210:
233:
421:
Tonga developed as a spoken language and was not put into written form until missionaries arrived in the area in the 19th century. Although there are a growing number of publications in the language, it is not completely standardized, and speakers of the same dialect may have different spellings for
1342:
language, with high and low-toned syllables. The placement of the tones is complex and differs from that of other Bantu languages; for example, a syllable which is low in Tonga may be high in the cognate word in other Bantu languages and vice versa. Several scholars, beginning with
1465:, have analysed Tonga as having both tones and accents (the accents in Tonga being mainly on low-toned syllables). Others, such as Pulleyblank, analyse the same data purely in terms of tonal rules, without the need to introduce accents.
369:
among others, as well as many bilingual
Zambians and Zimbabweans. In Zambia Tonga is taught in schools as first language in the whole of Southern Province, Lusaka and Central Provinces.
2945:
1711:
1389:
The above example of a noun is relatively easy to explain. However, the tones of the verbal system are more complex. An example of one of the puzzles discussed by both
1350:
One feature of the tonal system is that high tones tend to get disassociated from their original place and move to the left, as is illustrated in these examples:
2938:
1670:
4428:
2676:
1160:. A single word may incorporate a subject-marker, a tense-marker, a direct object, and even an indirect object, combined with the verb root itself.
4407:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4387:
2931:
2483:
1536:
Mweenzu
Wafwulwe Ulalila Bowa (An Advanced Chitonga Language Course), R.N. Moonga and F.W. Wafer, Zambia Educational Publishing House, 1997, p. v
2138:
2056:
2024:
1997:
1975:
1938:
1875:
1853:
4376:
2959:
1718:
869:
380:
303:
1516:
2669:
991:
2476:
917:
863:
346:
67:
2131:
1727:
1690:
410:. There are two distinctive dialects of Tonga: Valley Tonga and Plateau Tonga. Valley Tonga is mostly spoken in the
4438:
2662:
772:
574:
2923:
1105:
1100:
751:
24:
4448:
2469:
1006:
Post-alveolar affricates /t͡ʃ, d͡ʒ, ⁿd͡ʒ/ can also be heard as palatal stops in free variation among dialects.
1635:
1605:
983:
827:
623:
1649:
Carter, Hazel (1971) and (1972). "Morphotonology of
Zambian Tonga: Some Developments of Meeussen's System".
4443:
2124:
1527:
A Practical
Introduction to Chitonga, C.R. Hopgood, 1992 Edition, Zambia Educational Publishing House, p. x
1119:
1114:
806:
758:
317:
104:
4458:
3454:
3448:
3442:
2745:
1072:
1067:
783:
388:
4433:
1140:
1135:
910:
820:
765:
565:
556:
487:
353:) who live mainly in the Southern province, Lusaka province, Central Province and Western province of
2581:
2541:
1771:
1744:
1462:
1394:
813:
799:
580:
464:
109:
98:
1157:
4453:
3260:
3059:
2912:
1704:
1086:
1081:
844:
3325:
3029:
2730:
2685:
2556:
1458:
614:
605:
587:
384:
20:
3923:
3313:
2982:
1735:
836:
718:
709:
699:
688:
681:
675:
666:
657:
647:
629:
457:
4379:
is geographic and its groupings do not imply a relationship between the languages within them.
4367:
4080:
4074:
3911:
3412:
2699:
2492:
2364:
2278:
2097:
2032:
1286:
510:
501:
445:
3053:
1918:
1019:
1015:/sʲ, zʲ/ are heard as voiceless and breathy palatal approximants in the Northern dialects.
