Unicode - Knowledge

5041:

sidebearing (depending on the direction of the script they are intended to be used with). A mark handled this way will appear over whatever character precedes it, but will not adjust its position relative to the width or height of the base glyph; it may be visually awkward and it may overlap some glyphs. Real stacking is impossible but can be approximated in limited cases (for example, Thai top-combining vowels and tone marks can just be at different heights to start with). Generally, this approach is only effective in monospaced fonts but may be used as a fallback rendering method when more complex methods fail.

6581: 4866:, so in principle Unicode could have enabled their composition as it did with Hangul. While this could have greatly reduced the number of required code points, as well as allowing the algorithmic synthesis of many arbitrary new characters, the complexities of character etymologies and the post-hoc nature of radical systems add immense complexity to the proposal. Indeed, attempts to design CJK encodings on the basis of composing radicals have been met with difficulties resulting from the reality that Chinese characters do not decompose as simply or as regularly as Hangul does. 6354:. This was an attempt to provide a Unicode solution to encoding paragraphs and lines semantically, potentially replacing all of the various platform solutions. In doing so, Unicode does provide a way around the historical platform-dependent solutions. Nonetheless, few if any Unicode solutions have adopted these Unicode line and paragraph separators as the sole canonical line ending characters. However, a common approach to solving this issue is through newline normalization. This is achieved with the 4933: 14387: 12343: 12332: 6488: 40: 4956: 640: 5749:, the UTF-8 standard, recommends that byte order marks be forbidden in protocols using UTF-8, but discusses the cases where this may not be possible. In addition, the large restriction on possible patterns in UTF-8 (for instance there cannot be any lone bytes with the high bit set) means that it should be possible to distinguish UTF-8 from other character encodings without relying on the BOM. 6296:) is based on those). These font formats map Unicode code points to glyphs, but OpenType and TrueType font files are restricted to 65,535 glyphs. Collection files provide a "gap mode" mechanism for overcoming this limit in a single font file. (Each font within the collection still has the 65,535 limit, however.) A TrueType Collection file would typically have a file extension of ".ttc". 6800:, which worked in the same way, and was the way in which Thai had always been written on keyboards. This ordering problem complicates the Unicode collation process slightly, requiring table lookups to reorder Thai characters for collation. Even if Unicode had adopted encoding according to spoken order, it would still be problematic to collate words in dictionary order. E.g., the word 6777:

going against the practice for other writing systems, though Unicode contains some Arabic and other ligatures for backward compatibility purposes only. Encoding of any new ligatures in Unicode will not happen, in part, because the set of ligatures is font-dependent, and Unicode is an encoding independent of font variations. The same kind of issue arose for the

560:, and thousands of rarely used or obsolete characters that had not been anticipated for inclusion in the standard. Among these characters are various rarely used CJK characters—many mainly being used in proper names, making them far more necessary for a universal encoding than the original Unicode architecture envisioned. 291:, with the continued development thereof conducted by the Consortium as a part of the standard. Moreover, the widespread adoption of Unicode was in large part responsible for the initial popularization of emoji outside of Japan. Unicode is ultimately capable of encoding more than 1.1 million characters. 6890:

many code point "names" from version 1. At the same moment, Unicode stated that, thenceforth, an assigned name to a code point would never change. This implies that when mistakes are published, these mistakes cannot be corrected, even if they are trivial (as happened in one instance with the spelling

6831:

Characters with diacritical marks can generally be represented either as a single precomposed character or as a decomposed sequence of a base letter plus one or more non-spacing marks. For example, ḗ (precomposed e with macron and acute above) and ḗ (e followed by the combining macron above and

6459:

The earliest version of Unicode had a repertoire of fewer than 21,000 Han characters, largely limited to those in relatively common modern usage. As of version 16.0, the standard now encodes more than 97,000 Han characters, and work is continuing to add thousands more—largely historical and dialectal

6410:

is to be considered a handwriting/font difference (and thus unified), versus a spelling difference (to be encoded separately). Unicode's character model for CJK characters was based on the unification criteria used by JIS X 0208, as well as those developed by the Association for a Common Chinese Code

3203:

property. Here, at the uppermost level code points are categorized as one of Letter, Mark, Number, Punctuation, Symbol, Separator, or Other. Under each category, each code point is then further subcategorized. In most cases, other properties must be used to adequately describe all the characteristics

786:

was sold as a print volume containing the complete core specification, standard annexes, and code charts. However, version 5.0, published in 2006, was the last version printed this way. Starting with version 5.2, only the core specification, published as a print-on-demand paperback, may be purchased.

6499:

If the appropriate glyphs for characters in the same script differ only in the italic, Unicode has generally unified them, as can be seen in the comparison among a set of seven characters' italic glyphs as typically appearing in Russian, traditional Bulgarian, Macedonian, and Serbian texts at right,

6060:

Online tools for finding the code point for a known character include Unicode Lookup by Jonathan Hedley and Shapecatcher by Benjamin Milde. In Unicode Lookup, one enters a search key (e.g. "fractions"), and a list of corresponding characters with their code points is returned. In Shapecatcher, based

10010:

Select this deployment format if your system supports variable fonts and you prefer to use only one language, but also want full character coverage or the ability to language-tag text to use glyphs that are appropriate for the other languages (this requires an app that supports language tagging and

6358:

in Mac OS X and also with W3C XML and HTML recommendations. In this approach, every possible newline character is converted internally to a common newline (which one does not really matter since it is an internal operation just for rendering). In other words, the text system can correctly treat the

5756:

code unit serves as a fairly direct representation of any character's code point (although the endianness, which varies across different platforms, affects how the code unit manifests as a byte sequence). In the other encodings, each code point may be represented by a variable number of code units.

4917:

of an ideograph. There is no canonical description of unencoded ideographs; there is no semantic assigned to described ideographs; there is no equivalence defined for described ideographs. Conceptually, ideographic descriptions are more akin to the English phrase "an 'e' with an acute accent on it"

317:

is more than just a repertoire within which characters are assigned. To aid developers and designers, the standard also provides charts and reference data, as well as annexes explaining concepts germane to various scripts, providing guidance for their implementation. Topics covered by these annexes

6889:

has imposed rules intended to guarantee stability. Depending on the strictness of a rule, a change can be prohibited or allowed. For example, a "name" given to a code point cannot and will not change. But a "script" property is more flexible, by Unicode's own rules. In version 2.0, Unicode changed

6795:

support has been criticized for its ordering of Thai characters. The vowels เ, แ, โ, ใ, ไ that are written to the left of the preceding consonant are in visual order instead of phonetic order, unlike the Unicode representations of other Indic scripts. This complication is due to Unicode inheriting

5066:

minority languages and the official languages of Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, and Switzerland. To allow the transliteration of names in other writing systems to the Latin script according to the relevant ISO standards, all necessary combinations of base letters and diacritic signs are provided.

794:

has regularly released annual expanded versions, occasionally with more than one version released in a calendar year and with rare cases where the scheduled release had to be postponed. For instance, in April 2020, a month after version 13.0 was published, the Unicode Consortium announced they had

6776:

standard. The correct rendering of Unicode Indic text requires transforming the stored logical order characters into visual order and the forming of ligatures (also known as conjuncts) out of components. Some local scholars argued in favor of assignments of Unicode code points to these ligatures,

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specifies a subset of Unicode letters, special characters, and sequences of letters and diacritic signs to allow the correct representation of names and to simplify data exchange in Europe. This standard supports all of the official languages of all European Union countries, as well as the German

520:

Unicode gives higher priority to ensuring utility for the future than to preserving past antiquities. Unicode aims in the first instance at the characters published in the modern text (e.g. in the union of all newspapers and magazines printed in the world in 1988), whose number is undoubtedly far

5057:

with 657 characters, which is considered to support all contemporary European languages using the Latin, Greek, or Cyrillic script. Other standardized subsets of Unicode include the Multilingual European Subsets: MES-1 (Latin scripts only; 335 characters), MES-2 (Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic; 1062

369:

Unicode was originally designed with the intent of transcending limitations present in all text encodings designed up to that point: each encoding was relied upon for use in its own context, but with no particular expectation of compatibility with any other. Indeed, any two encodings chosen were

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defines two different mechanisms for encoding non-ASCII characters in email, depending on whether the characters are in email headers (such as the "Subject:"), or in the text body of the message; in both cases, the original character set is identified as well as a transfer encoding. For email

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Instructions are also embedded in fonts to tell the operating system how to properly output different character sequences. A simple solution to the placement of combining marks or diacritics is assigning the marks a width of zero and placing the glyph itself to the left or right of the left

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representable under Unicode. Unicode encodes characters by associating an abstract character with a particular code point. However, not all abstract characters are encoded as a single Unicode character, and some abstract characters may be represented in Unicode by a sequence of two or more

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typically focus on supporting only basic ASCII and particular scripts or sets of characters or symbols. Several reasons justify this approach: applications and documents rarely need to render characters from more than one or two writing systems; fonts tend to demand resources in computing

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to and from any preexisting character encodings, so that text files in older character sets can be converted to Unicode and then back and get back the same file, without employing context-dependent interpretation. That has meant that inconsistent legacy architectures, such as

6671:

mappings must be provided between characters in existing legacy character sets and characters in Unicode to facilitate conversion to Unicode and allow interoperability with legacy software. Lack of consistency in various mappings between earlier Japanese encodings such as

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standard, with the intent of trivializing the conversion of text already written in Western European scripts. To preserve the distinctions made by different legacy encodings, therefore allowing for conversion between them and Unicode without any loss of information, many

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variants, possibly complicating processing of ancient and uncommon Japanese names. Since it places particular emphasis on Chinese, Japanese and Korean sharing many characters in common, Han unification is also sometimes perceived as treating the three as the same thing.

6856:, will often be placed incorrectly. Unicode characters that map to precomposed glyphs can be used in many cases, thus avoiding the problem, but where no precomposed character has been encoded, the problem can often be solved by using a specialist Unicode font such as 5899:

Unicode has become the dominant scheme for the internal processing and storage of text. Although a great deal of text is still stored in legacy encodings, Unicode is used almost exclusively for building new information processing systems. Early adopters tended to use

3103: 2667:, extended IPA, Arabic script additions for use in languages across Africa and in Iran, Pakistan, Malaysia, Indonesia, Java, and Bosnia, additions for honorifics and Quranic use, additions to support languages in North America, the Philippines, India, and Mongolia, 3190:

of related characters. The size of a block is always a multiple of 16, and is often a multiple of 128, but is otherwise arbitrary. Characters required for a given script may be spread out over several different, potentially disjunct blocks within the codespace.

6616:, many of which look very similar or identical to ASCII letters. Substitution of these can make an identifier or URL that looks correct, but directs to a different location than expected. Additionally, homoglyphs can also be used for manipulating the output of 6387:(IRG) is tasked with advising the Consortium and ISO regarding Han unification, or Unihan, especially the further addition of CJK unified and compatibility ideographs to the repertoire. The IRG is composed of experts from each region that has historically used 678:), although there are still scripts that are not yet encoded, particularly those mainly used in historical, liturgical, and academic contexts. Further additions of characters to the already encoded scripts, as well as symbols, in particular for mathematics and 620:

The Consortium has the ambitious goal of eventually replacing existing character encoding schemes with Unicode and its standard Unicode Transformation Format (UTF) schemes, as many of the existing schemes are limited in size and scope and are incompatible with

555:

In 1996, a surrogate character mechanism was implemented in Unicode 2.0, so that Unicode was no longer restricted to 16 bits. This increased the Unicode codespace to over a million code points, which allowed for the encoding of many historic scripts, such as

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versions of most letter/diacritic combinations in normal use. These make the conversion to and from legacy encodings simpler, and allow applications to use Unicode as an internal text format without having to implement combining characters. For example,

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Less-frequently-used alternative encodings exist, often predating Unicode, with character models differing from this paradigm, aimed at preserving the various stylistic differences between regional and/or nonstandard character forms. One example is the

6665:. Since version 3.0, any precomposed characters that can be represented by a combined sequence of already existing characters can no longer be added to the standard to preserve interoperability between software using different versions of Unicode. 493:, Becker published a draft proposal for an "international/multilingual text character encoding system in August 1988, tentatively called Unicode". He explained that "the name 'Unicode' is intended to suggest a unique, unified, universal encoding". 418:. However, partially with the intent of encouraging rapid adoption, the simplicity of this original model has become somewhat more elaborate over time, and various pragmatic concessions have been made over the course of the standard's development. 5013:. The rules governing ligature formation can be quite complex, requiring special script-shaping technologies such as ACE (Arabic Calligraphic Engine by DecoType in the 1980s and used to generate all the Arabic examples in the printed editions of 577:

The Unicode Consortium is a nonprofit organization that coordinates Unicode's development. Full members include most of the main computer software and hardware companies (and few others) with any interest in text-processing standards, including

6811:"perform" starts with a consonant cluster "สด" (with an inherent vowel for the consonant "ส"), the vowel แ-, in spoken order would come after the ด, but in a dictionary, the word is collated as it is written, with the vowel following the ส. 1136:

Original set of Hangul syllables removed, new set of 11,172 Hangul syllables added at new location, Tibetan added back in a new location and with a different character repertoire, Surrogate character mechanism defined, Plane 15 and Plane 16

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allows the BOM "can serve as a signature for UTF-8 encoded text where the character set is unmarked". Some software developers have adopted it for other encodings, including UTF-8, in an attempt to distinguish UTF-8 from local 8-bit

3169:(BMP), and contains the most commonly used characters. All code points in the BMP are accessed as a single code unit in UTF-16 encoding and can be encoded in one, two or three bytes in UTF-8. Code points in planes 1 through 16 (the 5623:. All UTF encodings map code points to a unique sequence of bytes. The numbers in the names of the encodings indicate the number of bits per code unit (for UTF encodings) or the number of bytes per code unit (for UCS encodings and 6620:

systems. Mitigation requires disallowing these characters, displaying them differently, or requiring that they resolve to the same identifier; all of this is complicated due to the huge and constantly changing set of characters.

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below 2 = 16,384. Beyond those modern-use characters, all others may be defined to be obsolete or rare; these are better candidates for private-use registration than for congesting the public list of generally useful Unicode.

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characters to display content, UTF-8 was designed with 8-bit ASCII as a subset and almost no websites now declare their encoding to only be ASCII instead of UTF-8. Over a third of the languages tracked have 100% UTF-8 use.

4367:>, <control-0088>. The Name remains blank, which can prevent inadvertently replacing, in documentation, a Control Name with a true Control code. Unicode also uses <not a character> for <noncharacter>. 4861:

presently only have codes for uncomposable radicals and precomposed forms. Most Han characters have either been intentionally composed from, or reconstructed as compositions of, simpler orthographic elements called

689:, Rick McGowan, Ken Whistler, V.S. Umamaheswaran) maintain the list of scripts that are candidates or potential candidates for encoding and their tentative code block assignments on the Unicode Roadmap page of the 6565:, which unifies the uppercase forms). Although it allows for case-insensitive comparison without needing to know the language of the text, this approach also has issues, requiring security measures relating to 512:" that has been stretched to 16 bits to encompass the characters of all the world's living languages. In a properly engineered design, 16 bits per character are more than sufficient for this purpose. 6743:, which was mapped to 0x5C in JIS X 0201, and a lot of legacy code exists with this usage. (This encoding also replaces tilde '~' 0x7E with macron '¯', now 0xAF.) The separation of these characters exists in 790:

A practical reason for this publication method highlights the second significant difference between the UCS and Unicode—the frequency with which updated versions are released and new characters added.

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such that any interchange of such code points requires an independent agreement between the sender and receiver as to their interpretation. There are three private-use areas in the Unicode codespace:

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according to the document's encoding, if the encoding supports them, or users may write them as numeric character references based on the character's Unicode code point. For example, the references

7410:(ideographic character unification). Unicode retains the many features of XCCS whose utility has been proved over the years in an international line of communication multilingual system products. 747:

was founded in 2002 with the goal of funding proposals for scripts not yet encoded in the standard. The project has become a major source of proposed additions to the standard in recent years.

7404:(XCCS) by the present author, a multilingual encoding that has been maintained by Xerox as an internal corporate standard since 1982, through the efforts of Ed Smura, Ron Pellar, and others. 837:

have been published. Update versions, which do not include any changes to character repertoire, are signified by the third number (e.g., "version 4.0.1") and are omitted in the table below.

287:

Many common characters, including numerals, punctuation, and other symbols, are unified within the standard and are not treated as specific to any given writing system. Unicode encodes 3790

7406:

Unicode arose as the result of eight years of working experience with XCCS. Its fundamental differences from XCCS were proposed by Peter Fenwick and Dave Opstad (pure 16-bit codes) and by

6269:, from the more common bold, italic and base letterforms to complex decorative styles. A font is "Unicode compliant" if the glyphs in the font can be accessed using code points defined in 4457:). The set of noncharacters is stable, and no new noncharacters will ever be defined. Like surrogates, the rule that these cannot be used is often ignored, although the operation of the 6035:

Because keyboard layouts cannot have simple key combinations for all characters, several operating systems provide alternative input methods that allow access to the entire repertoire.

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While the UCS is a simple character map, Unicode specifies the rules, algorithms, and properties necessary to achieve interoperability between different platforms and languages. Thus,

410:

to each character. Many issues of visual representation—including size, shape, and style—are intended to be up to the discretion of the software actually rendering the text, such as a

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in China. Due to the standard's principle of encoding semantic instead of stylistic variants, Unicode has received criticism for not assigning code points to certain rare and archaic

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exist on the market, but fewer than a dozen fonts—sometimes described as "pan-Unicode" fonts—attempt to support the majority of Unicode's character repertoire. Instead, Unicode-based

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may be used to change the default shaping behavior of adjacent characters (e.g. to inhibit ligatures or request ligature formation). There are 172 format characters in Unicode 16.0.

541:'s Rick McGowan had also joined the group. By the end of 1990, most of the work of remapping existing standards had been completed, and a final review draft of Unicode was ready. 4421:

A small set of code points are guaranteed never to be assigned to characters, although third-parties may make independent use of them at their discretion. There are 66 of these

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in a character name). In 2006 a list of anomalies in character names was first published, and, as of June 2021, there were 104 characters with identified issues, for example:

2611:

in Pakistan, Bopomofo additions used for Cantonese, Creative Commons license symbols, graphic characters for compatibility with teletext and home computer systems, 55 emoji

14005: 6467:

Modern typefaces provide a means to address some of the practical issues in depicting unified Han characters with various regional graphical representations. The 'locl'

5684:) per code point and, being compact for Latin scripts and ASCII-compatible, provides the de facto standard encoding for the interchange of Unicode text. It is used by 6546:. As such, case-insensitive comparisons for those languages have to use different rules than case-insensitive comparisons for other languages using the Latin script. 6311:. Furthermore, designing a consistent set of rendering instructions for tens of thousands of glyphs constitutes a monumental task; such a venture passes the point of 10744: – contains lists of word processors with Unicode capability; fonts and characters are grouped by type; characters are presented in lists, not grids. 6307:

environments; and operating systems and applications show increasing intelligence in regard to obtaining glyph information from separate font files as needed, i.e.,

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programming language (beginning with 2.2) may also be configured to use UTF-32 as the representation for Unicode strings, effectively disseminating such encoding in

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UTF-32 is widely used as an internal representation of text in programs (as opposed to stored or transmitted text), since every Unix operating system that uses the

6109:, and some devices, such as mobile phones, still cannot correctly handle Unicode data. Support has been improving, however. Many major free mail providers such as 563:

Version 1.0 of Microsoft's TrueType specification, published in 1992, used the name "Apple Unicode" instead of "Unicode" for the Platform ID in the naming table.

298:, each used within different locales and on different computer architectures. Unicode is used to encode the vast majority of text on the Internet, including most 4779:

that may be added after the base character by the user. Multiple combining diacritics may be simultaneously applied to the same character. Unicode also contains

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characters are characters that do not have a visible appearance but may have an effect on the appearance or behavior of neighboring characters. For example,

12850: 3235: 218: 9282:"DIN 91379:2022-08: Characters and defined character sequences in Unicode for the electronic processing of names and data exchange in Europe, with CD-ROM" 6844:(◌́), but in practice, their appearance may vary depending upon what rendering engine and fonts are being used to display the characters. Similarly, 6561:, which usually look the same in uppercase (Đ), are given the opposite treatment, and encoded separately in both letter-cases (in contrast to the earlier 6661:, both exist in Unicode, giving more than one method of representing some text. This is most pronounced in the three different encoding forms for Korean 614: 401:, there is considerable disagreement regarding which differences justify their own encodings, and which are only graphical variants of other characters. 374:

by the other. Most encodings had only been designed to facilitate interoperation between a handful of scripts—often primarily between a given script and

12687: 5867:. As of 2024, UTF-8 accounts for on average 97.8% of all web pages (and 987 of the top 1,000 highest-ranked web pages). Although many pages only use 525:

In early 1989, the Unicode working group expanded to include Ken Whistler and Mike Kernaghan of Metaphor, Karen Smith-Yoshimura and Joan Aliprand of

13796: 11235: 7043: 6099:

characters. The details of the two different mechanisms are specified in the MIME standards and generally are hidden from users of email software.

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to indicate the position of the unrecognized character. Some systems have made attempts to provide more information about such characters. Apple's

10890: 5908:(the variable-length current standard), as this was the least disruptive way to add support for non-BMP characters. The best known such system is 4717:

All assigned characters have a unique and immutable name by which they are identified. This immutability has been guaranteed since version 2.0 of

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meaning that the differences are displayed through smart font technology or manually changing fonts. The same OpenType 'locl' technique is used.

767:(UCS) use identical character names and code points. However, the Unicode versions do differ from their ISO equivalents in two significant ways. 12795: 6102:

The IETF has defined a framework for internationalized email using UTF-8, and has updated several protocols in accordance with that framework.

