33:
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cause, in the form of loans, military equipment, naval forces, technical and strategic assistance, and manpower. Aside from the direct strategic benefits, French recognition served to turn an "otherwise lopsided colonial rebellion" into a larger conflict, as France was the only nation roughly on parity with
Britain. Open diplomatic support by the leading power of continental Europe also served to legitimatize the newly emerging United States, which in turn would invite other nations to recognize American independence and provide aid.
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1945:
446:
While France had aided the colonists as early as June 1775, its support was largely clandestine and led by envoys and donors acting in their individual capacities. Along with the Treaty of
Alliance, the Treaty of Amity and Commerce resulted in substantial and full-fledged support of the American
222:
and growing rumors of secret
British peace offers to Franklin, France sought to seize an opportunity to take advantage of the rebellion and abandoned negotiations with Spain to begin discussions with the United States on a formal alliance. With official approval to begin negotiations on a formal
106:
Due to the critical material, financial, and military support secured by the treaties, their successful negotiation is considered the "single most important diplomatic success of the colonists". However, later complications with the Treaty of
Alliance led to America foregoing any formal
182:
which sought the establishment of reciprocal trade relations with France but declined to mention any possible military assistance from the French government. Despite orders to seek no direct military assistance from France, the
American commissioners were instructed to work to acquire
187:
trading relations with France, along with additional military aid, and also encouraged to reassure any
Spanish delegates that the United States had no desire to acquire Spanish lands in the Americas, in the hopes that Spain would in turn enter a Franco-American alliance.
162:
began drafting conditions for a possible commercial treaty between France and the future independent colonies of the United States, which declined the presence of French troops and any aspect of French authority in colonial affairs. Congress sent
2361:
1379:
450:
Shortly after the treaties were signed, French aid grew significantly and substantively. Over 12,000 soldiers, 22,000 sailors, and 63 warships served in the rebellion. Military leaders such as
2261:
215:
military assistance from the
Foreign Minister but was forced to put off negotiations on a formal alliance while the French government negotiated a possible alliance with Spain.
103:, forbidding either nation from making a separate peace with Great Britain, and guaranteeing French support of the Americans should the British violate their peace with France.
2398:
991:
2550:
1582:
1511:
1225:
999:
438:, respectively. Upon the Treaty's first printing in France the following month, references to these articles were removed, and all subsequent articles were renumbered.
2312:
32:
17:
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American independence; pursuant to the Treaty of
Alliance, only when Britain and France settled their differences did the United States sign the Treaty of Paris.
455:
154:. The most obvious potential ally was France, a long-time enemy of Britain and a colonial rival who had lost much of their lands in the Americas after the
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2007:
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Congress received the signed text on May 2, 1778 and ratified it on May 4, 1778 by unanimous vote; not all states were represented in the vote, as
3045:
3005:
2537:
2266:
1172:
1122:
227:, the colonies turned down a British proposal for reconciliation in January 1778 and began negotiations that would result in the signing of the
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1982:
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Neither side may commission privateers against the other nor allow foreign privateers that are enemies of either side to use their ports
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2002:
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A Civilized Nation: The Early
American Constitution, The Law Of Nations, And The Pursuit Of International Recognition
239:
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2129:
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The treaty established a comprehensive framework for mutual diplomatic, commercial, and navigational cooperation.
207:, established by the Continental Congress to promote the American cause in France, and his standing as a model of
199:, put off signing a formal alliance with the United States after receiving news of British victories over General
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if contraband is found on an allied ship and only after being officially declared contraband may it be seized
112:
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proved pivotal to
American victory in the war; the agreements are sometimes collectively known as the
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2520:
2505:
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228:
57:
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French Alliance, French Assistance, and European diplomacy during the American Revolution, 1778–1782
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to seek a treaty with France based upon Adams's draft treaty that had later been formalized into a
73:
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1838:
1798:
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1281:
1264:
1247:
1156:
1055:
703:
629:
466:, which together hastened the end of the conflict. France played a leading role in brokering the
424:
are uncertain. Urgency overrode the necessity of having all thirteen states ratify the document.
