2499:
4603:
2403:
the simplest systems or bodies, their intensive properties are homogeneous, and their pressures are perpendicular to their boundaries. In an equilibrium state there are no unbalanced potentials, or driving forces, between macroscopically distinct parts of the system. A central aim in equilibrium thermodynamics is: given a system in a well-defined initial equilibrium state, and given its surroundings, and given its constitutive walls, to calculate what will be the final equilibrium state of the system after a specified thermodynamic operation has changed its walls or surroundings.
2360:, also known as statistical thermodynamics, emerged with the development of atomic and molecular theories in the late 19th century and early 20th century, and supplemented classical thermodynamics with an interpretation of the microscopic interactions between individual particles or quantum-mechanical states. This field relates the microscopic properties of individual atoms and molecules to the macroscopic, bulk properties of materials that can be observed on the human scale, thereby explaining classical thermodynamics as a natural result of statistics, classical mechanics, and
2949:, that increases as the constraints are removed, eventually reaching a maximum value at thermodynamic equilibrium, when the inhomogeneities practically vanish. For systems that are initially far from thermodynamic equilibrium, though several have been proposed, there is known no general physical principle that determines the rates of approach to thermodynamic equilibrium, and thermodynamics does not deal with such rates. The many versions of the second law all express the general
46:
1616:
2418:. Most systems found in nature are not in thermodynamic equilibrium because they are not in stationary states, and are continuously and discontinuously subject to flux of matter and energy to and from other systems. The thermodynamic study of non-equilibrium systems requires more general concepts than are dealt with by equilibrium thermodynamics. Many natural systems still today remain beyond the scope of currently known macroscopic thermodynamic methods.
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boundaries are fixed. For closed systems, boundaries are real while for open systems boundaries are often imaginary. In the case of a jet engine, a fixed imaginary boundary might be assumed at the intake of the engine, fixed boundaries along the surface of the case and a second fixed imaginary boundary across the exhaust nozzle.
3357:. Typically, each thermodynamic process is distinguished from other processes in energetic character according to what parameters, such as temperature, pressure, or volume, etc., are held fixed; Furthermore, it is useful to group these processes into pairs, in which each variable held constant is one member of a
1974:
3564:
are different quantitative measures of the stored energy in a system. Potentials are used to measure the energy changes in systems as they evolve from an initial state to a final state. The potential used depends on the constraints of the system, such as constant temperature or pressure. For example,
3082:
Boundaries are of four types: fixed, movable, real, and imaginary. For example, in an engine, a fixed boundary means the piston is locked at its position, within which a constant volume process might occur. If the piston is allowed to move that boundary is movable while the cylinder and cylinder head
3042:
Matter or energy that pass across the boundary so as to effect a change in the internal energy of the system need to be accounted for in the energy balance equation. The volume contained by the walls can be the region surrounding a single atom resonating energy, such as Max Planck defined in 1900; it
2979:
of temperature. This law provides an absolute reference point for the determination of entropy. The entropy determined relative to this point is the absolute entropy. Alternate definitions include "the entropy of all systems and of all states of a system is smallest at absolute zero," or equivalently
2402:
is the study of transfers of matter and energy in systems or bodies that, by agencies in their surroundings, can be driven from one state of thermodynamic equilibrium to another. The term 'thermodynamic equilibrium' indicates a state of balance, in which all macroscopic flows are zero; in the case of
2485:
The zeroth law was not initially recognized as a separate law of thermodynamics, as its basis in thermodynamical equilibrium was implied in the other laws. The first, second, and third laws had been explicitly stated already, and found common acceptance in the physics community before the importance
2344:
reflects the fact that it represents the first level of understanding of the subject as it developed in the 19th century and describes the changes of a system in terms of macroscopic empirical (large scale, and measurable) parameters. A microscopic interpretation of these concepts was later provided
3313:
Once in thermodynamic equilibrium, a system's properties are, by definition, unchanging in time. Systems in equilibrium are much simpler and easier to understand than are systems which are not in equilibrium. Often, when analysing a dynamic thermodynamic process, the simplifying assumption is made
2447:
Thermodynamics is principally based on a set of four laws which are universally valid when applied to systems that fall within the constraints implied by each. In the various theoretical descriptions of thermodynamics these laws may be expressed in seemingly differing forms, but the most prominent
2808:
With due account of the respective fiducial reference states of the systems, when two systems, which may be of different chemical compositions, initially separated only by an impermeable wall, and otherwise isolated, are combined into a new system by the thermodynamic operation of removal of the
3476:
A thermodynamic reservoir is a system which is so large that its state parameters are not appreciably altered when it is brought into contact with the system of interest. When the reservoir is brought into contact with the system, the system is brought into equilibrium with the reservoir. For
3565:
the
Helmholtz and Gibbs energies are the energies available in a system to do useful work when the temperature and volume or the pressure and temperature are fixed, respectively. Thermodynamic potentials cannot be measured in laboratories, but can be computed using molecular thermodynamics .
3477:
example, a pressure reservoir is a system at a particular pressure, which imposes that pressure upon the system to which it is mechanically connected. The Earth's atmosphere is often used as a pressure reservoir. The ocean can act as temperature reservoir when used to cool power plants.
1760:
was the first to formulate a concise definition of thermodynamics in 1854 which stated, "Thermo-dynamics is the subject of the relation of heat to forces acting between contiguous parts of bodies, and the relation of heat to electrical agency." German physicist and mathematician
2945:, that are due to internal 'constraints', or impermeable rigid walls, within it, or to externally imposed forces. The law observes that, when the system is isolated from the outside world and from those forces, there is a definite thermodynamic quantity, its
3706:
2919:, while heat and work are modes of energy transfer by which a process may change this state. A change of internal energy of a system may be achieved by any combination of heat added or removed and work performed on or by the system. As a
2482:, it is not necessary to bring them into contact and measure any changes of their observable properties in time. The law provides an empirical definition of temperature, and justification for the construction of practical thermometers.
3503:, the total energy of a system and its surroundings is conserved. Energy may be transferred into a system by heating, compression, or addition of matter, and extracted from a system by cooling, expansion, or extraction of matter. In
2326:
The study of thermodynamical systems has developed into several related branches, each using a different fundamental model as a theoretical or experimental basis, or applying the principles to varying types of systems.
2335:
Classical thermodynamics is the description of the states of thermodynamic systems at near-equilibrium, that uses macroscopic, measurable properties. It is used to model exchanges of energy, work and heat based on the
2956:
In macroscopic thermodynamics, the second law is a basic observation applicable to any actual thermodynamic process; in statistical thermodynamics, the second law is postulated to be a consequence of molecular chaos.
2177:
Clausius, who first stated the basic ideas of the second law in his paper "On the Moving Force of Heat", published in 1850, and is called "one of the founding fathers of thermodynamics", introduced the concept of
4751:
1848:, that describes the direction, thermodynamically, that a system can evolve and quantifies the state of order of a system and that can be used to quantify the useful work that can be extracted from the system.
3301:
As time passes in an isolated system, internal differences of pressures, densities, and temperatures tend to even out. A system in which all equalizing processes have gone to completion is said to be in a
3314:
that each intermediate state in the process is at equilibrium, producing thermodynamic processes which develop so slowly as to allow each intermediate step to be an equilibrium state and are said to be
1335:
3465:, the volume of such a sample can be used as an indicator of temperature; in this manner it defines temperature. Although pressure is defined mechanically, a pressure-measuring device, called a
2983:
Absolute zero, at which all activity would stop if it were possible to achieve, is −273.15 °C (degrees
Celsius), or −459.67 °F (degrees Fahrenheit), or 0 K (kelvin), or 0° R (degrees
7926:
3346:
which specifies the relationship between these variables. State may be thought of as the instantaneous quantitative description of a system with a set number of variables held constant.
5063:
The
Newcomen engine was improved from 1711 until Watt's work, making the efficiency comparison subject to qualification, but the increase from the 1865 version was on the order of 100%.
1981:
of the original eight founding schools of thermodynamics. The schools with the most-lasting influence on the modern versions of thermodynamics are the Berlin school, particularly
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Later designs implemented a steam release valve that kept the machine from exploding. By watching the valve rhythmically move up and down, Papin conceived of the idea of a
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4190:
2478:) do not lead to a net change in energy. This law is tacitly assumed in every measurement of temperature. Thus, if one seeks to decide whether two bodies are at the same
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1115:
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688:
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Thermodynamic potentials can be derived from the energy balance equation applied to a thermodynamic system. Other thermodynamic potentials can also be obtained through
2661:
2546:
771:
639:
4103:
4027:
1005:
4163:
4393:
3914:
3810:
3517:, the second being akin to the resulting "displacement", and the product of the two equaling the amount of energy transferred. The common conjugate variables are:
1886:
With these tools, thermodynamics can be used to describe how systems respond to changes in their environment. This can be applied to a wide variety of topics in
504:
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Kelvin, William T. (1849) "An
Account of Carnot's Theory of the Motive Power of Heat – with Numerical Results Deduced from Regnault's Experiments on Steam."
7906:
3450:
states that if two bodies are in thermal equilibrium with a third body, they are also in thermal equilibrium with each other. This principle, as noted by
1851:
In thermodynamics, interactions between large ensembles of objects are studied and categorized. Central to this are the concepts of the thermodynamic
4478:
4628:
4497:
are derived from quantities that are more directly measurable. Theories that came after, differed in the sense that they made assumptions regarding
6150:
5939:
5179:
4773:
1645:
2941:
The second law refers to a system of matter and radiation, initially with inhomogeneities in temperature, pressure, chemical potential, and other
1863:. A system is composed of particles, whose average motions define its properties, and those properties are in turn related to one another through
6532:
2191:
2003:
1346:
3353:
may be defined as the energetic evolution of a thermodynamic system proceeding from an initial state to a final state. It can be described by
7921:
6302:
4561:
1234:
2440:
showing the hot body (boiler), working body (system, steam), and cold body (water), the letters labeled according to the stopping points in
2923:, the internal energy does not depend on the manner, or on the path through intermediate steps, by which the system arrived at its state.
6621:
2510:). The sudden drop of pressure causes a huge drop of temperature. The moisture in the air freezes, creating a smoke of tiny ice crystals.
468:
6241:
7414:
6663:
4633:
2971:
As the temperature of a system approaches absolute zero, all processes cease and the entropy of the system approaches a minimum value.
2090:
in 1712. Although these early engines were crude and inefficient, they attracted the attention of the leading scientists of the time.
2082:
and a cylinder engine. He did not, however, follow through with his design. Nevertheless, in 1697, based on Papin's designs, engineer
5373:
5291:
2486:
of the zeroth law for the definition of temperature was realized. As it was impractical to renumber the other laws, it was named the
2314:
in 1858 to designate the science of relations between heat and power, however, Joule never used that term, but used instead the term
1324:
7916:
7848:
3059:. When a looser viewpoint is adopted, and the requirement of thermodynamic equilibrium is dropped, the system can be the body of a
2146:. The first and second laws of thermodynamics emerged simultaneously in the 1850s, primarily out of the works of William Rankine,
2109:
was employed as an instrument maker. Black and Watt performed experiments together, but it was Watt who conceived the idea of the
5017:
3446:. In some cases, the thermodynamic parameter is actually defined in terms of an idealized measuring instrument. For example, the
3086:
Generally, thermodynamics distinguishes three classes of systems, defined in terms of what is allowed to cross their boundaries:
2123:
1357:
1965:
is often treated as an extension of the classical treatment, but statistical mechanics has brought many advances to that field.
6500:
2498:
3007:, which is a precisely defined region of the universe under study. Everything in the universe except the system is called the
2127:(1824), a discourse on heat, power, energy and engine efficiency. The book outlined the basic energetic relations between the
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339:
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a truer and sounder basis. His most important paper, "On the Moving Force of Heat", published in 1850, first stated the
7704:
6259:
6060:
3039:, between the system and the surroundings, take place through the walls, according to their respective permeabilities.
2942:
1409:
1383:
904:
358:
3342:
according to how they change when the size of the system changes. The properties of the system can be described by an
2912:, which states that energy can be transformed (changed from one form to another), but cannot be created or destroyed.
2039:'s long-held supposition that 'nature abhors a vacuum'. Shortly after Guericke, the Anglo-Irish physicist and chemist
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If two systems are each in thermal equilibrium with a third, they are also in thermal equilibrium with each other.
7896:
7710:
7090:
6224:
5767:
3507:, for example, energy transfer equals the product of the force applied to a body and the resulting displacement.
1796:
and has provided the bulk of expansion and knowledge of the field. Other formulations of thermodynamics emerged.