636:
521:
8:
3899:
3893:
2643:
2430:
2283:
2147:
1956:
1576:
4268:
4262:
4244:
4238:
4232:
3987:
3969:
2506:
2258:
1898:
1780:
1339:
528:
452:
440:
292:
285:
4168:
3689:
3641:
3501:
2795:
2435:
2293:
1826:
893:
792:
650:
598:
474:
376:
124:
114:
3725:
3695:
3683:
3665:
3396:
3360:
3337:
3189:
3118:
3100:
3088:
3041:
2891:
2886:
2840:
2815:
2790:
2780:
2775:
2735:
2638:
2628:
2531:
2521:
2440:
2425:
2405:
2395:
2390:
2380:
2308:
2253:
2212:
2161:
1961:
853:
414:
valley and southern areas of the
Batonga while Plateau Tonga is spoken more around
2953:
4197:
4151:
4145:
4139:
4133:
4121:
4109:
4062:
4056:
3952:
3905:
3760:
3748:
3742:
3659:
3629:
3595:
3583:
3577:
3571:
3553:
3547:
3507:
3495:
3378:
3289:
3283:
3236:
3218:
2994:
2955:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2820:
2810:
2770:
2623:
2566:
2561:
2445:
2420:
2415:
2400:
2385:
2323:
2318:
2303:
2298:
2273:
2243:
2233:
2197:
2182:
2064:
1861:
1844:
1808:
495:
469:
373:
119:
90:
1685:
1680:
322:
4360:
4321:
4297:
4280:
4274:
4250:
4215:
4209:
4203:
4180:
4174:
4127:
4115:
4103:
4028:
4022:
4016:
4010:
4004:
3981:
3975:
3929:
3917:
3876:
3870:
3864:
3858:
3846:
3838:
3833:
3810:
3804:
3788:
3719:
3713:
3707:
3701:
3677:
3671:
3653:
3647:
3635:
3519:
3513:
3478:
3472:
3466:
3460:
3430:
3424:
3418:
3402:
3390:
3384:
3372:
3366:
3343:
3331:
3319:
3307:
3301:
3295:
3266:
3254:
3230:
3195:
3183:
3177:
3171:
3147:
3141:
3135:
3112:
3011:
2988:
2896:
2845:
2835:
2825:
2805:
2785:
2765:
2760:
2750:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2633:
2597:
2576:
2571:
2551:
2546:
2526:
2511:
2450:
2410:
2343:
2338:
2328:
2313:
2288:
2268:
2263:
2248:
2228:
2202:
2192:
2177:
2105:
2074:
2069:
2042:
2037:
1951:
1923:
1913:
1908:
1893:
1888:
1834:
1798:
1793:
1390:
1344:
415:
399:
342:
178:
1494:
1480:
4422:
4303:
4256:
4086:
4068:
3935:
3852:
3827:
3798:
3794:
3612:
3436:
3408:
3248:
3242:
3224:
3201:
3165:
3153:
3094:
3035:
3017:
2865:
2830:
2755:
2740:
2607:
2602:
2516:
2333:
2187:
2010:
1983:
1903:
1883:
1816:
1788:
1757:
1752:
1675:
1049:
954:
946:
928:
742:
702:
549:
403:
395:
190:
4333:
4327:
4309:
3754:
3047:
3023:
2870:
2800:
2536:
2348:
2238:
1946:
1696:
185:
2654:
268:
259:
3106:
3076:
1665:
1347:
in 1963, have tried to discover the rules for where to place the tones.
1061:
1044:
2461:
1499:
1485:
1127:
1054:
1012:/f, v/ can also be heard as glottal fricatives in the Plateau dialect.
362:
2116:
383:. Despite similar names, Zambian Tonga is not closely related to the
4339:
1094:
965:
887:
736:
543:
278:
252:
71:
1182:
First person "ndi" doing something s/he shouldn't be doing "kukuta"
1009:/w/ can also be heard as a labio-palatal when occurring before /i/.
19:"Chitonga" redirects here. For the chiTonga language of Malawi, see
366:
358:
215:
57:
1450:, it is hard to see why it does not also appear in the 1st person
3589:
3565:
3559:
3159:
3082:
2005:
538:
411:
1592:
Tenses taken from Peace Corps Zambia
Trainee's Book: Tonga, 2003
4384:
Narrow Bantu languages by
Guthrie classification zone templates
1446:
in the fourth verb is puzzling. If it comes from the verb root
407:
354:
238:
53:
1621:
Meeussen, A.E. (1963) "Morphotonology of the Tonga Verb",
1003:/l/ can also be heard as a tap sound in free variation.
1581:
Features, Segmental
Structure & Harmony Processes,
1374:In these words, the original high tone of the root
1666:Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Chitonga
4420:
1640:, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, p. 191.
1743:
1686:OLAC resources in and about the Dombe language
1681:OLAC resources in and about the Tonga language
2939:
2670:
2477:
2132:
1712:
1321:Extended Future (Tomorrow or after tomorrow)
1726:
1022:where neighboring dialects have /mw/, as in
4408:Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones N–S)
4403:Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones J–M)
4398:Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones E–H)
4393:Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones C–D)
4388:Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones A–B)
2684:
1671:Glossary of Chitonga, in English and German
422:the same words once put into written text.
2946:
2932:
2677:
2663:
2484:
2470:
2139:
2125:
1719:
1705:
1179:Subject-(tense marker)-verb root-(ending)
23:. For other languages called "Tonga", see
2491:
4429:Tonga ethnic group (Zambia and Zimbabwe)
1608:. In Clements, G. N. and John Goldsmith
1545:
418:and the northern areas of the Batonga.
2146:
1612:. Dordrecht, Foris Publications, p. 48.
1565:. Lusaka, Zambia: Bookworld Publishers.