354:
2616:
1506:
1417:
761:"Treaties and other international acts of the United States of America /edited by Hunter Miller"
735:"Treaties and other international acts of the United States of America /edited by Hunter Miller"
512:
3020:
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2571:
2456:
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1271:
1151:
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683:
517:. University of Wisconsin - Madison: French Embassy, Press and Information Division. p. 2
330:
Mutual right to trade with enemy states of the other as long as those goods are not contraband
246:'s celebrity like status in France helped win French support for the United States during the
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2717:
2621:
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1680:
1533:
1427:
1242:
398:
275:
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If the two nations become enemies six months protection of merchant ships in enemy territory
99:, which restricted American access to foreign markets. The Treaty of Alliance established a
2906:
2891:
2823:
2626:
1856:
1627:
1060:
467:
262:
69:
317:
Right of ships of war and privateers to freely carry ships and goods taken for their enemy
8:
2941:
2936:
2848:
2691:
2427:
1948:
1805:
1760:
1496:
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224:
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1050:
760:
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1729:
1606:
1312:
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877:
617:
501:
305:
290:
219:
196:
889:
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On September 1, 1778, Congress formally expunged Articles 11 and 12, which dealt with
56:. It was signed on February 6, 1778 in Paris, together with its sister agreement, the
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2911:
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1991:
1922:
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321:
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and a British evacuation of Boston reached France, the French Foreign Minister,
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2490:
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2187:
2162:
1874:
1724:
1614:
1490:
1078:
413:
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Ban on fishing in waters possessed by the other with exception of the Banks of
146:
began to consider the benefits of forming foreign alliances to assist in their
96:
61:
502:
Act Separate and Secret Between The United States and France; February 6, 1778
2989:
2951:
2860:
2177:
1850:
1790:
1714:
1398:
421:
409:
283:
Mutual right to search a ship of the other's coming out of an enemy port for
151:
45:
2363:
Observations Concerning the Increase of Mankind, Peopling of Countries, etc.
1380:
A Defence of the Constitutions of Government of the United States of America
347:
range but may board the merchant ship to inspect her passports and manifests
211:
within French society, Benjamin Franklin was able to gain a secret loan and
2876:
2683:
2204:
2077:
2030:
1898:
1892:
1868:
1117:
1100:
269:
179:
100:
95:
between the two nations; it served as a defiant alternative to the British
909:
Avalon Project – Treaty of Amity and Commerce:1778 – Hunter Miller's Notes
280:
Mutual right for citizens of one country to hold land in other's territory
2733:
2192:
2038:
1886:
1862:
1622:
431:
394:
358:
164:
540:"Franco-American Alliance | French-United States history [1778]"
2709:
2256:
1437:
1215:
957:
385:
The Treaty of Amity and Commerce was signed on February 6, 1778 at the
365:
297:
284:
159:
143:
127:
1460:
Co-founder and second president, American Academy of Arts and Sciences
324:
to ships, both of War and Merchant, in crisis in the other's territory
64:
and other European nations to join the alliance. These were the first
1210:
513:
France. Ambassade (U.S.). Service de presse et d'information (1977).
337:
301:
1960:
872:
Documents of the Emerging Nation: U.S. Foreign Relations 1775–1789.
2756:
2157:
1635:
801:
Documents of the Emerging Nation: U.S. Foreign Relations, 1775–1789
435:
417:
44:
established formal diplomatic and commercial relations between the
268:
Mutual protection of all vessels and cargo when in U.S. or French
130:, an early supporter and initial author of an alliance with France
858:, New York Law Review, October 2010, 85 N.Y.U. L. Rev. 932, 953.