1631:
2075:, which was a closed vessel with a tightly fitting lid that confined steam until a high pressure was generated.
6654:
6448:
6269:
5575:
4638:
4556:
4551:
2411:
2257:
By a surface-level analysis, the word consists of two parts that can be traced back to
Ancient Greek. Firstly,
1962:
1562:
94:
4793:
The
Mechanical Theory of Heat – with its Applications to the Steam Engine and to Physical Properties of Bodies
2975:
This law of thermodynamics is a statistical law of nature regarding entropy and the impossibility of reaching
2118:
1749:
1457:
8047:
7858:
7802:
7797:
7374:
6902:
5370:
2474:
under consideration. Systems are said to be in equilibrium if the small, random exchanges between them (e.g.
2391:. The primary objective of chemical thermodynamics is determining the spontaneity of a given transformation.
2283:
2139:
1859:
1537:
1310:
287:
17:
4485:, a notion that was introduced by Carathéodory himself. In this formulation, thermodynamic concepts such as
2763:
decrease or be consumed, so that the amount of internal energy lost by that work must be resupplied as heat
7419:
6970:
6891:
6850:
6288:
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1841:
1774:
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125:
115:
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7010:
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3152:
3019:
which may be a physical or notional, but serve to confine the system to a finite volume. Segments of the
2966:
2664:
2515:
2231:
in the 19th century wrote about chemical thermodynamics. During the early 20th century, chemists such as
1829:
130:
120:
6254:
2667:(for which heat or work through the system boundary are possible, but matter transfer is not possible),
2110:
7911:
7792:
7499:
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7108:
6416:
6389:
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4576:
4511:
3115:
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2816:
2399:
1797:
1414:
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156:
90:
4740:. Vol. 1. London, Cambridge: C.J. Clay, M.A. & Son, Cambridge University Press. p. 232.
4470:
4232:
4108:
3701:{\displaystyle \int \left(T\,\mathrm {d} S-p\,\mathrm {d} V+\sum _{i}\mu _{i}\mathrm {d} N_{i}\right)}
2432:
1805:
1452:
7964:
7823:
7787:
7589:
7219:
7174:
7102:
6954:
6897:
4536:
4521:
4516:
4300:
3442:, the meter and the reservoir. A thermodynamic meter is any device which measures any parameter of a
3439:
3307:
3189:
3076:
2720:
2415:
2016:
1958:
1207:
955:
401:
214:
204:
6034:
Molecular
Driving Forces: Statistical Thermodynamics in Biology, Chemistry, Physics, and Nanoscience
6024:
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3712:
3014:
1741:
5845:
Kazakov, Andrei; Muzny, Chris D.; Chirico, Robert D.; Diky, Vladimir V.; Frenkel, Michael (2008).
2604:
8042:
8006:
7931:
7853:
7782:
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7554:
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7379:
7344:
6820:
4658:
4526:
4482:
4455:
4443:
4372:
4167:
3561:
3525:
3408:
2372:
2212:
2196:
2056:
2008:
1872:
1853:
1789:
1619:
1447:
1244:
1125:
1070:
1015:
947:
886:
422:
411:
77:
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On the Motive Power of Heat, and on the Laws which can be deduced from it for the Theory of Heat
3326:
When a system is at equilibrium under a given set of conditions, it is said to be in a definite
2980:"it is impossible to reach the absolute zero of temperature by any finite number of processes".
2154:(Lord Kelvin). The foundations of statistical thermodynamics were set out by physicists such as
849:
802:
717:
670:
582:
535:
7996:
7958:
7838:
7549:
6980:
6606:
6468:
5917:
The
Principles of Chemical Equilibrium: With Applications in Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
5650:"Topology of thermodynamic potentials using physical models: Helmholtz, Gibbs, Grand, and Null"
5350:
4571:
4463:
3056:
2909:
2507:
2427:
2388:
2337:
2270:
1943:
1935:
1825:
1785:
1730:
1694:
1552:
1269:
353:
107:
82:
6235:
2643:
2528:
1957:
This article is focused mainly on classical thermodynamics which primarily studies systems in
1472:
753:
618:
8016:
7694:
7653:
7369:
7040:
6860:
6632:
6611:
6580:
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5693:
4498:
4088:
3994:
3758:
3496:
3350:
3303:
3103:
3028:
3008:
2783:
by an external energy source or as work by an external machine acting on the system (so that
2357:
2303:
is used by
Thomson and William Rankine to represent the science of generalized heat engines.
2143:
2032:
1990:
1931:
1927:
1837:
1706:
1670:
1487:
1064:
377:
223:
72:
5039:
4501:
with arbitrary initial and final states, as opposed to considering only neighboring states.
3513:
are pairs of thermodynamic concepts, with the first being akin to a "force" applied to some
3334:
that do not depend on the process by which the system arrived at its state. They are called
2142:, originally trained as a physicist and a civil and mechanical engineering professor at the
1804:
predictions of the collective motion of particles from their microscopic behavior. In 1909,
975:
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7808:
7752:
7689:
7584:
7164:
7113:
6679:
6570:
6394:
6354:
5776:
5611:"Eight physical systems of thermodynamics, statistical mechanics, and computer simulations"
5477:
4918:
4136:
3514:
3443:
3004:
2550:
2471:
2467:
2224:
2186:
2171:
1923:
1726:
1567:
1492:
1482:
282:
144:
5165:
4378:
3890:
3786:
2101:, which were necessary for the development of thermodynamics, were developed by Professor
8:
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7674:
7648:
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7096:
7005:
6975:
6875:
6845:
6739:
6699:
6545:
6404:
6399:
6384:
6359:
6336:
6312:
6274:
5966:
3451:
3377:
3327:
2916:
2384:
2155:
1907:
1880:
1876:
1512:
1274:
296:
262:
257:
170:
5780:
5481:
5287:
4922:
4791:
3469:
may also be constructed from a sample of an ideal gas held at a constant temperature. A
1507:
486:
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7828:
7605:
7484:
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5879:
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5173:
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4541:
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4402:
4396:
4354:
4330:
4306:
4282:
3973:
3869:
3765:
3595:
3545:
3414:
3386:
3339:
3335:
2786:
2766:
2746:
2726:
2694:
2670:
2579:
2557:
2437:
2380:
2064:
2043:
had learned of
Guericke's designs and, in 1656, in coordination with English scientist
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1212:
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1752:(1824) who believed that engine efficiency was the key that could help France win the
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7154:
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6000:
5990:
5952:
5884:
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5792:
5741:
5722:
5710:
5669:
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5592:
5571:
5452:
5413:
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5208:
5198:
5139:
5114:
5091:
5081:
5046:
4997:
4987:
4944:
4934:
4890:
4880:
4857:
4847:
4840:
4741:
4714:
4587:
3966:
3404:
3368:
3343:
2361:
2200:
2020:
1947:
1903:
1864:
1793:
1698:
1596:
1557:
1547:
1119:
917:
745:
247:
237:
179:
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2278:
2047:, built an air pump. Using this pump, Boyle and Hooke noticed a correlation between
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2240:
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2159:
1994:
1978:
1899:
1517:
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1437:
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1249:
899:
367:
232:
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3473:
is a device which is used to measure and define the internal energy of a system.
3427:
3263:
2950:
2521:
2475:
2243:
applied the mathematical methods of Gibbs to the analysis of chemical processes.
2227:
in such a manner, one can determine if a process would occur spontaneously. Also
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2147:
2087:
1982:
1868:
1762:
1753:
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1315:
969:
610:
433:
194:
161:
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was quickly extended to the study of chemical compounds and chemical reactions.
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6326:
5610:
4608:
4566:
4462:, for example by finding a mathematically rigorous way to express the familiar
3331:
3098:
2920:
2743:
done by a system on its surrounding requires that the system's internal energy
2503:
2135:, and motive power. It marked the start of thermodynamics as a modern science.
2072:
2060:
1778:
1770:
1522:
1292:
392:
272:
209:
199:
5923:
5688:
5626:
2953:
of the transitions involved in systems approaching thermodynamic equilibrium.
2806:
For processes that include transfer of matter, a further statement is needed:
8031:
7813:
7664:
7559:
7524:
7294:
7289:
7244:
7239:
7085:
7060:
7055:
7030:
7000:
6870:
6769:
6749:
6729:
6640:
6515:
5870:
5796:
5714:
5673:
5634:
5417:
5314:
5136:
From Watt to Clausius: The Rise of Thermodynamics in the Early Industrial Age
5095:
3459:
3072:
3064:
2984:
2976:
2236:
2128:
2094:
2083:
1998:
1591:
909:
478:
439:
151:
6280:
6204:
6177:
6136:
5836:
5212:
5050:
5001:
4948:
4894:
7991:
7669:
7569:
7544:
7539:
7534:
7464:
7399:
7279:
7249:
7189:
7184:
7159:
7070:
6949:
6865:
6789:
6774:
6759:
6540:
6004:
5888:
4861:
3423:
3044:
2441:
2228:
2132:
2114:
2102:
2044:
2040:
1939:
1766:
1745:
1722:
1542:
1527:
1477:
960:
3454:
in 1872, asserts that it is possible to measure temperature. An idealized
2908:
Adapted for thermodynamics, this law is an expression of the principle of
1777:. In 1865 he introduced the concept of entropy. In 1870 he introduced the
8001:
7643:
7600:
7574:
7514:
7494:
7489:
7364:
7324:
7309:
7254:
7179:
7149:
7144:
6960:
6825:
6744:
6112:
5862:
5851:
Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology
5841:
A nontechnical introduction, good on historical and interpretive matters.
4494:
3535:
3470:
3455:
3418:
3047:, such as Sadi Carnot defined in 1824. The system could also be just one
2479:
2311:
2265:
2216:
2098:
2068:
2052:
2024:
1973:
1891:
1734:
1714:
1702:
1674:
1497:
305:
5847:"Web Thermo Tables – an On-Line Version of the TRC Thermodynamic Tables"
5557:, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2010, ISBN 978-3527327522, S. 47
5425:
5393:
4930:
3027:; they have respective defined 'permeabilities'. Transfers of energy as
2067:. Then, in 1679, based on these concepts, an associate of Boyle's named
7757:
7679:
7610:
7579:
7454:
7424:
7354:
7304:
7274:
7259:
7234:
7139:
6939:
6835:
6754:
6694:
6560:
6550:
5706:
5649:
5409:
4689:. The opposite sign convention is customary in chemical thermodynamics.
2163:
2106:
1911:
1801:
1740:
Historically, thermodynamics developed out of a desire to increase the
1697:, which convey a quantitative description using measurable macroscopic
1586:
1532:
5788:
5665:
2414:
is a branch of thermodynamics that deals with systems that are not in
7716:
7394:
7389:
7339:
7314:
7169:
6965:
6411:
6234:
5195:
The Scientific Papers of J. Willard Gibbs, Volume One: Thermodynamics
4733:
3529:
3504:
3466:
2937:
Heat does not spontaneously flow from a colder body to a hotter body.
2036:
1951:
1919:
1832:
specifies that energy can be transferred between physical systems as
1809:
1690:
184:
4819:
Clausius, RJE (1870). "On a Mechanical Theorem Applicable to Heat".
7699:
7633:
7134:
6934:
6734:
6709:
6684:
4348:
3862:
3521:
3399:
3381:
2220:
2048:
1300:
1217:
1009:
417:
189:
5967:
Bawendi Moungi G., Alberty Robert A. and Silbey Robert J. (2004).
5325:
the fundamental subject of Natural Philosophy is Dynamics, or the
2995:
1914:. The results of thermodynamics are essential for other fields of
7209:
6881:
5270:
Thermodynamics. An Advanced Treatment for Chemists and Physicists
5108:
4490:
4324:
3539:
3390:
3048:
2946:
2904:
denote the internal energies of the respective separated systems.
2208:
2179:
1915:
1887:
1845:
1710:
1682:
1662:
406:
6053:
Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics: An Integrated Approach
3013:. A system is separated from the remainder of the universe by a
7886:
7638:
7444:
7194:
6219:
6184:
5394:"William Thomson and the Creation of Thermodynamics: 1840-1855"
5272:, 1st edition 1949, 5th edition 1967, North-Holland, Amsterdam.
4545:
4469:
The first attempt at an axiomatic theory of thermodynamics was
3492:
3036:
2376:
2204:
2079:
2028:
1895:
1686:
1678:
6662:
5648:
Nitzke, Isabel; Stephan, Simon; Vrabec, Jadran (3 June 2024).
5474:
Thermodynamics of Complex Systems: Principles and applications
5451:. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p. 4.