1156:Tonga or Chitonga follows the standard
4421:
1600:
1598:
1560:
1509:
2927:
2658:
2465:
2120:
1852:
1700:
437:
365:. The language is also spoken by the
16:Bantu language of Zambia and Zimbabwe
1693:, Lubuto Library Special Collections
1610:Autosegmental Studies in Bantu Tone
1595:
83:1.5 million (2001–2010 census)
13:
4366:Languages between parentheses are
1474:
1442:The high tone on the tense-marker
379:group and is classified as M64 by
14:
4470:
1659:
1139:
1134:
1118:
1113:
1104:
1099:
1085:
1080:
1071:
1066:
990:
982:
953:
945:
916:
909:
868:
862:
843:
835:
826:
819:
812:
805:
798:
782:
771:
764:
757:
750:
717:
708:
687:
680:
674:
665:
656:
635:
628:
622:
613:
604:
586:
579:
573:
564:
555:
527:
520:
509:
500:
1548:A dialectological study of Tonga
372:The language is a member of the
231:
208:
1643:
1628:
1615:
1517:New Updated Guthrie List Online
1333:
25:Tonga language (disambiguation)
4370:of the language on their left.
1623:Journal of African Linguistics
1586:
1569:
1563:An outline of Chitonga grammar
1554:
1539:
1530:
1521:
1018:At least some speakers have a
1:
1468:
1386:has not affected the prefix.
430:
1231:Recent Past (Past of Today)
1125:
1092:
1059:
425:
389:Tonga language of Mozambique
7:
10:
4475:
1606:"Tone and Accent in Tonga"
1382:, whereas the low tone of
361:, with a few in northwest
18:
4352:
4289:
4224:
4189:
4160:
4095:
4048:
4041:
3996:
3961:
3944:
3885:
3819:
3780:
3773:
3734:
3621:
3604:
3539:
3532:
3487:
3352:
3275:
3210:
3127:
3068:
3003:
2974:
2967:
2905:
2879:
2708:
2692:
2616:
2590:
2499:
2373:
2357:
2221:
2170:
2154:
2096:
2055:
2023:
1996:
1974:
1937:
1874:
1843:
1825:
1807:
1779:
1770:
1734:
1637:Tone in Lexical Phonology
1264:Habitual Past Continuous
1034:
886:
852:
735:
673:
621:
572:
537:
494:
473:
468:
463:
456:
451:
444:
439:
398:in Zambia, together with
367:Iwe, Toka and Leya people
316:
300:
276:
250:
245:
221:
203:Official language in
201:
196:
175:
148:
87:
77:
63:
49:
42:
37:
32:
2913:Mozambican Sign Language
1728:Languages of the Pygmies
1651:African Language Studies
1546:Sibajene, Alick (2013).
1515:Jouni Filip Maho, 2009.
1378:has moved to the prefix
1158:Bantu language structure
1151:
345:primarily spoken by the
4439:Languages of Mozambique
2686:Languages of Mozambique
1691:Chitonga language books
1653:12: 1-30 and 14: 36-52.
1604:Goldsmith, John (1984)
1550:. University of Zambia.
1505:(subscription required)
1491:(subscription required)
1457:Some scholars, such as
1253:Recent Past Continuous
1220:Habitual Present Tense
394:It is one of the major
21:Tonga language (Malawi)
4377:Guthrie classification
2960:Guthrie classification
1561:Carter, Hazel (2002).
1267:-akali-ku-(verb root)
296: Toka-Leya-Dombe
4449:Languages of Zimbabwe
2493:Languages of Zimbabwe
2365:Zambian Sign Language
1416:'they are looking at'
1302:-ya-ku-(verb root)-a
1234:-ali-(verb root)-ide
2709:Indigenous languages
2591:Unofficial languages
2222:Indigenous languages
1313:-niku-(verb root)-a
1256:-ali-ku-(verb root)
1020:bilabial nasal click
4444:Languages of Zambia
2880:Immigrant languages
2617:Immigrant languages
2374:Immigrant languages
2148:Languages of Zambia
1634:Pulleyblank (1983)
1577:Harry van der Hulst
1397:can be seen below:
1209:Present Continuous
1201:-a-(verb root)-ide
223:Recognised minority
4459:Tone (linguistics)
2507:Zimbabwean English
2500:Official languages
2171:Regional languages
1223:-la-(verb root)-a
357:, and in northern
272: – Dombe
4434:Botatwe languages
4416:
4415:
4361:extinct languages
4348:
4347:
4037:
4036:
3769:
3768:
3761:Totela of Namibia
3528:
3527:
2921:
2920:
2693:Official language
2652:
2651:
2459:
2458:
2155:Official language
2114:
2113:
2092:
2091:
2088:
2087:
2051:
2050:
2019:
2018:
1992:
1991:
1970:
1969:
1933:
1932:
1870:
1869:
1766:
1765:
1676:Chitonga Glossary
1503:(18th ed., 2015)
1489:(18th ed., 2015)
1404:'I am looking at'
1331:
1330:
1149:
1148:
1000:
999:
968:
931:
896:
795:
745:
705:
653:
601:
552:
490:
483:
337:), also known as
328:
327:
157:Valley Tonga (We)
4466:
4046:
4045:
3778:
3777:
3537:
3536:
2972:
2971:
2958:(Zones J–M) (by
2948:
2941:
2934:
2925:
2924:
2679:
2672:
2665:
2656:
2655:
2486:
2479:
2472:
2463:
2462:
2141:
2134:
2127:
2118:
2117:
2053:
2052:
2021:
2020:
1994:
1993:
1972:
1971:
1935:
1934:
1872:
1871:
1850:
1849:
1777:
1776:
1741:
1740:
1721:
1714:
1707:
1698:
1697:
1654:
1647:
1641:
1632:
1626:
1619:
1613:
1602:
1593:
1590:
1584:
1573:
1567:
1566:
1558:
1552:
1551:
1543:
1537:
1534:
1528:
1525:
1519:
1513:
1507:
1506:
1492:
1478:
1310:Future Habitual
1198:Present Perfect
1163:
1162:
1143:
1138:
1122:
1117:
1108:
1103:
1089:
1084:
1075:
1070:
1039:
1038:
994:
986:
964:
957:
949:
927:
920:
913:
892:
872:
866:
847:
839:
830:
823:
816:
809:
802:
791:
786:
775:
768:
761:
754:
741:
721:
712:
698:
691:
684:
678:
669:
660:
646:
639:
632:
626:
617:
608:
597:
590:
583:
577:
568:
559:
548:
531:
524:
513:
504:
486:
481:
435:
434:
391:(Gitonga: S62).
