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1926:. They were reunited the following year when Stanton bought Meg and Hannah. Smith began saving money he had earned from working outside jobs and selling produce he grew; he hoped to purchase freedom for his family. His time enslaved by Stanton began peacefully, but he was thrown into discord after Smith found his wife and Stanton's wife in a heated dispute, with the latter beating upon the former with a switch. When Smith tried to break up the fight, Mrs. Stanton turned the switch upon him, so Smith took it from her grasp and threw it into the fire. In retaliation, Thomas Stanton attacked Smith with a boat oar. After fending off this attack, a vexed Smith went to local authorities to complain about his abuse. Stanton and his brother, who had come to do violence unto Smith for his rebellion, received a harsh warning and were publicly humiliated. In revenge for this, the brothers once again assaulted Smith once they were out of sight of the courthouse and were once again overcome and repulsed by Smith.
1907:, New York. Once there, Mumford forced Smith to work in the household. At this time, he showed his loyalty to his enslaver. When he received the keys to the trunks, he did not give them others, even if the enslaver's father asked him to do so. Because of his work, his enslaver increasingly trusted Smith. He served dutifully and was praised highly after faithfully guarding the contents of his enslaver's chest for an extended period. Nevertheless, Smith was subjected to intense and back-breaking labor at a young age and severe punishments. His enslaver's son, in particular, tormented him and abused him, and at one point, attempted to beat him with a pitchfork and ultimately tied him up and whipped him for his defiance. As he grew older, he endured more arduous tasks and severe punishments.
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interrogated because the invaders knew that he had money. He was tortured to death for refusing to reveal the location of his money. This event stuck with
Broteer for the rest of his life: "The shocking scene is to this day fresh in my mind, and I have often been overcome while thinking on it." The invaders forced the captives to march about 1,000 miles to Malagasco and the coast while, at the same time, the raiding force captured more Africans. A local raiding party attacked and defeated the captors in a turn of events. Instead of being set free, he remained in bondage and continued his journey toward the coast and eventually arrived at
1855:
1962:
ill. However, her husband did not pay adequate attention to her health. Although Smith nursed her, she died. In addition, two people he enslaved ran away. In his early sixties, he was unjustly charged with the loss of a white man's property and charged for ten pounds while visiting New London. Although absent from the scene with witnesses, he was still prosecuted. Smith then carried this matter to other courts, claiming his innocence, but the judgment was never reversed. This misleading judgment was made out of discrimination against Black people. Remembering this experience, he said: "Captain Hart was a
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among the rich, as every man was allowed to keep as many wives as he could maintain. She took her three children with her. The group traveled 140 miles over four days and relied on foraging for food. The young
Broteer was left in the care of a wealthy farmer while his mother was in her home country. While at this farm, Broteer was tasked with caring for the owner's flock of 40 sheep. He remained on the farm for about a year before his father sent an emissary to retrieve him.
1950:. In 1769, after cutting wood and investing the money he made, Smith purchased his sons, Solomon and Cuff. He earned money to purchase his sons by cutting and cording wood, which he said he did upward of 400 cords and threshed out 75 bushels of grain over six months. To purchase his sons, he paid 200 dollars (each). He then purchased an enslaved Black man for 40 pounds and gave him 60 pounds, but the man ran away, still owing Smith 40 pounds.
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Solomon to join, and in return, he would be compensated with his normal wages and a bonus of a pair of silver buckles. When Smith caught word of the expedition, he set off to stop his son from putting out to sea, but when he arrived at Church's house, he could only see the boat on the horizon. Smith would never again see his oldest son because while on the expedition, he caught scurvy and died.
