403:
224:
539:, in attempts to obtain military support from Justinian or at least, in the case of Thurisind, to get a pledge of neutrality. To sway Justinian, Thurisind's envoys reminded him of their long tradition of alliance and promised to fight against Byzantium's enemies. However, the emperor sided with the Lombards; he made them formal allies and promised to provide troops against the Gepids. From Justinian's perspective, this war was of major importance in the larger context of the Gothic War, because possession of Pannonia was strategically necessary to keep open land communications between Italy and the Balkans.
775:
imposed an "eternal peace" that saved the Gepids; it was observed for ten years, surviving both
Thurisind and Audoin. It may be on this occasion, and not before the war, that Lombards and Gepids sent troops to Narses as part of the peace treaty imposed by the Byzantines. In this interpretation, the small number of Gepid warriors sent could be explained with the heavy losses taken in the war and the resentment felt towards Justinian. The Emperor also imposed some territorial concessions on Thurisind, obligating him to return Dacia ripensis and the territory of Singidunum.
756:"The Gepidae ... strive to avenge the open insult ... The king leaping forth from the table thrust himself into their midst and restrained his people from anger and strife, threatening first to punish him who first engaged in fight, saying that it is a victory not pleasing to God when any one kills his guest in his own house. Thus at last the quarrel having been allayed, they now finished the banquet with joyful spirits. And Turisind, taking up the arms of Turismod his son, delivered them to Alboin and sent him back in peace and safety to his father's kingdom."
481:
2178:
676:
573:"So the Gepaedes and the Lombards advanced in full force against each other, both being fully prepared for war. And the commanders were, on the side of the Gepaedes, Thurisind, and on that of the Lombards, Auduin ... But that fright which is called panic suddenly fell upon both armies and carried the men all backward in a flight which had no real cause, only the commanders being left where they were with a small number of men."
414:. Although the details of his early life are not known, Thurisind is believed to have risen to power in about 548. After the death of Elemund, the previous king, he seized the throne in a coup d'Ă©tat and forced Elemund's son Ostrogotha into exile. Ostrogotha and his followers found refuge among the Gepids' neighbours and enemies, the Lombards, another Germanic people who had just settled in the western part of the
2190:
2166:
787:
intervention, who restored the peace and sent Alboin away with
Turismod's arms. According to István Boná, who believes in the veracity of the story, the event may have taken place as described by Paul, but it also could reflect a secret peace condition imposed by Audoin on Thurisind under which the Gepid king had to arm his son's killer.
779:
openly breach the rules of hospitality and thus tried to evade the request by demanding in his turn to have
Ostrogotha given to him; in the end, to avoid both openly giving in and at the same time renewing the war, both kings murdered their respective guests but kept secret their involvement in the act.
591:
In either 549 or 550, the Gepids and
Lombards again marched against each other but, according to Procopius, both armies panicked and no battle took place. As a result, a new war was avoided and Thurisind accepted Audoin's request for a two-year truce. According to István Boná, the panic may be linked
778:
To reach a complete peace
Thurisind had first to deal with Ildigis who had found hospitality at Thurisind's court. Audoin demanded yet again to have him turned in, and Justinian joined in the request. Thurisind, despite his reluctance to resume the war with both Audoin and Justinian, did not want to
774:
The Gepids' defeat caused a geopolitical shift in the
Pannonian Basin, as it ended the danger represented by the Gepids to the Empire. The Gepids' utter defeat could have meant the end of their kingdom and its conquest by the Lombards, but Justinian, wanting to maintain an equilibrium in the region,
515:
regarding the Gothic War), Justinian resented the takeover by the Gepids of the formerly Roman city of
Sirmium in 537, which may have been voluntarily surrendered by the Ostrogoths to create difficulties for the Byzantines. The Ostrogoths were also occupied with the war in Italy and sought to retain
786:
Thurisind, in observance of the laws of hospitality, received Alboin and his companions and organized a banquet in their honour, offering Alboin the place where his dead son habitually sat. Following a mockery by
Turismod's brother Cunimund and Alboin's rejoinder, a clash was avoided by Thurisind's
451:
According to the scholar István Boná, Thurisind's rise to power is a typical example of the conflicts among the leading families for the kingship that plagued
Gepidia in the 6th century and made it difficult to maintain the succession within the king's family. To contain these obstacles Thurisind
782:
Thurisind features prominently in a tale told by Paul the Deacon set in 552, just after the death of the king's son
Turismod and the end of the war. The story, generally thought to track its origins to an heroic poem dedicated to Alboin, revolves around the characters of Alboin and Thurisind: in
671:
When the truce expired in 552, Thurisind and Audoin again took to the field, and this time the clash was unavoidable. Audoin had reached an agreement with Justinian by which the Byzantines promised to send him military support in exchange for the 5,500 Lombards sent to help the Byzantine general
662:
This brought Justinian to search for an accord with Thurisind to stop the trans-Danubian raids, and the latter was more than happy to accept. Thurisind's envoys asked for an alliance like the one bonding Byzantines and Lombards. In addition to strengthening the alliance, they demanded, and got,
725:
Scholars debate when the third Lombard–Gepid War started; it is agreed that it took place two years after the second war. The possible dates are either 551 or 552. The 551 date is upheld by those who argue that since in 552 Audoin had already dispatched 5,500 of his warriors to Narses' Italian
693:
The two-year truce was now close to expiry and the Lombards asked the Byzantines to respect the alliance which had been established between them. The Emperor found an excuse to break the new alliance with the Gepids by claiming they had again ferried Slav raiders. He put together an army with
437:, who cut short their expansion into the Danubian plains. The Gepids restricted themselves to the eastern part of the Pannonian Basin; this was to form the core of Thurisind's dominions, just as it had under the previous Gepid kings. By the early 6th century, the Gepid nobility converted to
608:
into the Byzantine Illyricum in 550 or 551, before the truce expired and probably before the Gepids were ready to precipitate a new conflict. In retrospect, it may be they arrived too late instead of too early, if the agreement had been made with the Second Lombard–Gepid War in mind.