12870: 12384: 12300: 4418:. In principle, these code points cannot otherwise be used, though in practice this rule is often ignored, especially when not using UTF-16. 431: 8657: 7125:

is an abstract representation of an UCS character by an integer between 0 and 1,114,111 (1,114,112 = 2 + 2 or 17 × 2 = 0x110000 code points)

6273:. The standard does not specify a minimum number of characters that must be included in the font; some fonts have quite a small repertoire. 10790: 4721:

by its Name Stability policy. In cases where a name is seriously defective and misleading, or has a serious typographical error, a formal

357:, though several others exist. Of these, UTF-8 is the most widely used by a large margin, in part due to its backwards-compatibility with 6684:

mismatches, particularly the mapping of the character JIS X 0208 '～' (1-33, WAVE DASH), heavily used in legacy database data, to either

6444:

encoding (introduced in 1984, four years after CCCII) having become more common than CCCII outside of library systems. Although work at

709:, no proposal has yet been made, and they await agreement on character repertoire and other details from the user communities involved. 12285: 7059: 508:

Unicode is intended to address the need for a workable, reliable world text encoding. Unicode could be roughly described as "wide-body

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Unicode includes a mechanism for modifying characters that greatly extends the supported repertoire of glyphs. This covers the use of

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code points are those code points that are valid and available for use, but have not yet been assigned. As of Unicode 15.1, there are

9951: 7138:

style (Ꝺ) with the crossbar positioned on the stem, particularly if it needs to be distinguished from the uppercase retroflex D (see

6391:. However, despite the deliberation within the committee, Han unification has consistently been one of the most contested aspects of 10434: 4714:. Unicode maintains a list of uniquely named character sequences for abstract characters that are not directly encoded in Unicode. 3228: 211: 7339: 5655: 14097: 13851: 12305: 11095: 10759:– displays the Unicode 6.1 value of any character in a document, including in the Private Use Area, rather than the glyph itself. 9909: 6782: 6424:

favored by some users for handling historical Japanese text, though not widely adopted among the Japanese public. Another is the

5826: 5814: 132: 7400:. Many persons contributed ideas to the development of a new encoding design. Beginning in 1980, these efforts evolved into the 3541: 14087: 11080: 9243: 5822: 516:

This design decision was made based on the assumption that only scripts and characters in "modern" use would require encoding:

489:, started investigating the practicalities of creating a universal character set. With additional input from Peter Fenwick and 438:

contained both "fullwidth" (matching the width of CJK characters) and "halfwidth" (matching ordinary Latin script) characters.

127: 9223: 6633: 6475:

can also provide in-text annotations for a desired glyph selection; this requires registration of the specific variant in the

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operating systems (though others are also used by some libraries) because it is a relatively easy replacement for traditional

13836: 12790: 11324: 11003: 10694: 10135: 9334: 8965: 8936: 8907: 8870: 8796: 8743: 8717: 8691: 8623: 8594: 8568: 8525: 8479: 8433: 8387: 8341: 8271: 8225: 7173: 6983: 6881: 6041:, which standardises methods for entering Unicode characters from their code points, specifies several methods. There is the 5058:

characters) and MES-3A & MES-3B (two larger subsets, not shown here). MES-2 includes every character in MES-1 and WGL-4.

2778: 2744: 2700: 2625: 2552: 2505: 2445: 2365: 2290: 2230: 2162: 2031: 1997: 1952: 1884: 1819: 1716: 6065:, one draws the character in a box and a list of characters approximating the drawing, with their code points, is returned. 3200: 701:, encoding proposals have been made and they are working their way through the approval process. For other scripts, such as 13970: 11319: 7023: 17: 10756: 10279: 441:

The Unicode Bulldog Award is given to people deemed to be influential in Unicode's development, with recipients including

10251: 9983: 6785:

proposed encoding 956 precomposed Tibetan syllables, but these were rejected for encoding by the relevant ISO committee (

3221: 778:, and rendering. It also provides a comprehensive catalog of character properties, including those needed for supporting 241: 204: 6452:'s CJK Thesaurus, which was used to maintain the EACC variant of CCCII, was one of the direct predecessors of Unicode's 5863:

since 2008. It has near-universal adoption, and much of the non-UTF-8 content is found in other Unicode encodings, e.g.

3213: 613:

Over the years several countries or government agencies have been members of the Unicode Consortium. Presently only the

378:—not between a large number of scripts, and not with all of the scripts supported being treated in a consistent manner. 14364: 13875: 13678: 12422: 10853: 7377: 5578:

Rendering software that cannot process a Unicode character appropriately often displays it as an open rectangle, or as

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Unicode 16.0, the latest version, was released on 10 September 2024. It added 5,185 characters and seven new scripts:

744: 6636:

can be used to make large sections of code do something different from what they appear to do. The problem was named "

13920: 13536: 13531: 13034: 12865: 12412: 12377: 10665: 10652: 10639: 10626: 10609: 10596: 10583: 10565: 8179: 8130: 8067: 8021: 6147:

have supported Unicode, especially UTF-8, for many years. There used to be display problems resulting primarily from

4894: 1554: 1409: 1214: 1110: 1013: 891: 9860: 4266: 12954: 11152: 10783: 10675:

Haralambous, Yannis; Martin Dürst (2019). "Unicode from a Linguistic Point of View". In Haralambous, Yannis (ed.).

9256: 7613: 5540: 5506: 5358: 3819: 732: 14172: 14107: 13861: 13841: 11157: 11072: 10973: 10747: 7018: 5783:, another encoding form, enables the encoding of Unicode strings into the limited character set supported by the 5774: 427: 338: 11634: 11353: 8880: 8806: 6105:

The adoption of Unicode in email has been very slow. Some East Asian text is still encoded in encodings such as

13925: 12518: 7048: 6476: 5796: 5009:, have special orthographic rules that require certain combinations of letterforms to be combined into special 10303: 7591: 6327:

problem that occurs when trying to read a text file on different platforms. Unicode defines a large number of

4681:

The set of graphic and format characters defined by Unicode does not correspond directly to the repertoire of

4350: 4248: 4227: 79: 14039: 14010: 13660: 11454: 11268: 11252: 11215: 11062: 10998: 10818: 9143: 9051: 7401: 7074: 7054: 7009:. This, however, is not an anomaly, but the rule: hyphens are replaced by underscores in script designators. 6166:) documents, by definition, comprise characters from most of the Unicode code points, with the exception of: 5901: 5770: 5628: 5611: 5556: 4725:

may be defined that applications are encouraged to use in place of the official character name. For example,

1280: 1059: 857: 764: 470: 310: 59: 9068: 795:

changed the intended release date for version 14.0, pushing it back six months to September 2021 due to the

735:

focused on special Latin medieval characters. Part of these proposals has been already included in Unicode.

331: 14102: 13990: 13950: 12370: 12193: 12063: 11378: 10988: 7064: 6826: 6756: 6681: 6649: 4863: 1783: 2580: 1533: 14419: 14414: 14344: 13955: 13885: 13871: 13856: 13760: 13673: 13645: 13611: 12312: 11429: 11240: 11040: 10776: 6802: 6232: 6057:

specified, where the characters are listed in a table on a screen, such as with a character map program.

5961: 5341: 5105: 3854:). Does not include parentheses and brackets, which are in categories Ps and Pe. Also does not include 775: 327: 4306: 341:, which define how to translate the standard's abstracted codes for characters into sequences of bytes. 14318: 14263: 14184: 13965: 13621: 13616: 12969: 11992: 11479: 11314: 11309: 10958: 10863: 9925: 9102: 7139: 7038: 6717:

Some Japanese computer programmers objected to Unicode because it requires them to separate the use of

6384: 4776: 2848: 1457: 721: 319: 302:, and relevant Unicode support has become a common consideration in contemporary software development. 13960: 11997: 11373: 8658:"These Are The Two Emoji That Weren't Approved For Unicode 9 But Which Google Added To Android Anyway" 6471:

table allows a renderer to select a different glyph for each code point based on the text locale. The

5713:, has the important property of unambiguity on byte reorder, regardless of the Unicode encoding used; 5295:

00–15, 18–1D, 20–45, 48–4D, 50–57, 59, 5B, 5D, 5F–7D, 80–B4, B6–C4, C6–D3, D6–DB, DD–EF, F2–F4, F6–FE

4481:

code points are considered to be assigned, but they intentionally have no interpretation specified by

3870:, which despite frequent use as mathematical operators, are primarily considered to be "punctuation". 552:

was published that October. The second volume, now adding Han ideographs, was published in June 1992.

465:

The origins of Unicode can be traced back to the 1980s, to a group of individuals with connections to

14025: 13980: 13816: 13365: 13069: 13014: 12979: 11917: 11194: 10903: 7766: 7729: 6912: 6869: 6407: 5284: 5034: 4309:

Stability policy: Some gc groups will never change. gc=Nd corresponds with Numeric Type=De (decimal).

2491:, Latin letters for Egyptological and Ugaritic transliteration, hieroglyph format controls, 61 emoji 2058: 10765:, all 293 known writing systems with their Unicode status (128 not yet encoded as of June 2024) 10064: 9378: 9354: 4909:

warns against using its characters as an alternate representation for characters encoded elsewhere:

4652:

Together, graphic, format, control code, and private use characters are collectively referred to as

13540: 13049: 13029: 13024: 12964: 12959: 12468: 11008: 7838: 7648: 6640:". In response, code editors started highlighting marks to indicate forced text-direction changes. 6449: 5570: 5263: 5228: 5002: 4962: 4829:. Thus, users often have multiple equivalent ways of encoding the same character. The mechanism of 4465:

will never be the first code point in a text. The exclusion of surrogates and noncharacters leaves

4162: 3746:. Does not include the ASCII "neutral" quotation mark. May behave like Ps or Pe depending on usage 3166: 2261: 1187: 526: 13915: 11794: 10005: 8031: 7985: 7949: 7913: 7877: 7802: 1537: 14390: 14374: 14301: 14296: 14258: 14229: 14194: 13626: 13360: 13059: 12944: 12347: 12248: 12168: 11604: 11509: 10858: 10846: 6629: 6625: 6174: 5830: 5758: 5602:

Several mechanisms have been specified for storing a series of code points as a series of bytes.

5464: 4870: 4613: 2318: 1747: 237: 10160: 4280: 13985: 13975: 13831: 13821: 13355: 13064: 12509: 12496: 12432: 11937: 11684: 11539: 11474: 11189: 11057: 10963: 10922: 9240: 9084: 6617: 5447: 5409: 2652: 2476: 2400: 2206: 1763: 1041: 8100: 7289: 5769:, use UTF-32 as an internal representation for strings and characters. Recent versions of the 5699:(BOM) for use at the beginnings of text files, which may be used for byte-order detection (or 430:, in both appearance and intended function, were given distinct code points. For example, the 14162: 14000: 13935: 13811: 13350: 12504: 12133: 11887: 11882: 11759: 11172: 10937: 10470:"Unicode chart: "actually this has the form of a lowercase calligraphic p, despite its name"" 7407: 7249: 6658: 6303: 5971: 5673:, which uses one to five 8-bit units per code point, intended to maximize compatibility with 5591: 5526: 5010: 4830: 4780: 4099: 3366: 2958:

9.0 added Amendment 2, as well as Adlam, Newa, Japanese TV symbols, and 74 emoji and symbols.

2856: 2487:, hiragana and katakana small letters, Tamil historic fractions and symbols, Lao letters for 2428: 2392: 2194: 2110: 1932: 1759: 1517: 482: 277: 13380: 11839: 2997:

once a year. Version 17.0, the next major version, is projected to include 4301 new unified

2592: 14323: 13995: 13755: 13375: 12118: 12032: 11952: 11674: 11639: 11519: 10391: 9961: 9794: 9754: 9714: 9674: 9634: 9594: 9483: 9443: 9350: 9260: 8633: 8535: 8489: 8443: 8397: 8351: 8281: 8235: 8189: 8146: 8077: 7696: 7033: 6853: 6580: 6289: 5941: 5799:

in all scripts that are supported by Unicode. Earlier and now historical proposals include

2408: 2396: 2326: 2094: 1751: 1685: 1513: 557: 486: 474: 306: 8833: 7195: 5891:

in 1998, which specified that all IETF protocols "MUST be able to use the UTF-8 charset".

8: 14278: 13905: 13390: 13275: 13265: 13260: 12163: 12073: 12017: 11383: 11363: 11162: 11147: 11052: 10978: 10968: 10426: 9987: 9524: 6820: 6654: 6472: 6312: 6155:

did not render many code points unless explicitly told to use a font that contains them.

5956:

also use it for internal representation. Partial support for Unicode can be installed on

5689: 5327: 4699: 3867: 2660: 2588: 2404: 1593: 1338: 698: 323: 12158: 9819:"Setting up Windows Internet Explorer 5, 5.5 and 6 for Multilingual and Unicode Support" 9510: 9183: 8759: 7472: 7331: 6992: 6095:

transfer encoding are recommended, depending on whether much of the message consists of

4410:

code points. A high-surrogate code point followed by a low-surrogate code point forms a

3119:

valid code points within the codespace. (This number arises from the limitations of the

3055:; actual text is processed as binary data via one of several Unicode encodings, such as 1589: 716:) or which do not qualify for inclusion in Unicode due to lack of real-world use (e.g., 14359: 14207: 14020: 14015: 13940: 12939: 12913: 12437: 12393: 12264: 12183: 12153: 12123: 12103: 11739: 11719: 11469: 11035: 10912: 10908: 10813: 10618: 10557: 10141: 10113: 10072: 10050: 9933: 9281: 7563: 7373: 6837: 6786: 6388: 5788: 5586:

will display a substitute glyph indicating the Unicode range of the character, and the

5378: 4327: 4107: 3643: 3642:. Unlike other punctuation characters, these may be classified as "word" characters by 3362: 2976:

11.0 added 46 Mtavruli Georgian capital letters, 5 CJK unified ideographs, and 66 emoji

2134: 2126: 2122: 2062: 1465: 1240: 779: 756: 690: 644: 572: 545: 394: 263: 45: 9905: 9402: 6158:

Although syntax rules may affect the order in which characters are allowed to appear,

14349: 14288: 14268: 13930: 13910: 13890: 13518: 12994: 12974: 12486: 12233: 12143: 12128: 11967: 11932: 11744: 11584: 11409: 11220: 10932: 10873: 10690: 10661: 10648: 10635: 10622: 10605: 10592: 10579: 10561: 10527: 10145: 10131: 10042: 9818: 9330: 9203: 9123: 8961: 8932: 8903: 8866: 8792: 8739: 8713: 8687: 8619: 8590: 8564: 8521: 8475: 8429: 8383: 8337: 8267: 8221: 8175: 8126: 8063: 8017: 7169: 6698: 6355: 6308: 6299: 6152: 6074: 5587: 5030: 4319: 4169: 4111: 4103: 2930: 2916: 2844: 2214: 2114: 2090: 1863: 1787: 1661: 1637: 1505: 1461: 1437: 1138: 933: 913: 887: 796: 787:

The full text, on the other hand, is published as a free PDF on the Unicode website.

725: 702: 446: 11659: 10409: 7447: 7221: 4844:: Unicode provides a mechanism for composing Hangul syllables from their individual 3066:

always precedes a written code point, and the code points themselves are written as

782:, as well as visual charts and reference data sets to aid implementers. Previously, 294:

Unicode has largely supplanted the previous environment of a myriad of incompatible

14409: 14306: 13880: 13846: 13556: 13385: 12336: 12295: 12188: 12138: 12027: 11987: 11912: 11902: 11892: 11764: 11749: 11654: 11629: 11504: 11484: 11344: 11230: 10983: 10942: 10682: 10228: 10123: 10024: 9784: 9744: 9704: 9664: 9624: 9584: 9473: 9433: 9227: 7362: 7310: 7257: 7111: 6509: 6244: 6130: 6092: 5884: 5753: 5742: 5725:

in places other than the beginning of text conveys the zero-width non-break space.

5583: 5246: 5169: 5151: 5018: 3855: 3639: 3437: 2608: 2416: 2257: 2106: 2078: 2054: 1855: 1791: 1755: 1739: 1665: 1629: 1453: 1330: 1256: 1252: 977: 917: 679: 663: 634: 530: 501: 442: 385:

and grapheme-like units—rather than graphical distinctions considered mere variant

281: 10274: 7672: 7535: 7265: 4677:

Universal Character Set characters § Characters, grapheme clusters and glyphs

434:

block encompasses a full semantic duplicate of the Latin alphabet, because legacy

14354: 14273: 13004: 12999: 12989: 12934: 12619: 12609: 12604: 12599: 12594: 12589: 12584: 12290: 12243: 12228: 12088: 12053: 12048: 11982: 11972: 11922: 11789: 11779: 11774: 11724: 11694: 11564: 11554: 11514: 11414: 11329: 11304: 10993: 10898: 10868: 10569: 10127: 9885: 8955: 8926: 8897: 8860: 8786: 8733: 8707: 8681: 7627: 7163: 6845: 6421: 6378: 5696: 4882: 4458: 3971: 3892: 3408: 3186: 3156: 2819: 2668: 2664: 2656: 2265: 2198: 2130: 1920: 1916: 1799: 1795: 1767: 1657: 1653: 1577: 1529: 1392: 1342: 1334: 1272: 953: 945: 941: 925: 717: 686: 622: 454: 398: 375: 11499: 10730: 9797: 9778: 9757: 9738: 9717: 9698: 9677: 9658: 9637: 9618: 9597: 9578: 9486: 9467: 9446: 9427: 8613: 8584: 8558: 8515: 8469: 8423: 8377: 8331: 8261: 8215: 8169: 8120: 8057: 8011: 7975: 7939: 7903: 7867: 7828: 7792: 7756: 7719: 6228:

as the prefix) should display on all browsers as Δ, Й, ק ,م, ๗, あ, 叶, 葉, and 말.

5888: 5746: 1244: 712:

Some modern invented scripts which have not yet been included in Unicode (e.g.,

381:

The philosophy that underpins Unicode seeks to encode the underlying characters—

13806: 13801: 13791: 13786: 13781: 13776: 13740: 13735: 13728: 13723: 13718: 13713: 13708: 13703: 13698: 13693: 13688: 13683: 13551: 13508: 13503: 13498: 13493: 13488: 13483: 13478: 13473: 13468: 13463: 13458: 13453: 13448: 13443: 13438: 13345: 13340: 13335: 13330: 13325: 13320: 13315: 13310: 13305: 13300: 13295: 13290: 13074: 12659: 12579: 12574: 12569: 12564: 12559: 12554: 12549: 12544: 12539: 12407: 12198: 12178: 12098: 12078: 12068: 11977: 11824: 11754: 11729: 11709: 11664: 11649: 11624: 11574: 11549: 11494: 11449: 10486: 10469: 10368: 10345: 10322: 10283: 10105: 7422: 7393: 7135: 7069: 6861: 6778: 6513: 6445: 5987: 5979: 5945: 5860: 5762: 5631:

is an obsolete subset of UTF-16; UCS-4 and UTF-32 are functionally equivalent.

5493: 5298: 5199: 5050: 5026: 4858: 3743: 3567: 2998: 2803: 2683: 2600: 2596: 2484: 2322: 2202: 2138: 2070: 2066: 1928: 1924: 1803: 1585: 1501: 1449: 1384: 1268: 1093: 997: 961: 937: 803: 694: 656: 648: 595: 435: 422: 415: 295: 267: 13054: 10104:

Boucher, Nicholas; Shumailov, Ilia; Anderson, Ross; Papernot, Nicolas (2022).

9991: 7495: 5654:, which uses either one or two 16-bit units per code point, but cannot encode 5615:(UCS) encodings. An encoding maps (possibly a subset of) the range of Unicode 2730:, 20 emoji, 4,192 CJK ideographs, control characters for Egyptian hieroglyphs 774:

includes more information, covering in-depth topics such as bitwise encoding,

14403: 14126: 13546: 13433: 13428: 13423: 13418: 13413: 13408: 13285: 13280: 13270: 13255: 13250: 13245: 13240: 13235: 13230: 13225: 13220: 13215: 13210: 13205: 13200: 13195: 13190: 13185: 13180: 13175: 13170: 13165: 13160: 13155: 13150: 13145: 13140: 13135: 13130: 13125: 13120: 13115: 13110: 13105: 13100: 13095: 13090: 13009: 12984: 12949: 12908: 12654: 12218: 12203: 12083: 12022: 11907: 11849: 11844: 11809: 11784: 11734: 11619: 11609: 11459: 11404: 11247: 11045: 10841: 10686: 10185: 6929: 6807: 6792: 6637: 6437: 6062: 6038: 6030: 5921: 5818: 3139:, which are used as surrogate pairs to encode the 2 code points in the range 2953: 2827: 2648: 2480: 2420: 2273: 2213:, additional CJK Unified Ideographs, lowercase letters for Cherokee, 5 emoji 2074: 1912: 1851: 1779: 1775: 1689: 1673: 1669: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1521: 989: 909: 827: 259: 10632:

Unicode Demystified: A Practical Programmer's Guide to the Encoding Standard

7366: 6832:

combining acute above) should be rendered identically, both appearing as an

5904:(the fixed-length two-byte obsolete precursor to UTF-16) and later moved to 3051:. The codespace is a systematic, architecture-independent representation of 14146: 14141: 14136: 14131: 13866: 13606: 13601: 13596: 13591: 13586: 13581: 13576: 13571: 13566: 13561: 13044: 13039: 13019: 12903: 12895: 12528: 12213: 11947: 11942: 11897: 11799: 11714: 11704: 11614: 11589: 11529: 11444: 11424: 11419: 11399: 11278: 11225: 10676: 10392:"Proposal on Tibetan BrdaRten Characters Encoding for ISO/IEC 10646 in BMP" 7515: 6849: 6841: 6765: 6761: 6589: 6265:, seeing them as implementation choices. Any given character may have many 6256: 5913: 5393: 4695: 4646: 4617: 3863: 3071: 2852: 2807: 2727: 2584: 2388: 2269: 2253: 2118: 1936: 1859: 1847: 1743: 1441: 1380: 1248: 985: 973: 807: 167: 10720: 9403:"Usage Statistics and Market Share of US-ASCII for Websites, October 2021" 8981: 6624:

A security advisory was released in 2021 by two researchers, one from the

5594:

will display a box showing the hexadecimal scalar value of the character.