350:
Mutual right to inspection of a ship's cargo to only happen once
191:
Despite an original openness to the alliance, after word of the
344:
343:
If two ships meet ships of war and privateers must stay out of
312:
65:
784:"Treaty of Amity and Commerce: 1778 – Hunter Miller's Notes,"
2551:
Memorial to the 56 Signers of the Declaration of Independence
1583:
Memorial to the 56 Signers of the Declaration of Independence
926:
361:, agents, and commissaries of one nation in the other's ports
2400:
Rules by Which a Great Empire May Be Reduced to a Small One
2314:
A Dissertation on Liberty and Necessity, Pleasure and Pain
882:
The Glorious Cause: The American Revolution, 1763–1789.
458:
played a decisive role in the American victories at the
364:
France grants one or more ports under its control to be
336:
To prevent quarrels between allies all ships must carry
913:
829:"5 Ways the French Helped Win the American Revolution"
587:
585:
2442:
A Plan for Improving the Condition of the Free Blacks
916:"Treaty of Amity and Commerce (United States–France)"
427:
The Treaty was ratified by France on July 16, 1778.
582:
304:and their crews from harm from the other party and
2565:Benjamin Franklin Drawing Electricity from the Sky
2352:"Advice to a Friend on Choosing a Mistress" (1745)
803:(Wilmington, Del.: Scholarly Resources, 1998), 59.
874:Wilmington, Del.: Scholarly Resources Inc., 1998.
630:"Milestones: 1776–1783 - Office of the Historian"
170:On September 25 the Continental Congress ordered
2987:
534:
532:
258:Peace and friendship between the U.S. and France
91:independence of the U.S. and established mutual
87:The Treaty of Amity and Commerce recognized the
27:1778 treaty between the United States and France
2421:Remarks Concerning the Savages of North America
920:Journals of the Continental Congress, 1774-1789
36:A depiction of the signing by Charles E. Mills
1976:
1387:Letters of Mrs. Adams, the Wife of John Adams
1173:United States presidential election 1788–1789
942:
904:Avalon Project – Treaty of Amity and Commerce
699:
697:
695:
693:
691:
529:
441:
401:, and the French representative to the U.S.,
265:status with regard to commerce and navigation
2654:Cities, counties, schools named for Franklin
1433:Family home and John Quincy Adams birthplace
2371:Experiments and Observations on Electricity
1341:Presidential transition of Thomas Jefferson
1123:Chairman of the Marine Committee, 1775-1779
914:Confederation Congress (February 6, 1778).
715:Perspective on the French-American Alliance
372:
2407:Proposed alliance with the Iroquois (1775)
2173:Gulf Stream exploration, naming, and chart
1983:
1969:
949:
935:
852:David M. Golove and Daniel J. Hulsebosch,
688:
679:
677:
675:
2501:Benjamin Franklin Institute of Technology
2272:President, Pennsylvania Abolition Society
1367:Massachusetts Historical Society holdings
884:New York: Oxford University Press, 1982.
60:, and a separate, secret clause allowing
18:Treaty of Amity and Commerce (USA-France)
2120:Delegate, 1787 Constitutional Convention
1465:United First Parish Church and gravesite
1287:District of Columbia Organic Act of 1801
376:
311:Restoration of stolen property taken by
238:
122:
31:
2013:Second Continental Congress (1775–1776)
672:
470:that formally ended the war and led to
234:
14:
3046:Ordinances of the Continental Congress
3006:Political history of the United States
2988:
2450:The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin
2334:Early American publishers and printers
1450:Massachusetts Hall, Harvard University
308:to be paid if this provision is broken
134:Early in 1776, as members of the U.S.