783:
accordance with a custom of the Lombards, to obtain the right to sit at his father's table, Alboin must ask for hospitality from a foreign king and have the latter arm him. To submit himself to this initiation, Alboin went with 40 companions to Thurisind's court.
624:. The latter invaded the Kutrigur homeland, taking advantage of the fact that many warriors were employed at that moment in the Balkans. Informed of the attack, the Kutrigurs were forced to leave the Balkans to defend their homeland on the north-western shore of the
599:
Confronted by an openly hostile Byzantine Empire, and faced with the eventuality that the war with the Lombards would be renewed at the truce's expiration, Thurisind searched for new allies as a way to pressure Justinian. He found assistance from the
554:, marched against the Gepids. Before John's arrival, Thurisind offered a truce to Audoin that was accepted. As a result, when the Byzantines arrived, the war had already ended, but not before they had clashed with the Gepids'
184:, a plain covering most of modern Hungary and partly including the bordering states. The Byzantines' plans to reduce the Gepids' power took effect when Audoin decisively defeated Thurisind in 551 or 552. The Byzantine Emperor
667:
to swear to uphold the treaty. After this, in 551, 400 Gepids were sent to fight in Narses' army, which was sent to Italy—a modest army compared to the 5,500 Lombards sent by Audoin and the thousands of Heruli.
488:
On becoming king in 548, Thurisind immediately found himself in a difficult situation. Sometime during 546–548, the Byzantine Empire had conspired to convince the Lombards under Audoin to move into
382:, with six books added describing historical events up to Justinian's empire. Both of these works mention Thurisind and the third Lombard–Gepid War, which represent the only overlap between the
336:, the two works share a pessimistic view of human life in which all secular accomplishments are insignificant compared to religious goals. Jordanes does not explicitly mention Thurisind in the
532:). Because of this, Justinian ended the alliance that had bonded the Gepids and Byzantines, and had ceased paying tributes to the Gepids, finding an enemy to set them against in the Lombards.
745:
in a duel that according to Paul the Deacon decided both the battle and the war. After the battle, the Gepids were never again able to play a formative role in the shaping of events.
535:
The build-up towards a war involving Lombards, Gepids, and Byzantines started possibly in 548 or 549, with Audoin and Thurisind each sending an embassy to Justinian's court at
516:
their possessions in the peninsula. Sirmium's takeover was followed in 539 by a bloody confrontation between the Gepids and the Byzantines that had cost the latter the life of
542:
Historians debate as to when the conflict started. Proposed dates for the first war are either 547 or 549. At the same time as the two peoples took the field, a 10,000-strong
207:, who was killed by Alboin in 567. Cunimund's death marked the end of the Gepid Kingdom and the beginning of the conquest of their territories by the Lombards' allies, the
500:
between the Ostrogoths and the Byzantines had been raging on the Italian peninsula since 535; Justinian wanted to be able to rush troops to Italy if they were needed.
406:
Territories held by the Gepids in the middle of the 6th century and the bordering powers. On the south stands the Byzantine Empire, while to the west are the Lombards.
562:, a pretender to the Lombard crown who lived as a guest at his court. Thurisind refused, but he did force Ildigis to leave the Gepids and search for another refuge.
730:
protest that this is in contradiction with Audoin's reproaches to Justinian on the few troops sent against the Gepids, despite his massive support to Narses.