7901:
7334:
4634:
List of textbooks on thermodynamics and statistical mechanics
4459:
3052:
2185:
During the years 1873–76 the American mathematical physicist
6031:
5989:. Vol. 48. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. pp. 1–458.
5329:.... Every phenomenon in nature is a manifestation of force.
5161:
Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences
2035:. Guericke was driven to make a vacuum in order to disprove
1792:
studies the nature of the role of entropy in the process of
7409:
7329:
5368:
Transactions of the Edinburg Royal Society, XVI. January 2.
4713:. Poggendorff's Annalen der Physik, LXXIX (Dover Reprint).
4486:
3458:
is a sample of an ideal gas at constant pressure. From the
3372:
3108:
3032:
1833:
1824:
A description of any thermodynamic system employs the four
1693:. The behavior of these quantities is governed by the four
1666:
382:
4458:
that aims to describe thermodynamics in terms of rigorous
3330:. The state of the system can be described by a number of
2189:
published a series of three papers, the most famous being
2063:
was formulated, which states that pressure and volume are
5570:, American Institute of Physics, AIP Press, Woodbury NY,
5515:. Chemistry Europe (chemistryviews.org). 17 December 2010
5242:
Thermodynamics and the Free Energy of Chemical Substances
4809:
Contains English translations of many of his other works.
6072:
Biomolecular Thermodynamics: From Theory to Applications
5812:
5535:
Sekt, Champagner & Co. So prickelnd kann Chemie sein
2138:
The first thermodynamic textbook was written in 1859 by
1709:. Thermodynamics applies to a wide variety of topics in
6250:
Thermodynamics Data & Property Calculation Websites
5987:
Biochemical Thermodynamics: Applications of Mathematica
5924:
Stull, D.R., Westrum Jr., E.F. and Sinke, G.C. (1969).
5844:
5157:
3389:: a reversible adiabatic process, occurs at a constant
2882:
denotes the internal energy of the combined system, and
2520:
In a process without transfer of matter, the change in
6157:
5898:
The Collected Works of J. Willard Gibbs Thermodynamics
5689:"Untersuchungen über die Grundlagen der Thermodynamik"
5589:
Thermodynamics and an Introduction to Thermostatistics
3364:
Several commonly studied thermodynamic processes are:
2466:
This statement implies that thermal equilibrium is an
5951:. St. Petersburg: Lan publishing house. p. 384.
5908:
Modern thermodynamics by the methods of Willard Gibbs
5591:, second edition, John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken NY,
4425:
4405:
4381:
4357:
4333:
4309:
4285:
4235:
4197:
4170:
4139:
4111:
4091:
4036:
3997:
3976:
3923:
3893:
3872:
3819:
3789:
3768:
3715:
3619:
3598:
2819:
2789:
2769:
2749:
2729:
2697:
2673:
2646:
2607:
2582:
2560:
2531:
2282:("science of force ") can be traced back to the root
1128:
1073:
1018:
978:
852:
831:
805:
784:
756:
720:
699:
673:
652:
621:
585:
564:
538:
517:
489:
5262:
4598:
2803:
is recovered) to make the system work continuously.
1748:, particularly through the work of French physicist
6160:
Concise Thermodynamics: Principles and Applications
5647:
5319:. Vol. 1. MacMillan and Co., Limited. p.
4911:
Introduction to Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics
4907:
4475:
Investigations on the Foundations of Thermodynamics
2023:who, in 1650, built and designed the world's first
6114:
6113:Cengel, Yunus A., & Boles, Michael A. (2002).
6069:
5814:
5349:(2 ed.). Cambridge University Press. p.
5342:
5316:The Life of William Thomson, Baron Kelvin of Largs
5257:Modern Thermodynamics by the Methods of J.W. Gibbs
5232:
5038:
4908:Smith, J.M.; Van Ness, H.C.; Abbott, M.M. (2005).
4839:
4431:
4411:
4387:
4363:
4339:
4315:
4291:
4266:
4220:
4184:
4157:
4124:
4097:
4067:
4021:
3982:
3954:
3908:
3878:
3850:
3804:
3774:
3746:
3700:
3604:
2858:
2795:
2775:
2755:
2735:
2719:its surroundings. An equivalent statement is that
2703:
2679:
2655:
2628:
2588:
2566:
2540:
1875:, which are useful for determining conditions for
1164:
1109:
1054:
999:
861:
837:
814:
790:
765:
729:
705:
682:
658:
633:
594:
570:
547:
523:
498:
6270:Engineering Thermodynamics – A Graphical Approach
6245:. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). pp. 808–814.
5984:
5975:
5449:Chemical Thermodynamics: Basic Theory and Methods
4981:
3491:The central concept of thermodynamics is that of
2406:
2203:, could be graphically analyzed, by studying the
2117:efficiency. Drawing on all the previous work led
2019:as a scientific discipline generally begins with
1800:, or statistical mechanics, concerns itself with
8029:
5926:The Chemical Thermodynamics of Organic Compounds
5340:
5227:Le Potential Thermodynamique et ses Applications
5133:
5033:
4785:
4783:
4629:List of important publications in thermodynamics
1997:, and the Gibbsian school at Yale University of
1812:formulation, a description often referred to as
6185:Kroemer, Herbert & Kittel, Charles (1980).
5905:
5740:(second ed.). Cambridge University Press.
5609:Graben, H.W.; Ray, John R. (10 December 1993).
5541:8. Dezember 2009: Vol. 43, Issue 6, S. 418-432
5494:Moran, Michael J. and Howard N. Shapiro, 2008.
5249:
4439:is the count of particles types in the system.
2915:Internal energy is a principal property of the
2663:denotes the change in the internal energy of a
1808:presented a purely mathematical approach in an
6050:
5192:
5075:
4837:
4734:William Thomson, LL.D. D.C.L., F.R.S. (1882).
3003:An important concept in thermodynamics is the
2711:denotes the amount of thermodynamic work done
2192:On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances
2004:On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances
6648:
6310:
6296:
5509:"Sparkling Wine, Champagne & Co - Part 2"
5362:
5360:
4874:
4780:
4562:Philosophy of thermal and statistical physics
2436:Annotated color version of the original 1824
2394:
2321:
2121:, the "father of thermodynamics", to publish
1784:The initial application of thermodynamics to
1639:
6149:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
5946:
5938:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
5686:
5238:
5178:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
5109:Cengel, Yunus A.; Boles, Michael A. (2005).
4917:. Vol. 27 (7th ed.). p. 584.
4772:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
4261:
4248:
4062:
4049:
3949:
3936:
3845:
3832:
3741:
3728:
2318:in reference to Thomson's 1849 phraseology.
4449:
4419:the number of particles in the system, and
3371:: occurs without loss or gain of energy by
2999:A diagram of a generic thermodynamic system
2330:
1844:defines the existence of a quantity called
1733:, but also in other complex fields such as
7415:High efficiency glandless circulating pump
6664:Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning
6655:
6641:
6303:
6289:
5914:
5895:
5496:Fundamentals of Engineering Thermodynamics
5471:
5387:
5385:
5357:
5239:Lewis, Gilbert N.; Randall, Merle (1923).
5219:
5151:
2367:
1646:
1632:
44:
6232:
6089:The following titles are more technical:
5878:
5608:
5071:
5069:
4727:
4181:
3646:
3631:
3568:The five most well known potentials are:
2597:, done by the system on its surroundings.
2421:
1765:restated Carnot's principle known as the
7849:Mold growth, assessment, and remediation
6275:Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics
6265:Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics
6117:Thermodynamics – an Engineering Approach
5813:Goldstein, Martin & Inge F. (1993).
5738:The Geometry of Physics: An Introduction
5312:
5111:Thermodynamics – an Engineering Approach
4818:
4789:
4708:
4677:The sign convention (Q is heat supplied
2994:
2687:denotes the quantity of energy supplied
2497:
2431:
2352:
1972:
1867:. Properties can be combined to express
5978:Thermodynamics of Biochemical Reactions
5760:
5735:
5729:
5382:
5282:
5280:
5278:
3321:
2723:of the first kind are impossible; work
2124:Reflections on the Motive Power of Fire
14:
8030:
6501:Atomic, molecular, and optical physics
5066:
4622:
3480:
3090:Interactions of thermodynamic systems
2553:is equal to the energy gained as heat,
2113:which resulted in a large increase in
29:Physics of heat, work, and temperature
7722:Programmable communicating thermostat
6636:
6284:
6093:
6032:Dill Ken A., Bromberg Sarina (2011).
5919:. London: Cambridge University Press.
5763:"Classical Thermodynamics Simplified"
5446:
5398:Archive for History of Exact Sciences
5391:
5164:. Vol. III. New Haven. pp.
3411:(also called isometric/isovolumetric)
2375:is the study of the interrelation of
2276:, meaning "heat". Secondly, the word
7844:Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing
5971:. J. Wiley & Sons, Incorporated.
5294:from the original on 29 October 2023
5275:
2105:at the University of Glasgow, where
2086:built the first engine, followed by
6255:Thermodynamics Educational Websites
6233:Callendar, Hugh Longbourne (1911).
6096:Advanced Engineering Thermodynamics
5928:. London: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
5900:. New York: Longmans, Green and Co.
5008:
3043:can be a body of steam or air in a
2306:Pierre Perrot claims that the term
1701:, but may be explained in terms of
24:
7705:Minimum efficiency reporting value
5806:
5513:Sparkling Wine, Champagne & Co
4754:from the original on 18 April 2021
4113:
4092:
3679:
3648:
3633:
3433:
3067:theorized in 1986 in the field of
2647:
2608:
2532:
2263:("of heat"; used in words such as
853:
806:
721:
674:
586:
539:
359:Intensive and extensive properties
25:
8059:
7747:Standard temperature and pressure
7460:Packaged terminal air conditioner
6996:Passive daytime radiative cooling
6725:Heat pump and refrigeration cycle
6212:
5817:The Refrigerator and the Universe
5761:Rastall, Peter (1 October 1970).
4504:
3426:: occurs without a change in the
2859:{\displaystyle U_{0}=U_{1}+U_{2}}
2269:) can be traced back to the root
1685:, and the physical properties of
6816:Absorption-compression heat pump
6218:
5910:. London: Methuen & co. ltd.
5158:Gibbs, Willard, J. (1874–1878).
4877:Entropy and its Physical Meaning
4737:Mathematical and Physical Papers
4649:Table of thermodynamic equations
4644:List of thermodynamic properties
4601:
4267:{\displaystyle T,V,\{\mu _{i}\}}
4125:{\displaystyle \Phi _{\text{G}}}
3288:
3278:
3268:
3251:
3241:
3231:
3214:
3204:
3194:
3177:
3167:
3157:
3140:
3130:
3120:
2990:
2448:formulations are the following.
1615:
1614:
934:Table of thermodynamic equations
7711:Normal temperature and pressure
7091:Vapor-compression refrigeration
6622:Timeline of physics discoveries
6158:Dunning-Davies, Jeremy (1997).
5768:Journal of Mathematical Physics
5754:
5680:
5654:The Journal of Chemical Physics
5641:
5602:
5581:
5560:
5547:
5527:
5501:
5488:
5476:. IOP Publishing, Bristol, UK.
5465:
5440:
5334:
5306:
5186:
5127:
5102:
5057:
5027:
4671:
1840:, and with transfer of matter.
1819:
1410:Maxwell's thermodynamic surface
6055:. Cambridge University Press.
5268:Guggenheim, E.A. (1949/1967).
4986:. Cambridge University Press.
4975:
4901:
4868:
4831:
4812:
4702:
4681:the system as, W is work done
4639:List of thermal conductivities
4557:Non-equilibrium thermodynamics
4552:Maximum entropy thermodynamics
4454:Axiomatic thermodynamics is a
2575:, less the thermodynamic work,
2412:Non-equilibrium thermodynamics
2407:Non-equilibrium thermodynamics
1989:, the Vienna school, with the
1963:Non-equilibrium thermodynamics
1828:that form an axiomatic basis.
1144:
1132:
1089:
1077:
1034:
1022:
994:
982:
13:
1:
7859:Testing, adjusting, balancing
7803:Building information modeling
7798:Building services engineering
7375:Ground-coupled heat exchanger
6903:Demand controlled ventilation
6851:Building insulation materials
5498:. 6th ed. Wiley and Sons: 16.
5472:Pokrovskii, Vladimir (2020).