312:
306:
295:
288:
271:
265:Individual code:
263:– inclusive code
262:
255:
237:
235:
234:
225:language in
214:
212:
211:
188:(Tonga alphabet)
181:
93:
30:
29:
4474:
4473:
4469:
4468:
4467:
4465:
4464:
4463:
4454:Tonal languages
4419:
4418:
4417:
4412:
4344:
4285:
4220:
4185:
4156:
4091:
4033:
3992:
3957:
3940:
3881:
3815:
3765:
3730:
3617:
3600:
3524:
3483:
3348:
3271:
3206:
3123:
3064:
2999:
2963:
2956:Bantu languages
2952:
2922:
2917:
2901:
2875:
2704:
2688:
2683:
2653:
2648:
2612:
2586:
2495:
2490:
2460:
2455:
2369:
2353:
2217:
2166:
2150:
2145:
2115:
2110:
2084:
2047:
2015:
1988:
1966:
1929:
1866:
1839:
1821:
1803:
1762:
1745:Central Sudanic
1730:
1725:
1662:
1657:
1648:
1644:
1633:
1629:
1620:
1616:
1603:
1596:
1591:
1587:
1574:
1570:
1559:
1555:
1544:
1540:
1535:
1531:
1526:
1522:
1514:
1510:
1504:
1493:
1490:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1438:'they will see'
1336:
1324:-yaku-(verb)-a
1187:Present Simple
1154:
1037:
542:
459:
447:
433:
428:
385:Tonga of Malawi
310:
307:
302:
291:
290:
284:
267:
266:
264:
258:
251:
241:
232:
230:
226:
224:
209:
207:
204:
197:Official status
189:
182:
177:
144:
94:
91:Language family
89:
80:
79:Native speakers
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4472:
4462:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4414:
4413:
4411:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4381:
4380:
4372:
4371:
4364:
4353:
4350:
4349:
4346:
4345:
4343:
4342:
4336:
4330:
4324:
4318:
4312:
4306:
4300:
4293:
4291:
4287:
4286:
4284:
4283:
4277:
4271:
4265:
4259:
4253:
4247:
4241:
4235:
4228:
4226:
4222:
4221:
4219:
4218:
4212:
4206:
4200:
4193:
4191:
4187:
4186:
4184:
4183:
4177:
4171:
4164:
4162:
4158:
4157:
4155:
4154:
4148:
4142:
4136:
4130:
4124:
4118:
4112:
4106:
4099:
4097:
4093:
4092:
4090:
4089:
4083:
4077:
4071:
4065:
4059:
4052:
4050:
4043:
4039:
4038:
4035:
4034:
4032:
4031:
4025:
4019:
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3998:
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3990:
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2909:
2907:
2906:Sign languages
2903:
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2900:
2899:
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2889:
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2877:
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2874:
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2868:
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2696:
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2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2377:
2375:
2371:
2370:
2368:
2367:
2361:
2359:
2358:Sign languages
2355:
2354:
2352:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
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2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
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2256:
2251:
2246:
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2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2174:
2172:
2168:
2167:
2165:
2164:
2158:
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2152:
2151:
2144:
2143:
2136:
2129:
2121:
2112:
2111:
2109:
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2102:
2100:
2094:
2093:
2090:
2089:
2086:
2085:
2083:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2061:
2059:
2049:
2048:
2046:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2029:
2027:
2017:
2016:
2014:
2013:
2008:
2002:
2000:
1990:
1989:
1987:
1986:
1980:
1978:
1968:
1967:
1965:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1943:
1941:
1931:
1930:
1928:
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1911:
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1678:
1673:
1668:
1661:
1660:External links
1658:
1656:
1655:
1642:
1627:
1625:Vol.2, Part I.