798:, a Turkic nomad people that in 558 had migrated to Central Europe. Cunimund was killed on the battlefield by the new Lombard King Alboin, and his daughter
741:
as one of the most bloody ever fought in the region, with no fewer than 60,000 warriors killed. The king's son Turismod also died, killed by Audoin's son
390:. Both books also mention the duel between the kings' sons, an event which is absent in Procopius' writing and is thought to have originated through
647:
Justinian's plans to send expeditionary forces against the Ostrogoths in Italy were repeatedly hampered by Thurisind's initiatives. For example,
711:
703:
559:
517:
492:(modern Hungary), a former Roman province bordering the Danube river. Justinian hoped this would keep open the land route from the
2217:
1850:
418:. The Gepids had inhabited parts of the basin since the 3rd century. They reached prominence in the 5th century when, under King
2103:
2059:
1874:
1859:
1795:
794:, last king of the Gepids; under him Thurisind's people were annihilated in 567 by a joint coalition of the Lombards and the
346:
was the most important Italian writer of the 8th century. Born in the 720s or 730s, he came from a noble Lombard family from
496:
to Italy while containing the Gepids, who he considered a serious menace to Byzantine interests on the Balkan frontier. The
1562:
Ausenda, Giorgio. "Current issues and future directions in the study of Franks and Alamanni in the Merovingian period",
551:
368:, a history of the Lombard nation. Written after 787, it is a continuation of his previous major historical work, the
278:
in 527. The Lombard–Gepid wars are well described in Procopius' work, as the conflict played an important part in the
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2016:
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1608:
1579:
1556:
1916:
1787:
695:
426:. Ardaric and his people benefited more than anybody else from this victory, gaining the former Roman province of
246:
sources relevant to Thurisind that survive, the only one providing independent evidence of the king, accounts of
340:, but speaks of the third Lombard–Gepid War, in which Thurisind participated, in the last passages of the work.
2139:
1834:
1587:
394:. Similarly, the meeting between Thurisind and Audoin's son at the former's court derives from an oral source.
2042:
Sarantis, Alexander. "War and Diplomacy in the Justinianic Balkans: the Gepid threat and imperial responses",
229:
1888:
2212:
1670:
1757:
The Narrators of Barbarian History (A.D. 550–800): Jordanes, Gregory of Tours, Bede, and Paul the Deacon
2156:
2036:
1764:
1623:
1548:
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The Gepids were a major Germanic people in what is now eastern Hungary, western Romania, and northern
1692:
726:
campaign, the third Lombard–Gepid War must have already ended by then; against this scholars such as
547:
188:
forced a peace accord on both leaders so that equilibrium in the Pannonian Basin could be sustained.
17:
2070:
Tools, Weapons and Ornaments: Germanic Material Culture in Pre-Carolingian Central Europe, 400 – 750
497:
283:
180:, which was resentful of the Gepid takeover of Sirmium and anxious to diminish Gepid power in the
2227:
1823:
1600:
2044:
Proceedings of the 21st International Congress of Byzantine Studies, London, 21 – 26 August 2006
364:
1970:
Pohl, Walter. "The Empire and the Lombards: treaties and negotiations in the sixth century",
1908:
1883:
1880:
1760:
379:
333:
223:
2222:
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1830:
484:
The highlighted borders of the province of Pannonia in the Roman Empire in the 2nd century
8:
2026:
1571:
1567:
699:
685:
613:
465:
1867:
A History of the Later Roman Empire, AD 284–641: The Transformation of the Ancient World
639:
raiders to and from Byzantine territory, and obtained payment from them in the process.
2051:
1735:
The Making of the Slavs: History and Archaeology of the Lower Danube Region, c. 500–700
1659:
275:
1616:"From Dacia to Erdöelve: Transylvania in the period of the great migrations (271–896)"
2143:
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2012:
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1935:
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1604:
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1552:
733:
When the treaty expired, Audoin attacked the Gepids and Thurisind was crushed in the
722:
diverted the bulk of the army; only a force under Amalafrid reached the battlefield.
295:
271:
203:, son of Audoin. In about 560, Thurisind died and was succeeded by his remaining son
154:
81:
1989:. Michael Maas (ed). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005, pp. 448–476.
130:
2170:
1931:
799:
734:
664:
308:
279:
196:
177:
119:
125:
people, from c. 548 to 560. He was the penultimate Gepid king, and succeeded King
2182:
2000:
1898:
1733:
1714:
795:
415:
370:
343:
312:
235:
212:
208:
181:
675:
2194:
2127:
2065:
1902:
1752:
543:
536:
521:
391:
165:
138:
1802:
1615:
2206:
1706:
1536:
621:
593:
461:
423:
359:
402:
332:
is an abridged account of Roman history written in 551 or 552. According to
2109:
1912:
1783:
1729:
635:. As with the Kutrigurs, Thurisind used his control of the Danube to ferry
441:
146:
1564:
Franks and Alamanni in the Merovingian Period: An Ethnographic Perspective
464:(in early Germanic custom the eldest son was not necessarily the first in
1953:
Le origini etniche dell'Europa: Barbari e Romani tra antichitĂ e medioevo
1948:
1922:
Pizarro, Joaquin Martinez. "Ethnic and National History ca. 500 – 1000",
727:
655:, with hopes of finally defeating the Goths, but found itself blocked at
636:
558:
allies. To seal the truce, Audoin demanded that Thurisind should give up
247:
185:
266:. Considered the greatest historian of the 6th century, Procopius was a
1972:
Kingdoms of the Empire: the integration of barbarians in late Antiquity
1666:
565:
525:
434:
1642:
A l'aube du Moyen Age: GĂ©pides et Lombards dans le bassin des Carpates
2022:
1544:
715:
625:
601:
504:
355:
263:
133:
and forcing the king's son into exile. Thurisind's kingdom, known as
1851:
Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire – Volume III: A.D. 527 – 641
328:. The latter is a summary of Gothic history, while the lesser known
1645:
791:
632:
529:
520:, their Master of the Soldiers, and also the loss to the Gepids of
489:
469:
453:
445:
438:
304:
290:
255:
243:
204:
192:
169:
161:
88:
66:
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held west of Sirmium. The battle was mentioned by Jordanes in the
2047:
2008:
1809:(in Italian). Translated by Guglielmotti, Paola. Turin: Einaudi.
