227:
65:
lacking any longitudinal support, they were prone to racking, a collapse resulting from horizontal movement. Timber roof trusses were a later, medieval development. A roof truss is cross-braced into a stable, rigid unit. Ideally, it balances all of the lateral forces against one another, and thrusts only directly downwards on the supporting walls. In practice, lateral forces may develop; for instance, due to wind, excessive flexibility of the truss, or constructions that do not accommodate small lateral movements of the ends of the truss.
74:
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238:. This truss is found in some 18th- and 19th-century buildings where Germans settled in the U.S. The literal translation is "lying chair", lying meaning the top chords are angled or leaning (and chair in the sense of a support, in this case a post or truss). Carpenters in the Netherlands also used this truss where it is spelled liggende stoel.
276:
Lacking a tie beam, the arch-braced (arched brace) truss gives a more open look to the interior of the roof. The principal rafters are linked by a collar beam supported by a pair of arch braces, which stiffen the structure and help to transmit the weight of the roof down through the principal rafters
326:
The scissor truss gets its name from being shaped like a pair of shears (scissors). Two defining features of a scissor truss are: 1) the joint where the bottom chords pass (the hinge of a pair of scissors) must be firmly connected and 2) the rafter (top chord) feet must land on the bottom chords. If
64:
Rafters have a tendency to flatten under gravity, thrusting outwards on the walls. For larger spans and thinner walls, this can topple the walls. Pairs of opposing rafters were thus initially tied together by a horizontal tie beam, to form coupled rafters. But such roofs were structurally weak, and
636:
Anderegg, Jean. Holzbaukunst: Fachwerk, Dachgerüst, Zimmermannswerkzeug : systematisches Fachwörterbuch = Architecture en bois : construction en pan de bois, charpente de toit, outils du charpentier : dictionnaire spécialisé et systématique = Architecture in wood : timber-frame
390:
The challenges of maintaining wood trusses are not limited to newer building projects. Visual grading can be used to conduct condition assessments for historic trusses. This along with load carrying tests, can be used to determine the best possible solutions to repairing older truss systems. Metal
423:
joints. Additionally, the mortise-and-tenon joints in older trusses were located at the weakest point in the post, accelerating failure. Much of the early truss connection designs anticipated structural behaviour under loads. This is why holes were drilled slightly off-centre, allowing the peg to
309:
Hammer beam trusses can have a single hammerbeam or multiple hammerbeams. A false hammerbeam roof (truss) has two definitions: 1) There is no hammer post on the hammer beam as sometimes found in a type of arch brace truss or; 2)The hammer beam joins into the hammer post instead of the hammer post
207:. The queen post truss extends the span, and combined with spliced joints in the longer members extends the useful span for trusses of these types. As with a king post, the queen posts may be replaced with iron rods and thus called a queen rod truss. This truss is often known as a
97:. There are two main types of timber roof trusses: closed, in which the bottom chord is horizontal and at the foot of the truss, and open, in which the bottom chords are raised to provide more open space, also known as raised bottom chord trusses.
381:
Pre-fabricated wood trusses offer advantages in building construction through machine-made accuracy and tend to use less timber. However, this does not take into account site-specific design alterations that require customized truss design.
277:
to the supporting wall. A double arch braced truss has a second pair of arched braces lower down, from the rafter to a block or inner sill: This form is called a wagon, cradle, barrel or tunnel roof because of this cylindrical appearance.
168:
The king post is normally under tension, and requires quite sophisticated joints with the tie beam and principal rafters. In a variation known as a king bolt (rod) truss the king post is replaced by a metal bolt (rod), usually of wrought
305:
and installed between 1395 and 1399, was the largest timber-roofed space in medieval Europe, spanning a distance of just over 20 metres (66 ft). It is considered to be the best example of a hammer-beam truss in
England.
218:
The queen post truss and the king post truss may be combined, by using the straining beam of the queen post truss as the tie beam for a king post truss above. Such combinations are known as compound trusses.
