413:
405:This article's
401:
397:
360:
356:
348:
340:
335:
293:overconsumption
255:quality of life
239:popular culture
183:wild in an area
140:
129:
123:
120:
77:
75:
65:
53:
42:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4947:
4937:
4936:
4931:
4914:
4913:
4911:
4910:
4899:
4896:
4895:
4892:
4891:
4889:
4888:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4856:(perpetuation)
4851:
4845:
4843:
4837:
4836:
4834:
4833:
4828:
4823:
4818:
4817:
4816:
4809:Nature reserve
4806:
4801:
4800:
4799:
4794:
4784:
4783:
4782:
4772:
4771:
4770:
4765:
4755:
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4369:
4364:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4339:
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4337:
4327:
4326:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4300:
4299:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4286:climate change
4278:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4262:
4261:
4254:Bioprospecting
4251:
4245:
4243:
4237:
4236:
4234:
4233:
4232:
4231:
4226:
4216:
4215:
4214:
4209:
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4199:
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4109:
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4023:
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4021:
4016:
4006:
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3996:
3991:
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3959:
3953:
3951:
3945:
3944:
3941:
3940:
3938:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3921:
3919:
3915:
3914:
3912:
3911:
3906:
3905:
3904:
3899:Clean Air Act
3891:
3886:
3881:
3872:
3870:
3861:
3855:
3854:
3847:
3846:
3839:
3832:
3824:
3818:
3817:
3812:
3795:
3794:External links
3792:
3790:
3789:
3778:on 19 May 2012
3763:
3754:
3693:
3662:
3613:
3583:
3552:
3519:
3480:(2): 640–663.
3460:
3412:
3353:
3347:978-0805092998
3346:
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3252:
3227:
3204:
3179:
3154:
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3081:
3031:
2992:
2940:
2913:(2): 239–260.
2893:
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2890:
2881:
2862:(2): 179–193.
2847:
2828:(2): 165–178.
2813:
2794:(2): 153–164.
2776:
2757:(2): 133–152.
2742:
2708:
2674:
2640:
2603:
2584:(2): 219–238.
2569:
2537:(3): 255–285.
2516:
2497:978-0415806831
2496:
2465:
2463:
2462:
2443:978-0415806831
2442:
2419:
2392:Gould, Stephen
2388:
2383:978-0199596324
2382:
2369:
2363:
2345:
2340:978-0393310696
2339:
2315:
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2213:
2183:
2149:
2128:(2): 133–152.
2105:
2102:on 2021-01-25.
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1969:
1939:
1932:Archived from
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1546:Urban wildlife
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1501:
1500:
1488:
1486:Earth sciences
1476:
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1431:
1428:
1390:
1387:
1382:Charles Darwin
1363:Main article:
1360:
1357:
1316:
1313:
1290:
1287:
1262:United Nations
1225:. Numbers are
1201:
1198:
1089:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1017:South American
1005:safari hunting
974:
966:
964:
961:
930:Arabic-Abraham
905:
902:
900:for children.
844:United Kingdom
836:Marlin Perkins
776:
773:
735:
686:
683:
668:and spread of
632:United Nations
619:Wildlife trade
558:
557:
540:
539:
454:
452:
445:
438:
437:
420:September 2024
404:
402:
395:
390:
364:
363:
361:
354:
349:
345:Wildlife trade
341:
339:
336:
334:
331:
185:without being
171:undomesticated
142:
141:
56:
54:
47:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4946:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
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4924:
4909:
4901:
4900:
4897:
4887:
4886:Non-renewable
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
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4860:
4858:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4846:
4844:
4842:
4838:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4826:Urban ecology
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4707:
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4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4675:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4658:Privatization
4656:
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4644:
4641:
4639:
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4609:
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4583:
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4553:Surface water
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4079:
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4055:
4054:peak farmland
4052:
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3840:
3838:
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3822:
3816:
3813:
3809:
3808:
3807:New Scientist
3803:
3798:
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3777:
3773:
3767:
3758:
3750:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3722:
3718:
3714:
3710:
3709:
3704:
3697:
3686:September 26,
3681:
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3271:
3263:
3256:
3242:
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3215:
3208:
3193:
3192:Animal Ethics
3189:
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2831:
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2802:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2780:Pearce, David
2777:
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2629:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2609:
2604:
2592:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2570:
2560:on 2020-02-05
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2525:
2521:
2520:Ng, Yew-Kwang
2517:
2507:on 2020-11-11
2503:
2499:
2493:
2489:
2482:
2478:
2477:McMahan, Jeff
2474:
2473:
2469:
2453:on 2020-11-11
2449:
2445:
2439:
2435:
2428:
2424:
2423:McMahan, Jeff
2420:
2408:
2404:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2379:
2375:
2370:
2366:
2364:9780060652968
2360:
2357:. HarperOne.
2356:
2355:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2336:
2332:
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2324:
2323:
2319:
2311:
2307:
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2284:
2277:
2270:
2268:
2266:
2257:
2251:
2247:
2240:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2217:
2203:on 2021-06-12
2202:
2198:
2194:
2187:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2156:
2154:
2145:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2112:
2110:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2087:
2079:
2075:
2068:
2066:
2057:
2056:
2051:
2045:
2044:public domain
2034:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2004:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1973:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1943:
1935:
1931:
1924:
1908:
1904:
1897:
1883:on 2017-09-04
1882:
1878:
1874:
1868:
1860:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1835:
1827:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1792:(1): e29505.