719:
707:
680:
656:
631:
Thurisind protected and promoted another enemy of Byzantium, the
617:
493:
457:
419:
142:
134:
126:
56:
1951:. "I Longobardi in Pannonia e la guerra gotica di Giustiniano",
480:
2095:
2032:
1927:
1596:
742:
652:
648:
605:
555:
411:
347:
324:
315:
267:
251:
200:
173:
115:
1626:: Atlantic Research and Publications, 2001, pp. 137–331,
2091:
1780:
Barbarian Tides: The Migration Age and the Later Roman Empire
427:
300:
122:
100:
1827:
The World of the Huns – Studies in Their History and Culture
1974:. Walter Pohl (ed.). Leiden: Brill, 1997, pp. 75–134.
1956:
351:
150:
433:
In 504 the Gepids' power was significantly reduced by the
250:'s wars, and a detailed account of the relations between
790:
Thurisind died around 560 and was succeeded by his son
350:. He entered the clergy early, and eventually became a
2005:
Gli Slavi occidentali e meridionali nell'alto medioevo
1985:
Pohl, Walter. "Justinian and the Barbarian Kingdoms",
460:, an important position that made Turismod the king's
2154:
718:, brother-in-law of Audoin. A revolt that erupted in
566:
Second Lombard–Gepid War and tensions with Justinian
472:
became commander in Sirmium and thus heir apparent.
2028:
History of the Wars, Books VII (continued) and VIII
1541:
People and Identity in Ostrogothic Italy, 489 – 554
689:, of Alboin, the slayer of Thurisind's son Turismod
456:, his oldest son, commander of the Gepid forces in
2088:Justinien: l'épopée de l'Empire d'Orient (527–565)
616:against the invaders, mobilizing the neighbouring
176:. Thurisind also had to face the hostility of the
164:, a Germanic people who had arrived in the former
1366:, 386–387, quoted in Maenchen-Helfen 1973, p. 148
2204:
1987:The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Justinian
1854:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992,
289:Less relevant is the other 6th-century source,
160:His reign was marked by multiple wars with the
475:
1110:, III:34, quoted in Pohl 1997, pp. 89–90
620:, who in turn asked for help from the allied
1687:Capo, Lidia. "Commento" in Paul the Deacon,
651:' army left Constantinople in April 551 for
612:Faced with the Kutrigur invasion, Justinian
468:). After Turismod died, his younger brother
1084:
1082:
422:, they played a key role in destroying the
642:
2132:The Roman Empire and Its Germanic Peoples
1738:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1663:Carolingian Renewal: Sources and Heritage
1585:Baldwin, Barry. "Prokopios of Caesarea",
1455:, I:24, quoted in Boná 1976, pp. 7–8
1301:
1299:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1028:
1026:
694:renowned commanders in its ranks such as
318:and writing his two surviving books, the
1475:
1473:
1271:
1269:
1243:
1241:
1079:
1063:
1061:
1059:
674:
479:
401:
222:
199:, during which the prince was killed by
1463:
1461:
1349:
1347:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1208:
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1204:
1202:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1178:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1170:
937:
935:
933:
896:
894:
14:
2205:
1801:
1296:
1224:
1153:
1023:
672:Narses in the Emperor's war in Italy.
311:before entering into the ranks of the
211:, a nomadic people migrating from the
2031:. Henry Bronson Dewing (translator).
1926:. Deborah Mauskopf Deliyannis (ed.).
1728:
1470:
1266:
1238:
1056:
962:
960:
1711:The Lombards: The Ancient Longobards
1458:
1344:
1308:
1250:
1199:
1185:
1167:
1113:
1014:
930:
891:
444:, while most of the Gepids remained
172:under the leadership of their king,
1959:: Viella, 1996 , pp. 137–148.
262:(550s), the most important work of
24:
2116:. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 1992 ,
957:
25:
2239:
2011:: CISAM, 1983, pp. 353–435.
1924:Historiography in the Middle Ages
1869:. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 2006,
1379:, I:23, quoted in Boná 1976, p. 7
2188:
2176:
2164:
1917:University of Pennsylvania Press
1788:University of Pennsylvania Press
879:O'Donnell 1982, pp. 223–240
752:
569:
397:
218:
1513:
1504:
1491:
1482:
1445:
1436:
1427:
1418:
1409:
1400:
1391:
1382:
1369:
1356:
1335:
1326:
1287:
1278:
1215:
1144:
1131:
1122:
1100:
1091:
1070:
1047:
1005:
996:
987:
978:
969:
944:
921:
912:
903:
888:Bullough 1991, pp. 108–109
596:took place on June 25/26, 549.