4696:
4221:{\displaystyle \mu _{i}N_{i}}
4068:{\displaystyle T,p,\{N_{i}\}}
3955:{\displaystyle S,p,\{N_{i}\}}
3851:{\displaystyle T,V,\{N_{i}\}}
3747:{\displaystyle S,V,\{N_{i}\}}
3556:
2931:A traditional version of the
2926:
2451:
2383:or with a physical change of
2316:perfect thermo-dynamic engine
1987:The Mechanical Theory of Heat
1311:Mechanical equivalent of heat
7420:High-pressure cut-off switch
6971:Ice storage air conditioning
6892:Dedicated outdoor air system
5821:. Harvard University Press.
5288:"Thermodynamics (etymology)"
5041:A Short History of Chemistry
4842:Understanding Thermodynamics
4579:, i.e. Statistical mechanics
2960:
2933:second law of thermodynamics
2629:{\displaystyle \Delta U=Q-W}
2493:
2458:zeroth law of thermodynamics
2296:is used by William Thomson.
2254:has an intricate etymology.
2246:
2093:The fundamental concepts of
1775:second law of thermodynamics
923:Onsager reciprocal relations
7:
7763:Thermostatic radiator valve
7565:Thermostatic radiator valve
7076:Underfloor air distribution
7011:Radiant heating and cooling
6929:Energy recovery ventilation
6841:Automobile air conditioning
6705:Domestic energy consumption
6586:Quantum information science
6260:Biochemistry Thermodynamics
6070:Douglas E. Barrick (2018).
5313:Thompson, Silvanus (1910).
5245:. McGraw-Hill Book Co. Inc.
5080:. Oxford University Press.
4846:. Dover Publications, Inc.
4594:
4185:{\displaystyle \sum _{i}\,}
2967:third law of thermodynamics
2516:first law of thermodynamics
2387:within the confines of the
1415:Entropy as energy dispersal
1226:"Perpetual motion" machines
1165:{\displaystyle G(T,p)=H-TS}
1110:{\displaystyle A(T,V)=U-TS}
1055:{\displaystyle H(S,p)=U+pV}
10:
8064:
7912:Institute of Refrigeration
7793:Architectural technologist
7265:Electrostatic precipitator
6417:Classical electromagnetism
5985:Alberty Robert A. (2006).
5976:Alberty Robert A. (2003).
5736:Frankel, Theodore (2004).
5568:A Survey of Thermodynamics
5543:doi:10.1002/ciuz.200900520
5392:Smith, Crosbie W. (1977).
4982:Haynie, Donald T. (2001).
4654:Timeline of thermodynamics
4617:Thermodynamic process path
4577:Statistical thermodynamics
4537:Equilibrium thermodynamics
4512:Atmospheric thermodynamics
3484:
3069:atmospheric thermodynamics
2425:
2400:Equilibrium thermodynamics
2395:Equilibrium thermodynamics
2364:at the microscopic level.
2322:Branches of thermodynamics
1968:
1814:geometrical thermodynamics
1798:Statistical thermodynamics
862:{\displaystyle \partial T}
815:{\displaystyle \partial V}
730:{\displaystyle \partial p}
683:{\displaystyle \partial V}
595:{\displaystyle \partial T}
548:{\displaystyle \partial S}
7974:
7965:Volatile organic compound
7940:
7867:
7824:Environmental engineering
7788:Architectural engineering
7771:
7619:
7590:Ultra-low particulate air
7175:Automatic balancing valve
7122:
7103:Variable refrigerant flow
6955:Heat recovery ventilation
6898:Deep water source cooling
6808:
6670:
6594:
6531:
6459:
6375:
6347:
6319:
5687:Carathéodory, C. (1909).
5627:10.1080/00268979300102971
5587:Callen, H.B. (1960/1985).
5345:Biological Thermodynamics
5341:Donald T. Haynie (2008).
5255:Guggenheim, E.A. (1933).
5134:Cardwell, D.S.L. (1971),
5015:Schools of thermodynamics
4984:Biological Thermodynamics
4796:. London: John van Voorst
4709:Clausius, Rudolf (1850).
4522:Black hole thermodynamics
4517:Biological thermodynamics
3440:thermodynamic instruments
3308:thermodynamic equilibrium
2721:perpetual motion machines
2416:thermodynamic equilibrium
2195:, in which he showed how
2017:history of thermodynamics
1959:thermodynamic equilibrium
1781:, which applied to heat.
1336:An Inquiry Concerning the
8012:Template:Home automation
7834:Kitchen exhaust cleaning
7530:Solar-assisted heat pump
7130:Air conditioner inverter
6909:Displacement ventilation
6800:Vapour pressure of water
6785:Thermal destratification
6523:Condensed matter physics
6189:. W.H. Freeman Company.
5949:Thermodynamics: Textbook
5906:Guggenheim E.A. (1933).
5902:Vol. 1, pp. 55–349.
5555:Chemische Köstlichkeiten
5078:A to Z of Thermodynamics
4838:Van Ness, H.C. (1983) .
4664:
4532:Classical thermodynamics
4450:Axiomatic thermodynamics
3562:Thermodynamic potentials
2691:the system as heat, and
2656:{\displaystyle \Delta U}
2541:{\displaystyle \Delta U}
2331:Classical thermodynamics
1873:thermodynamic potentials
1756:. Scots-Irish physicist
1677:, and their relation to
1349:Heterogeneous Substances
766:{\displaystyle \alpha =}
634:{\displaystyle \beta =-}
8007:World Refrigeration Day
7854:Refrigerant reclamation
7783:Architectural acoustics
7727:Programmable thermostat
7659:Clean air delivery rate
7555:Thermal expansion valve
7470:Pressurisation ductwork
7380:Ground source heat pump
6821:Absorption refrigerator
6242:Encyclopædia Britannica
6051:M. Scott Shell (2015).
5193:Gibbs, Willard (1993).
5076:Perrot, Pierre (1998).
5020:7 December 2017 at the
4685:the system) is that of
4659:Thermodynamic equations
4527:Chemical thermodynamics
4499:thermodynamic processes
4483:adiabatic accessibility
4471:Constantin Carathéodory
4456:mathematical discipline
4444:Legendre transformation
4098:{\displaystyle \Omega }
4022:{\displaystyle U+pV-TS}
3438:There are two types of
3417:: occurs at a constant
3380:: occurs at a constant
3023:are often described as
2373:Chemical thermodynamics
2368:Chemical thermodynamics
2292:In 1849, the adjective
2197:thermodynamic processes
2009:chemical thermodynamics
1806:Constantin Carathéodory
1790:Chemical thermodynamics
1786:mechanical heat engines
7997:Glossary of HVAC terms
7959:Sick building syndrome
7839:Mechanical engineering
7550:Smoke exhaust ductwork
6981:Mixed-mode ventilation
6607:Nobel Prize in Physics
6469:Relativistic mechanics
6277:by Richard Fitzpatrick
6236:"Thermodynamics"
6162:. Horwood Publishing.
6094:Bejan, Adrian (2016).
5447:Klotz, Irving (2008).
5225:Duhem, P.M.M. (1886).
4879:. Taylor and Francis.
4875:Dugdale, J.S. (1998).
4821:Philosophical Magazine
4806:editions:PwR_Sbkwa8IC.
4572:Quantum thermodynamics
4464:laws of thermodynamics
4433:
4413:
4389:
4365:
4341:
4317:
4293:
4268:
4222:
4186:
4159:
4126:
4099:
4069:
4023:
3984:
3956:
3910:
3880:
3852:
3806:
3776:
3748:
3702:
3606:
3552:(material parameters).
3057:quantum thermodynamics
3000:
2910:conservation of energy
2860:
2797:
2777:
2757:
2737:
2705:
2681:
2657:
2630:
2590:
2568:
2542:
2511:
2508:high-speed photography
2444:
2428:Laws of thermodynamics
2422:Laws of thermodynamics
2389:laws of thermodynamics
2345:by the development of
2338:laws of thermodynamics
2277:
2258:
2065:inversely proportional
2012:
1944:biomedical engineering
1936:mechanical engineering
1826:laws of thermodynamics
1731:mechanical engineering
1695:laws of thermodynamics
1166:
1111:
1056:
1001:
1000:{\displaystyle U(S,V)}
863:
839:
816:
792:
767:
731:
707:
684:
660:
635:
596:
572:
549:
525:
500:
479:Specific heat capacity
83:Quantum thermodynamics
8017:Template:Solar energy
7695:Intelligent buildings
7654:Carbon dioxide sensor
7041:Room air distribution
6861:Central solar heating
6612:Philosophy of physics
6098:(4 ed.). Wiley.
5980:. Wiley-Interscience.
5947:Bazarov I.P. (2010).
5694:Mathematische Annalen
5138:, London: Heinemann,
4790:Clausius, R. (1867).
4434:
4414:
4390:
4366:
4342:
4318:
4294:
4269:
4223:
4187:
4160:
4158:{\displaystyle U-TS-}
4127:
4100:
4080:Landau potential, or
4070:
4024:
3985:
3957:
3911:
3881:
3853:
3807:
3777:
3759:Helmholtz free energy
3749:
3703:
3607:
3542:(thermal parameters);
3407:: occurs at constant
3398:: occurs at constant
3351:thermodynamic process
3227:Mechanically isolated
3055:) as hypothesized in
2998:
2861:
2798:
2778:
2758:
2738:
2706:
2682:
2658:
2631:
2591:
2569:
2543:
2501:
2472:thermodynamic systems
2435:
2358:Statistical mechanics
2353:Statistical mechanics
2347:statistical mechanics
2144:University of Glasgow
2033:Magdeburg hemispheres
1991:statistical mechanics
1976:
1932:aerospace engineering
1928:corrosion engineering
1881:spontaneous processes
1707:statistical mechanics
1347:On the Equilibrium of
1167:
1112:
1065:Helmholtz free energy
1057:
1002:
864:
840:
817:
793:
768:
732:
708:
685:
661:
636:
597:
573:
550:
526:
501:
8048:Chemical engineering
7819:Duct leakage testing
7809:Deep energy retrofit
7753:Thermographic camera
7690:Infrared thermometer
7165:Air source heat pump
7114:Water heat recycling
6680:Air changes per hour
6571:Mathematical physics
6227:at Wikimedia Commons
5963:5th ed. (in Russian)
5863:10.6028/jres.113.016
5376:24 July 2017 at the
4477:, which made use of
4423:
4403:
4388:{\displaystyle \mu }
4379:
4355:
4331:
4307:
4283:
4233:
4195:
4168:
4137:
4109:
4089:
4034:
3995:
3974:
3921:
3909:{\displaystyle U+pV}
3891:
3870:
3817:
3805:{\displaystyle U-TS}
3787:
3766:
3713:
3617:
3596:
3515:thermodynamic system
3495:, the ability to do
3444:thermodynamic system
3424:Steady state process
3322:States and processes
3316:reversible processes
3005:thermodynamic system
2943:intensive properties
2817:
2787:
2767:
2747:
2727:
2695:
2671:
2644:
2605:
2580:
2558:
2551:thermodynamic system
2529:
2502:Opening a bottle of
2468:equivalence relation
2225:thermodynamic system
2187:Josiah Willard Gibbs
2001:' 1876 and his book
1924:chemical engineering
1727:chemical engineering
1360:Motive Power of Fire
1126:
1071:
1016:
976:
928:Bridgman's equations
905:Fundamental relation
850:
829:
803:
782:
754:
718:
697:
671:
650:
619:
583:
562:
536:
515:
487:
7685:HVAC control system
7675:Home energy monitor
7649:Building automation
7435:Inverter compressor
7097:Variable air volume
7006:Passive ventilation
6976:Kitchen ventilation
6876:Constant air volume
6846:Autonomous building
6546:Atmospheric physics
6385:Classical mechanics
6313:branches of physics
6036:. Garland Science.
5915:Denbigh K. (1981).
5896:Gibbs J.W. (1928).
5781:1970JMP....11.2955R
5566:Bailyn, M. (1994).
5539:Chemie unserer Zeit
5482:2020tcsp.book.....P
4931:10.1021/ed027p584.3
4923:1950JChEd..27..584S
4623:Lists and timelines
4481:and the concept of
3511:Conjugate variables
3487:Conjugate variables
3481:Conjugate variables
3378:Isenthalpic process
3340:extensive variables
3336:intensive variables
3328:thermodynamic state
3091:
2917:thermodynamic state
2289:, meaning "power".
2156:James Clerk Maxwell
2027:and demonstrated a
1908:transport phenomena
1699:physical quantities
1338:Source ... Friction
1270:Loschmidt's paradox
462:Material properties
340:Conjugate variables
7948:Indoor air quality
7892:ASTM International
7829:Hydronic balancing
7606:Wood-burning stove
7485:Radiator reflector
7270:Evaporative cooler
7081:Underfloor heating
7066:Thermal insulation
6602:History of physics
5969:Physical Chemistry
5707:10.1007/BF01450409
5410:10.1007/BF00328156
5259:, Methuen, London.