1937:
Due to this tumultuous series of events, Smith determined to liberate himself from the
Stantons. The Smiths had two more children, Solomon in 1756 and Cuff in 1761. Smith was sold twice more. In 1760, he ended up enslaved by Col. Oliver Smith, who agreed to let him buy his freedom. Smith let Venture
1961:
Smith experienced multiple financial and personal setbacks. He bought an enslaved Black man for 400 dollars. However, he wanted to return to his old enslaver, so Smith released him. Venture Smith purchased another enslaved Black man for 25 pounds. After his daughter, Hannah, was married, she became
1957:
Soon after the death of his son, Smith purchased his wife for 40 pounds. He did this expeditiously as she was then pregnant with his unborn child. If she had given birth before he was able to purchase her, he would have had to buy both his wife and his child separately. After welcoming another son,
2020:
Saidiya
Hartman cites Venture Smith's narrative in her book, "Lose Your Mother." She uses Smith's account to illustrate how rare it is for anyone to describe "the castle" at Anomabo where Smith was held until, he writes, "I and other prisoners were put on board a canoe, under our master, and rowed
1846:
His father was Saungm Furro, the prince of
Dukandarra. His mother was the first of his three wives, and Broteer was the first of her three children. She left Saungm Furro's village after he married another wife without her permission. However, polygamy was not uncommon in that country, especially
1953:
He hired out
Solomon, his oldest son, to Charles Church for one year to be paid 12 pounds. Solomon, being 17 years of age and an able body, was, as dictated by Smith, "all my hope and dependence for help." During his year of employment, Church had outfitted a whaling boat and convinced the young
1862:
Despite paying the enemy what they had asked for, Saungm Furro's village was attacked by 6,000 men. Broteer, his family, and the entire village fled. On the way, Saungm Furro discovered a scouting party of the enemy, and he discharged arrows at them. They were all soon captured. Saungm Furro was
1910:
In his narrative, Smith recalls his initial experience with his first "white master", who possessed abundant fertile land near the river. He mentions how his enslaver had a tender heart and treated him well, and the enslaver's son and Smith even had something similar to friendship. At 22, Smith
1850:
Six weeks after he returned to his father's village, Broteer learned that a large, foreign army had invaded the country of the farmer he had just left. The nation had not prepared for war in a long time; hence, the villagers had to evacuate. Saungm Furro agreed to give aid by providing a haven.
1789:. After regaining his freedom, Smith adopted his last name from Oliver Smith (the last person to enslave him). In his narrative, Smith describes the people in his native country as generally of great bodily stature, stout, and tall. And he reports that he personally was well over 6 feet
1985:
in New London, CT. By this time, Venture was showing the signs of his old age: his strong, tall body was bowed, and he was going blind. The narrative has been the subject of some contention, regarded in many instances as "whitewashed" and inauthentic. It was suspected that the white editor
1919:, Long Island, Heddy revealed his true intentions and attempted to steal their supplies and belongings. After discovering this betrayal, Smith and his compatriots hunted down and captured Heddy and returned him to his enslaver, receiving a warm welcome and appreciation for their efforts.
1986:
manipulated Smith's story, a common practice among editors of slave narratives. After four conferences and numerous scholarly papers, most scholars and the
Documenting Venture Smith Project conclude that the Narrative is entirely Venture Smith's own words. The work is titled
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Saidiya
Hartman, "Lose Your Mother: A Journey Along the Atlantic Slave Route," New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 2008, page 121; and, "A Narrative of the Life and Adventures of Venture...," New London: C. Holt, 1798, page 13, reprinted by The East Haddam Historical
1851:
Shortly after the refugees arrived, an enemy messenger arrived and demanded the payment "of a large sum of money, 300 fat cattle, and a great number of goats, sheep, asses, etc..." The threat of invasion and war was enough for Saugm Furro to agree to the terms.
1977:
Connecticut. By 1778, he had expanded the initial 10 acres to form a farm of at least 130 acres. Additionally, he made a living by fishing, whaling, farming his land, and trading in the Long Island basin. He lived the remainder of his life at Haddam Neck.
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work for money when his labor was not required at home. Venture Smith tried to earn money by going out to work. Finally, in the spring of 1765, Venture Smith purchased his freedom for 71 pounds and two shillings, a notably exorbitant price.
1784:
Smith was renamed "Venture" by
Robinson Mumford, his first white enslaver. Mumford decided to call him "Venture" because he considered purchasing him to be a business venture. Mumford bought Venture with four gallons of rum and a piece of
1781:. This autobiography is one of the earliest known examples of an autobiographical narrative in an entirely African American literary vericas, only about a dozen left behind first-hand accounts of their experiences.
1803: inches (1.87 m) tall, weighed 230 pounds (100 kg), and carried a 9-pound (4.1 kg) axe for felling trees. This is confirmed by the archaeological project in 2007 and the runaway ad from 1754.
1931:
I became enraged at this and immediately turned them both under me, laid one of them across the other, and stamped both with my feet what I would. This occasioned my master's brother to advise him to put me
2103:"The Project Gutenberg eBook of A Narrative of the Life and Adventures of Venture, a Native of Africa, But Resident above Sixty Years in the United States of America, Related by Himself, by Venture Smith"
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In 1754, Smith and his wife had a daughter called Hannah. Less than a month later, Smith's enslaver forcefully separated him from his family, selling Smith to Thomas
Stanton in
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to Barbados, a smallpox outbreak took the lives of 60 of his fellow captives. While most of the surviving captives were sold in Barbados, he was brought to New England.
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1765:) (c. 1729 â 1805) was an African-American farmer and craftsman. Smith was kidnapped when he was six and a half years old in West Africa and was taken to
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A Narrative of the Life and Adventures of Venture, a Native of Africa: But Resident above Sixty Years in the United States of America. Related by Himself.