1614:
1594:
1585:
1575:Norval Smith,
1568:
1553:
1538:
1529:
1520:
1508:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1440:
1439:
1429:
1423:
1417:
1411:
1405:
1372:
1371:
1365:
1345:A. E. Meeussen
1335:
1332:
1329:
1328:
1325:
1322:
1318:
1317:
1314:
1311:
1307:
1306:
1303:
1300:
1299:Simple Future
1296:
1295:
1292:
1289:
1283:
1282:
1279:
1276:
1272:
1271:
1270:Ndakalikukuta
1268:
1265:
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1257:
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484:
478:
477:
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467:
462:
455:
450:
443:
438:
432:
429:
427:
424:
416:Monze District
396:lingua francas
343:Bantu language
326:
325:
320:
314:
313:
308:
301:
298:
297:
282:
274:
273:
256:
248:
247:
246:Language codes
243:
242:
229:
227:
222:
219:
218:
205:
202:
199:
198:
194:
193:
183:
179:Writing system
176:
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172:
171:
170:
167:
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161:
158:
155:
150:
146:
145:
143:
142:
141:
140:
139:
138:
137:
136:
135:
134:
133:
132:
105:Atlantic–Congo
97:
95:
88:
85:
84:
81:
78:
75:
74:
65:
61:
60:
51:
50:Native to
47:
46:
40:
39:
35:
34:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4471:
4460:
4457:
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3808:
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3226:
3222:
3220:
3216:
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3213:
3209:
3203:
3199:
3197:
3193:
3191:
3190:Talinga-Bwisi
3187:
3185:
3181:
3179:
3175:
3173:
3169:
3167:
3163:
3161:
3157:
3155:
3151:
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2615:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2595:
2593:
2589:
2583:
2582:Zimbabwe Sign
2580:
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2570:
2568:
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2101:
2099:
2095:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2062:
2060:
2058:
2054:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2030:
2028:
2026:
2022:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1995:
1985:
1982:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1973:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1944:
1942:
1940:
1936:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1881:
1879:
1877:
1873:
1863:
1860:
1859:
1857:
1855:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1842:
1836:
1833:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1824:
1818:
1815:
1814:
1812:
1810:
1806:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1786:
1784:
1782:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1769:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1750:
1748:
1746:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1722:
1717:
1715:
1710:
1708:
1703:
1702:
1699:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1663:
1652:
1646:
1639:
1638:
1631:
1624:
1618:
1611:
1607:
1601:
1599:
1589:
1583:vol. 1 p. 198
1582:
1578:
1572:
1564:
1557:
1549:
1542:
1533:
1524:
1518:
1512:
1502:
1501:
1496:
1488:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1473:
1466:
1464:
1460:
1455:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1437:
1435:
1430:
1427:
1424:
1421:
1418:
1415:
1412:
1409:
1406:
1403:
1402:ndi-la-lang-a
1400:
1399:
1398:
1396:
1392:
1387:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1369:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1352:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1341:
1326:
1323:
1320:
1319:
1315:
1312:
1309:
1308:
1304:
1301:
1298:
1297:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1284:
1280:
1277:
1274:
1273:
1269:
1266:
1263:
1262:
1258:
1255:
1252:
1251:
1247:
1244:
1241:
1240:
1236:
1233:
1230:
1229:
1225:
1222:
1219:
1218:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1207:
1203:
1200:
1197:
1196:
1192:
1190:-(verb root)
1189:
1186:
1185:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1175:
1171:
1169:Tense marker
1168:
1165:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1145:
1142:
1137:
1133:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1102:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1069:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1040:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1014:
1011:
1008:
1005:
1002:
1001:
996:
993:
989:
985:
980:
978:
976:
974:
972:
970:
967:
963:
962:
959:
956:
952:
948:
943:
941:
939:
937:
935:
933:
930:
926:
925:
922:
919:
915:
912:
908:
906:
904:
902:
900:
898:
895:
891:
889:
885:
882:
880:
878:
876:
874:
871:
865:
861:
859:
857:
855:
851:
846:
841:
838:
834:
832:
829:
825:
822:
818:
815:
811:
808:
804:
801:
797:
794:
790:
789:
785:
781:
779:
777:
774:
770:
767:
763:
760:
756:
753:
749:
747:
744:
740:
738:
734:
731:
729:
727:
725:
723:
720:
716:
714:
711:
707:
704:
701:
697:
696:
693:
690:
686:
683:
677:
671:
668:
664:
662:
659:
655:
652:
649:
645:
644:
641:
638:
634:
631:
625:
619:
616:
612:
610:
607:
603:
600:
596:
595:
592:
589:
585:
582:
576:
570:
567:
563:
561:
558:
554:
551:
547:
545:
540:
536:
533:
530:
526:
523:
519:
517:
515:
512:
508:
506:
503:
499:
497:
493:
489:
485:
480:
479:
476:
471:
466:
461:
454:
449:
442:
436:
423:
419:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
392:
390:
387:(N15) or the
386:
382:
378:
375:
370:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
351:Bantu Batonga
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
324:
321:
319:
315:
309:
305:
299:
294:
287:
283:
281:
280:
275:
270:
261:
257:
254:
249:
244:
240:
228:
220:
217:
206:
200:
195:
192:
191:Tonga Braille
187:
184:
180:
174:
168:
165:
162:
159:
156:
154:Plateau Tonga
153:
152:
151:
147:
131:
128:
127:
126:
123:
122:
121:
118:
117:
116:
113:
112:
111:
108:
107:
106:
103:
102:
100:
96:
92:
86:
82:
76:
73:
69:
66:
62:
59:
55:
52:
48:
45:
41:
36:
31:
26:
22:
4356:
4315:
3912:Luba-Katanga
3413:Suba-Simbiti
2279:Mambwe-Lungu
2207:
2098:Unclassified
2079:
2033:Luba-Katanga
1736:Nilo-Saharan
1650:
1645:
1636:
1630:
1622:
1617:
1609:
1588:
1580:
1571:
1562:
1556:
1547:
1541:
1532:
1523:
1511:
1498:
1484:
1476:
1456:
1452:ndi-la-bon-a
1451:
1447:
1443:
1441:
1433:
1431:
1425:
1422:'I will see'
1420:ndi-la-bon-a
1419:
1414:ba-la-lang-a
1413:
1410:'I am awake'
1407:
1401:
1388:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1373:
1367:
1359:
1355:
1354:
1349:
1337:
1334:Tonal system
1327:ndiyakukuta
1316:ndinikukuta
1305:Ndiyakukuta
1275:Remote Past
1259:ndalikukuta
1242:Simple Past
1237:ndalikutide
1155:
1027:
1026:'child' and
1023:
420:
393:
371:
350:
347:Tonga people
338:
334:
330:
329:
304:Guthrie code
289: Tonga
277:
129:
43:
4322:Lukanga Twa
1772:Niger–Congo
1338:Tonga is a
1287:Near Future
1030:'to drink'.
110:Benue–Congo
99:Niger–Congo
4423:Categories
3894:Luba-Kasai
2700:Portuguese
2644:Portuguese
2431:Portuguese
2284:Mbamba Bay
1957:Lia-Ntomba
1500:Ethnologue
1486:Ethnologue
1469:References
1408:nda-lang-a
1294:Ndilakuta
1281:ndakakuta
1248:ndakakuta
1226:Ndilakuta
1215:Ndilakuta
1204:Ndikutide
431:Consonants
363:Mozambique
4368:varieties
4359:indicate
4340:Kafue Twa
3970:Salampasu
2259:Lala-Bisa
1899:West Teke
1463:Goldsmith
1426:nda-bon-a
1395:Goldsmith
966:voiceless
888:Semivowel
743:voiceless
737:Fricative
550:voiceless
544:Affricate
426:Phonology
279:Glottolog
253:ISO 639-3
72:Kafwe Twa
64:Ethnicity
4169:Nyakyusa
4023:Lushangi
3720:Imilangu
3690:Mbukushu
3642:Kwangali
3596:Nkangala
3502:Nyamwezi
3397:Nguruimi
3148:Nyankore
3024:Nyabungu
2796:Nathembo
2731:Chitonga
2726:Chichopi
2517:Chibarwe
2436:Japanese
2309:Nkangala
2294:Mbukushu
1919:Kaning'i
1781:Ubangian
1579:, 1988.