2003:President of Pennsylvania (1785–1788)
1990:
1964:
930:
890:The Avalon Project at Yale Law School
822:
820:
818:
786:The Avalon Project at Yale Law School
1221:United States Department of the Navy
1147:Constitution of Massachusetts (1780)
506:
416:were absent while the attendance of
2511:Benjamin Franklin National Memorial
2225:Academy and College of Philadelphia
1260:Sick and Disabled Seamen Relief Act
992:U.S. Minister to the United Kingdom
984:Vice President of the United States
597:National Museum of American History
140:declaring independence from Britain
24:
2957:Ann Smith Franklin (sister-in-law)
2357:"The Speech of Polly Baker" (1747)
2056:Committee of Secret Correspondence
815:
758:
732:
618:Preamble of the Treaty of Alliance
565:"Franco-American alliances signed"
403:Conrad Alexandre Gérard de Rayneva
231:and Treaty of Amity and Commerce.
218:With the defeat of Britain at the
205:Committee of Secret Correspondence
203:in New York. With the help of the
25:
3057:
3026:Treaties of the Kingdom of France
2942:Mary Morrell Folger (grandmother)
2592:University of Pennsylvania statue
1700:"Adams and Liberty" campaign song
1570:Adams House at Harvard University
897:
826:
2970:
2969:
2922:Alexander Bache (great-grandson)
2679:Sons of Ben (Philadelphia Union)
2252:Continental Currency dollar coin
2153:Franklin's electrostatic machine
2125:Pennsylvania Provincial Assembly
2008:Ambassador to France (1779–1785)
1944:
1943:
1321:State of the Union Address (1797
1000:U.S. Minister to the Netherlands
887:"Treaty of Amity and Commerce,"
93:commercial and navigation rights
2917:Andrew Harwood (great-grandson)
2892:Sarah Franklin Bache (daughter)
2347:The Drinker's Dictionary (1737)
2298:The Papers of Benjamin Franklin
2215:Library Company of Philadelphia
846:
806:
793:
778:
752:
726:
708:
655:"Today in History - February 6"
320:Mutual assistance, relief, and
2996:France–United States relations
2210:American Philosophical Society
2105:1776 Pennsylvania Constitution
2100:Staten Island Peace Conference
1742:American Philosophical Society
1455:Presidents House, Philadelphia
1423:Adams National Historical Park
1372:Adams Papers Editorial Project
1351:Federal judiciary appointments
1135:Staten Island Peace Conference
973:President of the United States
956:
647:
622:
611:
557:
495:
13:
1:
3001:Treaties of the United States
2308:Silence Dogood letters (1722)
2237:Philadelphia Contributionship
1046:Braintree Instructions (1765)
489:
368:to ships of the United States
118:
113:Declaration by United Nations
2912:Richard Bache Jr. (grandson)
2902:Benjamin F. Bache (grandson)
2545:The Apotheosis of Washington
2470:Franklin's phonetic alphabet
2428:"The Morals of Chess" (1786)
2321:The Busy-Body columns (1729)
2262:United States Postal Service
2088:Treaty of Amity and Commerce
1748:Gazette of the United States
1106:Treaty of Amity and Commerce
893:. Accessed February 5, 2018.
97:Acts of Trade and Navigation
42:Treaty of Amity and Commerce
7:
3011:Political history of France
2897:William Franklin (grandson)
2617:Jefferson Memorial pediment
2538:Royal Society of Arts medal
2413:A Letter to a Royal Academy
2073:Declaration of Independence
1575:Mount Adams (New Hampshire,
1507:Jefferson Memorial pediment
1084:Declaration of Independence
1012:Second Continental Congress
477:
193:Declaration of Independence
10:
3062:
2952:Richard Bache (son-in-law)
2947:Peter Folger (grandfather)
2642:Washington–Franklin stamps
2607:Stanford University statue
2230:University of Pennsylvania
1253:Naturalization Act of 1798
1231:United States Marine Corps
1024:First Continental Congress
864:
442:Aftermath and significance
248:American Revolutionary War
54:American Revolutionary War
2965:
2907:Louis F. Bache (grandson)
2869:
2816:
2776:(2002 documentary series)
2760:(1997 documentary series)
2700:
2659:Benjamin Franklin College
2506:Benjamin Franklin Parkway
2478:
2290:
2143:
2051:Hutchinson letters affair
2021:
1998:
1917:
1781:
1692:
1639:(1997 documentary series)
1591:
1473:
1408:
1359:
1196:
1165:
1079:Lee Resolution (seconded)
1034:
964:
720:January 20, 2009, at the
3041:1778 in economic history
2932:James Franklin (brother)
2927:Josiah Franklin (father)
2597:Portland, Oregon, statue
2465:Franklin as a journalist
2434:An Address to the Public
2327:The Pennsylvania Gazette
2083:Franco-American alliance
2034:(1754 political cartoon)
1418:Early life and education
812:"Hunter Miller's Notes."