4542:Industrial ecology
4429:
4409:
4397:chemical potential
4385:
4361:
4337:
4313:
4289:
4264:
4218:
4182:
4180:
4155:
4122:
4095:
4065:
4019:
3980:
3952:
3906:
3876:
3848:
3802:
3772:
3744:
3698:
3667:
3602:
3583:Natural variables
3546:Chemical potential
3415:Isothermal process
3387:Isentropic process
3355:process quantities
3190:Thermally isolated
3089:
3051:(i.e. a system of
3001:
2856:
2793:
2773:
2753:
2733:
2701:
2677:
2653:
2626:
2586:
2564:
2538:
2512:
2445:
2438:Carnot heat engine
2381:chemical reactions
2299:In 1854, the noun
2201:chemical reactions
2111:external condenser
2013:
1904:chemical reactions
1865:equations of state
1794:chemical reactions
1719:physical chemistry
1602:Order and disorder
1358:Reflections on the
1265:Heat death paradox
1162:
1107:
1052:
997:
859:
835:
812:
788:
763:
727:
703:
680:
656:
631:
592:
568:
545:
521:
499:{\displaystyle c=}
496:
469:Property databases
445:Reduced properties
429:Chemical potential
393:Functions of state
316:Thermal efficiency
52:Carnot heat engine
8025:
8024:
7941:Health and safety
7520:Scroll compressor
7475:Process duct work
7230:Convection heater
7225:Condensing boiler
7155:Air-mixing plenum
7051:Solar combisystem
6887:Cross ventilation
6690:Building envelope
6630:
6629:
6617:Physics education
6566:Materials science
6533:Interdisciplinary
6491:Quantum mechanics
6223:Media related to
6196:978-0-7167-1088-2
6169:978-1-8985-6315-0
6128:978-0-07-238332-4
6105:978-1-119-05209-8
6081:978-1-4398-0019-5
6043:978-0-8153-4430-8
5996:978-0-471-75798-6
5958:978-5-8114-1003-3
5828:978-0-674-75325-9
5789:10.1063/1.1665080
5775:(10): 2955–2965.
5666:10.1063/5.0207592
5615:Molecular Physics
5458:978-0-471-78015-1
5229:, Hermann, Paris.
5204:978-0-918024-77-0
5145:978-0-435-54150-7
5120:978-0-07-310768-4
5087:978-0-19-856552-9
4993:978-0-521-79549-4
4940:978-0-07-310445-4
4886:978-0-7484-0569-5
4747:978-0-598-96004-7
4720:978-0-486-59065-3
4588:Polymer chemistry
4432:{\displaystyle i}
4412:{\displaystyle N}
4364:{\displaystyle V}
4340:{\displaystyle p}
4316:{\displaystyle S}
4292:{\displaystyle T}
4277:
4276:
4171:
4119:
3983:{\displaystyle G}
3967:Gibbs free energy
3879:{\displaystyle H}
3775:{\displaystyle F}
3658:
3605:{\displaystyle U}
3405:Isochoric process
3369:Adiabatic process
3344:equation of state
3299:
3298:
2921:function of state
2796:{\displaystyle U}
2776:{\displaystyle Q}
2756:{\displaystyle U}
2736:{\displaystyle W}
2704:{\displaystyle W}
2680:{\displaystyle Q}
2589:{\displaystyle W}
2567:{\displaystyle Q}
2021:Otto von Guericke
1985:'s 1865 textbook
1979:thermodynamicists
1954:, to name a few.
1948:materials science
1900:phase transitions
1656:
1655:
1597:Self-organization
1422:
1421:
1120:Gibbs free energy
918:Maxwell relations
876:
875:
872:
871:
838:{\displaystyle V}
791:{\displaystyle 1}
746:Thermal expansion
740:
739:
706:{\displaystyle V}
659:{\displaystyle 1}
605:
604:
571:{\displaystyle N}
524:{\displaystyle T}
452:
451:
368:Process functions
354:Property diagrams
333:System properties
323:
322:
288:Endoreversibility
180:Equation of state
16:(Redirected from
8055:
7987:Building science
7742:Smart thermostat
7737:Room temperature
7320:Fireplace insert
7026:Radon mitigation
6924:Electric heating
6919:District heating
6914:District cooling
6831:Air conditioning
6657:
6650:
6643:
6634:
6633:
6556:Chemical physics
6496:Particle physics
6422:Classical optics
6305:
6298:
6291:
6282:
6281:
6246:
6238:
6222:
6208:
6181:
6154:
6148:
6140:
6120:
6109:
6085:
6066:
6047:
6028:
6022:
6018:
6016:
6008:
5981:
5972:
5962:
5943:
5937:
5929:
5920:
5911:
5901:
5892:
5882:
5840:
5820:
5801:
5800:
5758:
5752:
5751:
5733:
5727:
5726:
5684:
5678:
5677:
5645:
5639:
5638:
5621:(5): 1183–1193.
5606:
5600:
5585:
5579:
5564:
5558:
5551:
5545:
5531:
5525:
5524:
5522:
5520:
5505:
5499:
5492:
5486:
5485:
5469:
5463:
5462:
5444:
5438:
5437:
5389:
5380:
5364:
5355:
5354:
5348:
5338:
5332:
5331:
5327:science of force
5310:
5304:
5303:
5301:
5299:
5284:
5273:
5266:
5260:
5253:
5247:
5246:
5236:
5230:
5223:
5217:
5216:
5197:. Ox Bow Press.
5190:
5184:
5183:
5177:
5169:
5155:
5149:
5148:
5131:
5125:
5124:
5106:
5100:
5099:
5073:
5064:
5061:
5055:
5054:
5044:
5035:Partington, J.R.
5031:
5025:
5012:
5006:
5005:
4979:
4973:
4972:
4966:
4962:
4960:
4952:
4916:
4905:
4899:
4898:
4872:
4866:
4865:
4845:
4835:
4829:
4828:
4816:
4810:
4808:
4803:
4801:
4787:
4778:
4777:
4771:
4763:
4761:
4759:
4731:
4725:
4724:
4706:
4690:
4675:
4611:
4606:
4605:
4479:Pfaffian systems
4438:
4436:
4435:
4430:
4418:
4416:
4415:
4410:
4394:
4392:
4391:
4386:
4370:
4368:
4367:
4362:
4346:
4344:
4343:
4338:
4322:
4320:
4319:
4314:
4298:
4296:
4295:
4290:
4273:
4271:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4259:
4227:
4225:
4224:
4219:
4217:
4216:
4207:
4206:
4191:
4189:
4188:
4183:
4179:
4164:
4162:
4161:
4156:
4131:
4129:
4128:
4123:
4121:
4120:
4117:
4104:
4102:
4101:
4096:
4074:
4072:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4060:
4028:
4026:
4025:
4020:
3989:
3987:
3986:
3981:
3961:
3959:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3947:
3915:
3913:
3912:
3907:
3885:
3883:
3882:
3877:
3857:
3855:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3843:
3811:
3809:
3808:
3803:
3781:
3779:
3778:
3773:
3753:
3751:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3739:
3707:
3705:
3704:
3699:
3697:
3693:
3692:
3691:
3682:
3677:
3676:
3666:
3651:
3636:
3611:
3609:
3608:
3603:
3571:
3570:
3396:Isobaric process
3332:state quantities
3295:
3292:
3291:
3285:
3282:
3281:
3275:
3272:
3271:
3258:
3255:
3254:
3248:
3245:
3244:
3238:
3235:
3234:
3221:
3218:
3217:
3211:
3208:
3207:
3201:
3198:
3197:
3184:
3181:
3180:
3174:
3171:
3170:
3164:
3161:
3160:
3147:
3144:
3143:
3137:
3134:
3133:
3127:
3124:
3123:
3092:
3088:
3061:tropical cyclone
2902:
2891:
2880:
2865:
2863:
2862:
2857:
2855:
2854:
2842:
2841:
2829:
2828:
2802:
2800:
2799:
2794:
2782:
2780:
2779:
2774:
2762:
2760:
2759:
2754:
2742:
2740:
2739:
2734:
2710:
2708:
2707:
2702:
2686:
2684:
2683:
2678:
2662:
2660:
2659:
2654:
2635:
2633:
2632:
2627:
2595:
2593:
2592:
2587:
2573:
2571:
2570:
2565:
2547:
2545:
2544:
2539:
2340:. The qualifier
2241:E. A. Guggenheim
2233:Gilbert N. Lewis
2172:J. Willard Gibbs
2160:Ludwig Boltzmann
1995:Ludwig Boltzmann
1769:and gave to the
1705:constituents by
1665:that deals with
1648:
1641:
1634:
1618:
1617:
1325:Key publications
1306:
1305:("living force")
1255:Brownian ratchet
1250:Entropy and life
1245:Entropy and time
1196:
1195:
1171:
1169:
1168:
1163:
1116:
1114:
1113:
1108:
1061:
1059:
1058:
1053:
1006:
1004:
1003:
998:
900:Clausius theorem
895:Carnot's theorem
868:
866:
865:
860:
844:
842:
841:
836:
821:
819:
818:
813:
797:
795:
794:
789:
776:
775:
772:
770:
769:
764:
736:
734:
733:
728:
712:
710:
709:
704:
689:
687:
686:
681:
665:
663:
662:
657:
644:
643:
640:
638:
637:
632:
601:
599:
598:
593:
577:
575:
574:
569:
554:
552:
551:
546:
530:
528:
527:
522:
509:
508:
505:
503:
502:
497:
475:
474:
348:
347:
167:
166:
48:
34:
33:
21:
8063:
8062:
8058:
8057:
8056:
8054:
8053:
8052:
8028:
8027:
8026:
8021:
7982:ASHRAE Handbook
7970:
7954:Passive smoking
7936:
7869:
7863:
7775:
7773:
7767:
7621:
7615:
7596:Whole-house fan
7510:Run-around coil
7505:Reversing valve
7450:Mechanical room
7440:Kerosene heater
7430:Infrared heater
7360:Gasoline heater
7300:Fan filter unit
7215:Condensate pump
7200:Centrifugal fan
7118:
7021:Radiant heating
7016:Radiant cooling
6991:Passive cooling
6986:Microgeneration
6856:Central heating
6804:
6780:Thermal comfort
6672:
6666:
6661:
6631:
6626:
6590:
6576:Medical physics
6527:
6486:Nuclear physics
6455:
6449:Non-equilibrium
6371:
6343:
6315:
6309:
6215:
6197:
6187:Thermal Physics
6170:
6142:
6141:
6129:
6121:. McGraw Hill.
6106:
6082:
6063:
6044:
6020:
6019:
6010:
6009:
5997:
5959:
5931:
5930:
5829:
5809:
5807:Further reading
5804:
5759:
5755:
5748:
5734:
5730:
5685:
5681:
5646:
5642:
5607:
5603:
5586:
5582:
5565:
5561:
5552:
5548:
5532:
5528:
5518:
5516:
5507:
5506:
5502:
5493:
5489:
5470:
5466:
5459:
5445:
5441:
5390:
5383:
5378:Wayback Machine
5365:
5358:
5339:
5335:
5311:
5307:
5297:
5295:
5286:
5285:
5276:
5267:
5263:
5254:
5250:
5237:
5233:
5224:
5220:
5205:
5191:
5187:
5171:
5170:
5156:
5152:
5146:
5132:
5128:
5121:
5113:. McGraw-Hill.