303:ancestry, Jordanes served as a
191:Thurisind lost his eldest son,
2218:6th-century monarchs in Europe
2140:University of California Press
1835:University of California Press
1588:Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium
1510:Pritsak 1983, pp. 364–365
1235:Wolfram 1997, pp. 283–284
882:
873:
860:
851:
842:
833:
824:
811:
503:According to the contemporary
362:. His most famous work is the
13:
1:
2003:. "The Slavs and the Avars",
1529:
1088:Sarantis 2006, pp. 17–18
735:decisive battle of the Asfeld
238:, a key source for Thurisind.
230:Monumenta Germaniae Historica
108:
1622:. Béla Köpeczi (ed.). v. 1,
659:(Plovdiv) by the Kutrigurs.
604:, who he ferried across the
7:
1848:Martindale, John R. (ed.).
1691:. Lidia Capo (ed.). Milan:
1671:Manchester University Press
1406:Jarnut 1995, pp. 20–21
1097:Jarnut 1995, pp. 18–19
1002:Todd 1995, pp. 235–236
848:Tate 2004, pp. 857–858
592:to a natural phenomenon: a
476:First war with the Lombards
10:
2244:
1765:Princeton University Press
1695:, 1992, pp. 369–612.
1574:, 1998, pp. 371–455.
1549:Cambridge University Press
550:, the magister militum of
1904:History of the Langobards
1895:(1982), pp. 223–240.
1442:Pohl 1997, pp. 95–96
1305:Pohl 1997, pp. 93–94
1212:Pohl 1997, pp. 91–92
1164:Pohl 1997, pp. 90–91
1128:Boná 1976, pp. 17–18
374:, which was based on the
80:
72:
62:
52:
44:
37:
32:
2039:, 1928 , OCLC 490838781.
1934:, 2003, pp. 43–87.
1824:Maenchen-Helfen, Otto J.
1648:: Corvina Press, 1974 ,
805:
748:
2072:. Leiden: Brill, 2001,
1620:History of Transylvania
1601:Oxford University Press
1479:Boná 1976, pp. 7–8
643:Third Lombard–Gepid War
1884:"The aims of Jordanes"
1603:, 1991, p. 1732.
1453:Historia Langobardorum
1377:Historia Langobardorum
1221:Procopius 1962, p. 235
766:Historia Langobardorum
690:
614:activated his alliance
485:
407:
384:Historia Langobardorum
365:Historia Langobardorum
309:Master of the Soldiers
239:
234:s critical edition of
141:and had its centre in
1909:William Dudley Foulke
1807:Storia dei Longobardi
1689:Storia dei Longobardi
1275:Mitchell 2006, p. 404
918:Bullough 1991, p. 108
839:Bullough 1991, p. 109
830:Baldwin 1991, p. 1732
678:
546:under the command of
483:
405:
226:
1488:Ausenda 1998, p. 433
1332:Goffart 2006, p. 203
1323:Christie 1998, p. 36
1067:Wolfram 1997, p. 283
1011:Christie 1998, p. 57
927:Goffart 1988, p. 387
900:Goffart 1988, p. 329
821:, pp. 1345–1346
544:Byzantine horse army
511:(the section of the
1881:O'Donnell, James J.
1865:Mitchell, Stephen.
1660:Bullough, Donald A.
909:Pizarro 2003, p. 70
802:was taken captive.
686:Nuremberg Chronicle
258:and their kings is
2213:6th-century deaths
1566:. Ian Wood (ed.).
1433:Jarnut 1995, p. 21
1353:Schutz 2001, p. 80
1182:Jarnut 1995, p. 20
1076:Schutz 2001, p. 79
1053:Jarnut 1995, p. 19
1044:, pp. 152–153
993:Curta 2001, p. 191
966:Amory 2003, p. 431
870:, pp. 713–714
691:
622:Crimean Tetraxites
585:, Book IV, Ch. 18
486:
466:line of succession
408:
242:Of the four early
240:
114:) was king of the
39:King of the Gepids
27:King of the Gepids
2114:The Early Germans
2104:978-2-213-61516-5
2060:978-0-7546-5740-8
1875:978-1-4051-0856-0
1860:978-0-521-20160-5
1796:978-0-8122-3939-3
1778:Goffart, Walter.
1593:Alexander Kazhdan
1519:Martindale 1992,
1497:Martindale 1992,
1424:Boná 2001, p. 189
1415:Curta 2001, p. 87
1388:Todd 1995, p. 236
1293:Curta 2001, p. 86
1284:Pohl 2005, p. 470
1247:Boná 2001, p. 188
1150:Boná 2001, p. 187
1137:Martindale 1992,
1040:Martindale 1992,
984:Capo 1992, p. 396
975:Boná 2001, p. 214
950:Martindale 1992,
868:s.v. Iordanes (1)
866:Martindale 1992,
857:Pohl 2000, p. 143
817:Martindale 1992,
772:
771:
768:, Book I, Ch. 24
589:
588:
286:by a land route.