373:Signing and ratification
167:to France to negotiate.
138:began to move closer to
78:Franco-American Alliance
2835:The New-England Courant
2632:One-hundred-dollar bill
2533:Benjamin Franklin Medal
2496:Benjamin Franklin House
2340:Poor Richard's Almanack
2247:Early American currency
2198:111th Infantry Regiment
2066:"...to be self-evident"
1705:Adams' personal library
1668:(2006 documentary film)
1292:Navy Department Library
1282:Slave Trade Act of 1800
1265:Marine Hospital Service
1248:Alien and Sedition Acts
1243:Mississippi Organic Act
1226:Commerce Protection Act
1056:Continental Association
1051:Boston Massacre defense
544:Encyclopedia Britannica
381:Conrad-Alexandre Gérard
223:alliance given by King
70:fledgling United States
2887:Francis Franklin (son)
2882:William Franklin (son)
2829:American Enlightenment
2768:(2002 animated series)
2637:Franklin silver dollar
2612:Washington D.C. statue
2587:Columbus, Ohio, statue
2572:Revolutionary War Door
2458:Bagatelles and Satires
2452:(1771–1790, pub. 1791)
2392:Pennsylvania Chronicle
2277:Master, Les Neuf Sœurs
1710:American Enlightenment
1666:John and Abigail Adams
1647:(2002 animated series)
1272:Bankruptcy Act of 1800
1072:Thoughts on Government
759:Miller, David Hunter.
733:Miller, David Hunter.
593:"Treaties of Alliance"
389:by American delegates
382:
251:
131:
37:
2719:Ben Franklin in Paris
2622:Refunding Certificate
2220:Pennsylvania Hospital
2115:Treaty of Paris, 1783
1833:Thomas Boylston Adams
1502:John Adams Courthouse
1428:John Adams Birthplace
1211:Quasi War with France
1152:Treaty of Paris, 1783
870:Giunta, Mary A., ed.