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A Narrative of the Life and Adventures of Venture, a Native of Africa: But Resident above Sixty Years in the United States of America, Related by Himself
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married an enslaved woman named Meg (Margaret). Shortly thereafter, on March 27, 1754, he made an escape attempt, convinced to take flight by an Irish
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A Narrative of the Life and Adventures of Venture, a Native of Africa, but Resident Above Sixty Years in the United States of America.
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A Narrative of the Life and Adventures of Venture, a Native of Africa: But Resident above Sixty Years in the United States of America.
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Smith relays in his narrative that upon the ship's arrival in Barbados, all but four of the enslaved persons were sold to Barbadian
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with 260 captives and then to Rhode Island. On board, Broteer was purchased by Robinson Mumford of Rhode Island for four gallons of
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2233:"Historian at New London Maritime Society program says former slave produced landmark work - News from southeastern Connecticut"
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Broteer (Venture Smith) was born in a place he recalls as Dukandarra in "Guinea"âa term that at the time referred to much of
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Smith was featured in the 1996 PBS television documentary series "Africans in America" and was the subject of a 2006
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1831:. Dukandarra, argues Chandler B. Saint, a historian with the Documenting Venture Smith Project, was probably in the
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1903:, arriving early in the fall of 1739. Afterward, Smith was enslaved at Mumford's residence on
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1777:. As an adult, he purchased his freedom and that of his family. He documented his life in
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In 1798, Smith dictated his life experiences and, with his family, had it printed by
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Venture Smith died in 1805. He is buried at the First Church of Christ cemetery in
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away to a vessel belonging to Rhode-Island, commanded by capt. Collingwood."
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Because Venture Smith's last enslaver, Oliver Smith, was an ancestor of guest
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poor African, therefore it was all right, and good enough for the black dog
1915:
named Heddy and two other people Mumford enslaved. During their escape, at
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2385:"Archaeologists unearth tomb of Venture Smith, 'the black Paul Bunyan'"
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2050:, Season 4, Episode 3 "Puritans and Pioneers" which aired in 2017.
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Slave Narratives: A Folk History of Slavery in the United States
3449:
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1158:
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560:
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240:
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3309:
Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave
2306:"A Narrative of the Life and Adventures of Venture/Chapter II"
1958:
Smith named him Solomon in memory of his deceased eldest son.
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New-London, CT: Printed by C Holt, at The Bee-office, 1798.
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1876:
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The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano
2008:
of Smith's headstone and later reads it to her husband.
1899:
on August 23, 1739. Smith and three others sailed on to
2521:
Making Freedom: The Extraordinary Life of Venture Smith
2260:
See SlaveVoyages.org for details on the voyage #36067.
2515:
Venture Smith and the Business of Slavery and Freedom
1817:
1413:
Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery
2517:, Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2010.
1992:
3853:Amazing Grace: An Anthology of Poems about Slavery
2278:A Narrative of the Life and Adventures of Venture
2167:""Not fade away": The narrative of Venture Smith"
2031:contains a chapter detailing Smith's life story.
1890:
3875:
2523:Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 2009.
2445:
2327:
1528:13th Amendment to the United States Constitution
3807:List of last surviving American enslaved people
2335:"Narrative â Documenting Venture Smith Project"
3397:Barracoon: The Story of the Last "Black Cargo"
2572:
2538:Digging Into The Past: The Venture Smith Site
1739:
1617:List of slavery-related memorials and museums
16:Colonial American enslaved African and author
1533:Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom
2270:
2268:
2266:
2579:
2565:
2549:
2164:
1746:
1732:
3821:Cotton Plantation Record and Account Book
3802:Treatment of slaves in the United States
3576:Ama: A Story of the Atlantic Slave Trade
2890:(1766 Saint-Dominque â June 30, 1853 NY)
2263:
2136:"Venture Smith, from Slavery to Freedom"
1853:
1837:
1538:Abolition of slave trade in Persian gulf
1403:Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery
1383:Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference 1889â90
3884:Ghanaian emigrants to the United States
2506:, American History Tellers Podcast, by
2129:
2127:
2065:
3876:
3739:Frederick Douglass and the White Negro
3560:Queen: The Story of an American Family
3480:Dred: A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp
2230:
2224:
2165:Desrochers, Robert E Jr. (June 1997).
1871:carrying Smith sailed from Anomabo to
3512:Roots: The Saga of an American Family
3341:Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl
2777:(c. 1745 Nigeria â 31 March 1797 Eng)
2560:
2274:
2146:from the original on 16 November 2018
2133:
2097:
2095:
1425:Anglo-Egyptian Slave Trade Convention
1102:Human trafficking in Papua New Guinea
3357:Life and Times of Frederick Douglass
2852:(1783 England â 1821 United States)
2586:
2124:
2093:
2091:
2089:
2087:
2085:
2083:
2081:
2079:
2077:
2075:
2004:by the title character, who makes a
1975:Haddam Neck, on the Salmon River, in
1622:Slave marriages in the United States
1221:Human trafficking in the Middle East
956:Human trafficking in Southeast Asia
13:
3696:The Escape; or, A Leap for Freedom
3568:Hang a Thousand Trees with Ribbons
2846:(c. 1710 Portugal â 1734 Montreal)
2799:Nunzio Otello Francesco Gioacchino
2532:Time Line â Life of Venture Smith.