415:
The earliest wooden truss connections consisted of mortise-and-tenon joints and were most likely crafted at the construction site with the posts. Since most early trusses were made from unseasoned
611:
Proceedings of the Third Annual
Congress on Construction History, May 2009. Figure 1. based on Sachero, C., 1864: Sulla stabilitĂ delle armature dei tetti. Giornale del Genio Militare 2. 250.
241:
The opposite being a "Stehender Stuhl", which is the common roof truss type where simple vertical posts replace the more elaborate support structure in the image (highlighted in blue).
589:"The Roofs of Wren and Jones: A Seventeenth-Century Migration of Technical Knowledge from Italy to England". Working Papers on the Nature of Evidence: How Well Do 'Facts' Travel?"
343:. However, there are variable effects of permanent braces on the truss web, given that the length of the chord would determine the number of brace locations.
809:
Non-destructive assessment, full-scale load-carrying tests and local interventions on two historic timber collar roof trusses. Engineering structures, 140.
612:
476:
had been used in Italy for many years before
Palladio's time, but has been given his name because of its extensive use in the buildings he designed.
391:
plates and correct, period material can be used to repair, although 100% recovery of the material may be hard if the wood truss has deteriorated.
1973:
1918:
1813:
724:
Davies, Nikolas, and Erkki
Jokiniemi. Dictionary of architecture and building construction. Amsterdam: Elsevier/Architectural Press, 2008. 144.
339:, specifically with j chords. Continuous lateral braces can prevent negative effects of lateral forces by being diagonally set in to brace the
1953:
1818:
1723:
742:
Sharpe, Geoffrey R.. Historic
English churches a guide to their construction, design and features. London: I.B. Tauris, 2011. 111. fig. 61.
1963:
653:
Herman Janse, Houten kappen in
Nederland 1000-1940. Delftse Universitaire Pers, Delft / Rijksdienst voor de Monumentenzorg, Zeist 1989.
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the bottom chords join to the under-side of the top chords the assembly is said to be "scissor braced" rather than a scissor truss.
940:
297:
was the culmination of the development of the arch-braced truss, allowing greater spaces to be spanned. The hammerbeam roof of
637:
construction, roof frame, carpenter's tools : specialized and systematic dictionary. Munich: K.G. Saur, 1997. : 65.
85:, bottom members as the bottom chord, and the interior members as webs. In historic carpentry the top chords are often called
898:
880:
862:
844:
507:
543:
Lewandoski, Jan, Jack Sobon, and
Kenneth Rower. Historic American roof trusses. Becket, MA: Timber Framers Guild, 2006. 48.
760:
Lewandoski, Jan, Jack Sobon, and
Kenneth Rower. Historic American roof trusses. Becket, MA: Timber Framers Guild, 2006. 7.
395:(Metal Plate Connected) wood trusses are typically made from dressed wood (lumber), rather than timber (round-wood poles).
733:
Alcock, N. W.. Recording timber-framed buildings: an illustrated glossary. London: Council for
British Archaeology, 1989.
215:. Sometimes a Palladian truss is defined as a compound truss with a queen post and king post truss in the same assembly.
613:
http://www.bma.arch.unige.it/PDF/CONSTRUCTION_HISTORY_2009/VOL3/TURRI-Zamperin_Cappelletti_1_paper-revised_layouted.pdf
497:
49:
is a structural framework of timbers designed to bridge the space above a room and to provide support for a roof.
2039:
1698:
1187:
1665:
1654:
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692:
Architectural notes on German churches; with notes written during an architectural tour in
Picardy and Normandy
642:
548:
891:
Roof Frames from the 11th to the 19th Century. Typology and Development in Northern France and in Belgiums
1078:
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818:"Early Wooden Truss Connections vs. Wood Shrinkage: From Mortise-and-Tenon Joints to Bolted Connections"
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41: common rafters. This is an example of a "double roof" with principal rafters and common rafters.
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Permanent bracing design for MPC wood roof truss webs and chords, Forest Products Journal, 51
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335:
It has been proven that permanent bracing designs can improve the lateral stability of roof
226:
123:
A truss with an interrupted tie beam or scissor truss which allow a vaulted ceiling area; or
1028:
679:
A timber framer's workshop: joinery, design & construction of traditional timber frames
8:
1715:
1691:
1426:
403:
751:
Wood, Margaret. The English Mediaeval House. London: Ferndale Editions, 1980, 1965. 319.