799:Mary A. Giunta, ed.,
380:
353:Mutual right to have
296:Mutual protection of
242:
209:republican simplicity
156:French and Indian War
126:
35:
3036:1778 in American law
2824:Age of Enlightenment
2750:A More Perfect Union
2627:Franklin half dollar
2602:San Francisco statue
2378:Birch letters (1755)
2039:Albany Plan of Union
1629:The Adams Chronicles
1061:Petition to the King
468:1783 Treaty of Paris
235:Terms and provisions
136:Continental Congress
82:Treaties of Alliance
3031:Commercial treaties
2937:Jane Mecom (sister)
2877:Deborah Read (wife)
2849:American Revolution
2842:The American Museum
2721:(1964 musical play)
2692:Ben Franklin effect
1923:← George Washington
1806:Abigail Adams Smith
1761:American Revolution
1755:The American Museum
1600:Profiles in Courage
1512:U.S. Postage stamps
1497:John Adams Building
1307:Midnight Judges Act
1277:Indiana Organic Act
878:Middlekauff, Robert
765:avalon.law.yale.edu
739:avalon.law.yale.edu
684:Model Treaty (1776)
659:Library of Congress
456:Comte de Rochambeau
434:and exportation of
340:and cargo manifests
263:most favored nation
225:Louis XVI of France
185:most favored nation
142:, leading American
101:mutual defense pact
2800:(2022 documentary)
2702:In popular culture
2516:Franklin Institute
2242:Union Fire Company
2130:Postmaster General
2110:Libertas Americana
2093:Treaty of Alliance
1937:Thomas Jefferson →
1930:Thomas Jefferson →
1730:First Party System
1608:American Primitive
1313:Marbury v. Madison
1236:Convention of 1800
1111:Treaty of Alliance
383:
291:due process of law
252:
229:Treaty of Alliance
220:Battle of Saratoga
197:Comte de Vergennes
132:
74:resulting alliance
68:negotiated by the
58:Treaty of Alliance
38:
2983:
2982:
2808:(2024 miniseries)
2798:Benjamin Franklin
2792:(2015 miniseries)
2784:(2008 miniseries)
2774:Benjamin Franklin
2741:Benjamin Franklin
2674:State of Franklin
2384:The Way to Wealth
2061:Committee of Five
1992:Benjamin Franklin
1958:
1957:
1845:Charles Adams Sr.
1812:John Quincy Adams
1684:(2024 miniseries)
1676:(2015 miniseries)
1631:(1976 miniseries)
1486:List of memorials
1302:Treaty of Tripoli
1297:Treaty of Tellico
1094:Committee of Five
634:history.state.gov
391:Benjamin Franklin
244:Benjamin Franklin
201:George Washington
172:Benjamin Franklin
109:military alliance
16:(Redirected from
3053:
2973:
2972:
2684:Ships named USS
2135:Founding Fathers
1985:
1978:
1971:
1962:
1961:
1947:
1946:
1881:Susanna Boylston
1871:(great-grandson)
1865:(great-grandson)
1859:(great-grandson)
1771:Founding Fathers
1720:Federalist Party
1660:2008 miniseries)
1140:Conference House
1128:Continental Navy
1027:
1015:
1003:
995:
987:
976:
951:
944:
937:
928:
927:
923:
859:
850:
844:
843:
841:
839:
827:McGee, Suzanne.
824:
813:
810:
804:
797:
791:
782:
776:
775:
773:
771:
756:
750:
749:
747:
745:
730:
724:
712:
706:
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686:
681:
670:
669:
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484:List of treaties
387:Hôtel de Crillon
21:
3061:
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3054:
3052:
3051:
3050:
2986:
2985:
2984:
2979:
2961:
2865:
2812:
2790:Sons of Liberty
2696:
2568:(1816 painting)
2560:(1783 painting)
2557:Treaty of Paris
2474:
2303:Founders Online
2286:
2267:Street lighting
2183:Kite experiment
2145:
2139:
2044:Albany Congress
2023:
2022:Founding of the
2017:
1994:
1989:
1959:
1954:
1913:
1903:daughter-in-law
1895:(second cousin)
1839:George W. Adams
1777:
1688:
1674:Sons of Liberty
1592:Popular culture
1587:
1554:President Adams
1521:(1783 painting)
1518:Treaty of Paris
1469:
1410:
1404:
1393:Founders Online
1355:
1192:
1161:
1089:May 15 preamble
1066:United Colonies
1037:
1036:Founding of the
1030:
1018:
1006:
998:
990:
979:
968:
960:
955:
900:
867:
862:
851:
847:
837:
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783:
779:
769:
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743:
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722:Wayback Machine
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689:
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623:
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538:
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444:
375:
237:
158:. As a result,
121:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3059:
3049:
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3043:
3038:
3033:
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2766:Liberty's Kids
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2201:
2200:
2190:
2188:Pay it forward
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2168:Glass armonica
2165:
2163:Franklin stove
2160:
2155:
2149:
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2058:
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2019:
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1965:
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1926:
1918:
1915:
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1912:
1911:
1910:
1909:
1904:
1896:
1890:
1884:
1878:
1875:John Adams Sr.