5107:
5103:
5088:
5074:
5067:
5062:
5058:
5032:
5028:
5022:Wayback Machine
5013:
5009:
4994:
4980:
4976:
4964:
4963:
4954:
4953:
4941:
4914:
4906:
4902:
4887:
4873:
4869:
4854:
4836:
4832:
4817:
4813:
4799:
4797:
4788:
4781:
4765:
4764:
4757:
4755:
4748:
4732:
4728:
4721:
4707:
4703:
4699:
4694:
4693:
4687:Rudolf Clausius
4676:
4672:
4667:
4625:
4607:
4600:
4597:
4592:
4583:Thermoeconomics
4507:
4452:
4424:
4421:
4420:
4404:
4401:
4400:
4380:
4377:
4376:
4356:
4353:
4352:
4332:
4329:
4328:
4308:
4305:
4304:
4284:
4281:
4280:
4255:
4251:
4234:
4231:
4230:
4212:
4208:
4202:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4192:
4175:
4169:
4166:
4165:
4138:
4135:
4134:
4116:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4106:
4090:
4087:
4086:
4082:grand potential
4081:
4056:
4052:
4035:
4032:
4031:
3996:
3993:
3992:
3975:
3972:
3971:
3943:
3939:
3922:
3919:
3918:
3892:
3889:
3888:
3871:
3868:
3867:
3839:
3835:
3818:
3815:
3814:
3788:
3785:
3784:
3767:
3764:
3763:
3735:
3731:
3714:
3711:
3710:
3687:
3683:
3678:
3672:
3668:
3662:
3647:
3632:
3627:
3623:
3618:
3615:
3614:
3597:
3594:
3593:
3589:Internal energy
3559:
3550:particle number
3489:
3483:
3436:
3434:Instrumentation
3428:internal energy
3324:
3293:
3289:
3283:
3279:
3273:
3269:
3256:
3252:
3246:
3242:
3236:
3232:
3219:
3215:
3209:
3205:
3199:
3195:
3182:
3178:
3172:
3168:
3162:
3158:
3145:
3141:
3135:
3131:
3125:
3121:
3095:Type of system
2993:
2963:
2951:irreversibility
2929:
2901:
2895:
2890:
2884:
2879:
2873:
2850:
2846:
2837:
2833:
2824:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2814:
2788:
2785:
2784:
2768:
2765:
2764:
2748:
2745:
2744:
2728:
2725:
2724:
2696:
2693:
2692:
2672:
2669:
2668:
2645:
2642:
2641:
2606:
2603:
2602:
2581:
2578:
2577:
2559:
2556:
2555:
2530:
2527:
2526:
2522:internal energy
2496:
2476:Brownian motion
2454:
2430:
2424:
2409:
2397:
2370:
2355:
2333:
2324:
2301:thermo-dynamics
2249:
2168:Rudolf Clausius
2152:William Thomson
2148:Rudolf Clausius
2140:William Rankine
2088:Thomas Newcomen
2007:which launched
1983:Rudolf Clausius
1971:
1869:internal energy
1822:
1763:Rudolf Clausius
1754:Napoleonic Wars
1661:is a branch of
1652:
1607:
1606:
1582:
1574:
1573:
1572:
1432:
1424:
1423:
1402:
1388:
1363:
1359:
1352:
1348:
1341:
1337:
1304:
1297:
1279:
1260:Maxwell's demon
1222:
1193:
1192:
1176:
1175:
1174:
1127:
1124:
1123:
1122:
1072:
1069:
1068:
1067:
1017:
1014:
1013:
1012:
977:
974:
973:
972:
970:Internal energy
965:
950:
940:
939:
914:
889:
879:
878:
877:
851:
848:
847:
830:
827:
826:
804:
801:
800:
783:
780:
779:
755:
752:
751:
719:
716:
715:
698:
695:
694:
672:
669:
668:
651:
648:
647:
620:
617:
616:
611:Compressibility
584:
581:
580:
563:
560:
559:
537:
534:
533:
516:
513:
512:
488:
485:
484:
464:
454:
453:
434:Particle number
387:
346:
335:
325:
324:
283:Irreversibility
195:State of matter
162:Isolated system
147:
137:
136:
135:
110:
100:
99:
95:Non-equilibrium
87:
62:
54:
30:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8061:
8051:
8050:
8045:
8043:Thermodynamics
8040:
8023:
8022:
8020:
8019:
8014:
8009:
8004:
7999:
7994:
7989:
7984:
7978:
7976:
7972:
7971:
7969:
7968:
7962:
7956:
7951:
7944:
7942:
7938:
7937:
7935:
7934:
7929:
7924:
7919:
7914:
7909:
7904:
7899:
7894:
7889:
7884:
7879:
7873:
7871:
7865:
7864:
7862:
7861:
7856:
7851:
7846:
7841:
7836:
7831:
7826:
7821:
7816:
7811:
7806:
7800:
7795:
7790:
7785:
7779:
7777:
7769:
7768:
7766:
7765:
7760:
7755:
7750:
7744:
7739:
7734:
7732:Psychrometrics
7729:
7724:
7719:
7714:
7708:
7702:
7697:
7692:
7687:
7682:
7677:
7672:
7667:
7662:
7656:
7651:
7646:
7641:
7636:
7631:
7629:Air flow meter
7625:
7623:
7617:
7616:
7614:
7613:
7608:
7603:
7598:
7593:
7587:
7582:
7577:
7572:
7567:
7562:
7557:
7552:
7547:
7542:
7537:
7532:
7527:
7522:
7517:
7512:
7507:
7502:
7497:
7492:
7487:
7482:
7477:
7472:
7467:
7462:
7457:
7452:
7447:
7442:
7437:
7432:
7427:
7422:
7417:
7412:
7407:
7405:Heating system
7402:
7397:
7392:
7387:
7385:Heat exchanger
7382:
7377:
7372:
7367:
7362:
7357:
7352:
7350:Gas compressor
7347:
7342:
7337:
7332:
7327:
7322:
7317:
7312:
7307:
7302:
7297:
7292:
7287:
7285:Expansion tank
7282:
7277:
7272:
7267:
7262:
7257:
7252:
7247:
7242:
7237:
7232:
7227:
7222:
7217:
7212:
7207:
7205:Ceramic heater
7202:
7197:
7192:
7187:
7182:
7177:
7172:
7167:
7162:
7157:
7152:
7147:
7142:
7137:
7132:
7126:
7124:
7120:
7119:
7117:
7116:
7111:
7106:
7100:
7094:
7088:
7083:
7078:
7073:
7068:
7063:
7058:
7053:
7048:
7046:Solar air heat
7043:
7038:
7036:Renewable heat
7033:
7028:
7023:
7018:
7013:
7008:
7003:
6998:
6993:
6988:
6983:
6978:
6973:
6968:
6963:
6958:
6952:
6947:
6945:Forced-air gas
6942:
6937:
6932:
6926:
6921:
6916:
6911:
6906:
6900:
6895:
6889:
6884:
6879:
6873:
6868:
6863:
6858:
6853:
6848:
6843:
6838:
6833:
6828:
6823:
6818:
6812:
6810:
6806:
6805:
6803:
6802:
6797:
6795:Thermodynamics
6792:
6787:
6782:
6777:
6772:
6767:
6765:Psychrometrics
6762:
6757:
6752:
6747:
6742:
6737:
6732:
6727:
6722:
6720:Gas compressor
6717:
6715:Fluid dynamics
6712:
6707:
6702:
6697:
6692:
6687:
6682:
6676:
6674:
6668:
6667:
6660:
6659:
6652:
6645:
6637:
6628:
6627:
6625:
6624:
6619:
6614:
6609:
6604:
6598:
6596:
6592:
6591:
6589:
6588:
6583:
6578:
6573:
6568:
6563:
6558:
6553:
6548:
6543:
6537:
6535:
6529:
6528:
6526:
6525:
6520:
6519:
6518:
6513:
6508:
6498:
6493:
6488:
6483:
6482:
6481:
6476:
6465:
6463:
6457:
6456:
6454:
6453:
6452:
6451:
6446:
6439:Thermodynamics
6436:
6435:
6434:
6429:
6419:
6414:
6409:
6408:
6407:
6402:
6397:
6392:
6381:
6379:
6373:
6372:
6370:
6369:
6368:
6367:
6357:
6351:
6349:
6345:
6344:
6342:
6341:
6340:
6339:
6329:
6323:
6321:
6317:
6316:
6308:
6307:
6300:
6293:
6285:
6279:
6278:
6272:
6267:
6262:
6257:
6252:
6247:
6229:
6228:
6225:Thermodynamics
6214:
6213:External links
6211:
6210:
6209:
6195:
6182:
6168:
6155:
6127:
6110:
6104:
6087:
6086:
6080:
6067:
6062:978-1107656789
6061:
6048:
6042:
6029:
6021:|journal=
5995:
5982:
5973:
5964:
5957:
5944:
5921:
5912:
5903:
5893:
5857:(4): 209–220.
5842:
5827:
5808:
5805:
5803:
5802:
5753:
5746:
5728:
5701:(3): 355–386.
5679:
5640:
5601:
5580:
5559:
5546:
5526:
5500:
5487:
5464:
5457:
5439:
5404:(3): 231–288.
5381:
5356:
5333:
5305:
5274:
5261:
5248:
5231:
5218:
5203:
5185:
5168:–248, 343–524.
5150:
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5119:
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5056:
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5007:
4992:
4974:
4965:|journal=
4939:
4900:
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4867:
4852:
4830:
4823:. 4th Series.
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4609:Physics portal
4596:
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4580:
4574:
4569:
4567:Psychrometrics
4564:
4559:
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4549:
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4534:
4529:
4524:
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4508:
4506:
4505:Applied fields
4503:
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3485:Main article:
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2613:
2610:
2585:
2563:
2537:
2534:
2504:sparkling wine
2495:
2492:
2470:on the set of
2453:
2450:
2426:Main article:
2423:
2420:
2408:
2405:
2396:
2393:
2369:
2366:
2362:quantum theory
2354:
2351:
2332:
2329:
2323:
2320:
2310:was coined by
2308:thermodynamics
2294:thermo-dynamic
2252:Thermodynamics
2248:
2245:
2073:steam digester
1970:
1967:
1842:The second law
1821:
1818:
1779:virial theorem
1771:theory of heat
1659:Thermodynamics
1654:
1653:
1651:
1650:
1643:
1636:
1628:
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1397:
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1379:Thermodynamics
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1371:
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1333:
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1313:
1308:
1296:
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1293:Caloric theory
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773:
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759:
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273:Free expansion
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210:Control volume
207:
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200:Phase (matter)
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50:The classical
49:
41:
40:
38:Thermodynamics
28:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8060:
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7814:Duct cleaning
7812:
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7807:
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7743:
7740:
7738:
7735:
7733:
7730:
7728:
7725:
7723:
7720:
7718:
7715:
7712:
7709:
7706:
7703:
7701:
7698:
7696:
7693:
7691:
7688:
7686:
7683:
7681:
7678:
7676:
7673:
7671:
7668:
7666:
7665:Control valve
7663:
7660:
7657:
7655:
7652:
7650:
7647:
7645:
7642:
7640:
7637:
7635:
7632:
7630:
7627:
7626:
7624:
7618:
7612:
7609:
7607:
7604:
7602:
7599:
7597:
7594:
7591:
7588:
7586:
7585:Turning vanes
7583:
7581:
7578:
7576:
7573:
7571:
7568:
7566:
7563:
7561:
7560:Thermal wheel
7558:
7556:
7553:
7551:
7548:
7546:
7543:
7541:
7538:
7536:
7533:
7531:
7528:
7526:
7525:Solar chimney
7523:
7521:
7518:
7516:
7513:
7511:
7508:
7506:
7503:
7501:
7498:
7496:
7493:
7491:
7488:
7486:
7483:
7481:
7478:
7476:
7473:
7471:
7468:
7466:
7463:
7461:
7458:
7456:
7453:
7451:
7448:
7446:
7443:
7441:
7438:
7436:
7433:
7431:
7428:
7426:
7423:
7421:
7418:
7416:
7413:
7411:
7408:
7406:
7403:
7401:
7398:
7396:
7393:
7391:
7388:
7386:
7383:
7381:
7378:
7376:
7373:
7371:
7368:
7366:
7363:
7361:
7358:
7356:
7353:
7351:
7348:
7346:
7343:
7341:
7338:
7336:
7333:
7331:
7328:
7326:
7323:
7321:
7318:
7316:
7313:
7311:
7308:
7306:
7303:
7301:
7298:
7296:
7295:Fan coil unit
7293:
7291:
7288:
7286:
7283:
7281:
7278:
7276:
7273:
7271:
7268:
7266:
7263:
7261:
7258:
7256:
7253:
7251:
7248:
7246:
7243:
7241:
7240:Cooling tower
7238:
7236:
7233:
7231:
7228:
7226:
7223:
7221:
7218:
7216:
7213:
7211:
7208:
7206:
7203:
7201:
7198:
7196:
7193:
7191:
7188:
7186:
7183:
7181:
7178:
7176:
7173:
7171:
7168:
7166:
7163:
7161:
7158:
7156:
7153:
7151:
7148:
7146:
7143:
7141:
7138:
7136:
7133:
7131:
7128:
7127:
7125:
7121:
7115:
7112:
7110:
7107:
7104:
7101:
7098:
7095:
7092:
7089:
7087:
7086:Vapor barrier
7084:
7082:
7079:
7077:
7074:
7072:
7069:
7067:
7064:
7062:
7061:Solar heating
7059:
7057:
7056:Solar cooling
7054:
7052:
7049:
7047:
7044:
7042:
7039:
7037:
7034:
7032:
7031:Refrigeration
7029:
7027:
7024:
7022:
7019:
7017:
7014:
7012:
7009:
7007:
7004:
7002:
7001:Passive house
6999:
6997:
6994:
6992:
6989:
6987:
6984:
6982:
6979:
6977:
6974:
6972:
6969:
6967:
6964:
6962:
6959:
6956:
6953:
6951:
6948:
6946:
6943:
6941:
6938:
6936:
6933:
6930:
6927:
6925:
6922:
6920:
6917:
6915:
6912:
6910:
6907:
6904:
6901:
6899:
6896:
6893:
6890:
6888:
6885:
6883:
6880:
6877:
6874:
6872:
6871:Chilled water
6869:
6867:
6864:
6862:
6859:
6857:
6854:
6852:
6849:
6847:
6844:
6842:
6839:
6837:
6834:
6832:
6829:
6827:
6824:
6822:
6819:
6817:
6814:
6813:
6811:
6807:
6801:
6798:
6796:
6793:
6791:
6788:
6786:
6783:
6781:
6778:
6776:
6773:
6771:
6770:Sensible heat
6768:
6766:
6763:
6761:
6758:
6756:
6753:
6751:
6750:Noise control
6748:
6746:
6743:
6741:
6738:
6736:
6733:
6731:
6730:Heat transfer
6728:
6726:
6723:
6721:
6718:
6716:
6713:
6711:
6708:
6706:
6703:
6701:
6698:
6696:
6693:
6691:
6688:
6686:
6683:
6681:
6678:
6677:
6675:
6669:
6665:
6658:
6653:
6651:
6646:
6644:
6639:
6638:
6635:
6623:
6620:
6618:
6615:
6613:
6610:
6608:
6605:
6603:
6600:
6599:
6597:
6593:
6587:
6584:
6582:
6581:Ocean physics
6579:
6577:
6574:
6572:
6569:
6567:
6564:
6562:
6559:
6557:
6554:
6552:
6549:
6547:
6544:
6542:
6539:
6538:
6536:
6534:
6530:
6524:
6521:
6517:
6516:Modern optics
6514:
6512:
6509:
6507:
6504:
6503:
6502:
6499:
6497:
6494:
6492:
6489:
6487:
6484:
6480:
6477:
6475:
6472:
6471:
6470:
6467:
6466:
6464:
6462:
6458:
6450:
6447:
6445:
6442:
6441:
6440:
6437:
6433:
6430:
6428:
6425:
6424:
6423:
6420:
6418:
6415:
6413:
6410:
6406:
6403:
6401:
6398:
6396:
6393:
6391:
6388:
6387:
6386:
6383:
6382:
6380:
6378:
6374:
6366:
6365:Computational
6363:
6362:
6361:
6358:
6356:
6353:
6352:
6350:
6346:
6338:
6335:
6334:
6333:
6330:
6328:
6325:
6324:
6322:
6318:
6314:
6306:
6301:
6299:
6294:
6292:
6287:
6286:
6283:
6276:
6273:
6271:
6268:
6266:
6263:
6261:
6258:
6256:
6253:
6251:
6248:
6244:
6243:
6237:
6231:
6230:
6226:
6221:
6217:
6216:
6206:
6202:
6198:
6192:
6188:
6183:
6179:
6175:
6171:
6165:
6161:
6156:
6152:
6146:
6138:
6134:
6130:
6124:
6119:
6118:
6111:
6107:
6101:
6097:
6092:
6091:
6090:
6083:
6077:
6074:. CRC Press.