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165:. The simplest of trusses, it is commonly used in conjunction with two angled struts.
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German illustration of a purlin roof with liegendem stuhl truss highlighted in blue.
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211:(Palladian truss) in Italy, as it was frequently used by the Renaissance architect
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715:
Webber, Frederick G.. Carpentry & Joinery. Methuen and Co., London: 1898. 152.
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A king post truss has two principal rafters, a tie beam, and a central vertical
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usually occur at regular intervals, linked by longitudinal timbers such as
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Liegender Stuhl is a truss of German origin; the German name is used in
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Closed/open distinction is used in two ways to describe truss roofs.
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822:, Vol. 27, No. 1/2, A Tribute to Lee H. Nelson (1996), pp. 11-23.
694:.. The 3d ed. Cambridge: J. and J.J. Deighton; , 1842. 44. Print.
574:
Glossary of Australian Building Terms – Third Edition.(NCRB)
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A queen post truss has two principal rafters and two vertical
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594:, Department of Economic History, London School of Economics
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788:"The benefits of pre-fabricated timber roof trusses."
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Roof framing with a ceiling so the framing is not visible.
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419:, the subsequent shrinkage would create cracking at the
81:
The top members of a truss are known generically as the
656:
499:
A Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture
681:. Brownfield, Me.: Fox Maple Press, 1998. 115. Print.
559:
Domestic Buildings Research Group (Surrey, England),
618:
525:
126:
Roof framing open to view, not hidden by a ceiling.
561:http://www.dbrg.org.uk/GLOSSARY/Open%20truss.html
2031:
424:naturally pull the posts together with gravity.
410:
23:Two king post trusses linked to support a roof.
346:
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57:. The space between each truss is known as a
570:
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502:(online ed.), Oxford University Press,
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855:Archaeology of Mediaeval England and Wales
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873:The Repair of Historic Timber Structures
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690:Whewell, William, and F. de. Lassaulx.
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496:Curl, James Stevens (2006), "truss",
289:Chambers 1908 single hammerbeam truss
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837:Discovering Timber-framed Buildings
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406:with a view of the wooden trusses.
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889:Hoffsummer, Patrick, ed. (2009),
800: (accessed November 8, 2017)
587:Valeriani, Simona (August 2006),
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792: 24, no. 7: 47-48.
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411:Connections in wooden trusses
790:Civil Engineering (10212000)
402:The interior of the barn at
310:landing on the hammer beam.
7:
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362:Trusses installed on a roof
347:Pre-fabricated wood trusses
258:A single arch-braced truss.
112:A truss with a tie beam; or
10:
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1579:Non-timber forest products
1203:Structural insulated panel
871:Yeomans, David T. (2003),
374:Trusses loaded on trailers
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93:is often referred to as a
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914:Illustrated roof glossary
264: principal rafters,
153: principal rafters,
77:Timber roof truss example
1544:Destructive distillation
835:Harris, Richard (2003),
794:Business Source Complete
199: principal rafters.
1564:Green building and wood
521:(subscription required)
301:in London, designed by
2040:Architectural elements
1208:Wood–plastic composite
1134:Glued laminated timber
1129:Cross-laminated timber
839:, Shire Publications,
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195: straining beam,
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1864:Air conditioning unit
1281:Corrugated fiberboard
1183:Oriented strand board
853:Steane, John (1984),
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386:Historic wood trusses
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1666:WikiProject Forestry
1427:Ramial chipped wood
615:accessed 12/24/2012
268: collar beam,
187: queen posts,
1344:Cellulosic ethanol
875:, Thomas Telford,
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272: arch braces.
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29: ridge beam,
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1609:Wood preservation
1554:Engineered bamboo
1374:Pyroligneous acid
900:978-2-503-52987-5
882:978-0-7277-3213-2
864:978-0-7099-2385-5
846:978-0-7478-0215-0
706:, pp. 196–97
677:Chappell, Steve.