155:Sremska Mitrovica
153:(now the town of
137:, was located in
94:
93:
16:(Redirected from
2235:
2193:
2192:
2191:
2181:
2180:
2179:
2169:
2168:
2167:
2160:
2085:
2001:Pritsak, Omeljan
1947:
1820:
1749:
1686:
1639:
1524:
1517:
1511:
1508:
1502:
1501:, pp. 38–40
1495:
1489:
1486:
1480:
1477:
1468:
1467:Boná 1976, p. 12
1465:
1456:
1449:
1443:
1440:
1434:
1431:
1425:
1422:
1416:
1413:
1407:
1404:
1398:
1397:Paul 1907, p. 45
1395:
1389:
1386:
1380:
1373:
1367:
1360:
1354:
1351:
1342:
1341:Pohl 1997, p. 94
1339:
1333:
1330:
1324:
1321:
1306:
1303:
1294:
1291:
1285:
1282:
1276:
1273:
1264:
1263:Pohl 1997, p. 93
1261:
1248:
1245:
1236:
1233:
1222:
1219:
1213:
1210:
1197:
1196:Boná 1976, p. 18
1194:
1183:
1180:
1165:
1162:
1151:
1148:
1142:
1135:
1129:
1126:
1120:
1119:Pohl 1997, p. 90
1117:
1111:
1108:De Bello Gothico
1104:
1098:
1095:
1089:
1086:
1077:
1074:
1068:
1065:
1054:
1051:
1045:
1038:
1021:
1020:Boná 1976, p. 70
1018:
1012:
1009:
1003:
1000:
994:
991:
985:
982:
976:
973:
967:
964:
955:
948:
942:
941:Boná 1976, p. 19
939:
928:
925:
919:
916:
910:
907:
901:
898:
889:
886:
880:
877:
871:
864:
858:
855:
849:
846:
840:
837:
831:
828:
822:
815:
753:
583:De Bello Gothico
570:
509:De Bello Gothico
307:for a Byzantine
197:Battle of Asfeld
178:Byzantine Empire
113:
110:
30:
29:
21:
2243:
2242:
2238:
2237:
2236:
2234:
2233:
2232:
2203:
2202:
2199:
2189:
2187:
2177:
2175:
2165:
2163:
2155:
2153:
2128:Wolfram, Herwig
2086:Tate, Georges.
2083:
2066:Schutz, Herbert
1945:
1899:Paul the Deacon
1817:
1753:Goffart, Walter
1746:
1715:Wiley-Blackwell
1684:
1637:
1532:
1527:
1521:s.v. Cunimundus
1518:
1514:
1509:
1505:
1496:
1492:
1487:
1483:
1478:
1471:
1466:
1459:
1450:
1446:
1441:
1437:
1432:
1428:
1423:
1419:
1414:
1410:
1405:
1401:
1396:
1392:
1387:
1383:
1374:
1370:
1361:
1357:
1352:
1345:
1340:
1336:
1331:
1327:
1322:
1309:
1304:
1297:
1292:
1288:
1283:
1279:
1274:
1267:
1262:
1251:
1246:
1239:
1234:
1225:
1220:
1216:
1211:
1200:
1195:
1186:
1181:
1168:
1163:
1154:
1149:
1145:
1136:
1132:
1127:
1123:
1118:
1114:
1105:
1101:
1096:
1092:
1087:
1080:
1075:
1071:
1066:
1057:
1052:
1048:
1039:
1024:
1019:
1015:
1010:
1006:
1001:
997:
992:
988:
983:
979:
974:
970:
965:
958:
949:
945:
940:
931:
926:
922:
917:
913:
908:
904:
899:
892:
887:
883:
878:
874:
865:
861:
856:
852:
847:
843:
838:
834:
829:
825:
819:s.v. Turisindus
816:
812:
808:
764:
762:Paul the Deacon
751:
710:, the Herulian
645:
581:
568:
478:
416:Pannonian Basin
400:
388:Historia Romana
371:Historia Romana
344:Paul the Deacon
334:James O'Donnell
270:writer born in
236:Paul the Deacon
221:
213:Eurasian Steppe
182:Pannonian Basin
111:
87:
48:c. 548–560
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2241:
2231:
2230:
2228:Gepid warriors
2225:
2220:
2215:
2198:
2197:
2185:
2173:
2152:
2151:
2125:
2107:
2081:
2063:
2040:
2020:
1998:
1983:
1968:
1943:
1920:
1911:(translator).
1896:
1878:
1863:
1846:
1821:
1815:
1799:
1776:
1750:
1744:
1726:
1707:Christie, Neil
1704:
1682:
1657:
1640:Boná, István.
1635:
1624:Highland Lakes
1614:Boná, István.