6073:
6068:
6064:
6058:
6054:
6049:
6045:
6039:
6035:
6030:
6026:
6014:
6006:
6002:
5998:
5992:
5988:
5983:
5979:
5974:
5970:
5965:
5960:
5954:
5950:
5945:
5941:
5935:
5927:
5922:
5918:
5913:
5909:
5904:
5899:
5894:
5890:
5886:
5881:
5876:
5872:
5868:
5864:
5860:
5856:
5852:
5848:
5843:
5838:
5834:
5830:
5824:
5819:
5818:
5811:
5810:
5798:
5794:
5790:
5786:
5782:
5778:
5774:
5770:
5769:
5764:
5757:
5749:
5747:9780521539272
5743:
5739:
5732:
5724:
5720:
5716:
5712:
5708:
5704:
5700:
5697:(in German).
5696:
5695:
5690:
5683:
5675:
5671:
5667:
5663:
5659:
5655:
5651:
5644:
5636:
5632:
5628:
5624:
5620:
5616:
5612:
5605:
5598:
5597:9780471862567
5594:
5590:
5584:
5577:
5573:
5569:
5563:
5556:
5550:
5544:
5540:
5536:
5530:
5514:
5510:
5504:
5497:
5491:
5483:
5479:
5475:
5468:
5460:
5454:
5450:
5443:
5435:
5431:
5427:
5423:
5419:
5415:
5411:
5407:
5403:
5399:
5395:
5388:
5386:
5379:
5375:
5372:
5369:
5363:
5361:
5352:
5347:
5346:
5337:
5330:
5328:
5322:
5318:
5317:
5309:
5293:
5290:. EoHT.info.
5289:
5283:
5281:
5279:
5271:
5265:
5258:
5252:
5244:
5243:
5235:
5228:
5222:
5214:
5210:
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5200:
5196:
5189:
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5175:
5167:
5163:
5162:
5154:
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5141:
5137:
5130:
5122:
5116:
5112:
5105:
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5079:
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5036:
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5023:
5019:
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4989:
4985:
4978:
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4896:
4892:
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4863:
4859:
4855:
4853:9780486632773
4849:
4844:
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4826:
4822:
4815:
4807:
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4705:
4701:
4688:
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4660:
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4637:
4635:
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4626:
4618:
4615:
4614:
4610:
4604:
4599:
4589:
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4584:
4581:
4578:
4575:
4573:
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4568:
4565:
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4560:
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4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
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4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4509:
4502:
4500:
4496:
4492:
4488:
4484:
4480:
4476:
4473:'s 1909 work
4472:
4467:
4465:
4461:
4457:
4447:
4445:
4440:
4426:
4406:
4398:
4382:
4374:
4358:
4350:
4334:
4326:
4310:
4302:
4286:
4256:
4252:
4245:
4242:
4239:
4236:
4229:
4213:
4209:
4203:
4199:
4176:
4172:
4152:
4149:
4146:
4143:
4140:
4133:
4085:
4083:
4078:
4077:
4057:
4053:
4046:
4043:
4040:
4037:
4030:
4016:
4013:
4010:
4007:
4004:
4001:
3998:
3991:
3977:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3964:
3944:
3940:
3933:
3930:
3927:
3924:
3917:
3903:
3900:
3897:
3894:
3887:
3873:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3860:
3840:
3836:
3829:
3826:
3823:
3820:
3813:
3799:
3796:
3793:
3790:
3783:
3769:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3756:
3736:
3732:
3725:
3722:
3719:
3716:
3709:
3694:
3688:
3684:
3673:
3669:
3663:
3659:
3655:
3652:
3643:
3640:
3637:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3613:
3599:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3586:
3582:
3579:
3576:
3573:
3572:
3569:
3566:
3563:
3551:
3547:
3544:
3541:
3537:
3534:
3531:
3527:
3523:
3520:
3519:
3518:
3516:
3512:
3508:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3488:
3478:
3474:
3472:
3468:
3464:
3461:
3460:ideal gas law
3457:
3453:
3452:James Maxwell
3449:
3445:
3441:
3429:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3416:
3413:
3410:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3370:
3367:
3366:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3347:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3319:
3317:
3311:
3309:
3305:
3287:
3277:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3261:
3250:
3240:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3224:
3213:
3203:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3187:
3176:
3166:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3150:
3139:
3129:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3113:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3094:
3093:
3087:
3084:
3080:
3078:
3074:
3073:event horizon
3070:
3066:
3065:Kerry Emanuel
3062:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3040:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3017:
3012:
3011:
3006:
2997:
2991:System models
2988:
2986:
2981:
2978:
2977:absolute zero
2973:
2972:
2968:
2958:
2954:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2939:
2938:
2934:
2924:
2922:
2918:
2913:
2911:
2906:
2905:
2898:
2894:
2887:
2883:
2876:
2872:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2825:
2821:
2813:
2812:
2811:
2810:
2804:
2790:
2770:
2750:
2730:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2698:
2690:
2674:
2666:
2665:closed system
2650:
2623:
2620:
2617:
2614:
2611:
2601:
2600:
2599:
2598:
2583:
2576:
2561:
2554:
2552:
2535:
2525:
2523:
2517:
2509:
2505:
2500:
2491:
2489:
2483:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2464:
2463:
2459:
2449:
2443:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2419:
2417:
2413:
2404:
2401:
2392:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2365:
2363:
2359:
2350:
2348:
2343:
2339:
2328:
2319:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2304:
2302:
2297:
2295:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2281:
2280:
2275:
2272:
2268:
2267:
2262:
2261:
2255:
2253:
2244:
2242:
2238:
2237:Merle Randall
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2181:
2175:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2136:
2134:
2130:
2129:Carnot engine
2126:
2125:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2095:heat capacity
2091:
2089:
2085:
2084:Thomas Savery
2081:
2076:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2010:
2006:
2005:
2000:
1999:Willard Gibbs
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1975:
1966:
1964:
1960:
1955:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1884:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1861:
1856:
1855:
1849:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1830:The first law
1827:
1817:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1782:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1746:steam engines
1743:
1738:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1717:, especially
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1649:
1644:
1642:
1637:
1635:
1630:
1629:
1627:
1626:
1621:
1613:
1612:
1611:
1610:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1592:Self-assembly
1590:
1588:
1585:
1584:
1578:
1577:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1563:van der Waals
1561:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1488:von Helmholtz
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1435:
1428:
1427:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1407:
1406:
1405:
1398:
1395:
1394:
1392:
1391:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1376:
1374:
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943:
936:
935:
931:
929:
926:
924:
921:
919:
916:
915:
911:
910:Ideal gas law
908:
906:
903:
901:
898:
896:
893:
892:
888:
883:
882:
856:
846:
832:
825:
824:
809:
799:
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778:
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760:
757:
750:
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693:
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677:
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653:
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628:
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615:
612:
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589:
579:
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483:
480:
477:
476:
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458:
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446:
443:
441:
440:Vapor quality
438:
436:
435:
430:
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424:
419:
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309:
307:
304:
303:
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301:
298:
295:
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289:
286:
284:
281:
279:
278:Reversibility
276:
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269:
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264:
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256:
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244:
241:
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172:
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158:
155:
153:
152:Closed system
150:
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146:
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129:
127:
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119:
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42:
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36:
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32:
27:
19:
18:Thermodynamic
7992:Fireproofing
7776:and services
7772:Professions,
7670:Gas detector
7570:Trickle vent
7545:Smoke damper
7540:Smoke canopy
7535:Space heater
7465:Plenum space
7400:Heating film
7280:Exhaust hood
7250:Dehumidifier
7190:Blast damper
7185:Barrier pipe
7160:Air purifier
7071:Thermosiphon
6950:Free cooling
6866:Chilled beam
6794:
6790:Thermal mass
6775:Stack effect
6760:Particulates
6740:Infiltration
6671:Fundamental
6541:Astrophysics
6438:
6355:Experimental
6240:
6186:
6159:
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6095:
6088:
6071:
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5977:
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5737:
5731:
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5682:
5657:
5653:
5643:
5618:
5614:
5604:
5599:, pp. 11–13.
5588:
5583:
5567:
5562:
5554:
5553:Klaus Roth:
5549:
5538:
5534:
5533:Klaus Roth:
5529:
5517:. Retrieved
5512:
5503:
5495:
5490:
5473:
5467:
5448:
5442:
5401:
5397:
5371:Scanned Copy
5367:
5344:
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5315:
5308:
5296:. Retrieved
5269:
5264:
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5251:
5241:
5234:
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5221:
5194:
5188:
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5110:
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5077:
5059:
5040:
5029:
5024:– EoHT.info.