509:978-0-19-860678-9
434:Bent (structural)
421:mortise-and-tenon
250:Arch-braced truss
181:Queen post truss.
145: king post,
47:timber roof truss
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281:Hammerbeam truss
191: tie beam,
173:Queen post truss
149: tie beam,
139:King post truss.
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345:
332:
329:
315:
312:
282:
279:
251:
248:
246:
243:
223:
220:
174:
171:
132:
129:
128:
127:
124:
117:
116:
113:
108:Closed truss:
102:
101:Closed trusses
99:
70:
67:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2062:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2037:
2035:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1974:Roof sheeting
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1929:Lightning rod
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1861:
1859:
1857:Roof elements
1855:
1850:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1829:Sawtooth roof
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1809:Pavilion roof
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1721:
1719:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1702:
1697:
1695:
1690:
1688:
1683:
1682:
1679:
1667:
1659:
1657:
1656:
1647:
1645:
1637:
1636:
1633:
1627:
1626:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1569:List of woods
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1531:
1529:
1525:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1478:Billet (wood)
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1465:
1463:
1459:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1406:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1339:Hemicellulose
1337:
1333:
1330:
1329:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1319:
1317:
1313:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1273:
1271:
1269:
1265:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1237:
1234:
1233:
1232:
1229:
1228:
1226:
1222:
1214:
1211:
1210:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1163:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1136:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1126:
1124:
1122:
1116:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1064:Railroad ties
1062:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
990:
987:
985:
982:
980:
977:
975:
972:
970:
967:
966:
964:
959:
955:
951:
950:Wood products
944:
939:
937:
932:
930:
925:
924:
921:
915:
912:
911:
902:
896:
892:
887:
884:
878:
874:
869:
866:
860:
856:
851:
848:
842:
838:
833:
832:
831:
830:
821:
815:
806:
799:
795:
791:
785:
779:
773:
767:
763:
757:
748:
739:
730:
721:
712:
705:
704:Steane (1984)
700:
693:
687:
680:
674:
672:
664:
663:Harris (2003)
659:
650:
644:
640:
633:
626:
621:
614:
608:
590:
583:
581:
571:
569:
562:
556:
550:
546:
540:
534:, p. 196
533:
532:Steane (1984)
528:
511:
505:
501:
500:
492:
488:
486:
485:
475:
469:
465:
462:
461:
450:
447:
445:
442:
440:
437:
435:
432:
431:
425:
422:
418:
405:
400:
396:
394:
383:
370:
358:
344:
342:
338:
328:
320:
314:Scissor truss
311:
307:
304:
300:
296:
287:
278:
271:
267:
263:
256:
242:
239:
237:
228:
219:
216:
214:
210:
206:
198:
194:
190:
186:
179:
170:
166:
164:
157: struts.
156:
152:
148:
144:
137:
125:
122:
121:
120:
119:Open truss:
114:
111:
110:
109:
106:
98:
96:
92:
88:
84:
75:
66:
62:
60:
56:
52:
48:
40:
36:
32:
28:
21:
2004:Solar panels
1983:
1919:Hanging beam
1814:Rhombic roof