1391:Meeussen
1193:Ndakuta
1172:Example
700:prenasal
648:prenasal
460:alveolar
453:Alveolar
441:Bilabial
359:Zimbabwe
335:Chitonga
293:domb1246
286:tong1318
216:Zimbabwe
149:Dialects
58:Zimbabwe
44:isiTonga
4357:Italics
3906:Kanyoka
3839:Mbagani
3702:Mulonga
3696:Mbogedu
3666:Kwangwa
3461:Simbiti
3395:[JE401
3361:Logooli
3338:Marachi
3330:[JE341
3247:[JE221
3231:Dzindza
3182:[JE101
3117:[JD631
3101:Hangaza
3089:Fuliiro
3046:[JD501
3042:Kabwari
2968:Zone J*
2954:Narrow
2892:Punjabi
2887:English
2841:Swahili
2816:Nyungwe
2791:Manyika
2781:Makonde
2776:Makhuwa
2751:Kimwani
2746:Gitonga
2736:Chuwabu
2639:Chinese
2629:Punjabi
2542:Ndebele
2522:Kalanga
2441:Russian
2426:Chinese
2406:Italian
2396:Spanish
2391:Punjabi
2381:English
2254:Kwangwa
2213:Tumbuka
2162:English
2006:Kirundi
1962:Bushong
1827:Bantoid
1428:'I see'
1370:'flour'
1364:'smoke'
1050:Central
929:breathy
539:Plosive
475:Glottal
465:Palatal
412:Zambezi
381:Guthrie
377:Botatwe
341:, is a
339:Zambezi
125:Botatwe
115:Bantoid
38:Zambezi
4334:Lundwe
4320:[M611
4261:[M521
4208:[M401
4198:Taabwa
4173:[M301
4146:Lambya
4144:[M201
4122:Malila
4110:Mwanga
4087:Kuulwe
4085:[M131
4081:Mambwe
4063:Rungwa
4057:Pimbwe
4042:Zone M
4029:Shasha
4015:[L601
4005:Mbwera
3986:[L511
3953:Kaonde
3928:[L301
3871:Lwalwa
3857:[L201
3809:[L101
3797:&
3774:Zone L
3753:[K402
3749:Subiya
3743:Totela
3726:Kwandi
3708:Mwenyi
3678:Liyuwa
3670:[K321
3630:Luyana
3590:Mbwela
3584:Nyengo
3578:Mbunda
3566:Lucazi
3560:Nyemba
3554:Luimbi
3548:Chokwe
3533:Zone K
3508:Sumbwa
3496:Sukuma
3477:JE434
3471:JE433
3465:JE432
3459:JE431
3455:Tiriki
3453:JE413
3447:JE412
3441:JE411
3435:JE407
3429:JE406
3423:JE405
3419:Shashi
3417:JE404
3407:JE403
3401:JE402
3379:Zanaki
3342:JE343
3336:JE342
3320:Saamia
3308:Tsotso
3296:Bukusu
3265:JE253
3259:JE252
3253:JE251
3237:Kerebe
3219:Nyambo
3200:JE121
3194:JE103
3188:JE102
3077:Ruanda
3058:JD531
3052:JD502
3048:Nyindu
2995:Nyanga
2989:Ndandi
2861:Tsonga
2851:Tawara
2821:Phimbi
2811:Nsenga
2771:Maindo
2624:French
2567:Tswana
2562:Tsonga
2532:Nambya
2527:Koisan
2446:Danish
2421:Arabic
2416:Hebrew
2401:German
2386:French
2324:Shanjo
2319:Nsenga
2304:Mwanga
2299:Mbunda
2274:Luyana
2244:Kuhane
2234:Chokwe
2203:Nyanja
2198:Luvale
2183:Kaonde
2065:Taabwa
2057:Zone M
2025:Zone L
1998:Zone J
1976:Zone D
1939:Zone C
1876:Zone B
1862:Mvumbo
1854:Zone A
1459:Carter
1436:-bon-a
1278:-aka-
1245:-aka-
1166:Tense
1035:Vowels
894:voiced
854:Liquid
793:voiced
599:voiced
448:dental
446:Labio-
408:Nyanja
355:Zambia
239:Zambia
236:
213:
54:Zambia
4338:M633
4332:M632
4326:M631
4316:Tonga
4298:Lenje
4281:Temba
4279:M542
4273:M541
4269:Luano
4267:M522
4251:Lamba
4245:Swaka
4233:Biisa
4216:Aushi
4214:M402
4210:Bwile
4204:Bemba
4181:Penja
4179:M302
4175:Ndali
4152:Sukwa
4150:M202
4140:Tambo
4128:Safwa
4116:Nyiha
4104:Wanda
4075:Rungu
4027:L603
4021:L602
4017:Kolwe
4011:Nkoya
3988:Luntu
3982:Ruund
3976:Lunda
3936:Zeela
3934:L331
3930:Kebwe
3924:Sanga
3918:Hemba
3900:Lulua
3898:L31b
3892:L31a
3877:Binji
3875:L231
3869:L221
3863:L202
3859:Budya
3847:Songe
3834:Binji
3811:Sonde
3805:Kwese
3795:Samba
3789:Pende
3759:K411
3724:K371
3718:K354
3712:K353
3706:K352
3700:K351
3694:K334
3688:K333
3684:Manyo
3682:K332
3676:K322
3672:Mbume
3660:Sanjo
3654:Simaa