4943: 4932: 548:

was incorporated in California on 3 January 1991, and the first volume of

12461: 12444: 12269: 12108: 12093: 12007: 11877: 11854: 11819: 11689: 11669: 11644: 11464: 10927: 10917: 7392:

In 1978, the initial proposal for a set of "Universal Signs" was made by

6959: 6328: 6144: 6118: 6110: 5998: 5480: 4845: 4095: 3597: 3199:

Each code point is assigned a classification, listed as the code point's

3067: 2723: 2472: 2412: 2210: 2190: 2142: 2098: 1633: 1376: 993: 981: 743:

The Script Encoding Initiative, a project run by Deborah Anderson at the

490: 411: 11199: 10506: 10452:"Unicode Technical Note #27: Known Anomalies in Unicode Character Names" 7605: 7559: 6049:

is followed by the hexadecimal representation of the code point and the

4837:

ensures the practical interchangeability of these equivalent encodings.

4195:

66 (will not change unless the range of Unicode code points is expanded)

14311: 14219: 14072: 13750: 12845: 12815: 12810: 12805: 12800: 12765: 12649: 12644: 12634: 12629: 12427: 12417: 12148: 11599: 11489: 11125: 10833: 10762: 10604:, The Unicode Consortium, Addison-Wesley Professional, 27 August 2003. 9302: 7397: 7122: 6857: 6769: 6744: 6613: 6543: 6461: 6399: 5982:

character sets. UTF-8 is also the most common Unicode encoding used in

5957: 5937: 5933: 5917: 5909: 5700: 5692:

as a direct replacement for legacy encodings in general text handling.

5666: 5642: 5006: 4939: 4307:

Unicode Character Encoding Stability Policies: Property Value Stability

3635: 3029: 2970: 2939: 2334: 2102: 969: 929: 706: 583: 579: 478: 406: 137: 14252: 12362: 9241:

CWA 13873:2000 – Multilingual European Subsets in ISO/IEC 10646-1

9006: 8304: 6534:). However, the usual ASCII letters are used for the lowercase dotted 5850: 4855:

combinations of precomposed syllables made from the most common jamo.

841:

Unicode version history and notable changes to characters and scripts

370:

often totally unworkable when used together, with text encoded in one

284:

used in various ordinary, literary, academic, and technical contexts.

14199: 14177: 14082: 13895: 12924: 12855: 12835: 12830: 12755: 12750: 12012: 11927: 11859: 11594: 11368: 11288: 11283: 11184: 11167: 9789: 9749: 9709: 9669: 9629: 9589: 9478: 9438: 6673: 6668: 6566: 6517: 6429: 6406:) defined unification criteria, meaning rules for determining when a 6403: 6266: 6006: 5994: 5975: 5929: 5925: 5738: 5062: 5049:

Several subsets of Unicode are standardized: Microsoft Windows since

4691: 4552:

shape or representing a visible space. As of Unicode 16.0, there are

3601: 3433: 2811: 2525: 1867: 1581: 1509: 1284: 1172: 811: 755:

The Unicode Consortium together with the ISO have developed a shared

675: 643:

Many modern applications can render a substantial subset of the many

599: 534: 450: 404:

At the most abstract level, Unicode assigns a unique number called a

299: 10591:, The Unicode Consortium, Addison-Wesley Longman, Inc., April 2000. 10203: 10086: 9163: 7583: 4971: 3768:

Closing quotation mark. May behave like Ps or Pe depending on usage

3123:

character encoding, which can encode the 2 code points in the range

189: 14369: 14224: 14189: 14167: 14077: 13900: 12840: 12825: 12785: 12780: 12775: 12760: 12719: 12714: 12709: 12704: 12699: 12694: 12491: 12481: 12477: 12451: 12238: 12208: 12058: 12043: 12038: 11829: 11579: 11559: 11524: 11434: 11273: 11090: 10741: 10118: 9506: 8834:"The Unicode Standard, Version 13.0– Core Specification Appendix C" 6865: 6562: 6492: 6487: 6468: 6359:

character as a newline, regardless of the input's actual encoding.

6331:

that conforming applications should recognize as line terminators.

6285: 6281: 6148: 6106: 5810: 5780: 5022: 4642: 3859: 3593: 3070:

numbers. At least four hexadecimal digits are always written, with

2086: 2082: 1681: 1525: 1445: 1388: 965: 957: 921: 667: 390: 382: 371: 112: 39: 11679: 10634:, Richard Gillam, Addison-Wesley Professional; 1st edition, 2002. 10451: 9736: 6495:

characters shown with upright, oblique, and italic alternate forms

5940:), which uses UTF-16 as the sole internal character encoding. The 2330: 14239: 13945: 13826: 13400: 12770: 12745: 12735: 12473: 11962: 11957: 11834: 11769: 11699: 11439: 10725: 7134:

Rarely, the uppercase Icelandic eth may instead be written in an

6797: 6324: 5685: 4641:

are widely used in texts using Unicode. In a phenomenon known as

3975: 3967: 3695: 2898:

5.0 added Amendment 2 as well as four characters from Amendment 3

2815: 2468: 2424: 2338: 2146: 1677: 1288: 819: 815: 713: 671: 639: 603: 397:, or by some other means. In particularly complex cases, such as 10715: 10103: 9030: 6440:. These have their own drawbacks in general use, leading to the 5728:

The same character converted to UTF-8 becomes the byte sequence

4363:

may be used to identify a nameless code point. E.g. <control-

313:, each being code-for-code identical with one another. However, 14244: 14234: 14212: 14092: 14067: 14062: 13745: 13636: 13526: 12885: 12875: 12860: 12677: 12223: 12002: 11814: 11804: 11534: 11120: 11115: 11085: 10751: 10509:. The Unicode Consortium. 2021. 2.2 Relation to ISO 15924 Codes 8960:. South San Francisco, CA: The Unicode Consortium. 2024-09-10. 8931:. South San Francisco, CA: The Unicode Consortium. 2023-09-12. 7168:. South San Francisco, CA: The Unicode Consortium. 2024-09-10. 6982:

is spelled incorrectly. (Spelling errors are resolved by using

6677: 6662: 6601: 6453: 6433: 6088: 5905: 5864: 5838: 5674: 5660: 5651: 4955: 4841: 4687: 4649:

codepage, previously widely used in Western European contexts.

4131: 3669: 3174: 3120: 2823: 2604: 1771: 1276: 1089: 949: 823: 587: 354: 350: 122: 107: 9839: 5993:

Multilingual text-rendering engines which use Unicode include

4967: 2595:, 4,969 CJK ideographs, Arabic script additions used to write 14339: 14057: 14052: 14047: 13664: 13370: 12880: 12820: 12682: 12456: 12317: 12173: 12113: 11569: 11544: 11110: 11105: 11100: 9548: 6976:

PRESENTATION FORM FOR VERTICAL RIGHT WHITE LENTICULAR BRAKCET

6773: 6425: 6412: 6293: 6163: 6114: 6096: 6084: 6018: 6014: 6010: 6002: 5967: 5949: 5868: 5856: 5834: 5804: 5800: 5784: 5766: 5646: 5638: 5624: 5054: 4753:

PRESENTATION FORM FOR VERTICAL RIGHT WHITE LENTICULAR BRAKCET

4645:, the C1 code points are improperly decoded according to the 4585: 4573: 4549: 3851: 3847: 3843: 3827: 3178: 3056: 2843:

The total number of graphic and format characters, excluding

1264: 1260: 509: 466: 386: 358: 346: 288: 153: 148: 102: 10487:"Misspelling of BRACKET in character name is a known defect" 9563: 9379:"Usage Survey of Character Encodings broken down by Ranking" 7908:. Mountain View, CA: The Unicode Consortium. September 1999. 6604:

when a diacritic applies also depends on local conventions.

4433:

and the last two code points in each of the 17 planes (e.g.

3369:

containing an uppercase followed by a lowercase part (e.g.,

270:

that can be digitized. Version 16.0 of the standard defines

180: 13650: 12740: 10710: 8760:"Unicode Version 12.1 released in support of the Reiwa Era" 6482: 6441: 6277: 6240: 6224:(or the same numeric values expressed in hexadecimal, with 6185: 6079: 5983: 5883:, have required support for UTF-8 since the publication of 5876: 5792: 3102: 2488: 538: 10768: 7724:. Mountain View, CA: The Unicode Consortium. October 1991. 7106:"A Unicode Standard Annex (UAX) forms an integral part of 6990:

While Unicode defines the script designator (name) to be "

6558: 6554: 6550: 6524: 5627:). UTF-8 and UTF-16 are the most commonly used encodings. 4949:-ligature (द् + ध् + र् + य = द्ध्र्य) of JanaSanskritSans 4686:

characters. For example, a Latin small letter "i" with an

3839: 3835: 3566:

Numerals composed of letters or letterlike symbols (e.g.,

3382: 3378: 3374: 3370: 2993:

The Unicode Consortium normally releases a new version of

1802:, additional CJK Unified Ideographs, Jamo for Old Hangul, 399:

the treatment of orthographical variants in Han characters

266:

designed to support the use of text in all of the world's

14117: 10678:

Proceedings of Graphemics in the 21st Century, Brest 2018

10280:"An Unicode vendor-specific character table for japanese" 9956: 9261:"Multilingual European Character Set 2 (MES-2) Rationale" 8902:. Mountain View, CA: The Unicode Consortium. 2022-09-13. 8865:. Mountain View, CA: The Unicode Consortium. 2021-09-14. 8791:. Mountain View, CA: The Unicode Consortium. 2020-03-10. 8738:. Mountain View, CA: The Unicode Consortium. 2019-03-05. 8712:. Mountain View, CA: The Unicode Consortium. 2018-06-05. 8686:. Mountain View, CA: The Unicode Consortium. 2017-06-20. 8618:. Mountain View, CA: The Unicode Consortium. 2016-06-21. 8589:. Mountain View, CA: The Unicode Consortium. 2016-06-21. 8563:. Mountain View, CA: The Unicode Consortium. 2015-06-17. 8520:. Mountain View, CA: The Unicode Consortium. 2015-06-17. 8474:. Mountain View, CA: The Unicode Consortium. 2014-06-16. 8428:. Mountain View, CA: The Unicode Consortium. 2013-09-30. 8382:. Mountain View, CA: The Unicode Consortium. 2012-09-26. 8336:. Mountain View, CA: The Unicode Consortium. 2012-01-31. 8266:. Mountain View, CA: The Unicode Consortium. 2012-01-31. 8220:. Mountain View, CA: The Unicode Consortium. 2009-10-01. 8174:. Mountain View, CA: The Unicode Consortium. 2008-04-04. 8125:. Mountain View, CA: The Unicode Consortium. 2006-07-14. 8062:. Mountain View, CA: The Unicode Consortium. March 2004. 8016:. Mountain View, CA: The Unicode Consortium. April 2003. 6648:

Unicode was designed to provide code-point-by-code-point

6236: 6159: 6136: 5953: 5880: 4770: 4761:

PRESENTATION FORM FOR VERTICAL RIGHT WHITE LENTICULAR BRA

4756: 4414:

in UTF-16 in order to represent code points greater than

3184:

Within each plane, characters are allocated within named

2772: 2738: 2694: 2619: 2546: 2499: 2439: 2359: 2284: 2224: 2156: 2025: 1991: 1946: 1878: 1813: 1710: 1603: 1548: 1475: 1403: 1353: 1299: 1208: 1149: 1104: 1051: 1007: 882: 682:(in the form of notes and rhythmic symbols), also occur. 607: 591: 9696: 7980:. Mountain View, CA: The Unicode Consortium. March 2002. 7944:. Mountain View, CA: The Unicode Consortium. March 2001. 6996:", in that script's character names, a hyphen is added: 5761:

compilers to generate software uses it as the standard "

5619:

to sequences of values in some fixed-size range, termed

666:

are included in the latest version of Unicode (covering

10674: 9840:"Extensible Markup Language (XML) 1.1 (Second Edition)" 7833:. Mountain View, CA: The Unicode Consortium. July 1996. 7797:. Mountain View, CA: The Unicode Consortium. July 1995. 7761:. Mountain View, CA: The Unicode Consortium. June 1992. 7051:(LMBCS), a parallel development with similar intentions 3831: 3823: 2603:, and other African languages, additions used to write 9986:. International Research Institute for Zen Buddhism / 9930:

The Unicode Standard Version 16.0 – Core Specification

9053:

The Unicode Standard Version 16.0 – Core Specification

7872:. Mountain View, CA: The Unicode Consortium. May 1998. 6772:

are each allocated only 128 code points, matching the

6456:

set, Unicode adopted the JIS-style unification model.

6398:

Existing character set standards such as the Japanese

4918:

than to the character sequence <U+0065, U+0301>.

4548:

to have particular semantics, either having a visible

10507:"Unicode Standard Annex #24: Unicode Script Property" 9740:

Internet Message Access Protocol Internationalization

6963:: This is not a Yi syllable, but a Yi iteration mark. 6833: 3062:

In this normative notation, the two-character prefix

9737:

C. Newman; A. Gulbrandsen; A. Melnikov (June 2008).

337:

Unicode text is processed and stored as binary data

10112:. San Francisco, CA, US: IEEE. pp. 1987–2004. 9776: 9118: 9116: 6643: 5695:The UCS-2 and UTF-16 encodings specify the Unicode 4840:An example of this arises with the Korean alphabet 615:

Ministry of Endowments and Religious Affairs (Oman)