1612:
1583:
1560:
1537:Amory, Patrick
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1525:
1512:
1503:
1490:
1481:
1469:
1457:
1444:
1435:
1426:
1417:
1408:
1399:
1390:
1381:
1368:
1355:
1343:
1334:
1325:
1307:
1295:
1286:
1277:
1265:
1249:
1237:
1223:
1214:
1198:
1184:
1166:
1152:
1143:
1130:
1121:
1112:
1099:
1090:
1078:
1069:
1055:
1046:
1022:
1013:
1004:
995:
986:
977:
968:
956:
952:s.v. Elemundus
943:
929:
920:
911:
902:
890:
881:
872:
859:
850:
841:
832:
823:
809:
807:
804:
770:
769:
758:
757:
750:
747:
644:
641:
587:
586:
575:
574:
567:
564:
537:Constantinople
522:Dacia ripensis
477:
474:
399:
396:
392:oral tradition
220:
217:
166:Roman province
139:Central Europe
92:
91:
84:
78:
77:
74:
70:
69:
64:
60:
59:
54:
50:
49:
46:
42:
41:
35:
34:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2240:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2210:
2208:
2201:
2196:
2186:
2184:
2174:
2172:
2162:
2161:
2158:
2149:
2148:0-520-24490-7
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2126:
2123:
2122:0-631-19904-7
2119:
2115:
2111:
2110:Todd, Malcolm
2108:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2082:
2079:
2078:90-04-12298-2
2075:
2071:
2067:
2064:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2029:
2024:
2021:
2018:
2017:88-7988-029-2
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1999:
1996:
1995:0-521-81746-3
1992:
1988:
1984:
1981:
1980:90-04-10845-9
1977:
1973:
1969:
1966:
1965:88-8334-015-9
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1944:
1941:
1940:90-04-11881-0
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1905:
1900:
1897:
1894:
1891:
1890:
1885:
1882:
1879:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1852:
1847:
1844:
1843:0-520-01596-7
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1825:
1822:
1818:
1816:88-06-13658-5
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1774:
1773:0-691-05514-9
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1751:
1747:
1745:9781139428880
1741:
1737:
1736:
1731:
1730:Curta, Florin
1727:
1724:
1723:0-631-21197-7
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1705:
1702:
1701:88-04-33010-4
1698:
1694:
1690:
1683:
1680:
1679:0-7190-3354-3
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1661:
1658:
1655:
1654:963-13-4494-0
1651:
1647:
1643:
1636:
1633:
1632:0-88033-479-7
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1610:
1609:0-19-504652-8
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1589:
1584:
1581:
1580:1-84383-035-3
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1558:
1557:0-521-52635-3
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1535:
1534:
1522:
1516:
1507:
1500:
1494:
1485:
1476:
1474:
1464:
1462:
1454:
1448:
1439:
1430:
1421:
1412:
1403:
1394:
1385:
1378:
1372:
1365:
1359:
1350:
1348:
1338:
1329:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1302:
1300:
1290:
1281:
1272:
1270:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1244:
1242:
1232:
1230:
1228:
1218:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1193:
1191:
1189:
1179:
1177:
1175:
1173:
1171:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1147:
1140:
1134:
1125:
1116:
1109:
1103:
1094:
1085:
1083:
1073:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1050:
1043:
1037:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1029:
1027:
1017:
1008:
999:
990:
981:
972:
963:
961:
953:
947:
938:
936:
934:
924:
915:
906:
897:
895:
885:
876:
869:
863:
854:
845:
836:
827:
820:
814:
810:
803:
801:
797:
793:
788:
784:
780:
776:
767:
763:
760:
759:
755:
754:
746:
744:
740:
736:
731:
729:
723:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
688:
687:
682:
677:
673:
669:
666:
660:
658:
657:Philippopolis
654:
650:
640:
638:
634:
629:
627:
623:
619:
615:
610:
607:
603:
597:
595:
594:lunar eclipse
584:
580:
577:
576:
572:
571:
563:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
540:
538:
533:
531:
527:
524:(Serbia) and
523:
519:
514:
510:
506:
501:
499:
495:
491:
482:
473:
471:
467:
463:
462:heir apparent
459:
455:
449:
447:
443:
440:
436:
431:
429:
425:
424:Hunnic Empire
421:
417:
413:
404:
398:Rise to power
395:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
372:
367:
366:
361:
360:Monte Cassino
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
339:
335:
331:
327:
326:
321:
317:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
297:
292:
287:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
237:
233:
231:
225:
219:Early sources
216:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
189:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
158:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
129:by staging a
128:
124:
121:
120:East Germanic
117:
106:
102:
98:
90:
85:
83:
79:
75:
71:
68:
65:
61:
58:
55:
51:
47:
43:
40:
36:
31:
19:
2200:
2131:
2113:
2087:
2069:
2043:
2027:
2004:
1986:
1971:
1952:
1949:Pohl, Walter
1946:(in Italian)
1923:
1913:Philadelphia
1903:
1892:
1887:
1866:
1849:
1826:
1806:
1803:Jarnut, Jörg
1784:Philadelphia
1779:
1756:
1734:
1710:
1688:
1685:(in Italian)
1662:
1641:
1619:
1586:
1563:
1540:
1520:
1515:
1506:
1498:
1493:
1484:
1452:
1447:
1438:
1429:
1420:
1411:
1402:
1393:
1384:
1376:
1371:
1363:
1358:
1337:
1328:
1289:
1280:
1217:
1146:
1138:
1133:
1124:
1115:
1107:
1102:
1093:
1072:
1049:
1041:
1016:
1007:
998:
989:
980:
971:
951:
946:
923:
914:
905:
884:
875:
867:
862:
853:
844:
835:
826:
818:
813:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
765:
761:
738:
732:
724:
692:
684:
670:
661:
646:
630:
611:
598:
590:
582:
578:
541:
534:
512:
508:
502:
487:
450:
442:Christianity
432:
409:
387:
383:
375:
369:
363:
342:
337:
329:
323:
319:
294:
288:
284:invade Italy
259:
241:
228:
190:
159:
149:city on the
104:
96:
95:
38:
2223:Gepid kings
2084:(in French)
1638:(in French)
1499:s.v. Alboin
1139:s.v. Calluc
1106:Procopius,
1042:s.v. Audoin
728:Walter Pohl
157:, Serbia).