1804:Mansard roof
1784:Gambrel roof
1759:Conical roof
1653:
1623:
1518:Wooden masts
1488:Dugout canoe
1473:Bavin (wood)
1422:Black liquor
1359:Liquid smoke
1109:Utility pole
1094:Timber truss
1093:
1014:Log building
890:
872:
854:
836:
829:Bibliography
828:
827:
820:APT Bulletin
819:
814:
805:
797:
793:
789:
784:
777:
772:
756:
747:
738:
729:
720:
711:
699:
691:
686:
678:
658:
649:
632:
627:, p. 42
620:
607:
596:, retrieved
555:
539:
527:
513:, retrieved
498:
491:
483:
482:
473:
468:
459:
458:
449:Truss bridge
414:
389:
380:
334:
325:
308:
303:Hugh Herland
292:
275:
269:
265:
261:
245:Open trusses
240:
233:
217:
208:
202:
196:
192:
188:
184:
167:
160:
154:
150:
146:
142:
118:
107:
104:
91:bottom chord
80:
63:
46:
44:
38:
30:
26:
2014:Weathervane
1989:Roof window
1959:Roof garden
1954:Roof batten
1884:Collar beam
1839:Tented roof
1824:Saddle roof
1819:Ridged roof
1779:Gablet roof
1739:Bochka roof
1729:Barrel roof
1724:Arched roof
1716:Roof shapes
1619:Woodworking
1604:Wood drying
1589:Papermaking
1409:By-products
1315:Derivatives
1253:Pellet fuel
994:Flitch beam
893:, Brepols,
598:22 December
205:queen posts
2034:Categories
2019:Wind brace
1984:Roof truss
1979:Roof tiles
1969:Roof ridge
1949:Ridge vent
1909:Green roof
1799:Onion dome
1774:Gable roof
1754:Clerestory
1734:Board roof
1461:Historical
1442:Wood flour
1291:Paperboard
1161:Fiberboard
1119:Engineered
979:Bressummer
778:(7), 73-81
766:0970664346
643:3598104618
549:0970664346
515:1 December
474:palladiana
455:References
209:palladiana
89:, and the
1834:Shed roof
1769:Flat roof
1483:Clapboard
1452:Woodchips
1447:Wood wool
1327:Cellulose
1322:Birch-tar
1276:Cardboard
1258:Wood fuel
1166:hardboard
1069:Reclaimed
1034:Panelling
1024:Log house
1019:Log cabin
484:Citations
163:king post
83:top chord
1994:Skylight
1964:Roofline
1899:Flashing
1874:Catslide
1794:Hip roof
1744:Bow roof
1644:Category
1625:Yakisugi
1559:Forestry
1527:See also
1468:Axe ties
1437:Tall oil
1417:Barkdust
1399:Wood gas
1379:Pine tar
1369:Methanol
1301:Pulpwood
1248:Firewood
1231:Charcoal
1224:Fuelwood
1171:Masonite
1099:Treenail
999:Flooring
428:See also
95:tie beam
1879:Chimney
1655:Commons
1534:Biomass
1508:Tanbark
1432:Sawdust
1243:Firelog
1236:biochar
1198:Plywood
1156:I-joist
1074:Shingle
1029:Molding
796:, EBSCO
337:trusses
331:Bracing
236:America
87:rafters
69:History
55:purlins
51:Trusses
35:purlins
1999:Soffit
1944:Rafter
1939:Purlin
1914:Gutter
1889:Dormer
1493:Potash
1394:Tannin
1354:Lignin
1268:Fibers
1213:lumber
1139:veneer
1079:Siding
1059:Rafter
1054:Purlin
969:Batten
962:timber
958:Lumber
897:
879:
861:
843:
764:
641:
547:
506:
33:
2045:Roofs
2009:Spire
1924:Joist
1904:Gable
1894:Eaves
1869:Attic
1708:Roofs
1574:Mulch
1384:Pitch
1306:Rayon
1286:Paper
1104:Truss
1044:Plate
1039:Plank
1004:Joist
989:Cruck
592:(PDF)
460:Notes
417:posts
341:chord
260:Key:
183:Key:
169:iron.
141:Key:
1934:Loft
1764:Dome
1349:Dyes
1332:nano
1296:Pulp
1121:wood
1089:Stud
1084:Sill
1049:Post
1009:Lath
974:Beam
895:ISBN
877:ISBN
859:ISBN
841:ISBN
798:host
762:ISBN
639:ISBN
600:2012
545:ISBN
517:2012
504:ISBN
472:The
293:The
25:Key:
1364:Lye
1176:MDF
1144:LVL
984:CLS
393:MPC
59:bay
2036::
670:^
579:^
567:^
270:3:
266:2:
262:1:
197:4:
193:3:
189:2:
185:1:
155:4:
151:3:
147:2:
143:1:
61:.
45:A
39:3:
37:,
31:2:
27:1:
1700:e
1693:t
1686:v
960:/
942:e
935:t
928:v
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