11343: 10161:"Creative usernames and Spotify account hijacking" 9620:Overview and Framework for Internationalized Email 9580:Overview and Framework for Internationalized Email 9429:Internationalization of the File Transfer Protocol 9371: 7448:"History of Unicode Release and Publication Dates" 5502:A0–A1, AA–AC, B2, BA, BC, C4, CA–CB, CF, D8–D9, E6 693:website. For some scripts on the Roadmap, such as 234:This article contains uncommon Unicode characters. 10647:, Jukka K. Korpela, O'Reilly; 1st edition, 2006. 9859:Bigelow, Charles; Holmes, Kris (September 1993). 7222:"Unicode Standard Annex #45: U-source Ideographs" 6261:Unicode is not in principle concerned with fonts 6180:the permanently unassigned code points D800–DFFF, 5476:00, 02, 0C, 10, 14, 18, 1C, 24, 2C, 34, 3C, 50–6C 5274:02–03, 0A–0B, 1E–1F, 40–41, 56–57, 60–61, 6A–6B, 4816:), and equivalently as the precomposed character 3074:prepended as needed. For example, the code point 1540:First named character sequences were introduced. 14401: 14319:Unicode control, format and separator characters 10621:, Addison-Wesley Professional, 27 October 2006. 10615:The Unicode Standard, Version 5.0, Fifth Edition 10578:, James Felici, Adobe Press; 1st edition, 2002. 10110:2022 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (SP) 9113: 7464: 7311:"The Unicode Standard: A Technical Introduction" 7044:List of XML and HTML character entity references 5765:" encoding. Some programming languages, such as 533:. In 1990, Michel Suignard and Asmus Freytag of 9616: 9576: 8881:"Announcing The Unicode Standard, Version 14.0" 8807:"Announcing The Unicode Standard, Version 13.0" 6542:, matching how they are handled in the earlier 6151:related issues; e.g. v6 and older of Microsoft 5974:) has become the main storage encoding on most 5813:is another encoding form for Unicode, from the 4180: 4046: 3940: 3793: 3608: 3514: 3443: 3287: 3004: 9697:A. Yang; S. Steele; N. Freed (February 2012). 7156: 6872:technologies for advanced rendering features. 4351:"Table 4-9: Construction of Code Point Labels" 647:, as demonstrated by this screenshot from the 389:thereof, that are instead best handled by the 12378: 10784: 10407: 9858: 9465: 9329:. The Unicode Consortium. 2013. p. 561. 9124:"Unicode Character Encoding Stability Policy" 7697:"Enumerated Versions of The Unicode Standard" 7641: 6280:based on Unicode are widely available, since 4330:. 2022-02-08. Unicode Technical Standard #18. 3229: 2973:characters, and 3 Zanabazar Square characters 1870:and emoji, additional CJK Unified Ideographs 1088:33 reclassified as control characters. 4,306 738: 212: 10681:. Brest: Fluxus Editions. pp. 167–183. 9920: 9918: 9656: 7357: 7355: 7353: 7351: 7349: 6572: 6334:In terms of the newline, Unicode introduced 6184:HTML characters manifest either directly as 5859:, has been the most common encoding for the 5833:of 2005 specified two parody UTF encodings, 5721:) does not equate to a legal character, and 5322:1E, 20–22, 26, 30, 32–33, 39–3A, 3C, 3E, 44, 4989: 4983: 4977: 4965: 4320:"Annex C: Compatibility Properties (§ word)" 4156:Character (but no interpretation specified) 3194: 3015: 2956:, nine CJK unified ideographs, and 41 emoji; 2938:7.0 added Amendments 1 and 2 as well as the 1303: 896: 10226: 10190:Initial Analysis of Underhanded Source Code 10158: 10106:"Bad Characters: Imperceptible NLP Attacks" 9469:IETF Policy on Character Sets and Languages 7196:"Unicode Technical Report #28: Unicode 3.2" 7110:, but is published as a separate document." 7027: 6139:recommendations have used Unicode as their 5663:, which uses one 32-bit unit per code point 4702:, is represented by the character sequence 2873:2.1 added two characters from Amendment 18. 1345:, 42,711 additional CJK Unified Ideographs 12385: 12371: 12286:Cultural, political, and religious symbols 10791: 10777: 10229:"Trojan Source: Invisible Vulnerabilities" 10204:"UTR #36: Unicode Security Considerations" 10087:"UTR #36: Unicode Security Considerations" 10025:"OpenType Feature: locl – Localized Forms" 9945: 9943: 9660:SMTP Extension for Internationalized Email 8954: 8925: 8896: 8859: 8785: 8732: 8706: 8680: 7490: 7488: 7162: 7060:Religious and political symbols in Unicode 6827:Unicode normalization § Normalization 4394:code points, and code points in the range 3638:characters such as "_", and other spacing 3236: 3222: 3131:except for the 2 code points in the range 2337:, 7,494 CJK Unified Ideographs, 56 emoji, 219: 205: 10501: 10499: 10117: 9975: 9915: 9788: 9748: 9708: 9668: 9628: 9588: 9477: 9437: 9425: 9343: 8612: 8583: 8557: 8514: 8468: 8422: 8376: 8330: 8260: 8214: 8168: 8119: 8056: 8010: 7974: 7938: 7902: 7866: 7827: 7791: 7755: 7718: 7346: 6933:: This is a small letter. The capital is 5821:of the People's Republic of China (PRC). 5641:, which uses one to four 8-bit units per 5605:Unicode defines two mapping methods: the 5260:92–C4, C7–C8, CB–CC, D0–EB, EE–F5, F8–F9 4848:subcomponents. However, it also provides 3161:The Unicode codespace is divided into 17 3150: 364: 10446: 10444: 9023: 7859: 7857: 6579: 6486: 6483:Italic or cursive characters in Cyrillic 6367: 5795:, which is a system enabling the use of 5597: 4913:This process is different from a formal 2423:, 5 CJK Unified Ideographs, symbols for 724:, along with unofficial but widely used 638: 12392: 10819:ISO/IEC 10646 (Universal Character Set) 10183: 10069:Unicode Security Mechanisms for UTS #39 9981: 9949: 9940: 9908:, Steven J. Searle, originally written 9777:R. Gellens; C. Newman (February 2010). 8982:"Proposed New Characters: The Pipeline" 8948: 8916: 8890: 8850: 8776: 7730:"1.0.0/UnicodeData.txt (reconstructed)" 7485: 7219: 6814: 6783:Standardization Administration of China 6503: 6460:variant characters used throughout the 6428:encoding adopted by library systems in 6243:requests, non-ASCII characters must be 5815:Standardization Administration of China 5791:(DNS). The encoding is used as part of 5044: 3043:, notated according to the standard as 242:question marks, boxes, or other symbols 14: 14402: 10496: 9546: 7818: 7746: 7709: 7628:"About The Script Encoding Initiative" 7361: 4771:Ready-made versus composite characters 4670: 4345: 4343: 4341: 4339: 4337: 4302: 4300: 4298: 4296: 4294: 4243: 4241: 3087:is padded with two leading zeros, but 2017:5 bidirectional formatting characters 12366: 11342: 10772: 10441: 9926:"Appendix E: Han Unification History" 9561: 9349: 9109:. Unicode Consortium. September 2024. 8655: 8649: 8001: 7965: 7929: 7893: 7854: 7260:. The Unicode Consortium. 2024-09-10. 7258:"Unicode 16.0 Versioned Charts Index" 7252:. The Unicode Consortium. 2024-09-10. 6882:Unicode alias names and abbreviations 6806: 5875:All internet protocols maintained by 5829:are Unicode compression schemes. The 5645:, and has maximal compatibility with 4357:. Unicode Consortium. September 2024. 4269:. The Unicode Consortium. 2024-04-30. 4255:. Unicode Consortium. September 2024. 4234:. Unicode Consortium. September 2024. 3173:) are accessed as surrogate pairs in 2988: 865: 856: 851: 848: 845: 759:following the initial publication of 617:is a full member with voting rights. 566: 428:characters nearly identical to others 421:The first 256 code points mirror the 11320:International Components for Unicode 11269:Common Locale Data Repository (CLDR) 10660:, Tony Graham, M&T books, 2000. 9984:"Chinese character codes: an update" 9505: 9255: 9103:"Appendix A: Notational Conventions" 8957:The Unicode Standard, Version 16.0.0 8928:The Unicode Standard, Version 15.1.0 8899:The Unicode Standard, Version 15.0.0 8862:The Unicode Standard, Version 14.0.0 8788:The Unicode Standard, Version 13.0.0 8735:The Unicode Standard, Version 12.0.0 8709:The Unicode Standard, Version 11.0.0 8683:The Unicode Standard, Version 10.0.0 7782: 7268:. The Unicode Consortium. 2024-09-10 7165:The Unicode Standard, Version 16.0.0 7024:International Components for Unicode 5894: 5680:UTF-8 uses one to four 8-bit units ( 2979:12.0 added 62 additional characters. 2935:6.3 added five additional characters 1862:symbols, transport and map symbols, 833:Thus far, the following versions of 655:Unicode currently covers most major 10408:Umamaheswaran, V. S. (2003-11-07). 10227:Boucher, Nicholas; Anderson, Ross. 10159:Engineering, Spotify (2013-06-18). 9617:J. Klensin; Y. Ko (February 2012). 9085:"Re: Origin of the U+nnnn notation" 8674: 8615:The Unicode Standard, Version 9.0.0 8586:The Unicode Standard, Version 9.0.0 8560:The Unicode Standard, Version 8.0.0 8517:The Unicode Standard, Version 8.0.0 8471:The Unicode Standard, Version 7.0.0 8425:The Unicode Standard, Version 6.3.0 8379:The Unicode Standard, Version 6.2.0 8333:The Unicode Standard, Version 6.1.0 8263:The Unicode Standard, Version 6.1.0 8217:The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2.0 8171:The Unicode Standard, Version 5.1.0 8122:The Unicode Standard, Version 5.0.0 8059:The Unicode Standard, Version 4.1.0 8013:The Unicode Standard, Version 4.0.0 7977:The Unicode Standard, Version 3.2.0 7941:The Unicode Standard, Version 3.1.0 7905:The Unicode Standard, Version 3.0.0 7869:The Unicode Standard, Version 2.1.2 7830:The Unicode Standard, Version 2.0.0 7794:The Unicode Standard, Version 1.1.5 7758:The Unicode Standard, Version 1.0.1 7721:The Unicode Standard, Version 1.0.0 4990: 4984: 4978: 4334: 4291: 4285:UTR #44: Unicode Character Database 4273: 4259: 4238: 4220: 4159:137,468 total (will never change) ( 4144: 4118: 4076: 4054: 4014: 3982: 3948: 3919: 3898: 3874: 3801: 3772: 3750: 3724: 3702: 3676: 3650: 3616: 3574: 3548: 3522: 3493: 3472: 3451: 3414: 3389: 3344: 3323: 3302: 3165:, numbered 0 to 16. Plane 0 is the 3109:There are a total of 2 + (2 − 2) = 24: 13729:Norwegian and Danish (alternative) 12301:Mathematical operators and symbols 10545: 10022: 10011:the OpenType 'locl' GSUB feature). 9906:A Brief History of Character Codes 9164:"Unicode Character Encoding Model" 9070:The Unicode Standard, Version 16.0 9050:"2.4 Code Points and Characters". 9043: 7470: 6395:since the genesis of the project. 6372: 4522:Supplementary Private Use Area-B: 4504:Supplementary Private Use Area-A: 3011:Universal Character Set characters 1341:, sets of symbols for Western and 745:University of California, Berkeley 628: 25: 14431: 10704: 10602:The Unicode Standard, Version 4.0 10589:The Unicode Standard, Version 3.0 10576:The Complete Manual of Typography 10554:The Unicode Standard, Version 6.0 10275:AFII contribution about WAVE DASH 10252:"Visual Studio Code October 2021" 9982:Wittern, Christian (1995-05-01). 9327:The Unicode Standard, Version 6.2 9303:"UTF-8, UTF-16, UTF-32 & BOM" 7649:"Unicode 6.1 Paperback Available" 6618:natural language processing (NLP) 6584:Localised forms of the letter í ( 4895:Ideographic Description Sequences 4788:can be represented in Unicode as 4287:. Unicode Consortium. 2024-08-27. 4249:"Table 2-3: Types of code points" 4106:), control characters to support 2952:Plus Amendment 1, as well as the 500:, Becker outlined a scheme using 372:interpreted as garbage characters 14386: 14385: 12342: 12341: 12331: 12330: 12313:Phonetic symbols (including IPA) 10520: 10479: 10462: 10437:from the original on 2024-01-01. 10419: 10410:"Resolutions of WG 2 meeting 44" 10401: 10384: 10361: 10338: 10315: 10297: 10268: 10244: 10220: 10196: 10177: 10152: 10097: 10079: 10057: 10035: 10016: 9998: 9899: 9888:. Unicode Consortium. 2017-06-28 9878: 9852: 9832: 9816: 9810: 9770: 9730: 9690: 9657:J. Yao; W. Mao (February 2012). 9650: 9610: 9570: 9555: 9540: 9517: 7616:from the original on 2023-03-25. 7594:from the original on 2023-12-08. 7496:"The Unicode Consortium Members" 7342:from the original on 2023-11-11. 7128: 6750: 6644:Mapping to legacy character sets 6632:, in which they assert that the 6323:Unicode partially addresses the 6024: 5703:detection). The BOM, encoded as 4954: 4931: 4544:characters are those defined by 3540:All these, and only these, have 3101: 3027:: a sequence of integers called 2870:2.0 added Amendments 5, 6, and 7 1607: 1479: 1153: 1055: 733:Medieval Unicode Font Initiative 473:(XCCS). In 1987, Xerox employee 345:itself defines three encodings: 38: 14173:Digital encoding of APL symbols 14108:Comparison of Unicode encodings 12626:Proposed but not approved 10369:"Alphabetic Presentation Forms" 9950:Topping, Suzanne (2013-06-25). 9700:Internationalized Email Headers 9577:J. Klensin; Y. Ko (July 2007). 9564:"Unicode Character Recognition" 9499: 9459: 9419: 9395: 9319: 9295: 9274: 9249: 9234: 9216: 9196: 9176: 9156: 9136: 9095: 9077: 9067:"3.4 Characters and Encoding". 9060: 8999: 8974: 8826: 8752: 8726: 8700: 8603: 8577: 8551: 8505: 8459: 8413: 8367: 8321: 8297: 8251: 8205: 8159: 8139: 8113: 8093: 8047: 7689: 7665: 7620: 7598: 7576: 7552: 7528: 7508: 7440: 7415: 7383:from the original on 2016-11-25 7250:"Unicode Character Count V16.0" 7220:Jenkins, John H. (2021-08-26). 7115: 7100: 7019:Comparison of Unicode encodings 5877:Internet Engineering Task Force 5188: 4873:block is assigned to the range 4827:LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH ACUTE 4475:code points available for use. 4312: 4281:"5.7.1 General Category Values" 2961: 2946: 2921: 2909: 2887: 2878: 2862: 2837: 1532:disunified from Greek, ancient 685:The Unicode Roadmap Committee ( 10530:. The Unicode Consortium. 2023 10427:"Character Encoding Stability" 9861:"The design of a Unicode font" 9466:H. Alvestrand (January 1998). 7324: 7303: 7282: 7239: 7213: 7188: 7087: 7049:Lotus Multi-Byte Character Set 6612:Unicode has a large number of 6516:, Unicode includes a separate 6477:Ideographic Variation Database 5797:Internationalized Domain Names 5518:3A–3C, 40, 42, 60, 63, 65–66, 5173: 4198:No name, <noncharacter> 4098:, joining control characters ( 339:using one of several encodings 13: 1: 11253:International Ideographs Core 11063:International Ideographs Core 11004:Alias names and abbreviations 10823: 10742:Alan Wood's Unicode Resources 10726:Unicode Character Code Charts 10346:"Arabic Presentation Forms-B" 10323:"Arabic Presentation Forms-A" 7402:Xerox Character Code Standard 7149: 7075:Universal Coded Character Set 7055:Open-source Unicode typefaces 6944:MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL P 6596:Whether the lowercase letter 6083:transmission of Unicode, the 6055:screen-selection entry method 5717:(the result of byte-swapping 5612:Universal Coded Character Set 5607:Unicode Transformation Format 5557:Alphabetic Presentation Forms 4228:"Table 4-4: General Category" 4176:No name, <private-use> 3177:and encoded in four bytes in 1281:Canadian Aboriginal syllabics 765:Universal Coded Character Set 432:Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms 60:Universal Coded Character Set 11475:CJK Unified Ideographs (Han) 11325:People involved with Unicode 10731:Unicode Character Name Index 10282:. 2011-04-22. Archived from 10128:10.1109/SP46214.2022.9833641 9952:"The secret life of Unicode" 8656:Lobao, Martim (2016-06-07). 7653:announcements_at_unicode.org 7606:"script encoding initiative" 7065:Standards related to Unicode 6875: 6798:Thai Industrial Standard 620 6757:Tamil All Character Encoding 6747:, from long before Unicode. 6682:round-trip format conversion 6650:round-trip format conversion 5430:0F, 11–12, 15, 19–1A, 1E–1F, 4922: 4267:"DerivedGeneralCategory.txt" 3966:Includes the space, but not 3005:Architecture and terminology 2904:5.2 added Amendments 5 and 6 1700:LATIN CAPITAL LETTER SHARP S 1198:OBJECT REPLACEMENT CHARACTER 7: 14345:Character encodings in HTML 13679:National Replacement (NRCS) 13646:Japanese language in EBCDIC 10798: 10763:The World's Writing Systems 9525:"ISO/IEC JTC1/SC 18/WG 9 N" 9091:(Mailing list). 2005-11-08. 9031:"Glossary of Unicode Terms" 7012: 6607: 6473:Unicode variation sequences 6318: 5962:Microsoft Layer for Unicode 5844: 5669:, not specified as part of 5342:Superscripts and Subscripts 4966: 4944: 4777:combining diacritical marks 4592:65 code points, the ranges 4324:Unicode Regular Expressions 4140:No name, <surrogate> 3720:Closing bracket characters 2686:musical notation, 37 emoji 750: 662:As of 2024, a total of 168 496:In this document, entitled 262:standard maintained by the 27:Character encoding standard 10: 14436: 11315:Ideographic Research Group 11310:ConScript Unicode Registry 10184:Wheeler, David A. (2020). 10047:Unicode Character Database 10008:. Noto Fonts. 2023-02-18. 7140:African Reference Alphabet 7039:List of Unicode characters 6916:: Does not join graphemes. 6879: 6824: 6818: 6754: 6600:is expected to retain its 6538:and the uppercase dotless 6385:Ideographic Research Group 6376: 6254: 6128: 6072: 6028: 5970:(originally developed for 5848: 5025:(by Adobe and Microsoft), 4740:YI SYLLABLE ITERATION MARK 4674: 4406:code points) are known as 4212:No name, <reserved> 3730:Punctuation, initial quote 3154: 3008: 2764:Additional CJK ideographs 1672:, sets of symbols for the 739:Script Encoding Initiative 722:ConScript Unicode Registry 632: 598:(previously as Facebook), 570: 460: 14383: 14332: 14287: 14155: 14116: 14034: 13769: 13659: 13635: 13517: 13399: 13083: 12922: 12894: 12728: 12670: 12527: 12400: 12326: 12278: 12257: 11868: 11392: 11352: 11338: 11297: 11261: 11208: 11195:Regional indicator symbol 11138: 11071: 11028: 11021: 10951: 10904:Combining grapheme joiner 10889: 10882: 10832: 10806: 10757:Unicode BMP Fallback Font 10043:"Case Folding Properties" 9547:Hedley, Jonathan (2009). 