3648:Mashi
3636:Mbowe
3572:Lwena
3558:K12b
3552:K12a
3520:Bungu
3514:Kimbu
3479:Sweta
3473:Surwa
3467:Hacha
3449:Isuxa
3443:Idaxo
3431:Singa
3425:Kabwa
3403:Ikizu
3391:Sonjo
3373:Koria
3367:Gusii
3344:Songa
3332:Xaayo
3326:Nyuli
3314:Nyore
3306:E32b
3302:Hanga
3300:E32a
3294:E31c
3288:E31b
3282:E31a
3255:Kwaya
3249:Rashi
3184:Gungu
3178:Nyala
3172:Gwere
3160:Ganda
3142:Tooro
3136:Nyoro
3113:Vinza
3083:Rundi
3060:Tembo
3030:Bembe
3018:Haavu
3012:Hunde
2983:Konzo
2897:Hindi
2846:Swati
2836:Shona
2826:Ronga
2806:Ngoni
2786:Makwe
2766:Lomwe
2761:Kunda
2721:Chewa
2716:Barwe
2634:Hindi
2598:Kunda
2577:Xhosa
2572:Venda
2557:Tonga
2552:Sotho
2547:Shona
2512:Chewa
2451:Dutch
2411:Hindi
2344:Wanda
2339:Tabwa
2329:Shona
2314:Nkoya
2289:Mbowe
2269:Lenje
2264:Lamba
2249:Kunda
2229:Bwile
2208:Tonga
2193:Lunda
2178:Bemba
2106:Rimba
2080:Tonga
2075:Lenje
2070:Bemba
2043:Songe
2038:Hemba
1952:Mongo
1924:Rimba
1914:Myene
1909:Lumbu
1894:Njebi
1889:Tsogo
1845:Bantu
1835:Tikar
1809:Gbaya
1799:Gundi
1794:Ganzi
1495:Dombe
1481:Tonga
1368:ibusu
1340:tonal
1291:-la-
1212:-la-
1152:Verbs
1062:Close
1045:Front
1028:kunwa
1024:mwana
496:Nasal
482:plain
470:Velar
458:Post-
400:Bemba
374:Bantu
331:Tonga
323:Dombe
186:Latin
169:Dombe
166:Ndawe
130:Tonga
120:Bantu
68:Tonga
33:Tonga
4375:The
4328:Sala
4314:M64
4308:M63
4304:Soli
4302:M62
4296:M61
4275:Lima
4263:Ambo
4257:Seba
4255:M55
4249:M54
4243:M53
4239:Lala
4237:M52
4231:M51
4202:M42
4196:M41
4167:M31
4138:M27
4132:M26
4126:M25
4120:M24
4114:M23
4108:M22
4102:M21
4079:M15
4073:M14
4069:Fipa
4067:M13
4061:M12
4055:M11
4009:L62
4003:L61
3980:L53
3974:L52
3968:L51
3951:L41
3922:L35
3916:L34
3910:L33
3904:L32
3865:Yazi
3853:Luna
3851:L24
3845:L23
3832:L22
3828:Kete
3826:L21
3803:L13
3799:Holu
3793:L12
3787:L11
3747:K42
3741:K41
3714:Koma
3664:K37
3658:K36
3652:K35
3646:K34
3640:K33
3634:K32
3628:K31
3613:Lozi
3611:K21
3594:K18
3588:K17
3582:K16
3576:K15
3570:K14
3564:K13
3546:K11
3518:F25
3512:F24
3506:F23
3500:F22
3494:F21
3437:Ware
3409:Suba
3389:E46
3385:Nata
3383:E45
3377:E44
3371:E43
3365:E42
3359:E41
3324:E35
3318:E34
3312:E33
3290:Kisu
3284:Gisu
3267:Ruri
3261:Kara
3243:Jita
3241:E25
3235:E24
3229:E23
3225:Ziba
3223:E22
3217:E21
3202:Hema
3196:Ruli
3176:E18
3170:E17
3166:Soga
3164:E16
3158:E15
3154:Ciga
3152:E14
3146:E13
3140:E12
3134:E11
3119:Vira
3111:D67
3105:D66
3099:D65
3095:Subi
3093:D64
3087:D63
3081:D62
3075:D61
3054:Yaka
3040:D56
3036:Buyi
3034:D55
3028:D54
3022:D53
3016:D52
3010:D51
2993:D43
2987:D42
2981:D41
2866:Tswa
2856:Tewe
2831:Sena
2801:Ndau
2756:Koti
2741:Dema
2608:Lozi
2603:Tswa
2537:Ndau
2334:Soli
2188:Lozi
2011:Kiga
1984:Bila
1904:Punu
1884:Ngom
1817:Bofi
1789:Baka
1758:Asoa
1753:Lese
1461:and
1432:ba-l
1393:and
1380:ibu-
1128:Open
1055:Back
676:ⁿd͡ʒ
488:pal.
406:and
404:Lozi
311:M.64
163:Mala
160:Leya
4310:Ila
4290:M60
4225:M50
4190:M40
4161:M30
4134:Iwa
4096:M20
4049:M10
3997:L60
3962:L50
3945:L40
3886:L30
3820:L20
3781:L10
3755:Fwe
3735:K40
3622:K30
3605:K20
3540:K10
3488:F20
3353:E40
3276:E30
3211:E20
3128:E10
3069:D60
3004:D50
2975:D40
2871:Yao
2349:Yao
2239:Ila
1947:Aka
1497:at
1483:at
1454:.
1448:bon
1384:-su
1376:-sí
1095:Mid
703:vl.
651:vd.
624:d͡ʒ
575:t͡ʃ
318:ELP
269:dov
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