5010:
4983:
4977:
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4870:
4841:
4833:
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4820:
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4792:
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4736:
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4682:
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3560:
3532:parameters);
3509:
3490:
3475:
3462:
3437:
3363:
3348:
3325:
3312:
3300:
3085:
3081:
3045:steam engine
3041:
3024:
3020:
3015:
3010:surroundings
3009:
3002:
2982:
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2970:
2964:
2955:
2940:
2936:
2930:
2914:
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2903:
2896:
2892:
2885:
2881:
2874:
2870:
2869:
2807:
2805:
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2712:
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2639:
2596:
2574:
2548:
2519:
2513:
2487:
2484:
2465:
2461:
2455:
2446:
2442:Carnot cycle
2410:
2398:
2371:
2356:
2346:
2341:
2334:
2325:
2315:
2307:
2305:
2300:
2298:
2293:
2291:
2286:
2273:
2264:
2256:
2251:
2250:
2229:Pierre Duhem
2199:, including
2190:
2184:
2176:
2137:
2133:Carnot cycle
2122:
2115:steam engine
2103:Joseph Black
2092:
2077:
2045:Robert Hooke
2041:Robert Boyle
2014:
2002:
1986:
1956:
1940:cell biology
1885:
1860:surroundings
1858:
1852:
1850:
1823:
1820:Introduction
1813:
1783:
1767:Carnot cycle
1739:
1723:biochemistry
1658:
1657:
1453:Carathéodory
1384:Heat engines
1356:
1345:
1334:
1316:Motive power
1301:
961:Free entropy
932:
432:
431: /
421:
420: /
412:introduction
405:
404: /
343:
306:Heat engines
93: /
67:
37:
31:
26:
8002:Warm Spaces
7644:Blower door
7622:and control
7620:Measurement
7601:Windcatcher
7575:Trombe wall
7515:Sail switch
7495:Refrigerant
7490:Recuperator
7365:Grease duct
7325:Freeze stat
7310:Fire damper
7180:Back boiler
7150:Air ionizer
7145:Air handler
7109:Ventilation
6961:Hybrid heat
6826:Air barrier
6745:Latent heat
6444:Statistical
6360:Theoretical
6337:Engineering
4495:temperature
4301:temperature
3536:Temperature
3471:calorimeter
3456:thermometer
3419:temperature
2715:the system
2480:temperature
2312:James Joule
2266:thermometer
2217:temperature
2119:Sadi Carnot
2099:latent heat
2069:Denis Papin
2061:Boyle's Law
2059:. In time,
2053:temperature
2025:vacuum pump
1912:black holes
1910:, and even
1892:engineering
1877:equilibrium
1802:statistical
1758:Lord Kelvin
1750:Sadi Carnot
1735:meteorology
1715:engineering
1703:microscopic
1675:temperature
1275:Synergetics
956:Free energy
402:Temperature
263:Quasistatic
258:Isenthalpic
215:Instruments
205:Equilibrium
157:Open system
91:Equilibrium
73:Statistical
8032:Categories
7758:Thermostat
7680:Humidistat
7611:Zone valve
7580:TurboSwing
7455:Oil heater
7425:Humidifier
7355:Gas heater
7305:Fan heater
7275:Evaporator
7260:Economizer
7235:Compressor
7140:Air filter
7123:Components
6940:Forced-air
6836:Antifreeze
6809:Technology
6755:Outgassing
6695:Convection
6561:Geophysics
6551:Biophysics
6395:Analytical
6348:Approaches
5576:0883187973
5298:29 October
4827:: 122–127.
4758:2 November
4697:References
3557:Potentials
3530:mechanical
3448:zeroth law
3077:black hole
3063:, such as
2927:Second law
2809:wall, then
2488:zeroth law
2452:Zeroth law
2164:Max Planck
2107:James Watt
2031:using his
1894:, such as
1742:efficiency
1587:Nucleation
1431:Scientists
1235:Philosophy
948:Potentials
311:Heat pumps
268:Polytropic
253:Isentropic
243:Isothermal
7868:Industry
7717:OpenTherm
7395:Heat pump
7390:Heat pipe
7340:Fume hood
7315:Fireplace
7220:Condenser
7170:Attic fan
6966:Hydronics
6511:Molecular
6412:Acoustics
6405:Continuum
6400:Celestial
6390:Newtonian
6377:Classical
6320:Divisions
6145:cite book
6023:ignored (
6013:cite book
5934:cite book
5871:1044-677X
5797:0022-2488
5723:118230148
5715:0025-5831
5674:0021-9606
5635:0026-8976
5418:0003-9519
5174:cite book
5096:123283342
5045:. Dover.
4967:ignored (
4957:cite book
4768:cite book
4383:μ
4253:μ
4200:μ
4173:∑
4153:−
4144:−
4114:Φ
4093:Ω
4011:−
3794:−
3670:μ
3660:∑
3641:−
3621:∫
3505:mechanics
3501:First Law
3499:. By the
3467:barometer
3359:conjugate
3099:Mass flow
3071:, or the
2961:Third law
2648:Δ
2621:−
2609:Δ
2533:Δ
2494:First law
2342:classical
2247:Etymology
2182:in 1865.
2037:Aristotle
1952:economics
1920:chemistry
1810:axiomatic
1744:of early
1691:radiation
1568:Waterston
1518:von Mayer
1473:de Donder
1463:Clapeyron
1443:Boltzmann
1438:Bernoulli
1399:Education
1370:Timelines
1154:−
1099:−
887:Equations
854:∂
807:∂
758:α
722:∂
675:∂
629:−
623:β
587:∂
540:∂
248:Adiabatic
238:Isochoric
224:Processes
185:Ideal gas
68:Classical
7975:See also
7700:LonWorks
7634:Aquastat
7500:Register
7480:Radiator
7135:Air door
6935:Firestop
6735:Humidity
6710:Enthalpy
6700:Dilution
6685:Bake-out
6673:concepts
6205:32932988
6178:36025958
6137:45791449
6005:16878778
5889:27096122
5837:32826343
5578:, p. 79.
5519:17 April
5434:36609995
5426:41133471
5374:Archived
5292:Archived
5213:27974820
5051:19353301
5037:(1989).
5018:Archived
5002:43993556
4949:56491111
4895:36457809
4752:Archived
4595:See also
4349:pressure
3863:Enthalpy
3580:Formula
3522:Pressure
3400:pressure
3382:enthalpy
3264:Isolated
3035:, or of
3031:, or as
3021:boundary
3016:boundary
2969:states:
2935:states:
2518:states:
2460:states:
2279:dynamics
2221:pressure
2071:built a
2049:pressure
1918:and for
1857:and its
1620:Category
1558:Thompson
1468:Clausius
1448:Bridgman
1302:Vis viva
1284:Theories
1218:Gas laws
1010:Enthalpy
418:Pressure
233:Isobaric
190:Real gas
78:Chemical
61:Branches
7774:trades,
7345:Furnace
7210:Chiller
6882:Coolant
6595:Related
6479:General
6474:Special
6332:Applied
5880:4651616
5777:Bibcode
5478:Bibcode
4919:Bibcode
4862:8846081
4800:19 June
4491:entropy
4325:entropy
4299:is the
3577:Symbol
3540:entropy
3391:entropy
3049:nuclide
2985:Rankine
2947:entropy
2549:, of a
2287:dynamis
2284:δύναμις
2260:thermo-
2223:of the
2209:entropy
2180:entropy
1969:History
1916:physics
1896:engines
1888:science
1846:entropy
1711:science
1683:entropy
1663:physics
1543:Smeaton
1538:Rankine
1528:Onsager
1513:Maxwell
1508:Massieu
1213:Entropy
1208:General
1199:History
1189:Culture
1186:History
410: (
407:Entropy
344:italics
145:Systems
8038:Energy
7927:SMACNA
7887:ASHRAE
7707:(MERV)
7661:(CADR)
7639:BACnet
7592:(ULPA)
7445:Louver
7370:Grille
7245:Damper
7195:Boiler
7093:(VCRS)
6894:(DOAS)
6506:Atomic
6461:Modern
6311:Major
6203:
6193:
6176:
6166:
6135:
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6040:
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4893:
4883:
4860:
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4744:
4717:
4546:Exergy
4493:, and
4460:axioms
4373:volume
4279:where
3526:volume
3493:energy
3463:pV=nRT
3409:volume
3361:pair.
3153:Closed
3053:quarks
3037:matter
2640:where
2377:energy
2274:therme
2239:, and
2213:volume
2205:energy
2150:, and
2131:, the
2080:piston
2057:volume
2055:, and
2029:vacuum
1950:, and
1854:system
1687:matter
1679:energy
1673:, and
1533:Planck
1523:Nernst
1498:Kelvin
1458:Carnot
748:
613:
481:
423:Volume
338:Note:
297:Cycles
126:Second
116:Zeroth
7967:(VOC)
7961:(SBS)
7950:(IAQ)
7907:CIBSE
7902:BSRIA
7805:(BIM)
7749:(STP)
7713:(NTP)
7335:Freon
7105:(VRF)
7099:(VAV)
6957:(HRV)
6931:(ERV)
6905:(DCV)
6878:(CAV)
5719:S2CID
5430:S2CID
5422:JSTOR
4915:(PDF)
4665:Notes
4544:(re:
3574:Name
3528:(the
3304:state
3075:of a
3025:walls
2871:where
2385:state
2379:with
2271:θέρμη
1836:, as
1581:Other
1548:Stahl
1503:Lewis
1493:Joule
1483:Gibbs
1478:Duhem
171:State
131:Third
121:First
7922:LEED
7882:AMCA
7877:AHRI
7410:HEPA
7330:Flue
7255:Duct
6432:Wave
6327:Pure
6201:OCLC
6191:ISBN
6174:OCLC
6164:ISBN
6151:link
6133:OCLC
6123:ISBN
6100:ISBN
6076:ISBN
6057:ISBN
6038:ISBN
6025:help
6001:PMID
5991:ISBN
5953:ISBN
5940:link
5885:PMID
5867:ISSN
5833:OCLC
5823:ISBN
5793:ISSN
5742:ISBN
5711:ISSN
5670:ISSN
5631:ISSN
5593:ISBN
5572:ISBN
5521:2023
5453:ISBN
5414:ISSN
5300:2023
5209:OCLC
5199:ISBN
5180:link
5140:ISBN
5115:ISBN
5092:OCLC
5082:ISBN
5047:OCLC
4998:OCLC
4988:ISBN
4969:help
4945:OCLC
4935:ISBN
4891:OCLC
4881:ISBN
4858:OCLC
4848:ISBN
4802:2012
4774:link
4760:2020
4742:ISBN
4715:ISBN
4487:heat
4395:the
4371:the
4347:the
4323:the
3497:work
3373:heat
3116:Open
3109:Heat
3104:Work
3033:heat
3029:work
2965:The
2514:The
2456:The
2219:and
2170:and
2097:and
2015:The
1977:The
1890:and
1879:and
1871:and
1838:work
1834:heat
1729:and
1713:and
1689:and
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1667:heat
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383:Heat
378:Work
108:Laws
7932:UMC
7917:IIR
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7290:Fan
6427:Ray
5875:PMC
5859:doi
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5785:doi
5703:doi
5662:doi
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5623:doi
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4050:{
4047:,
4044:p
4041:,
4038:T
4017:S
4014:T
4008:V
4005:p
4002:+
3999:U
3978:G
3950:}
3945:i
3941:N
3937:{
3934:,
3931:p
3928:,
3925:S
3904:V
3901:p
3898:+
3895:U
3874:H
3846:}
3841:i
3837:N
3833:{
3830:,
3827:V
3824:,
3821:T
3800:S
3797:T
3791:U
3770:F
3742:}
3737:i
3733:N
3729:{
3726:,
3723:V
3720:,
3717:S
3695:)
3689:i
3685:N
3680:d
3674:i
3664:i
3656:+
3653:V
3649:d
3644:p
3638:S
3634:d
3629:T
3625:(
3600:U
3548:-
3538:-
3524:-
3294:N
3284:N
3274:N
3257:Y
3247:N
3237:N
3220:N
3210:Y
3200:N
3183:Y
3173:Y
3163:N
3146:Y
3136:Y
3126:Y
2900:2
2897:U
2889:1
2886:U
2878:0
2875:U
2866:,
2852:2
2848:U
2844:+
2839:1
2835:U
2831:=
2826:0
2822:U
2791:U
2771:Q
2751:U
2731:W
2699:W
2675:Q
2651:U
2636:.
2624:W
2618:Q
2615:=
2612:U
2584:W
2562:Q
2536:U
2524:,
2506:(
2011:.
1647:e
1640:t
1633:v
1160:S
1157:T
1151:H
1148:=
1145:)
1142:p
1139:,
1136:T
1133:(
1130:G
1105:S
1102:T
1096:U
1093:=
1090:)
1087:V
1084:,
1081:T
1078:(
1075:A
1050:V
1047:p
1044:+
1041:U
1038:=
1035:)
1032:p
1029:,
1026:S
1023:(
1020:H
995:)
992:V
989:,
986:S
983:(
980:U
857:T
833:V
810:V
786:1
761:=
725:p
701:V
678:V
654:1
626:=
590:T
566:N
543:S
519:T
494:=
491:c
414:)
20:)
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