9263:. University of Cambridge 9184:"Unicode Named Sequences" 9089:Unicode Mail List Archive 7093:Sometimes abbreviated as 6913:COMBINING GRAPHEME JOINER 6801: 6408:variant Chinese character 6362: 5752:In UTF-32 and UCS-4, one 5711:ZERO WIDTH NO-BREAK SPACE 5609:(UTF) encodings, and the 5471: 5365: 5305: 5285:Latin Extended Additional 5180: 5127: 5094: 4216: 4185: 4137:2,048 (will never change) 4072:No name, <control> 3604:digits, vigesimal digits 3209: 3204:of any given code point. 3195:General Category property 3016:Codespace and code points 2704: 2556: 2449: 2294: 2166: 1893: 1888: 1413: 1306: 1114: 1058: 908:Initial scripts covered: 873: 870: 862: 200: 174: 163: 95: 87: 72: 52: 37: 14375:Variable-length encoding 14156:Miscellaneous code pages 12914:Extended Unix Code / EUC 12605:-15 (New Western Europe) 12401:Early telecommunications 12348:Category: Unicode blocks 11153:Compatibility characters 10687:10.36824/2018-graf-hara1 10065:"confusablesSummary.txt" 9562:Milde, Benjamin (2011). 9246:Workshop Agreement 13873 8305:"Unicode 6.0 Emoji List" 7630:. The Unicode Consortium 7292:. The Unicode Consortium 7080: 6573:Diacritics on lowercase 6450:Research Libraries Group 6250: 6068: 5855:Unicode, in the form of 5241:84–8A, 8C, 8E–A1, A3–CE, 5229:Spacing Modifier Letters 5001:Many scripts, including 3756:Punctuation, final quote 3167:Basic Multilingual Plane 3098:EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH O004 1684:, additions to Burmese, 1002: 877: 763:: Unicode and the ISO's 527:Research Libraries Group 14302:C0 and C1 control codes 11073:Comparison of encodings 10999:Halfwidth and fullwidth 10854:Universal Character Set 10560:, Mountain View, 2011, 10312:, Tomohiro Kubota, 2001 9426:B. Curtin (July 1999). 9355:"Moving to Unicode 5.1" 8101:"Named Sequences-4.1.0" 7332:"Unicode Bulldog Award" 7228:. §2.2 The Source Field 6630:University of Edinburgh 6628:and the other from the 6626:University of Cambridge 6001:for Microsoft Windows, 5948:bytecode environments, 5634:UTF encodings include: 5465:Miscellaneous Technical 4897:block covers the range 4871:CJK Radicals Supplement 4759:) has the formal alias 4698:, which is required in 4614:C0 and C1 control codes 4612:, corresponding to the 3478:Mark, spacing combining 3033:in the range from 0 to 2767: 2733: 2689: 2614: 2541: 2494: 2434: 2417:Old Sogdian and Sogdian 2354: 2279: 471:Character Code Standard 320:character normalization 12550:-3 (Maltese/Esperanto) 12501:World System Teletext 11998:Inscriptional Parthian 11685:Nyiakeng Puachue Hmong 11347:and symbols in Unicode 10964:CJK Unified Ideographs 10716:Unicode Technical Site 9780:POP3 Support for UTF-8 9204:"Unicode Name Aliases" 9007:"Unicode Version 16.0" 6659:precomposed characters 6593: 6496: 6141:document character set 6124: 6087:character set and the 5912:(and its descendants, 5448:Mathematical Operators 4920: 4814:COMBINING ACUTE ACCENT 4667:reserved code points. 4069:65 (will never change) 3622:Punctuation, connector 3151:Code planes and blocks 2884:3.2 added Amendment 1. 2845:private-use characters 2477:Nyiakeng Puachue Hmong 2219: 2151: 2020: 1986: 1941: 1873: 1808: 1764:Inscriptional Parthian 1705: 1598: 1543: 1470: 1398: 1348: 1294: 1203: 1144: 1099: 1046: 1042:CJK Unified Ideographs 652: 529:, and Glenn Wright of 523: 514: 365:Origin and development 14324:Whitespace characters 14001:Ventura International 12134:Old Persian cuneiform 11993:Inscriptional Pahlavi 11888:Ancient North Arabian 11883:Anatolian hieroglyphs 11173:Precomposed character 11009:Whitespace characters 10938:Zero-width non-joiner 10308:, Section 4.4.3.5 of 10256:code.visualstudio.com 9886:"Fonts and keyboards" 9868:Electronic Publishing 7839:"Unicode Data-2.0.14" 7584:"Roadmaps to Unicode" 7290:"Emoji Counts, v16.0" 6755:Further information: 6583: 6490: 6368:Character unification 6288:support Unicode (and 5851:UTF-8 § Adoption 5817:. It is the official 5598:Mapping and encodings 5592:Unicode fallback font 5527:Miscellaneous Symbols 5489:80, 84, 88, 8C, 90–93 4911: 4831:canonical equivalence 4738:has the formal alias 4675:Further information: 4574:ZERO WIDTH NON-JOINER 3528:Number, decimal digit 3297:(Lu, Ll, and Lt only) 3250:Category Major, minor 2901:5.1 added Amendment 4 2895:4.1 added Amendment 1 2857:surrogate code points 2536:SQUARE ERA NAME REIWA 2195:Anatolian hieroglyphs 1760:Inscriptional Pahlavi 1686:Scribal abbreviations 1309:ISO/IEC 10646-2:2001 1219:ISO/IEC 10646-1:2000 642: 518: 506: 393:, through the use of 324:character composition 309:is synchronized with 13719:Norwegian and Danish 11953:Egyptian hieroglyphs 11158:Duplicate characters 10974:Duplicate characters 10721:The Unicode Standard 10528:"Scripts-15.1.0.txt" 10415:. Resolution M44.20. 10310:Introduction to I18n 9359:Official Google Blog 9107:The Unicode Standard 8839:. Unicode Consortium 8634:"Unicode Data 9.0.0" 8536:"Unicode Data 8.0.0" 8490:"Unicode Data 7.0.0" 8444:"Unicode Data 6.3.0" 8398:"Unicode Data 6.2.0" 8352:"Unicode Data 6.1.0" 8282:"Unicode Data 6.0.0" 8236:"Unicode Data 5.2.0" 8190:"Unicode Data 5.1.0" 8147:"Unicode Data 5.0.0" 8078:"Unicode Data-4.1.0" 8032:"Unicode Data-4.0.0" 7986:"Unicode Data-3.2.0" 7950:"Unicode Data-3.1.0" 7914:"Unicode Data-3.0.0" 7878:"Unicode Data-2.1.2" 7767:"Unicode Data 1.0.1" 7610:Berkeley Linguistics 7560:"Roadmap to the BMP" 7108:The Unicode Standard 7034:List of binary codes 6887:The Unicode Standard 6815:Combining characters 6655:combining diacritics 6504:Localised case pairs 6393:The Unicode Standard 6315:for most typefaces. 6290:Web Open Font Format 6271:The Unicode Standard 5831:April Fools' Day RFC 5734:The Unicode Standard 5671:The Unicode Standard 5656:surrogate characters 5045:Standardized subsets 5017:), which became the 5015:The Unicode Standard 4907:The Unicode Standard 4835:The Unicode Standard 4799:LATIN SMALL LETTER E 4719:The Unicode Standard 4671:Abstract characters 4559:graphic characters. 4546:The Unicode Standard 4483:The Unicode Standard 4382:points in the range 4355:The Unicode Standard 4253:The Unicode Standard 4232:The Unicode Standard 4020:Separator, paragraph 3820:Mathematical symbols 3171:supplementary planes 3053:The Unicode Standard 3021:The Unicode Standard 2995:The Unicode Standard 1921:Meroitic hieroglyphs 1752:Egyptian hieroglyphs 1748:Gardiner's sign list 1307:ISO/IEC 10646-1:2000 835:The Unicode Standard 792:The Unicode Standard 784:The Unicode Standard 772:The Unicode Standard 761:The Unicode Standard 720:) are listed in the 558:Egyptian hieroglyphs 550:The Unicode Standard 343:The Unicode Standard 315:The Unicode Standard 307:character repertoire 255:The Unicode Standard 18:The Unicode Standard 14279:Unified Hangul Code 13951:PostScript Standard 13674:Multinational (MCS) 12545:-2 (Central Europe) 12540:-1 (Western Europe) 12394:Character encodings 12018:Khitan small script 11455:Canadian Aboriginal 11190:Variation sequences 11148:Combining character 11058:Variation sequences 10969:Combining character 10165:Spotify Engineering 9988:Hanazono University 9912:, last updated 2004 7803:"Unicode Data 1995" 7536:"Supported Scripts" 7473:"Unicode Revisited" 7471:Searle, Stephen J. 7423:"Summary Narrative" 7266:"Supported Scripts" 6984:Unicode alias names 6848:, as needed in the 6821:Combining character 6680:and Unicode led to 6352:PARAGRAPH SEPARATOR 6313:diminishing returns 5690:Linux distributions 5328:General Punctuation 5080: 4683:abstract characters 4654:assigned characters 4186:Other, not assigned 4040:PARAGRAPH SEPARATOR 2969:Plus 56 emoji, 285 2589:Khitan small script 2557:ISO/IEC 10646:2020 2405:Indic Siyaq Numbers 2295:ISO/IEC 10646:2017 2215:skin tone modifiers 2167:ISO/IEC 10646:2014 1889:ISO/IEC 10646:2012 1824:ISO/IEC 10646:2010 1414:ISO/IEC 10646:2003 1040:The initial 20,902 842: 699:Khitan large script 326:and decomposition, 34: 14420:Digital typography 14415:Character encoding 14360:Hardware code page 14120:typesetting system 13956:PostScript Latin 1 13612:Cyrillic + Finnish 13519:Windows code pages 13401:IBM AIX code pages 12729:National standards 12660:Ukrainian Cyrillic 12258:Notational scripts 12209:Tagalog (Baybayin) 11918:Caucasian Albanian 11241:numeric references 11216:Domain names (IDN) 11036:Bidirectional text 10913:Right-to-left mark 10909:Left-to-right mark 10864:Character property 10814:Unicode Consortium 10619:Unicode Consortium 10558:Unicode Consortium 10073:Unicode Consortium 10051:Unicode Consortium 9934:Unicode Consortium 9224:"JanaSanskritSans" 7564:Unicode Consortium 7374:Unicode Consortium 7226:Unicode Consortium 7200:Unicode Consortium 7026:(ICU), now as ICU- 7007:PHAGS-PA LETTER KA 6787:ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 2 6594: 6518:dotless lowercase 6497: 6389:Chinese characters 6300:Thousands of fonts 6053:. There is also a 6047:beginning sequence 5789:Domain Name System 5379:Letterlike Symbols 5187:Latin Extended-B ( 5121:Latin-1 Supplement 5069: 4608:, are reserved as 4489:Private Use Area: 4328:Unicode Consortium 4150:Other, private use 4130:Not (only used in 4108:bidirectional text 3778:Punctuation, other 3708:Punctuation, close 3644:regular expression 3256:Character assigned 3214:Character Property 2989:Projected versions 2849:control characters 2059:Caucasian Albanian 1864:alchemical symbols 840: 780:bidirectional text 728:code assignments. 691:Unicode Consortium 653: 645:scripts in Unicode 573:Unicode Consortium 567:Unicode Consortium 546:Unicode Consortium 264:Unicode Consortium 46:Unicode Consortium 32: 14397: 14396: 14350:Charset detection 14289:Control character 13971:Sharp calculators 13842:Casio calculators 13770:Platform specific 13622:Cyrillic + German 13617:Cyrillic + French 13035:Maltese/Esperanto 12671:Bibliographic use 12555:-4 (North Europe) 12487:T.51/ISO/IEC 6937 12445:Baudot and Murray 12360: 12359: 12356: 12355: 12337:Category: Unicode 11374:Punctuation marks 11356:inherited scripts 11262:Related standards 11236:entity references 11134: 11133: 11017: 11016: 10933:Zero-width joiner 10696:978-2-9570549-1-6 10658:Unicode: A Primer 10645:Unicode Explained 10305:ISO 646-* Problem 10186:"Countermeasures" 10137:978-1-66541-316-9 9336:978-1-936213-08-5 8967:978-1-936213-34-4 8938:978-1-936213-33-7 8909:978-1-936213-32-0 8872:978-1-936213-29-0 8798:978-1-936213-26-9 8745:978-1-936213-22-1 8719:978-1-936213-19-1 8693:978-1-936213-16-0 8625:978-1-936213-13-9 8596:978-1-936213-13-9 8570:978-1-936213-10-8 8527:978-1-936213-10-8 8481:978-1-936213-09-2 8435:978-1-936213-08-5 8389:978-1-936213-07-8 8343:978-1-936213-02-3 8273:978-1-936213-02-3 8227:978-1-936213-00-9 7363:Becker, Joseph D. 7175:978-1-936213-34-4 7030:a part of Unicode 6781:in 2003 when the 6714:(other vendors). 6699:Microsoft Windows 6551:Icelandic eth (ð) 6549:By contrast, the 6525:dotted uppercase 6356:Cocoa text system 6309:font substitution 6235:, for example as 6153:Internet Explorer 6075:Unicode and email 5986:documents on the 5895:Operating systems 5588:SIL International 5576: 5575: 5031:SIL International 4586:ZERO WIDTH JOINER 4376: 4375: 3682:Punctuation, open 3668:Includes several 3656:Punctuation, dash 3634:Includes spacing 3436:or a letter in a 3350:Letter, titlecase 3329:Letter, lowercase 3308:Letter, uppercase 3210:General Category 3106:) is not padded. 2931:Turkish lira sign 2917:Indian rupee sign 2833: 2832: 2779:978-1-936213-34-4 2745:978-1-936213-33-7 2701:978-1-936213-32-0 2626:978-1-936213-29-0 2553:978-1-936213-26-9 2506:978-1-936213-25-2 2446:978-1-936213-22-1 2395:capital letters, 2393:Georgian Mtavruli 2366:978-1-936213-19-1 2291:978-1-936213-16-0 2231:978-1-936213-13-9 2163:978-1-936213-10-8 2111:Old North Arabian 2032:978-1-936213-09-2 1998:978-1-936213-08-5 1982:TURKISH LIRA SIGN 1953:978-1-936213-07-8 1885:978-1-936213-02-3 1820:978-1-936213-01-6 1784:Old South Arabian 1717:978-1-936213-00-9 1438:Cypriot syllabary 1139:Private Use Areas 797:COVID-19 pandemic 726:Private Use Areas 447:Roozbeh Pournader 238:rendering support 229: 228: 190:Technical website 16:(Redirected from 14427: 14389: 14388: 13881:DG International 13756:Special Graphics 13557:Extended Latin-8 12955:Central European 12945:Barents Cyrillic 12650:Barents Cyrillic 12620:-12 (Devanagari) 12616:Abandoned parts 12387: 12380: 12373: 12364: 12363: 12345: 12344: 12334: 12333: 12296:Control Pictures 12249:Zanabazar Square 11988:Imperial Aramaic 11871:historic scripts 11340: 11339: 11200:Emoji skin color 11026: 11025: 10943:Zero-width space 10887: 10886: 10874:Private Use Area 10859:Character charts 10793: 10786: 10779: 10770: 10769: 10700: 10552:Julie D. Allen. 10539: 10538: 10536: 10535: 10524: 10518: 10517: 10515: 10514: 10503: 10494: 10493: 10491: 10483: 10477: 10476: 10474: 10466: 10460: 10459: 10448: 10439: 10438: 10423: 10417: 10416: 10414: 10405: 10399: 10398: 10396: 10388: 10382: 10381: 10379: 10378: 10373: 10365: 10359: 10358: 10356: 10355: 10350: 10342: 10336: 10335: 10333: 10332: 10327: 10319: 10313: 10301: 10295: 10294: 10292: 10291: 10272: 10266: 10265: 10263: 10262: 10248: 10242: 10241: 10239: 10238: 10233: 10224: 10218: 10217: 10215: 10214: 10200: 10194: 10193: 10181: 10175: 10174: 10172: 10171: 10156: 10150: 10149: 10121: 10101: 10095: 10094: 10083: 10077: 10076: 10061: 10055: 10054: 10039: 10033: 10032: 10020: 10014: 10013: 10006:"Noto CJK fonts" 10002: 9996: 9995: 9990:. Archived from 9979: 9973: 9972: 9970: 9969: 9960:. Archived from 9947: 9938: 9937: 9922: 9913: 9903: 9897: 9896: 9894: 9893: 9882: 9876: 9875: 9865: 9856: 9850: 9849: 9847: 9846: 9836: 9830: 9829: 9827: 9826: 9814: 9808: 9807: 9805: 9804: 9792: 9790:10.17487/RFC5721 9774: 9768: 9767: 9765: 9764: 9752: 9750:10.17487/RFC5255 9734: 9728: 9727: 9725: 9724: 9712: 9710:10.17487/RFC6532 9694: 9688: 9687: 9685: 9684: 9672: 9670:10.17487/RFC6531 9654: 9648: 9647: 9645: 9644: 9632: 9630:10.17487/RFC6530 9614: 9608: 9607: 9605: 9604: 9592: 9590:10.17487/RFC4952 9574: 9568: 9567: 9559: 9553: 9552: 9549:"Unicode Lookup" 9544: 9538: 9537: 9535: 9534: 9529: 9521: 9515: 9514: 9503: 9497: 9496: 9494: 9493: 9481: 9479:10.17487/RFC2277 9463: 9457: 9456: 9454: 9453: 9441: 9439:10.17487/RFC2640 9423: 9417: 9416: 9414: 9413: 9399: 9393: 9392: 9390: 9389: 9375: 9369: 9368: 9366: 9365: 9347: 9341: 9340: 9323: 9317: 9316: 9314: 9313: 9299: 9293: 9292: 9290: 9289: 9278: 9272: 9271: 9269: 9268: 9253: 9247: 9238: 9232: 9231: 9226:. Archived from 9220: 9214: 9213: 9211: 9210: 9200: 9194: 9193: 9191: 9190: 9180: 9174: 9173: 9171: 9170: 9160: 9154: 9153: 9151: 9150: 9140: 9134: 9133: 9131: 9130: 9120: 9111: 9110: 9099: 9093: 9092: 9081: 9075: 9074: 9064: 9058: 9057: 9047: 9041: 9040: 9038: 9037: 9027: 9021: 9020: 9018: 9017: 9003: 8997: 8996: 8994: 8993: 8978: 8972: 8971: 8952: 8946: 8942: 8920: 8914: 8913: 8894: 8888: 8884: 8876: 8854: 8848: 8847: 8845: 8844: 8838: 8830: 8824: 8820: 8818: 8817: 8811:The Unicode Blog 8802: 8780: 8774: 8773: 8771: 8770: 8764:The Unicode Blog 8756: 8750: 8749: 8730: 8724: 8723: 8704: 8698: 8697: 8678: 8672: 8671: 8669: 8668: 8653: 8647: 8643: 8641: 8640: 8629: 8607: 8601: 8600: 8581: 8575: 8574: 8555: 8549: 8545: 8543: 8542: 8531: 8509: 8503: 8499: 8497: 8496: 8485: 8463: 8457: 8453: 8451: 8450: 8439: 8417: 8411: 8407: 8405: 8404: 8393: 8371: 8365: 8361: 8359: 8358: 8347: 8325: 8319: 8318: 8316: 8315: 8301: 8295: 8291: 8289: 8288: 8277: 8255: 8249: 8245: 8243: 8242: 8231: 8209: 8203: 8199: 8197: 8196: 8185: 8163: 8157: 8156: 8154: 8153: 8143: 8137: 8136: 8117: 8111: 8110: 8108: 8107: 8097: 8091: 8087: 8085: 8084: 8073: 8051: 8045: 8041: 8039: 8038: 8027: 8005: 7999: 7995: 7993: 7992: 7981: 7969: 7963: 7959: 7957: 7956: 7945: 7933: 7927: 7923: 7921: 7920: 7909: 7897: 7891: 7887: 7885: 7884: 7873: 7861: 7852: 7848: 7846: 7845: 7834: 7822: 7816: 7812: 7810: 7809: 7798: 7786: 7780: 7776: 7774: 7773: 7762: 7750: 7744: 7740: 7738: 7737: 7725: 7713: 7707: 7706: 7704: 7703: 7693: 7687: 7686: 7684: 7683: 7673:"Unicode 16.0.0" 7669: 7663: 7662: 7660: 7659: 7645: 7639: 7638: 7636: 7635: 7624: 7618: 7617: 7602: 7596: 7595: 7580: 7574: 7573: 7571: 7570: 7556: 7550: 7549: 7547: 7546: 7532: 7526: 7525: 7523: 7522: 7512: 7506: 7505: 7503: 7502: 7492: 7483: 7482: 7480: 7479: 7468: 7462: 7461: 7459: 7458: 7444: 7438: 7437: 7435: 7434: 7419: 7413: 7412: 7389: 7388: 7382: 7371: 7359: 7344: 7343: 7328: 7322: 7321: 7319: 7318: 7307: 7301: 7300: 7298: 7297: 7286: 7280: 7276: 7274: 7273: 7261: 7253: 7243: 7237: 7236: 7234: 7233: 7217: 7211: 7210: 7208: 7207: 7192: 7180: 7179: 7160: 7143: 7132: 7126: 7119: 7113: 7104: 7098: 7091: 7029: 7008: 7005: 7002: 7000: 6995: 6977: 6974: 6971: 6969: 6962: 6957: 6954: 6952: 6945: 6942: 6939: 6937: 6932: 6930:SCRIPT CAPITAL P 6927: 6924: 6922: 6915: 6910: 6907: 6905: 6897: 6893: 6810: 6808:[sadɛːŋ] 6805: 6742: 6739: 6736: 6734: 6730:(backslash) and 6729: 6726: 6723: 6721: 6713: 6710: 6707: 6705: 6696: 6693: 6690: 6688: 6599: 6587: 6576: 6541: 6537: 6533: 6528: 6521: 6510:Turkish alphabet 6353: 6350: 6348: 6343: 6340: 6338: 6276:Free and retail 6231:When specifying 6227: 6223: 6219: 6215: 6211: 6207: 6203: 6199: 6195: 6191: 6175:C0 control codes 6143:since HTML 4.0. 