1791:
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1755:
1748:
1747:
1739:
1731:
1727:
1723:
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1709:
1708:
1701:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1672:
1661:September 10,
1656:
1652:
1648:
1641:
1630:September 10,
1625:
1621:
1620:
1615:
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1600:
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1509:
1507:
1504:
1503:
1499:
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1487:
1477:
1475:
1465:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1440:
1437:
1427:
1424:
1423:cattle egrets
1420:
1419:black drongos
1415:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1404:domino effect
1400:
1399:insectivorous
1396:
1386:
1383:
1378:
1372:
1366:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1334:Deforestation
1331:
1326:
1322:
1312:
1310:
1304:
1302:
1297:
1286:
1284:
1283:fragmentation
1280:
1275:
1273:
1272:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1244:
1243:
1241:
1236:
1235:anthropogenic
1228:
1224:
1221:
1220:mitochondrial
1217:
1214:Map of early
1212:
1207:
1194:
1189:
1187:
1186:laissez-faire
1183:
1182:animal rights
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1162:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1149:, as well as
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1102:
1098:
1093:
1086:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1061:According to
1060:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
990:
983:
978:
971:
960:
958:
954:
950:
946:
945:New Testament
942:
937:
935:
932:) in love of
931:
927:
923:
918:
916:
911:
901:
899:
898:
893:
889:
888:
883:
882:
877:
876:
870:
866:
865:Animal Planet
862:
858:
857:Komodo dragon
853:
849:
845:
841:
838:as host. The
837:
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536:
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525:
522:February 2014
514:
511:
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493:
490:
486:
483: –
482:
478:
477:Find sources:
471:
467:
461:
460:
455:This article
453:
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4884: /
4758:Exploitation
4643:Conservation
4586:Desalination
4521:
4414:conservation
4408:
4249:Biodiversity
4197:conservation
4044:Agricultural
3972:Fossil fuels
3815:Wild Species
3805:
3780:. Retrieved
3776:the original
3766:
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3684:. Retrieved
3676:The Guardian
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3241:80,000 Hours
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3194:. 2013-08-28
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1342:biodiversity
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1247:Exploitation
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1131:malnutrition
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459:verification
456:
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365:
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274:such animals
262:civilization
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130:
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4877:Nationalism
4849:Common-pool
4490:Hydrosphere
4483:remediation
4468:Groundwater
4063:Degradation
3545:November 8,
3451:11336/71342
2289:(1): 73–88.
2172:(1): 7–13.
1905:. Traffic.
1462:Environment
1395:herbivorous
1240:defaunation
1178:playing God
1135:dehydration
1053:eco-tourism
1019:countries,
922:Eid al-Adha
897:Ranger Rick
823:. In 1963,
802:educational
727:aphrodisiac
700:people and
235:urban areas
28:Wild Animal
4923:Categories
4872:Extraction
4831:Wilderness
4792:accounting
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4741:ecological
4729:tragedy of
4648:Peak water
4633:Efficiency
4606:Sanitation
4548:Stormwater
4541:harvesting
4517:Irrigation
4419:management
4377:gene banks
4318:management
4296:management
4212:resilience
4178:phosphorus
4134:industrial
4112:Management
4088:soundscape
3994:Geothermal
3427:BioScience
3246:2019-10-25
3198:2019-08-17
3173:2021-03-15
3148:2019-08-17
2986:2021-03-21
2564:2019-10-29
2511:2019-10-29
2457:2019-10-29
2413:19 January
2409:(2): 19–26
2312:: 181–195.
2207:2021-03-24
1887:2020-09-25
1691:2020-11-15
1552:References
1377:poison ivy
1369:See also:
1204:See also:
1193:speciesism
1127:starvation
1123:parasitism
1037:Bangladesh
794:See also:
769:armadillos
706:extinction
662:vertebrate
492:newspapers
481:"Wildlife"
371:improve it
278:feral cats
223:grasslands
211:ecosystems
205:that were
187:introduced
169:refers to
94:newspapers
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4882:Renewable
4867:Depletion
4854:Conflict
4736:Economics
4714:enclosure
4673:Resources
4653:Pollution
4570:Watershed
4473:pollution
4404:Seed bank
4399:Rangeland
4281:Fisheries
4266:Biosphere
4259:biopiracy
4202:fertility
4078:cityscape
4073:Landscape
3980:peak coal
3967:Resources
3918:Emissions
3657:258717720
3578:166478506
3514:245889833
3307:206555761
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3068:1572-8447
2935:158886418
2927:1573-322X
2178:2280-9643
2144:2280-9643
1681:cites.org
1350:territory
1227:millennia
1111:suffering
1099:eating a
1095:Juvenile
1078:Suffering
1045:Sri Lanka
1033:Indonesia
1021:Australia
819:and then
765:anacondas
753:peccaries
749:marmosets
723:pangolins
719:East Asia
698:Stone Age
666:emergence
608:tarantula
568:seashells
566:Assorted
377:talk page
286:activists
227:woodlands
179:organisms
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4678:improved
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4618:Scarcity
4611:improved
4601:Leaching
4478:recharge
4458:Drinking
4409:Wildlife
4276:Bushmeat
4271:Bushfood
4224:planning
4129:gemstone
4124:Minerals
4105:property
4093:viewshed
4083:seascape
4014:sunlight
3988:peak oil
3984:peak gas
3749:37722053
3740:10523489
3680:Archived
3649:37189305
3606:July 12,
3600:Archived
3539:Archived
3506:35014169
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