145:, a former
131:coup d'Ă©tat
53:Predecessor
2207:Categories
1713:. Oxford:
1667:Manchester
1568:Woodbridge
1530:References
1362:Jordanes,
526:Singidunum
498:Gothic War
435:Ostrogoths
376:Breviarium
151:Sava River
112: 560
105:Turisindus
2171:Biography
2142:, 1990 ,
2037:Heinemann
2023:Procopius
1805:(1995) .
1761:Princeton
1717:, 1995 ,
1693:Mondadori
1545:Cambridge
716:Amalafrid
704:Justinian
683:from the
679:A tinted
626:Black Sea
602:Kutrigurs
579:Procopius
552:Illyricum
513:De Bellis
505:Procopius
380:Eutropius
356:monastery
282:plans to
280:Byzantine
276:Palestine
264:Procopius
260:De Bellis
248:Justinian
195:, in the
186:Justinian
97:Thurisind
86:Cunimund
63:Successor
33:Thurisind
18:Thorisind
2183:Heraldry
2136:Berkeley
2098:, 2004,
2054:, 2006,
2046:. v. 3,
1889:Historia
1837:, 1973,
1831:Berkeley
1790:, 2006,
1767:, 1988,
1732:(2001).
1673:, 1991,
1646:Budapest
1551:, 2003,
1523:, p. 364
1141:, p. 266
954:, p. 435
800:Rosamund
792:Cunimund
712:Suartuas
696:Germanus
665:senators
663:12
633:Sclaveni
556:Herulian
530:Belgrade
490:Pannonia
470:Cunimund
454:Turismod
386:and the
322:and the
313:Catholic
305:notarius
291:Jordanes
272:Caesarea
256:Lombards
244:medieval
205:Cunimund
193:Turismod
170:Pannonia
162:Lombards
89:Turismod
67:Cunimund
2195:History
2157:Portals
2052:Ashgate
2048:Farnham
2009:Spoleto
1919:, 1907.
1595:(ed.).
1572:Boydell
720:Ulpiana
708:Aratius
698:' sons
681:woodcut
618:Utigurs
560:Ildigis
507:in the
494:Balkans
458:Sirmium
420:Ardaric
354:of the
143:Sirmium
135:Gepidia
127:Elemund
107:, died
57:Elemund
2146:
2120:
2102:
2096:Fayard
2076:
2058:
2033:London
2015:
1993:
1978:
1963:
1938:
1928:Leiden
1873:
1858:
1841:
1813:
1794:
1771:
1742:
1721:
1699:
1677:
1652:
1630:
1607:
1597:Oxford
1578:
1555:
1451:Paul,
1375:Paul,
1364:Romana
743:Alboin
739:Romana
714:, and
700:Justin
653:Salona
649:Narses
637:Slavic
606:Danube
518:Calluc
446:pagans
412:Serbia
348:Friuli
338:Romana
330:Romana
325:Getica
320:Romana
316:clergy
301:Gothic
296:Romana
252:Gepids
201:Alboin
174:Audoin
123:Gothic
116:Gepids
76:c. 560
2092:Paris
1932:Brill
806:Notes
796:Avars
749:Peace
452:made
439:Arian
428:Dacia
299:. Of
268:Greek
209:Avars
147:Roman
118:, an
101:Latin
82:Issue
45:Reign
2144:ISBN
2118:ISBN
2100:ISBN
2074:ISBN
2056:ISBN
2013:ISBN
1991:ISBN
1976:ISBN
1961:ISBN
1957:Rome
1936:ISBN
1871:ISBN
1856:ISBN
1839:ISBN
1811:ISBN
1792:ISBN
1769:ISBN
1740:ISBN
1719:ISBN
1697:ISBN
1675:ISBN
1650:ISBN
1628:ISBN
1605:ISBN
1576:ISBN
1553:ISBN
702:and
548:John
352:monk
254:and
227:The
73:Died
378:of
358:of
274:in
168:of
2209::
2138::
2134:.
2130:.
2112:.
2094::
2090:.
2068:.
2050::
2035::
2025:.
2007:.
1955:.
1930::
1915::
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