6131:Unicode and HTML 6093:Quoted-printable 5777:coded software. 5731: 5724: 5720: 5716: 5712: 5709: 5707: 5688:and most recent 5584:Last Resort font 5581: 5541:Private Use Area 5507:Geometric Shapes 5359:Currency Symbols 5190: 5175: 5170:Latin Extended-B 5152:Latin Extended-A 5081: 5079: 5068: 5019:proof of concept 4993: 4992: 4988:‎=‎ 4987: 4986: 4982:‎+‎ 4981: 4980: 4975: 4958: 4947: 4935: 4904: 4900: 4892: 4888: 4885:are assigned to 4880: 4876: 4854: 4853: 4828: 4825: 4822: 4820: 4815: 4812: 4811: 4807: 4805: 4800: 4797: 4794: 4792: 4787: 4766: 4754: 4751: 4748: 4746: 4741: 4737: 4734: 4731: 4729: 4713: 4709: 4705: 4666: 4665: 4640: 4637: 4633: 4630: 4626: 4623: 4607: 4603: 4599: 4595: 4588: 4583: 4581: 4576: 4571: 4569: 4558: 4557: 4536: 4535: 4529: 4525: 4518: 4517: 4511: 4507: 4500: 4496: 4492: 4474: 4473: 4470: 4464: 4456: 4452: 4448: 4444: 4440: 4436: 4432: 4428: 4417: 4405: 4401: 4397: 4389: 4385: 4381: 4368: 4361:Code Point Label 4358: 4347: 4332: 4331: 4316: 4310: 4304: 4289: 4288: 4277: 4271: 4270: 4263: 4257: 4256: 4245: 4236: 4235: 4224: 4183: 4172: 4165: 4147: 4124:Other, surrogate 4121: 4079: 4057: 4049: 4041: 4038: 4036: 4017: 4009: 4006: 4004: 3985: 3954:Separator, space 3951: 3943: 3922: 3904:Symbol, modifier 3901: 3893:Currency symbols 3880:Symbol, currency 3877: 3804: 3796: 3775: 3753: 3727: 3705: 3679: 3653: 3619: 3611: 3594:vulgar fractions 3577: 3551: 3525: 3517: 3496: 3475: 3457:Mark, nonspacing 3454: 3446: 3438:unicase alphabet 3417: 3395:Letter, modifier 3392: 3347: 3326: 3305: 3298: 3294: 3290: 3265: 3264: 3238: 3231: 3224: 3217: 3207: 3206: 3201:General Category 3146: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3130: 3126: 3118: 3117: 3114: 3105: 3099: 3096: 3093: 3091: 3086: 3083: 3080: 3078: 3065: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3041: 3038: 2982: 2965: 2959: 2950: 2944: 2925: 2919: 2913: 2907: 2891: 2885: 2882: 2876: 2866: 2860: 2841: 2800: 2799: 2793: 2792: 2774: 2761: 2760: 2754: 2753: 2740: 2720: 2719: 2713: 2712: 2696: 2680: 2677: 2674: 2672: 2645: 2644: 2638: 2637: 2621: 2577: 2576: 2570: 2569: 2548: 2537: 2534: 2531: 2529: 2522: 2521: 2515: 2514: 2501: 2465: 2464: 2458: 2457: 2441: 2385: 2384: 2378: 2377: 2361: 2350: 2347: 2344: 2342: 2319:Zanabazar Square 2315: 2314: 2308: 2307: 2286: 2250: 2249: 2243: 2242: 2226: 2187: 2186: 2180: 2179: 2158: 2051: 2050: 2044: 2043: 2027: 2014: 2013: 2007: 2006: 1993: 1983: 1980: 1977: 1975: 1969: 1968: 1962: 1961: 1948: 1917:Meroitic cursive 1909: 1908: 1902: 1901: 1880: 1844: 1843: 1837: 1836: 1815: 1756:Imperial Aramaic 1736: 1735: 1729: 1728: 1712: 1701: 1698: 1695: 1693: 1626: 1625: 1619: 1618: 1605: 1574: 1573: 1567: 1566: 1550: 1498: 1497: 1491: 1490: 1477: 1466:Hexagram symbols 1434: 1433: 1427: 1426: 1405: 1373: 1372: 1366: 1365: 1355: 1327: 1326: 1320: 1319: 1301: 1237: 1236: 1230: 1229: 1210: 1199: 1196: 1193: 1191: 1184: 1181: 1178: 1176: 1169: 1168: 1162: 1161: 1151: 1133: 1132: 1130: 1123: 1122: 1106: 1085: 1084: 1082: 1075: 1074: 1053: 1037: 1036: 1034: 1027: 1026: 1009: 938:Greek and Coptic 905: 884: 843: 839: 731:There is also a 635:Script (Unicode) 531:Sun Microsystems 443:Tatsuo Kobayashi 376:Latin characters 276: 275: 221: 214: 207: 193: 192: 184: 183: 181:Official website 96:Encoding formats 91:Unicode Standard 42: 35: 31: 21: 14435: 14434: 14430: 14429: 14428: 14426: 14425: 14424: 14400: 14399: 14398: 14393: 14379: 14355:Han unification 14328: 14283: 14151: 14112: 14030: 13852:Compucolor 8001 13765: 13761:Technical (TCS) 13684:French Canadian 13655: 13631: 13627:Polytonic Greek 13513: 13395: 13079: 13065:Turkic Cyrillic 12980:Font X (Kermit) 12975:Farsi (Persian) 12927: 12918: 12890: 12724: 12666: 12536:Approved parts 12523: 12396: 12391: 12361: 12352: 12322: 12306:List by subject 12279:Symbols, emojis 12274: 12253: 12169:Psalter Pahlavi 11870: 11864: 11725:Pracalit (Newa) 11540:Hanifi Rohingya 11388: 11364:Combining marks 11355: 11348: 11334: 11330:Han unification 11293: 11257: 11204: 11140: 11130: 11067: 11013: 10947: 10891:Special purpose 10878: 10828: 10802: 10797: 10707: 10697: 10671: 10548: 10546:Further reading 10543: 10542: 10533: 10531: 10526: 10525: 10521: 10512: 10510: 10505: 10504: 10497: 10489: 10485: 10484: 10480: 10472: 10468: 10467: 10463: 10450: 10449: 10442: 10425: 10424: 10420: 10412: 10406: 10402: 10394: 10390: 10389: 10385: 10376: 10374: 10371: 10367: 10366: 10362: 10353: 10351: 10348: 10344: 10343: 10339: 10330: 10328: 10325: 10321: 10320: 10316: 10302: 10298: 10289: 10287: 10278: 10273: 10269: 10260: 10258: 10250: 10249: 10245: 10236: 10234: 10231: 10225: 10221: 10212: 10210: 10202: 10201: 10197: 10182: 10178: 10169: 10167: 10157: 10153: 10138: 10102: 10098: 10085: 10084: 10080: 10063: 10062: 10058: 10041: 10040: 10036: 10021: 10017: 10004: 10003: 9999: 9980: 9976: 9967: 9965: 9948: 9941: 9924: 9923: 9916: 9904: 9900: 9891: 9889: 9884: 9883: 9879: 9863: 9857: 9853: 9844: 9842: 9838: 9837: 9833: 9824: 9822: 9815: 9811: 9802: 9800: 9775: 9771: 9762: 9760: 9735: 9731: 9722: 9720: 9695: 9691: 9682: 9680: 9655: 9651: 9642: 9640: 9615: 9611: 9602: 9600: 9575: 9571: 9560: 9556: 9545: 9541: 9532: 9530: 9527: 9523: 9522: 9518: 9511:"UTF-8 history" 9504: 9500: 9491: 9489: 9464: 9460: 9451: 9449: 9424: 9420: 9411: 9409: 9401: 9400: 9396: 9387: 9385: 9377: 9376: 9372: 9363: 9361: 9348: 9344: 9337: 9325: 9324: 9320: 9311: 9309: 9307:Unicode.org FAQ 9301: 9300: 9296: 9287: 9285: 9280: 9279: 9275: 9266: 9264: 9254: 9250: 9239: 9235: 9222: 9221: 9217: 9208: 9206: 9202: 9201: 9197: 9188: 9186: 9182: 9181: 9177: 9168: 9166: 9162: 9161: 9157: 9148: 9146: 9142: 9141: 9137: 9128: 9126: 9122: 9121: 9114: 9101: 9100: 9096: 9083: 9082: 9078: 9066: 9065: 9061: 9049: 9048: 9044: 9035: 9033: 9029: 9028: 9024: 9015: 9013: 9005: 9004: 9000: 8991: 8989: 8980: 8979: 8975: 8968: 8953: 8949: 8945: 8939: 8921: 8917: 8910: 8895: 8891: 8887: 8879: 8873: 8855: 8851: 8842: 8840: 8836: 8832: 8831: 8827: 8823: 8815: 8813: 8805: 8799: 8781: 8777: 8768: 8766: 8758: 8757: 8753: 8746: 8731: 8727: 8720: 8705: 8701: 8694: 8679: 8675: 8666: 8664: 8654: 8650: 8646: 8638: 8636: 8632: 8626: 8608: 8604: 8597: 8582: 8578: 8571: 8556: 8552: 8548: 8540: 8538: 8534: 8528: 8510: 8506: 8502: 8494: 8492: 8488: 8482: 8464: 8460: 8456: 8448: 8446: 8442: 8436: 8418: 8414: 8410: 8402: 8400: 8396: 8390: 8372: 8368: 8364: 8356: 8354: 8350: 8344: 8326: 8322: 8313: 8311: 8303: 8302: 8298: 8294: 8286: 8284: 8280: 8274: 8256: 8252: 8248: 8240: 8238: 8234: 8228: 8210: 8206: 8202: 8194: 8192: 8188: 8182: 8164: 8160: 8151: 8149: 8145: 8144: 8140: 8133: 8118: 8114: 8105: 8103: 8099: 8098: 8094: 8090: 8082: 8080: 8076: 8070: 8052: 8048: 8044: 8036: 8034: 8030: 8024: 8006: 8002: 7998: 7990: 7988: 7984: 7970: 7966: 7962: 7954: 7952: 7948: 7934: 7930: 7926: 7918: 7916: 7912: 7898: 7894: 7890: 7882: 7880: 7876: 7862: 7855: 7851: 7843: 7841: 7837: 7823: 7819: 7815: 7807: 7805: 7801: 7787: 7783: 7779: 7771: 7769: 7765: 7751: 7747: 7743: 7735: 7733: 7728: 7714: 7710: 7701: 7699: 7695: 7694: 7690: 7681: 7679: 7671: 7670: 7666: 7657: 7655: 7647: 7646: 7642: 7633: 7631: 7626: 7625: 7621: 7604: 7603: 7599: 7582: 7581: 7577: 7568: 7566: 7558: 7557: 7553: 7544: 7542: 7534: 7533: 7529: 7520: 7518: 7514: 7513: 7509: 7500: 7498: 7494: 7493: 7486: 7477: 7475: 7469: 7465: 7456: 7454: 7446: 7445: 7441: 7432: 7430: 7421: 7420: 7416: 7405: 7386: 7384: 7380: 7369: 7365:(1998-09-10) . 7360: 7347: 7330: 7329: 7325: 7316: 7314: 7309: 7308: 7304: 7295: 7293: 7288: 7287: 7283: 7279: 7271: 7269: 7264: 7256: 7248: 7244: 7240: 7231: 7229: 7218: 7214: 7205: 7203: 7194: 7193: 7189: 7184: 7183: 7176: 7161: 7157: 7152: 7147: 7146: 7133: 7129: 7120: 7116: 7105: 7101: 7092: 7088: 7083: 7015: 7006: 7003: 6998: 6997: 6991: 6975: 6972: 6967: 6966: 6958: 6955: 6950: 6949: 6943: 6940: 6935: 6934: 6928: 6925: 6920: 6919: 6911: 6908: 6903: 6902: 6895: 6891: 6884: 6878: 6854:Indic languages 6829: 6823: 6817: 6759: 6753: 6740: 6737: 6732: 6731: 6728:REVERSE SOLIDUS 6727: 6724: 6719: 6718: 6711: 6708: 6703: 6702: 6695:FULLWIDTH TILDE 6694: 6691: 6686: 6685: 6646: 6610: 6597: 6585: 6578: 6574: 6559:retroflex D (ɖ) 6539: 6535: 6531: 6526: 6519: 6508:For use in the 6506: 6485: 6381: 6379:Han unification 6375: 6373:Han unification 6370: 6365: 6351: 6346: 6345: 6341: 6336: 6335: 6321: 6259: 6253: 6245:percent-encoded 6225: 6221: 6217: 6213: 6209: 6205: 6201: 6197: 6193: 6189: 6133: 6127: 6077: 6071: 6051:ending sequence 6033: 6027: 6009:for macOS, and 5897: 5853: 5847: 5729: 5722: 5718: 5714: 5710: 5705: 5704: 5701:byte endianness 5697:byte order mark 5600: 5579: 5239:74–75, 7A, 7E, 5070: 5047: 4999: 4998: 4997: 4996: 4995: 4959: 4951: 4950: 4936: 4925: 4902: 4898: 4890: 4886: 4883:Kangxi radicals 4878: 4874: 4851: 4849: 4826: 4823: 4818: 4817: 4813: 4809: 4808: 4803: 4802: 4798: 4795: 4790: 4789: 4785: 4773: 4760: 4752: 4749: 4744: 4743: 4739: 4735: 4732: 4727: 4726: 4711: 4707: 4703: 4679: 4673: 4663: 4661: 4639:CARRIAGE RETURN 4638: 4635: 4631: 4628: 4625:LINE TABULATION 4624: 4621: 4605: 4601: 4597: 4593: 4584: 4579: 4578: 4572: 4567: 4566: 4555: 4553: 4533: 4531: 4527: 4523: 4515: 4513: 4509: 4505: 4498: 4494: 4490: 4471: 4468: 4466: 4462: 4459:byte order mark 4454: 4450: 4446: 4442: 4438: 4434: 4430: 4426: 4415: 4403: 4399: 4395: 4387: 4383: 4379: 4372: 4371: 4349: 4348: 4335: 4318: 4317: 4313: 4305: 4292: 4279: 4278: 4274: 4265: 4264: 4260: 4247: 4246: 4239: 4226: 4225: 4221: 4181: 4167: 4160: 4145: 4119: 4077: 4055: 4047: 4039: 4034: 4033: 4015: 4007: 4002: 4001: 3988:Separator, line 3983: 3978:, which are Cc 3949: 3941: 3920: 3899: 3875: 3802: 3794: 3773: 3751: 3725: 3703: 3677: 3651: 3617: 3609: 3575: 3549: 3523: 3515: 3499:Mark, enclosing 3494: 3473: 3452: 3444: 3415: 3409:modifier letter 3390: 3345: 3324: 3303: 3296: 3295:, Cased Letter 3292: 3288: 3262: 3261: 3260: 3242: 3211: 3197: 3159: 3157:Plane (Unicode) 3153: 3144: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3115: 3112: 3110: 3097: 3094: 3089: 3088: 3084: 3081: 3076: 3075: 3063: 3048: 3044: 3039: 3036: 3034: 3018: 3013: 3007: 2991: 2986: 2985: 2966: 2962: 2957: 2951: 2947: 2926: 2922: 2914: 2910: 2892: 2888: 2883: 2879: 2867: 2863: 2842: 2838: 2798: 2796: 2795: 2794: 2790: 2788: 2759: 2757: 2756: 2755: 2751: 2749: 2718: 2716: 2715: 2714: 2710: 2708: 2678: 2675: 2670: 2669: 2643: 2641: 2640: 2639: 2635: 2633: 2575: 2573: 2572: 2571: 2567: 2565: 2535: 2532: 2527: 2526: 2520: 2518: 2517: 2516: 2512: 2510: 2463: 2461: 2460: 2459: 2455: 2453: 2401:Hanifi Rohingya 2383: 2381: 2380: 2379: 2375: 2373: 2348: 2345: 2340: 2339: 2313: 2311: 2310: 2309: 2305: 2303: 2248: 2246: 2245: 2244: 2240: 2238: 2185: 2183: 2182: 2181: 2177: 2175: 2131:Psalter Pahlavi 2049: 2047: 2046: 2045: 2041: 2039: 2012: 2010: 2009: 2008: 2004: 2002: 1981: 1978: 1973: 1972: 1967: 1965: 1964: 1963: 1959: 1957: 1907: 1905: 1904: 1903: 1899: 1897: 1842: 1840: 1839: 1838: 1834: 1832: 1734: 1732: 1731: 1730: 1726: 1724: 1699: 1696: 1691: 1690: 1624: 1622: 1621: 1620: 1616: 1614: 1572: 1570: 1569: 1568: 1564: 1562: 1538:musical symbols 1496: 1494: 1493: 1492: 1488: 1486: 1432: 1430: 1429: 1428: 1424: 1422: 1371: 1369: 1368: 1367: 1363: 1361: 1343:Byzantine music 1325: 1323: 1322: 1321: 1317: 1315: 1308: 1235: 1233: 1232: 1231: 1227: 1225: 1197: 1194: 1189: 1188: 1182: 1179: 1174: 1173: 1167: 1165: 1164: 1163: 1159: 1157: 1131: 1128: 1126: 1125: 1124: 1120: 1118: 1083: 1080: 1078: 1077: 1076: 1072: 1070: 1035: 1032: 1030: 1029: 1028: 1024: 1022: 903: 853: 753: 741: 687:Michael Everson 657:writing systems 637: 631: 629:Scripts covered 575: 569: 463: 455:Michael Everson 445:, Thomas Milo, 367: 273: 271: 268:writing systems 247: 246: 245: 236:Without proper 225: 196: 188: 187: 179: 178: 158: 144: 142: 118: 117: 68: 48: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 14433: 14423: 14422: 14417: 14412: 14395: 14394: 14391:Character sets 14384: 14381: 14380: 14378: 14377: 14372: 14367: 14362: 14357: 14352: 14347: 14342: 14336: 14334: 14333:Related topics 14330: 14329: 14327: 14326: 14321: 14316: 14315: 14314: 14309: 14299: 14297:Morse prosigns 14293: 14291: 14285: 14284: 14282: 14281: 14276: 14271: 14266: 14261: 14256: 14249: 14248: 14247: 14242: 14237: 14227: 14222: 14217: 14216: 14215: 14210: 14202: 14197: 14192: 14187: 14182: 14181: 14180: 14170: 14165: 14159: 14157: 14153: 14152: 14150: 14149: 14144: 14139: 14134: 14129: 14123: 14121: 14114: 14113: 14111: 14110: 14105: 14100: 14095: 14090: 14085: 14080: 14075: 14070: 14065: 14060: 14055: 14050: 14044: 14042: 14032: 14031: 14029: 14028: 14023: 14018: 14013: 14008: 14003: 13998: 13993: 13991:TI calculators 13988: 13983: 13978: 13973: 13968: 13963: 13958: 13953: 13948: 13943: 13938: 13933: 13928: 13923: 13918: 13913: 13908: 13903: 13898: 13893: 13888: 13883: 13878: 13869: 13864: 13859: 13854: 13849: 13844: 13839: 13834: 13829: 13824: 13819: 13814: 13809: 13804: 13799: 13794: 13789: 13784: 13779: 13773: 13771: 13767: 13766: 13764: 13763: 13758: 13753: 13748: 13743: 13738: 13733: 13732: 13731: 13726: 13721: 13716: 13711: 13706: 13701: 13699:United Kingdom 13696: 13691: 13686: 13676: 13670: 13668: 13657: 13656: 13654: 13653: 13648: 13642: 13640: 13633: 13632: 13630: 13629: 13624: 13619: 13614: 13609: 13604: 13599: 13594: 13589: 13584: 13579: 13574: 13569: 13564: 13559: 13554: 13549: 13544: 13534: 13529: 13523: 13521: 13515: 13514: 13512: 13511: 13506: 13501: 13496: 13491: 13486: 13481: 13476: 13471: 13466: 13461: 13456: 13451: 13446: 13441: 13436: 13431: 13426: 13421: 13416: 13411: 13405: 13403: 13397: 13396: 13394: 13393: 13388: 13383: 13378: 13373: 13368: 13363: 13358: 13353: 13348: 13343: 13338: 13333: 13328: 13323: 13318: 13313: 13308: 13303: 13298: 13293: 13288: 13283: 13278: 13273: 13268: 13263: 13258: 13253: 13248: 13243: 13238: 13233: 13228: 13223: 13218: 13213: 13208: 13203: 13198: 13193: 13188: 13183: 13178: 13173: 13168: 13163: 13158: 13153: 13148: 13143: 13138: 13133: 13128: 13123: 13118: 13113: 13108: 13103: 13098: 13093: 13087: 13085: 13084:DOS code pages 13081: 13080: 13078: 13077: 13072: 13067: 13062: 13057: 13052: 13047: 13042: 13037: 13032: 13030:Latin (Kermit) 13027: 13022: 13017: 13012: 13007: 13002: 12997: 12992: 12987: 12982: 12977: 12972: 12967: 12962: 12957: 12952: 12947: 12942: 12937: 12931: 12929: 12920: 12919: 12917: 12916: 12911: 12906: 12900: 12898: 12892: 12891: 12889: 12888: 12883: 12878: 12873: 12868: 12863: 12858: 12853: 12848: 12843: 12838: 12833: 12828: 12823: 12818: 12813: 12808: 12803: 12798: 12793: 12788: 12783: 12778: 12773: 12768: 12763: 12758: 12753: 12748: 12743: 12738: 12732: 12730: 12726: 12725: 12723: 12722: 12717: 12712: 12707: 12702: 12697: 12692: 12691: 12690: 12685: 12674: 12672: 12668: 12667: 12665: 12664: 12663: 12662: 12657: 12652: 12647: 12639: 12638: 12637: 12632: 12630:KOI-8 Cyrillic 12624: 12623: 12622: 12614: 12613: 12612: 12610:-16 (Romanian) 12607: 12602: 12597: 12592: 12587: 12582: 12577: 12572: 12567: 12562: 12557: 12552: 12547: 12542: 12533: 12531: 12525: 12524: 12522: 12521: 12516: 12515: 12514: 12513: 12512: 12507: 12499: 12494: 12489: 12471: 12466: 12465: 12464: 12454: 12449: 12448: 12447: 12442: 12441: 12440: 12435: 12430: 12425: 12415: 12408:Telegraph code 12404: 12402: 12398: 12397: 12390: 12389: 12382: 12375: 12367: 12358: 12357: 12354: 12353: 12351: 12350: 12339: 12327: 12324: 12323: 12321: 12320: 12315: 12310: 12309: 12308: 12298: 12293: 12288: 12282: 12280: 12276: 12275: 12273: 12272: 12267: 12261: 12259: 12255: 12254: 12252: 12251: 12246: 12241: 12236: 12231: 12226: 12221: 12216: 12211: 12206: 12201: 12196: 12191: 12186: 12181: 12176: 12171: 12166: 12161: 12156: 12151: 12146: 12141: 12136: 12131: 12126: 12121: 12116: 12111: 12106: 12101: 12096: 12091: 12086: 12081: 12076: 12071: 12066: 12061: 12056: 12051: 12046: 12041: 12036: 12030: 12025: 12020: 12015: 12010: 12005: 12000: 11995: 11990: 11985: 11980: 11975: 11970: 11965: 11960: 11955: 11950: 11945: 11940: 11935: 11930: 11925: 11920: 11915: 11910: 11905: 11900: 11895: 11890: 11885: 11880: 11874: 11872: 11866: 11865: 11863: 11862: 11857: 11852: 11847: 11842: 11837: 11832: 11827: 11822: 11817: 11812: 11807: 11802: 11797: 11792: 11787: 11782: 11777: 11772: 11767: 11762: 11760:Sorang Sompeng 11757: 11752: 11747: 11742: 11737: 11732: 11727: 11722: 11717: 11712: 11707: 11702: 11697: 11692: 11687: 11682: 11677: 11672: 11667: 11662: 11657: 11652: 11650:Miao (Pollard) 11647: 11642: 11637: 11632: 11627: 11622: 11617: 11612: 11607: 11602: 11597: 11592: 11587: 11582: 11577: 11572: 11567: 11562: 11557: 11552: 11547: 11542: 11537: 11532: 11527: 11522: 11517: 11512: 11507: 11502: 11497: 11492: 11487: 11482: 11477: 11472: 11467: 11462: 11457: 11452: 11447: 11442: 11437: 11432: 11427: 11422: 11417: 11412: 11407: 11402: 11396: 11394: 11393:Modern scripts 11390: 11389: 11387: 11386: 11381: 11376: 11371: 11366: 11360: 11358: 11350: 11349: 11336: 11335: 11333: 11332: 11327: 11322: 11317: 11312: 11307: 11301: 11299: 11298:Related topics 11295: 11294: 11292: 11291: 11286: 11281: 11276: 11271: 11265: 11263: 11259: 11258: 11256: 11255: 11250: 11245: 11244: 11243: 11238: 11228: 11223: 11218: 11212: 11210: 11206: 11205: 11203: 11202: 11197: 11192: 11187: 11182: 11181: 11180: 11170: 11165: 11160: 11155: 11150: 11144: 11142: 11136: 11135: 11132: 11131: 11129: 11128: 11123: 11118: 11113: 11108: 11103: 11098: 11093: 11088: 11083: 11077: 11075: 11069: 11068: 11066: 11065: 11060: 11055: 11050: 11049: 11048: 11038: 11032: 11030: 11023: 11019: 11018: 11015: 11014: 11012: 11011: 11006: 11001: 10996: 10991: 10986: 10981: 10976: 10971: 10966: 10961: 10955: 10953: 10949: 10948: 10946: 10945: 10940: 10935: 10930: 10925: 10920: 10915: 10906: 10901: 10895: 10893: 10884: 10880: 10879: 10877: 10876: 10871: 10866: 10861: 10856: 10851: 10850: 10849: 10838: 10836: 10830: 10829: 10827: 10826: 10821: 10816: 10810: 10808: 10804: 10803: 10796: 10795: 10788: 10781: 10773: 10767: 10766: 10760: 10754: 10745: 10739: 10738: 10737: 10736: 10735: 10734: 10733: 10728: 10706: 10705:External links 10703: 10702: 10701: 10695: 10670: 10669: 10655: 10642: 10629: 10612: 10599: 10586: 10573: 10549: 10547: 10544: 10541: 10540: 10519: 10495: 10478: 10461: 10440: 10418: 10400: 10383: 10360: 10337: 10314: 10296: 10267: 10243: 10219: 10195: 10176: 10151: 10136: 10096: 10078: 10056: 10034: 10029:preusstype.com 10023:Preuss, Ingo. 10015: 9997: 9994:on 2004-10-12. 