1872:
1866:
1860:
1854:
1848:
1842:
1836:
1830:
1824:
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1817:
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1725:Federalist Era
1717:
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1360:Other writings
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898:External links
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599:. May 24, 2018
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2861:Syng inkstand
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2729:(1969 musical
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2577:Boston statue
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2199:
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2178:Lightning rod
2176:
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2171:
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2159:
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2033:
2032:Join, or Die.
2029:
2028:
2026:
2024:United States
2020:
2014:
2011:
2009:
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1997:
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1857:John Q. Adams
1855:
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1851:John Adams II
1849:
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1827:Charles Adams
1825:
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1618:(1969 musical
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1602:(1964 series)
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1893:Samuel Adams
1869:Brooks Adams
1783:Adams family
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2752:(1989 film)
2460:(pub. 1845)
2342:(1732–1758)
2329:(1729–1790)
2193:Associators
2144:Inventions,
1887:Elihu Adams
1863:Henry Adams
1610:(1969 play)
1578:Washington)
1014:(1775–1778)
1002:(1782–1788)
994:(1785–1788)
986:(1789–1797)
975:(1797–1801)
838:February 7,
770:February 6,
744:February 7,
664:February 7,
639:February 7,
603:February 7,
574:February 6,
549:February 7,
521:February 5,
395:Silas Deane
322:safe harbor
306:reparations
213:clandestine
165:Silas Deane
52:during the
2990:Categories
2782:John Adams
2711:Ben and Me
2257:Fugio cent
2205:Junto club
1907:first lady
1853:(grandson)
1847:(grandson)
1841:(grandson)
1820:presidency
1808:(daughter)
1655:(2001 book
1653:John Adams
1623:1972 film)
1563:John Adams
1536:John Adams
1493:(proposed)
1438:Peacefield
1216:XYZ Affair
1198:Presidency
958:John Adams
490:References
460:Chesapeake
399:Arthur Lee
366:free ports
302:privateers
298:men-of-war
285:contraband
176:Arthur Lee
160:John Adams
128:John Adams
119:Background
111:until the
72:, and the
2734:1972 film
2282:Gravesite
1889:(brother)
1166:Elections
1157:Diplomacy
452:Lafayette
338:passports
289:Right to
148:rebellion
144:statesmen
115:in 1942.
2975:Category
2854:patriots
2844:magazine
2806:Franklin
2758:Liberty!
2686:Franklin
2291:Writings
2158:Bifocals
1949:Category
1883:(mother)
1877:(father)
1766:patriots
1682:Franklin
1637:Liberty!
1409:Life and
1020:Delegate
1008:Delegate
922:: 12–30.
718:Archived
515:"France"
478:See also
464:Yorktown
436:molasses
418:Delaware
89:de facto
66:treaties
2817:Related
1693:Related
1346:Cabinet
1022:to the
1010:to the
865:Sources
833:HISTORY
569:HISTORY
472:de jure
462:and at
355:consuls
313:pirates
261:Mutual
80:or the
2870:Family
2745:(1972)
2521:awards
2479:Legacy
2444:(1789)
2436:(1789)
2423:(1784)
2415:(1781)
2402:(1773)
2394:(1767)
2386:(1758)
2373:(1751)
2365:(1751)
2316:(1725)
1566:(1963)
1557:(1941)
1548:(1874)
1539:(1799)
1530:(1799)
1474:Legacy
1074:(1776)
1026:(1774)
397:, and
345:cannon
50:France
2526:medal
1835:(son)
1829:(son)
1545:Adams
1527:Adams
1411:homes
1336:1800)
62:Spain
2727:1776
1795:wife
1616:1776
1561:USS
1552:USS
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1534:USS
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1331:1799
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