9974: 9939: 9914: 9898: 9877: 9851: 9831: 9809: 9769: 9729: 9689: 9649: 9609: 9569: 9554: 9539: 9516: 9509:(2003-04-30). 9498: 9482:. BCP 18. 9458: 9418: 9394: 9370: 9353:(2008-05-05). 9342: 9335: 9318: 9294: 9284:. Beuth Verlag 9273: 9248: 9233: 9230:on 2011-07-16. 9215: 9195: 9175: 9155: 9135: 9112: 9094: 9076: 9059: 9042: 9022: 9011:emojipedia.org 8998: 8973: 8966: 8947: 8944: 8943: 8937: 8922: 8915: 8908: 8889: 8886: 8885: 8877: 8871: 8856: 8849: 8825: 8822: 8821: 8803: 8797: 8782: 8775: 8751: 8744: 8725: 8718: 8699: 8692: 8673: 8662:Android Police 8648: 8645: 8644: 8630: 8624: 8609: 8602: 8595: 8576: 8569: 8550: 8547: 8546: 8532: 8526: 8511: 8504: 8501: 8500: 8486: 8480: 8465: 8458: 8455: 8454: 8440: 8434: 8419: 8412: 8409: 8408: 8394: 8388: 8373: 8366: 8363: 8362: 8348: 8342: 8327: 8320: 8309:emojipedia.org 8296: 8293: 8292: 8278: 8272: 8257: 8250: 8247: 8246: 8232: 8226: 8211: 8204: 8201: 8200: 8186: 8180: 8165: 8158: 8138: 8131: 8112: 8092: 8089: 8088: 8074: 8068: 8053: 8046: 8043: 8042: 8028: 8022: 8007: 8000: 7997: 7996: 7982: 7971: 7964: 7961: 7960: 7946: 7935: 7928: 7925: 7924: 7910: 7899: 7892: 7889: 7888: 7874: 7863: 7853: 7850: 7849: 7835: 7824: 7817: 7814: 7813: 7799: 7788: 7781: 7778: 7777: 7763: 7752: 7745: 7742: 7741: 7726: 7715: 7708: 7688: 7664: 7640: 7619: 7597: 7575: 7551: 7527: 7507: 7484: 7463: 7439: 7414: 7394:Bob Belleville 7345: 7323: 7302: 7281: 7278: 7277: 7262: 7254: 7245: 7238: 7212: 7186: 7185: 7182: 7181: 7174: 7154: 7153: 7151: 7148: 7145: 7144: 7127: 7114: 7099: 7085: 7084: 7082: 7079: 7078: 7077: 7072: 7070:Unicode symbol 7067: 7062: 7057: 7052: 7046: 7041: 7036: 7031: 7021: 7014: 7011: 6988: 6987: 6964: 6960:YI SYLLABLE WU 6947: 6917: 6880:Main article: 6877: 6874: 6819:Main article: 6816: 6813: 6779:Tibetan script 6752: 6749: 6645: 6642: 6609: 6606: 6577: 6571: 6514:Azeri alphabet 6505: 6502: 6484: 6481: 6377:Main article: 6374: 6371: 6369: 6366: 6364: 6361: 6342:LINE SEPARATOR 6320: 6317: 6255:Main article: 6252: 6249: 6182: 6181: 6178: 6171: 6129:Main article: 6126: 6123: 6073:Main article: 6070: 6067: 6029:Main article: 6026: 6023: 5988:World Wide Web 5980:extended ASCII 5896: 5893: 5861:World Wide Web 5846: 5843: 5763:wide character 5678: 5677: 5664: 5658: 5649: 5599: 5596: 5574: 5573: 5568: 5565: 5561: 5560: 5554: 5549: 5545: 5544: 5538: 5535: 5531: 5530: 5524: 5515: 5511: 5510: 5504: 5498: 5497: 5494:Block Elements 5491: 5485: 5484: 5478: 5473: 5469: 5468: 5462: 5459:02, 0A, 20–21, 5456: 5452: 5451: 5445: 5444:82–83, 95, 97 5418: 5414: 5413: 5407: 5398: 5397: 5391: 5383: 5382: 5376: 5367: 5363: 5362: 5356: 5346: 5345: 5339: 5332: 5331: 5325: 5307: 5303: 5302: 5299:Greek Extended 5296: 5293: 5289: 5288: 5282: 5272: 5268: 5267: 5261: 5255: 5251: 5250: 5244: 5237: 5233: 5232: 5226: 5204: 5203: 5200:IPA Extensions 5197: 5193: 5192: 5185: 5182: 5178: 5177: 5167: 5156: 5155: 5149: 5129: 5125: 5124: 5118: 5110: 5109: 5103: 5096: 5092: 5091: 5088: 5085: 5051:Windows NT 4.0 5046: 5043: 5011:ligature forms 4960: 4953: 4952: 4937: 4930: 4929: 4928: 4927: 4926: 4924: 4921: 4859:CJK characters 4772: 4769: 4736:YI SYLLABLE WU 4672: 4669: 4616:as defined in 4539: 4538: 4520: 4502: 4412:surrogate pair 4392:high-surrogate 4374: 4373: 4370: 4369: 4333: 4326:. Version 23. 4311: 4290: 4272: 4258: 4237: 4218: 4217: 4214: 4213: 4210: 4207: 4204: 4200: 4199: 4196: 4193: 4190: 4187: 4184: 4178: 4177: 4174: 4157: 4154: 4151: 4148: 4142: 4141: 4138: 4135: 4128: 4125: 4122: 4116: 4115: 4092: 4089: 4086: 4083: 4080: 4074: 4073: 4070: 4067: 4064: 4061: 4060:Other, control 4058: 4052: 4051: 4044: 4043: 4030: 4027: 4024: 4021: 4018: 4012: 4011: 4008:LINE SEPARATOR 3998: 3995: 3992: 3989: 3986: 3980: 3979: 3964: 3961: 3958: 3955: 3952: 3946: 3945: 3938: 3937: 3935: 3932: 3929: 3926: 3923: 3917: 3916: 3914: 3911: 3908: 3905: 3902: 3896: 3895: 3890: 3887: 3884: 3881: 3878: 3872: 3871: 3817: 3814: 3811: 3808: 3805: 3799: 3798: 3791: 3790: 3788: 3785: 3782: 3779: 3776: 3770: 3769: 3766: 3763: 3760: 3757: 3754: 3748: 3747: 3744:quotation mark 3740: 3737: 3734: 3731: 3728: 3722: 3721: 3718: 3715: 3712: 3709: 3706: 3700: 3699: 3692: 3689: 3686: 3683: 3680: 3674: 3673: 3666: 3663: 3660: 3657: 3654: 3648: 3647: 3640:tie characters 3632: 3629: 3626: 3623: 3620: 3614: 3613: 3612:, Punctuation 3606: 3605: 3590: 3587: 3584: 3581: 3578: 3572: 3571: 3568:Roman numerals 3564: 3561: 3558: 3555: 3554:Number, letter 3552: 3546: 3545: 3538: 3535: 3532: 3529: 3526: 3520: 3519: 3512: 3511: 3509: 3506: 3503: 3500: 3497: 3491: 3490: 3488: 3485: 3482: 3479: 3476: 3470: 3469: 3467: 3464: 3461: 3458: 3455: 3449: 3448: 3441: 3440: 3430: 3427: 3424: 3421: 3418: 3412: 3411: 3405: 3402: 3399: 3396: 3393: 3387: 3386: 3360: 3357: 3354: 3351: 3348: 3342: 3341: 3339: 3336: 3333: 3330: 3327: 3321: 3320: 3318: 3315: 3312: 3309: 3306: 3300: 3299: 3285: 3284: 3282: 3280: 3278: 3276: 3274: 3270: 3269: 3266: 3257: 3254: 3251: 3248: 3244: 3243: 3241: 3240: 3233: 3226: 3218: 3196: 3193: 3155:Main article: 3152: 3149: 3017: 3014: 3006: 3003: 2999:CJK characters 2990: 2987: 2984: 2983: 2981: 2980: 2977: 2974: 2960: 2945: 2943: 2942: 2936: 2933: 2929:6.2 added the 2920: 2908: 2906: 2905: 2902: 2899: 2896: 2886: 2877: 2875: 2874: 2871: 2861: 2835: 2834: 2831: 2830: 2801: 2797: 2786: 2783: 2781: 2775: 2773:September 2024 2770: 2766: 2765: 2762: 2758: 2747: 2741: 2739:September 2023 2736: 2732: 2731: 2721: 2717: 2706: 2703: 2697: 2695:September 2022 2692: 2688: 2687: 2646: 2642: 2631: 2628: 2622: 2620:September 2021 2617: 2613: 2612: 2578: 2574: 2563: 2560: 2555: 2549: 2544: 2540: 2539: 2523: 2519: 2508: 2502: 2497: 2493: 2492: 2466: 2462: 2451: 2448: 2442: 2437: 2433: 2432: 2386: 2382: 2371: 2368: 2362: 2357: 2353: 2352: 2316: 2312: 2301: 2298: 2293: 2287: 2282: 2278: 2277: 2251: 2247: 2236: 2233: 2227: 2222: 2218: 2217: 2188: 2184: 2173: 2170: 2165: 2159: 2154: 2150: 2149: 2052: 2048: 2037: 2034: 2028: 2023: 2019: 2018: 2015: 2011: 2000: 1994: 1992:September 2013 1989: 1985: 1984: 1970: 1966: 1955: 1949: 1947:September 2012 1944: 1940: 1939: 1910: 1906: 1895: 1892: 1887: 1881: 1876: 1872: 1871: 1845: 1841: 1830: 1827: 1822: 1816: 1811: 1807: 1806: 1804:Vedic Sanskrit 1737: 1733: 1722: 1719: 1713: 1708: 1704: 1703: 1627: 1623: 1612: 1609: 1606: 1601: 1597: 1596: 1575: 1571: 1560: 1557: 1551: 1546: 1542: 1541: 1499: 1495: 1484: 1481: 1478: 1473: 1469: 1468: 1435: 1431: 1420: 1417: 1412: 1406: 1401: 1397: 1396: 1374: 1370: 1359: 1356: 1351: 1347: 1346: 1328: 1324: 1313: 1310: 1305: 1302: 1297: 1293: 1292: 1238: 1234: 1223: 1220: 1217: 1211: 1209:September 1999 1206: 1202: 1201: 1170: 1166: 1155: 1152: 1147: 1143: 1142: 1134: 1127: 1116: 1113: 1107: 1102: 1098: 1097: 1086: 1079: 1068: 1065: 1057: 1054: 1049: 1045: 1044: 1038: 1031: 1020: 1017: 1010: 1005: 1001: 1000: 906: 901: 898: 895: 885: 880: 876: 875: 872: 868: 867: 864: 861: 855: 850: 847: 752: 749: 740: 737: 659:in use today. 649:OpenOffice.org 633:Main article: 630: 627: 625:environments. 571:Main article: 568: 565: 462: 459: 423:ISO/IEC 8859-1 416:word processor 409: 366: 363: 332:directionality 296:character sets 240:, you may see 232: 231: 230: 227: 226: 224: 223: 216: 209: 201: 198: 197: 195: 194: 185: 175: 172: 171: 170:, among others 165: 161: 160: 157: 156: 151: 145: 141: 140: 135: 130: 125: 119: 116: 115: 110: 105: 99: 97: 93: 92: 89: 85: 84: 74: 70: 69: 67: 66: 63: 56: 54: 50: 49: 43: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 14432: 14421: 14418: 14416: 14413: 14411: 14408: 14407: 14405: 14392: 14382: 14376: 14373: 14371: 14368: 14366: 14363: 14361: 14358: 14356: 14353: 14351: 14348: 14346: 14343: 14341: 14338: 14337: 14335: 14331: 14325: 14322: 14320: 14317: 14313: 14310: 14308: 14305: 14304: 14303: 14300: 14298: 14295: 14294: 14292: 14290: 14286: 14280: 14277: 14275: 14272: 14270: 14267: 14265: 14262: 14260: 14257: 14255: 14254: 14250: 14246: 14243: 14241: 14238: 14236: 14233: 14232: 14231: 14228: 14226: 14223: 14221: 14218: 14214: 14211: 14209: 14206: 14205: 14203: 14201: 14198: 14196: 14193: 14191: 14188: 14186: 14183: 14179: 14176: 14175: 14174: 14171: 14169: 14166: 14164: 14161: 14160: 14158: 14154: 14148: 14145: 14143: 14140: 14138: 14135: 14133: 14130: 14128: 14125: 14124: 14122: 14119: 14115: 14109: 14106: 14104: 14101: 14099: 14096: 14094: 14091: 14089: 14086: 14084: 14081: 14079: 14076: 14074: 14071: 14069: 14066: 14064: 14061: 14059: 14056: 14054: 14051: 14049: 14046: 14045: 14043: 14041: 14040:ISO/IEC 10646 14037: 14033: 14027: 14024: 14022: 14019: 14017: 14014: 14012: 14009: 14007: 14004: 14002: 13999: 13997: 13994: 13992: 13989: 13987: 13984: 13982: 13979: 13977: 13974: 13972: 13969: 13967: 13964: 13962: 13959: 13957: 13954: 13952: 13949: 13947: 13944: 13942: 13939: 13937: 13934: 13932: 13929: 13927: 13924: 13922: 13919: 13917: 13914: 13912: 13909: 13907: 13904: 13902: 13899: 13897: 13894: 13892: 13889: 13887: 13884: 13882: 13879: 13877: 13873: 13870: 13868: 13865: 13863: 13860: 13858: 13857:Compucolor II 13855: 13853: 13850: 13848: 13845: 13843: 13840: 13838: 13835: 13833: 13830: 13828: 13825: 13823: 13820: 13818: 13815: 13813: 13812:Acorn RISC OS 13810: 13808: 13805: 13803: 13800: 13798: 13795: 13793: 13790: 13788: 13785: 13783: 13780: 13778: 13775: 13774: 13772: 13768: 13762: 13759: 13757: 13754: 13752: 13749: 13747: 13744: 13742: 13741:8-bit Turkish 13739: 13737: 13734: 13730: 13727: 13725: 13722: 13720: 13717: 13715: 13712: 13710: 13707: 13705: 13702: 13700: 13697: 13695: 13692: 13690: 13687: 13685: 13682: 13681: 13680: 13677: 13675: 13672: 13671: 13669: 13666: 13662: 13658: 13652: 13649: 13647: 13644: 13643: 13641: 13638: 13634: 13628: 13625: 13623: 13620: 13618: 13615: 13613: 13610: 13608: 13605: 13603: 13600: 13598: 13595: 13593: 13590: 13588: 13585: 13583: 13580: 13578: 13575: 13573: 13570: 13568: 13565: 13563: 13560: 13558: 13555: 13553: 13550: 13548: 13545: 13542: 13538: 13535: 13533: 13530: 13528: 13525: 13524: 13522: 13520: 13516: 13510: 13507: 13505: 13502: 13500: 13497: 13495: 13492: 13490: 13487: 13485: 13482: 13480: 13477: 13475: 13472: 13470: 13467: 13465: 13462: 13460: 13457: 13455: 13452: 13450: 13447: 13445: 13442: 13440: 13437: 13435: 13432: 13430: 13427: 13425: 13422: 13420: 13417: 13415: 13412: 13410: 13407: 13406: 13404: 13402: 13398: 13392: 13389: 13387: 13384: 13382: 13379: 13377: 13374: 13372: 13369: 13367: 13364: 13362: 13359: 13357: 13354: 13352: 13349: 13347: 13344: 13342: 13339: 13337: 13334: 13332: 13329: 13327: 13324: 13322: 13319: 13317: 13314: 13312: 13309: 13307: 13304: 13302: 13299: 13297: 13294: 13292: 13289: 13287: 13284: 13282: 13279: 13277: 13274: 13272: 13269: 13267: 13264: 13262: 13259: 13257: 13254: 13252: 13249: 13247: 13244: 13242: 13239: 13237: 13234: 13232: 13229: 13227: 13224: 13222: 13219: 13217: 13214: 13212: 13209: 13207: 13204: 13202: 13199: 13197: 13194: 13192: 13189: 13187: 13184: 13182: 13179: 13177: 13174: 13172: 13169: 13167: 13164: 13162: 13159: 13157: 13154: 13152: 13149: 13147: 13144: 13142: 13139: 13137: 13134: 13132: 13129: 13127: 13124: 13122: 13119: 13117: 13114: 13112: 13109: 13107: 13104: 13102: 13099: 13097: 13094: 13092: 13089: 13088: 13086: 13082: 13076: 13073: 13071: 13068: 13066: 13063: 13061: 13058: 13056: 13053: 13051: 13048: 13046: 13043: 13041: 13038: 13036: 13033: 13031: 13028: 13026: 13023: 13021: 13018: 13016: 13013: 13011: 13008: 13006: 13003: 13001: 12998: 12996: 12993: 12991: 12988: 12986: 12983: 12981: 12978: 12976: 12973: 12971: 12968: 12966: 12963: 12961: 12958: 12956: 12953: 12951: 12948: 12946: 12943: 12941: 12938: 12936: 12933: 12932: 12930: 12926: 12921: 12915: 12912: 12910: 12909:ISO/IEC 10367 12907: 12905: 12902: 12901: 12899: 12897: 12893: 12887: 12884: 12882: 12879: 12877: 12874: 12872: 12869: 12867: 12864: 12862: 12859: 12857: 12854: 12852: 12849: 12847: 12844: 12842: 12839: 12837: 12834: 12832: 12829: 12827: 12824: 12822: 12819: 12817: 12814: 12812: 12809: 12807: 12804: 12802: 12799: 12797: 12794: 12792: 12789: 12787: 12784: 12782: 12779: 12777: 12774: 12772: 12769: 12767: 12764: 12762: 12759: 12757: 12754: 12752: 12749: 12747: 12744: 12742: 12739: 12737: 12734: 12733: 12731: 12727: 12721: 12718: 12716: 12713: 12711: 12708: 12706: 12703: 12701: 12698: 12696: 12693: 12689: 12686: 12684: 12681: 12680: 12679: 12676: 12675: 12673: 12669: 12661: 12658: 12656: 12653: 12651: 12648: 12646: 12643: 12642: 12640: 12636: 12633: 12631: 12628: 12627: 12625: 12621: 12618: 12617: 12615: 12611: 12608: 12606: 12603: 12601: 12598: 12596: 12593: 12591: 12588: 12586: 12583: 12581: 12578: 12576: 12573: 12571: 12568: 12566: 12563: 12561: 12560:-5 (Cyrillic) 12558: 12556: 12553: 12551: 12548: 12546: 12543: 12541: 12538: 12537: 12535: 12534: 12532: 12530: 12526: 12520: 12517: 12511: 12508: 12506: 12503: 12502: 12500: 12498: 12495: 12493: 12490: 12488: 12485: 12484: 12483: 12479: 12475: 12472: 12470: 12467: 12463: 12460: 12459: 12458: 12455: 12453: 12450: 12446: 12443: 12439: 12436: 12434: 12431: 12429: 12426: 12424: 12421: 12420: 12419: 12416: 12414: 12411: 12410: 12409: 12406: 12405: 12403: 12399: 12395: 12388: 12383: 12381: 12376: 12374: 12369: 12368: 12365: 12349: 12340: 12338: 12329: 12328: 12325: 12319: 12316: 12314: 12311: 12307: 12304: 12303: 12302: 12299: 12297: 12294: 12292: 12289: 12287: 12284: 12283: 12281: 12277: 12271: 12268: 12266: 12263: 12262: 12260: 12256: 12250: 12247: 12245: 12242: 12240: 12237: 12235: 12232: 12230: 12229:Tulu Tigalari 12227: 12225: 12222: 12220: 12217: 12215: 12212: 12210: 12207: 12205: 12204:Sylheti Nagri 12202: 12200: 12197: 12195: 12194:South Arabian 12192: 12190: 12187: 12185: 12182: 12180: 12177: 12175: 12172: 12170: 12167: 12165: 12162: 12160: 12157: 12155: 12152: 12150: 12147: 12145: 12142: 12140: 12137: 12135: 12132: 12130: 12127: 12125: 12122: 12120: 12119:Old Hungarian 12117: 12115: 12112: 12110: 12107: 12105: 12102: 12100: 12097: 12095: 12092: 12090: 12087: 12085: 12082: 12080: 12077: 12075: 12072: 12070: 12067: 12065: 12062: 12060: 12057: 12055: 12052: 12050: 12047: 12045: 12042: 12040: 12037: 12034: 12031: 12029: 12026: 12024: 12021: 12019: 12016: 12014: 12011: 12009: 12006: 12004: 12001: 11999: 11996: 11994: 11991: 11989: 11986: 11984: 11981: 11979: 11976: 11974: 11971: 11969: 11966: 11964: 11961: 11959: 11956: 11954: 11951: 11949: 11946: 11944: 11941: 11939: 11936: 11934: 11931: 11929: 11926: 11924: 11921: 11919: 11916: 11914: 11911: 11909: 11906: 11904: 11901: 11899: 11896: 11894: 11891: 11889: 11886: 11884: 11881: 11879: 11876: 11875: 11873: 11867: 11861: 11858: 11856: 11853: 11851: 11848: 11846: 11843: 11841: 11838: 11836: 11833: 11831: 11828: 11826: 11823: 11821: 11818: 11816: 11813: 11811: 11808: 11806: 11803: 11801: 11798: 11796: 11793: 11791: 11788: 11786: 11783: 11781: 11778: 11776: 11773: 11771: 11768: 11766: 11763: 11761: 11758: 11756: 11753: 11751: 11748: 11746: 11743: 11741: 11738: 11736: 11733: 11731: 11728: 11726: 11723: 11721: 11718: 11716: 11713: 11711: 11708: 11706: 11703: 11701: 11698: 11696: 11693: 11691: 11688: 11686: 11683: 11681: 11678: 11676: 11673: 11671: 11668: 11666: 11663: 11661: 11658: 11656: 11653: 11651: 11648: 11646: 11643: 11641: 11640:Mende Kikakui 11638: 11636: 11635:Masaram Gondi 11633: 11631: 11628: 11626: 11623: 11621: 11620:Lisu (Fraser) 11618: 11616: 11613: 11611: 11608: 11606: 11603: 11601: 11598: 11596: 11593: 11591: 11588: 11586: 11583: 11581: 11578: 11576: 11573: 11571: 11568: 11566: 11563: 11561: 11558: 11556: 11553: 11551: 11548: 11546: 11543: 11541: 11538: 11536: 11533: 11531: 11528: 11526: 11523: 11521: 11520:Gunjala Gondi 11518: 11516: 11513: 11511: 11508: 11506: 11503: 11501: 11498: 11496: 11493: 11491: 11488: 11486: 11483: 11481: 11478: 11476: 11473: 11471: 11468: 11466: 11463: 11461: 11458: 11456: 11453: 11451: 11448: 11446: 11443: 11441: 11438: 11436: 11433: 11431: 11428: 11426: 11423: 11421: 11418: 11416: 11413: 11411: 11408: 11406: 11403: 11401: 11398: 11397: 11395: 11391: 11385: 11382: 11380: 11377: 11375: 11372: 11370: 11367: 11365: 11362: 11361: 11359: 11357: 11351: 11346: 11341: 11337: 11331: 11328: 11326: 11323: 11321: 11318: 11316: 11313: 11311: 11308: 11306: 11303: 11302: 11300: 11296: 11290: 11287: 11285: 11282: 11280: 11277: 11275: 11272: 11270: 11267: 11266: 11264: 11260: 11254: 11251: 11249: 11246: 11242: 11239: 11237: 11234: 11233: 11232: 11229: 11227: 11224: 11222: 11219: 11217: 11214: 11213: 11211: 11207: 11201: 11198: 11196: 11193: 11191: 11188: 11186: 11183: 11179: 11176: 11175: 11174: 11171: 11169: 11166: 11164: 11161: 11159: 11156: 11154: 11151: 11149: 11146: 11145: 11143: 11137: 11127: 11124: 11122: 11119: 11117: 11114: 11112: 11109: 11107: 11104: 11102: 11099: 11097: 11094: 11092: 11089: 11087: 11084: 11082: 11079: 11078: 11076: 11074: 11070: 11064: 11061: 11059: 11056: 11054: 11051: 11047: 11046:ISO/IEC 14651 11044: 11043: 11042: 11039: 11037: 11034: 11033: 11031: 11027: 11024: 11020: 11010: 11007: 11005: 11002: 11000: 10997: 10995: 10992: 10990: 10987: 10985: 10982: 10980: 10977: 10975: 10972: 10970: 10967: 10965: 10962: 10960: 10957: 10956: 10954: 10950: 10944: 10941: 10939: 10936: 10934: 10931: 10929: 10926: 10924: 10921: 10919: 10916: 10914: 10910: 10907: 10905: 10902: 10900: 10897: 10896: 10894: 10892: 10888: 10885: 10881: 10875: 10872: 10870: 10867: 10865: 10862: 10860: 10857: 10855: 10852: 10848: 10845: 10844: 10843: 10840: 10839: 10837: 10835: 10831: 10825: 10822: 10820: 10817: 10815: 10812: 10811: 10809: 10805: 10801: 10794: 10789: 10787: 10782: 10780: 10775: 10774: 10771: 10764: 10761: 10758: 10755: 10753: 10749: 10746: 10743: 10740: 10732: 10729: 10727: 10724: 10723: 10722: 10719: 10718: 10717: 10714: 10713: 10712: 10711:Unicode, Inc. 10709: 10708: 10698: 10692: 10688: 10684: 10680: 10679: 10673: 10672: 10667: 10666:0-7645-4625-2 10663: 10659: 10656: 10654: 10653:0-596-10121-X 10650: 10646: 10643: 10641: 10640:0-201-70052-2 10637: 10633: 10630: 10628: 10627:0-321-48091-0 10624: 10620: 10616: 10613: 10611: 10610:0-321-18578-1 10607: 10603: 10600: 10598: 10597:0-201-61633-5 10594: 10590: 10587: 10585: 10584:0-321-12730-7 10581: 10577: 10574: 10571: 10570:Unicode 6.0.0 10567: 10566:9781936213016 10563: 10559: 10555: 10551: 10550: 10529: 10523: 10508: 10502: 10500: 10488: 10482: 10471: 10465: 10458:. 2021-06-14. 10457: 10453: 10447: 10445: 10436: 10432: 10428: 10422: 10411: 10404: 10397:. 2002-12-02. 10393: 10387: 10370: 10364: 10347: 10341: 10324: 10318: 10311: 10307: 10306: 10300: 10286:on 2011-04-22 10285: 10281: 10276: 10271: 10257: 10253: 10247: 10230: 10223: 10209: 10205: 10199: 10191: 10187: 10180: 10166: 10162: 10155: 10147: 10143: 10139: 10133: 10129: 10125: 10120: 10115: 10111: 10107: 10100: 10092: 10088: 10082: 10075:. 2023-08-11. 10074: 10070: 10066: 10060: 10053:. 2023-05-12. 10052: 10048: 10044: 10038: 10030: 10026: 10019: 10012: 10007: 10001: 9993: 9989: 9985: 9978: 9964:on 2013-06-25 9963: 9959: 9958: 9953: 9946: 9944: 9935: 9931: 9927: 9921: 9919: 9911: 9907: 9902: 9887: 9881: 9873: 9869: 9862: 9855: 9841: 9835: 9820: 9813: 9799: 9796: 9791: 9786: 9782: 9781: 9773: 9759: 9756: 9751: 9746: 9742: 9741: 9733: 9719: 9716: 9711: 9706: 9702: 9701: 9693: 9679: 9676: 9671: 9666: 9662: 9661: 9653: 9639: 9636: 9631: 9626: 9622: 9621: 9613: 9599: 9596: 9591: 9586: 9582: 9581: 9573: 9565: 9558: 9550: 9543: 9526: 9520: 9512: 9508: 9502: 9488: 9485: 9480: 9475: 9471: 9470: 9462: 9448: 9445: 9440: 9435: 9431: 9430: 9422: 9408: 9404: 9398: 9384: 9380: 9374: 9360: 9356: 9352: 9346: 9338: 9332: 9328: 9322: 9308: 9304: 9298: 9283: 9277: 9262: 9258: 9252: 9245: 9242: 9237: 9229: 9225: 9219: 9205: 9199: 9185: 9179: 9165: 9159: 9145: 9139: 9125: 9119: 9117: 9108: 9104: 9098: 9090: 9086: 9080: 9072: 9071: 9063: 9055: 9054: 9046: 9032: 9026: 9012: 9008: 9002: 8987: 8983: 8977: 8969: 8963: 8959: 8958: 8951: 8940: 8934: 8930: 8929: 8924: 8923: 8919: 8911: 8905: 8901: 8900: 8893: 8882: 8878: 8874: 8868: 8864: 8863: 8858: 8857: 8853: 8835: 8829: 8812: 8808: 8804: 8800: 8794: 8790: 8789: 8784: 8783: 8779: 8765: 8761: 8755: 8747: 8741: 8737: 8736: 8729: 8721: 8715: 8711: 8710: 8703: 8695: 8689: 8685: 8684: 8677: 8663: 8659: 8652: 8635: 8631: 8627: 8621: 8617: 8616: 8611: 8610: 8606: 8598: 8592: 8588: 8587: 8580: 8572: 8566: 8562: 8561: 8554: 8537: 8533: 8529: 8523: 8519: 8518: 8513: 8512: 8508: 8491: 8487: 8483: 8477: 8473: 8472: 8467: 8466: 8462: 8445: 8441: 8437: 8431: 8427: 8426: 8421: 8420: 8416: 8399: 8395: 8391: 8385: 8381: 8380: 8375: 8374: 8370: 8353: 8349: 8345: 8339: 8335: 8334: 8329: 8328: 8324: 8310: 8306: 8300: 8283: 8279: 8275: 8269: 8265: 8264: 8259: 8258: 8254: 8237: 8233: 8229: 8223: 8219: 8218: 8213: 8212: 8208: 8191: 8187: 8183: 8181:0-321-48091-0 8177: 8173: 8172: 8167: 8166: 8162: 8148: 8142: 8134: 8132:0-321-48091-0 8128: 8124: 8123: 8116: 8102: 8096: 8079: 8075: 8071: 8069:0-321-18578-1 8065: 8061: 8060: 8055: 8054: 8050: 8033: 8029: 8025: 8023:0-321-18578-1 8019: 8015: 8014: 8009: 8008: 8004: 7987: 7983: 7979: 7978: 7973: 7972: 7968: 7951: 7947: 7943: 7942: 7937: 7936: 7932: 7915: 7911: 7907: 7906: 7901: 7900: 7896: 7879: 7875: 7871: 7870: 7865: 7864: 7860: 7858: 7840: 7836: 7832: 7831: 7826: 7825: 7821: 7804: 7800: 7796: 7795: 7790: 7789: 7785: 7768: 7764: 7760: 7759: 7754: 7753: 7749: 7731: 7727: 7723: 7722: 7717: 7716: 7712: 7698: 7692: 7678: 7674: 7668: 7654: 7650: 7644: 7629: 7623: 7615: 7611: 7607: 7601: 7593: 7589: 7585: 7579: 7565: 7561: 7555: 7541: 7537: 7531: 7517: 7516:"Unicode FAQ" 7511: 7497: 7491: 7489: 7474: 7467: 7453: 7449: 7443: 7428: 7424: 7418: 7411: 7409: 7403: 7399: 7395: 7379: 7375: 7368: 7364: 7358: 7356: 7354: 7352: 7350: 7341: 7337: 7333: 7327: 7312: 7306: 7291: 7285: 7267: 7263: 7259: 7255: 7251: 7247: 7246: 7242: 7227: 7223: 7216: 7201: 7197: 7191: 7187: 7177: 7171: 7167: 7166: 7159: 7155: 7141: 7137: 7131: 7124: 7118: 7112: 7109: 7103: 7096: 7090: 7086: 7076: 7073: 7071: 7068: 7066: 7063: 7061: 7058: 7056: 7053: 7050: 7047: 7045: 7042: 7040: 7037: 7035: 7032: 7025: 7022: 7020: 7017: 7016: 7010: 6994: 6985: 6981: 6965: 6961: 6948: 6931: 6918: 6914: 6901: 6900: 6899: 6888: 6883: 6873: 6871: 6868:('gsub'), or 6867: 6863: 6859: 6855: 6851: 6847: 6843: 6839: 6835: 6828: 6822: 6812: 6809: 6804: 6799: 6794: 6793:Thai alphabet 6790: 6788: 6784: 6780: 6775: 6771: 6767: 6763: 6762:Indic scripts 6758: 6751:Indic scripts 6748: 6746: 6715: 6700: 6683: 6679: 6675: 6670: 6666: 6664: 6660: 6656: 6651: 6641: 6639: 6638:Trojan Source 6635: 6631: 6627: 6622: 6619: 6615: 6605: 6603: 6591: 6582: 6570: 6568: 6564: 6560: 6556: 6552: 6547: 6545: 6529: 6522: 6515: 6511: 6501: 6494: 6489: 6480: 6478: 6474: 6470: 6465: 6463: 6457: 6455: 6451: 6447: 6443: 6439: 6438:United States 6435: 6431: 6427: 6423: 6417: 6414: 6409: 6405: 6401: 6396: 6394: 6390: 6386: 6380: 6360: 6357: 6332: 6330: 6326: 6316: 6314: 6310: 6305: 6301: 6297: 6295: 6291: 6287: 6283: 6279: 6274: 6272: 6268: 6264: 6258: 6248: 6246: 6242: 6238: 6234: 6229: 6187: 6179: 6176: 6172: 6170:FFFE or FFFF. 6169: 6168: 6167: 6165: 6161: 6156: 6154: 6150: 6146: 6142: 6138: 6132: 6122: 6120: 6116: 6112: 6108: 6103: 6100: 6098: 6094: 6090: 6086: 6081: 6076: 6066: 6064: 6063:Shape context 6058: 6056: 6052: 6048: 6044: 6040: 6039:ISO/IEC 14755 6036: 6032: 6031:Unicode input 6025:Input methods 6022: 6020: 6016: 6012: 6008: 6004: 6000: 5996: 5991: 5989: 5985: 5981: 5977: 5973: 5969: 5965: 5963: 5959: 5955: 5951: 5947: 5943: 5939: 5935: 5931: 5927: 5923: 5919: 5915: 5911: 5907: 5903: 5892: 5890: 5886: 5882: 5878: 5873: 5870: 5866: 5862: 5858: 5852: 5842: 5840: 5836: 5832: 5828: 5824: 5820: 5819:character set 5816: 5812: 5808: 5806: 5802: 5798: 5794: 5790: 5786: 5782: 5778: 5776: 5772: 5768: 5764: 5760: 5755: 5750: 5748: 5744: 5740: 5735: 5726: 5702: 5698: 5693: 5691: 5687: 5683: 5676: 5672: 5668: 5665: 5662: 5659: 5657: 5653: 5650: 5648: 5644: 5640: 5637: 5636: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5626: 5622: 5618: 5614: 5613: 5608: 5603: 5595: 5593: 5589: 5585: 5572: 5569: 5566: 5563: 5562: 5558: 5555: 5553: 5550: 5547: 5546: 5542: 5539: 5536: 5533: 5532: 5528: 5525: 5523: 5521: 5516: 5513: 5512: 5508: 5505: 5503: 5500: 5499: 5495: 5492: 5490: 5487: 5486: 5482: 5479: 5477: 5474: 5470: 5466: 5463: 5460: 5457: 5454: 5453: 5449: 5446: 5443: 5442:60–61, 64–65, 5439: 5435: 5431: 5427: 5423: 5419: 5416: 5415: 5411: 5408: 5406: 5404: 5400: 5399: 5395: 5392: 5390: 5389: 5385: 5384: 5380: 5377: 5375: 5373: 5368: 5364: 5360: 5357: 5354: 5353: 5348: 5347: 5343: 5340: 5337: 5334: 5333: 5329: 5326: 5323: 5321: 5317: 5313: 5308: 5304: 5300: 5297: 5294: 5291: 5290: 5286: 5283: 5281: 5277: 5273: 5270: 5269: 5265: 5262: 5259: 5258:00–5F, 90–91, 5256: 5253: 5252: 5248: 5245: 5242: 5238: 5235: 5234: 5230: 5227: 5224: 5223: 5219: 5214: 5212: 5206: 5205: 5201: 5198: 5195: 5194: 5186: 5184:18–1B, 1E–1F 5183: 5179: 5171: 5168: 5166: 5162: 5158: 5157: 5153: 5150: 5148: 5146: 5142: 5138: 5134: 5130: 5126: 5122: 5119: 5117: 5116: 5112: 5111: 5107: 5104: 5102: 5101: 5097: 5093: 5089: 5086: 5083: 5082: 5077: 5073: 5067: 5064: 5061:The standard 5059: 5056: 5052: 5042: 5038: 5036: 5032: 5028: 5024: 5020: 5016: 5012: 5008: 5004: 4974: 4973: 4969: 4964: 4957: 4948: 4946: 4941: 4934: 4919: 4916: 4910: 4908: 4896: 4884: 4872: 4867: 4865: 4860: 4856: 4847: 4843: 4838: 4836: 4832: 4782: 4778: 4768: 4764: 4758: 4724: 4720: 4715: 4701: 4697: 4693: 4689: 4684: 4678: 4668: 4659: 4655: 4650: 4648: 4644: 4619: 4615: 4611: 4610:control codes 4590: 4587: 4575: 4564: 4560: 4551: 4547: 4543: 4521: 4503: 4488: 4487: 4486: 4484: 4480: 4476: 4461:assumes that 4460: 4424: 4423:noncharacters 4419: 4413: 4409: 4408:low-surrogate 4393: 4390:are known as 4366: 4362: 4356: 4352: 4346: 4344: 4342: 4340: 4338: 4329: 4325: 4321: 4315: 4308: 4303: 4301: 4299: 4297: 4295: 4286: 4282: 4276: 4268: 4262: 4254: 4250: 4244: 4242: 4233: 4229: 4223: 4219: 4215: 4211: 4208: 4205: 4202: 4201: 4197: 4194: 4191: 4188: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4164: 4158: 4155: 4152: 4149: 4143: 4139: 4136: 4133: 4129: 4126: 4123: 4117: 4113: 4109: 4105: 4101: 4097: 4094:Includes the 4093: 4090: 4087: 4084: 4082:Other, format 4081: 4075: 4071: 4068: 4065: 4062: 4059: 4053: 4045: 4031: 4028: 4025: 4022: 4019: 4013: 3999: 3996: 3993: 3990: 3987: 3981: 3977: 3973: 3969: 3965: 3962: 3959: 3956: 3953: 3947: 3939: 3936: 3933: 3930: 3927: 3925:Symbol, other 3924: 3918: 3915: 3912: 3909: 3906: 3903: 3897: 3894: 3891: 3888: 3885: 3882: 3879: 3873: 3869: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3853: 3849: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3821: 3818: 3815: 3812: 3809: 3806: 3800: 3792: 3789: 3786: 3783: 3780: 3777: 3771: 3767: 3764: 3761: 3758: 3755: 3749: 3745: 3741: 3738: 3735: 3732: 3729: 3723: 3719: 3716: 3713: 3710: 3707: 3701: 3697: 3693: 3690: 3687: 3684: 3681: 3675: 3671: 3667: 3664: 3661: 3658: 3655: 3649: 3645: 3641: 3637: 3633: 3630: 3627: 3624: 3621: 3615: 3607: 3603: 3599: 3595: 3591: 3588: 3585: 3582: 3580:Number, other 3579: 3573: 3569: 3565: 3562: 3559: 3556: 3553: 3547: 3543: 3539: 3536: 3533: 3530: 3527: 3521: 3513: 3510: 3507: 3504: 3501: 3498: 3492: 3489: 3486: 3483: 3480: 3477: 3471: 3468: 3465: 3462: 3459: 3456: 3450: 3442: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3428: 3425: 3422: 3420:Letter, other 3419: 3413: 3410: 3406: 3403: 3400: 3397: 3394: 3388: 3384: 3380: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3361: 3358: 3355: 3352: 3349: 3343: 3340: 3337: 3334: 3331: 3328: 3322: 3319: 3316: 3313: 3310: 3307: 3301: 3286: 3283: 3281: 3279: 3277: 3275: 3272: 3271: 3267: 3258: 3255: 3252: 3249: 3246: 3245: 3239: 3234: 3232: 3227: 3225: 3220: 3219: 3215: 3208: 3205: 3202: 3192: 3189: 3188: 3182: 3180: 3176: 3172: 3168: 3164: 3158: 3148: 3122: 3107: 3104: 3085:DIVISION SIGN 3073: 3072:leading zeros 3069: 3060: 3058: 3054: 3032: 3031: 3026: 3022: 3012: 3002: 3000: 2996: 2978: 2975: 2972: 2968: 2967: 2964: 2955: 2949: 2941: 2937: 2934: 2932: 2928: 2927: 2924: 2918: 2912: 2903: 2900: 2897: 2894: 2893: 2890: 2881: 2872: 2869: 2868: 2865: 2858: 2854: 2853:noncharacters 2850: 2846: 2840: 2836: 2829: 2828:Tulu-Tigalari 2825: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2802: 2787: 2784: 2782: 2780: 2776: 2771: 2768: 2763: 2748: 2746: 2742: 2737: 2734: 2729: 2725: 2722: 2707: 2702: 2698: 2693: 2690: 2685: 2681: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2647: 2632: 2629: 2627: 2623: 2618: 2615: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2579: 2564: 2561: 2559: 2554: 2550: 2545: 2542: 2538: 2524: 2509: 2507: 2503: 2498: 2495: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2467: 2452: 2447: 2443: 2438: 2435: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2421:Maya numerals 2418: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2397:Gunjala Gondi 2394: 2390: 2387: 2372: 2369: 2367: 2363: 2358: 2355: 2351: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2327:Masaram Gondi 2324: 2320: 2317: 2302: 2299: 2297: 2292: 2288: 2283: 2280: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2252: 2237: 2234: 2232: 2228: 2223: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2207:Old Hungarian 2204: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2189: 2174: 2171: 2169: 2164: 2160: 2155: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2095:Mende Kikakui 2092: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2053: 2038: 2035: 2033: 2029: 2024: 2021: 2016: 2001: 1999: 1995: 1990: 1987: 1971: 1956: 1954: 1950: 1945: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1911: 1896: 1891: 1886: 1882: 1877: 1874: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1846: 1831: 1828: 1826: 1823: 1821: 1817: 1812: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1738: 1723: 1720: 1718: 1714: 1709: 1706: 1702: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1674:Phaistos Disc 1671: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1628: 1613: 1610: 1602: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1576: 1561: 1558: 1556: 1555:0-321-48091-0 1552: 1547: 1544: 1539: 1535: 1534:Greek numbers 1531: 1527: 1523: 1522:Sylheti Nagri 1519: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1500: 1485: 1482: 1474: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1436: 1421: 1418: 1416: 1411: 1410:0-321-18578-1 1407: 1402: 1399: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1375: 1360: 1357: 1352: 1349: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1329: 1314: 1311: 1298: 1295: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1239: 1224: 1221: 1218: 1216: 1215:0-201-61633-5 1212: 1207: 1204: 1200: 1185: 1171: 1156: 1148: 1145: 1140: 1135: 1117: 1112: 1111:0-201-48345-9 1108: 1103: 1100: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1069: 1066: 1064: 1061: 1060:ISO/IEC 10646 1050: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1021: 1018: 1015: 1014:0-201-60845-6 1011: 1006: 1003: 999: 995: 991: 987: 983: 979: 975: 971: 967: 963: 959: 955: 951: 947: 943: 939: 935: 931: 927: 923: 919: 915: 911: 907: 902: 899: 893: 892:0-201-56788-1 889: 886: 881: 878: 869: 859: 854:(book, text) 844: 838: 836: 831: 829: 828:Tulu-Tigalari 825: 821: 817: 813: 809: 805: 800: 798: 793: 788: 785: 781: 777: 773: 768: 766: 762: 758: 748: 746: 736: 734: 729: 727: 723: 719: 715: 710: 708: 704: 700: 696: 692: 688: 683: 681: 677: 673: 669: 665: 660: 658: 650: 646: 641: 636: 626: 624: 618: 616: 611: 609: 605: 601: 597: 593: 589: 585: 581: 574: 564: 561: 559: 553: 551: 547: 542: 540: 536: 532: 528: 522: 517: 513: 511: 505: 503: 499: 494: 492: 488: 484: 480: 477:, along with 476: 472: 468: 458: 456: 452: 448: 444: 439: 437: 436:CJK encodings 433: 429: 424: 419: 417: 413: 408: 405: 402: 400: 396: 392: 388: 384: 379: 377: 373: 362: 360: 356: 352: 348: 344: 340: 335: 333: 329: 325: 321: 316: 312: 311:ISO/IEC 10646 308: 303: 301: 297: 292: 290: 285: 283: 279: 269: 265: 261: 260:text encoding 257: 256: 251: 243: 239: 235: 222: 217: 215: 210: 208: 203: 202: 199: 191: 186: 182: 177: 176: 173: 169: 166: 162: 155: 152: 150: 147: 146: 139: 136: 134: 131: 129: 126: 124: 121: 120: 114: 111: 109: 106: 104: 101: 100: 98: 94: 90: 86: 83: 81: 75: 71: 65:ISO/IEC 10646 64: 61: 58: 57: 55: 51: 47: 41: 36: 30: 19: 14307:ISO/IEC 6429 14264:Stanford/ITS 14251: 14185:ARIB STD-B24 14035: 13966:Sega SC-3000 13867:DEC RADIX 50 12904:ISO/IEC 8859 12896:ISO/IEC 2022 12641:Adaptations 12600:-14 (Celtic) 12595:-13 (Baltic) 12585:-10 (Nordic) 12580:-9 (Turkish) 12529:ISO/IEC 8859 12084:Meetei Mayek 12035:(Chorasmian) 11938:Cypro-Minoan 11715:Pahawh Hmong 11530:Gurung Khema 11279:ISO/IEC 8859 11121:UTF-32/UCS-4 11116:UTF-16/UCS-2 10923:Variant form 10799: 10677: 10657: 10644: 10631: 10614: 10601: 10588: 10575: 10553: 10532:. Retrieved 10522: 10511:. Retrieved 10481: 10464: 10455: 10430: 10421: 10403: 10386: 10375:. Retrieved 10363: 10352:. Retrieved 10340: 10329:. Retrieved 10317: 10309: 10304: 10299: 10288:. Retrieved 10284:the original 10270: 10259:. Retrieved 10255: 10246: 10235:. Retrieved 10222: 10211:. Retrieved 10207: 10198: 10189: 10179: 10168:. Retrieved 10164: 10154: 10109: 10099: 10090: 10081: 10068: 10059: 10046: 10037: 10028: 10018: 10009: 10000: 9992:the original 9977: 9966:. Retrieved 9962:the original 9955: 9929: 9901: 9890:. Retrieved 9880: 9871: 9867: 9854: 9843:. Retrieved 9834: 9823:. Retrieved 9817:Wood, Alan. 9812: 9801:. Retrieved 9779: 9772: 9761:. Retrieved 9739: 9732: 9721:. Retrieved 9699: 9692: 9681:. Retrieved 9659: 9652: 9641:. Retrieved 9619: 9612: 9601:. Retrieved 9579: 9572: 9557: 9542: 9531:. Retrieved 9519: 9501: 9490:. Retrieved 9468: 9461: 9450:. Retrieved 9428: 9421: 9410:. Retrieved 9406: 9397: 9386:. Retrieved 9382: 9373: 9362:. 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