2231:Benson, Judy (December 15, 2014).
1997:He is referenced in the 1971 film
1883:and renamed "Venture." During the
1818:Smith's autobiographical narrative
1610:last survivors of American slavery
14:
3925:
3797:Songs of the Underground Railroad
3757:Abolitionism in the United States
3265:(c. 1795 Nigeria â ? Brazil)
2896:(c. 1819 â ???, Puerto Rico)
2534:Documenting Venture Smith Project
2460:Middletown, CT: JS Stewart, 1897.
2440:
2303:
2072:
1810:, Connecticut, now a site on the
571:Field slaves in the United States
438:Slavery in the Rashidun Caliphate
3845:Slave Songs of the United States
3349:The Underground Railroad Records
3259:(? Puerto Rico â 1555 Venezuela)
2489:
2285:from the original on 4 July 2018
2134:Sweet, John (16 February 2015).
1993:Film, media, and popular culture
1973:In 1775, Smith bought a farm at
1867:. In the late spring of 1739, a
448:Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate
443:Slavery in the Umayyad Caliphate
272:Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate
42:
3225:(19th century Indian Territory)
3199:(1766 Saint-Dominque â 1853 NY)
2473:Works by or about Venture Smith
2416:
2406:
2395:from the original on 2015-11-19
2377:
2366:from the original on 2017-03-01
2352:
2341:from the original on 2017-02-02
2316:from the original on 2017-12-06
2243:from the original on 2017-02-02
2171:The Journal of American History
2113:from the original on 2018-06-17
2038:, Venture was mentioned on the
1398:Committee of Experts on Slavery
949:East, Southeast, and South Asia
3829:Slave-Trading in the Old South
2883:(c. 1788 Bermuda â after 1833)
2497:
2297:
2254:
2205:
2158:
1891:Life in the Americas and death
1769:on the Gold Coast (modern-day
1097:Slave raiding in Easter Island
1:
3504:The Confessions of Nat Turner
3469:
3462:
3293:The Narrative of Robert Adams
2707:
2446:Editions of Smith's narrative
1941:
1822:
3889:18th-century American slaves
3837:Sarah Johnson's Mount Vernon
3792:Slavery in the United States
3149:Greensbury Washington Offley
2000:Let's Scare Jessica to Death
1842:Homann Heirs Map of "Guinea"
1388:Temporary Slavery Commission
1049:Slavery in the Mongol Empire
7:
3894:Writers of slave narratives
3861:The Hemingses of Monticello
3762:African-American literature
2488:(public domain audiobooks)
2221:, East Haddam, Connecticut.
2053:
1408:Ad Hoc Committee on Slavery
453:Volga Bulgarian slave trade
10:
3930:
3677:A Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin
2783:(c. 1705 Bornu â 1775 Eng)
2599:Slave Narrative Collection
1593:Great Dismal Swamp maroons
1430:Anti-Slavery International
1195:North Africa and West Asia
3749:
3722:
3687:
3670:To a Southern Slaveholder
3661:
3626:
3458:The Bondwoman's Narrative
3407:
3333:My Bondage and My Freedom
3317:The Life of Josiah Henson
3301:American Slavery as It Is
3276:
3243:
2903:
2859:
2834:
2808:
2761:
2744:
2729:Andreas MatthÀus Wolfgang
2618:
2607:
2594:
1812:Connecticut Freedom Trail
1694:Emancipation Proclamation
1361:Opposition and resistance
1119:Sex trafficking in Europe
1107:Blackbirding in Polynesia
670:Trans-Saharan slave trade
3616:The Underground Railroad
3381:The Peculiar Institution
3026:Sarah Jane Woodson Early
2510:, covering Smith's life.
2281:. Kessinger Publishing.
1858:Fort William â the 1890s
1469:Compensated emancipation
680:Indian Ocean slave trade
3787:Films featuring slavery
3251:Mahommah Gardo Baquaqua
3175:William Henry Singleton
2980:Ellen and William Craft
2323:– via Wikisource.
2275:Smith, Venture (1996).
2060:List of enslaved people
1924:Stonington, Connecticut
1393:1926 Slavery Convention
1149:Germany in World War II
766:North and South America
288:Contract of manumission
3635:Amos Fortune, Free Man
2869:Juan Francisco Manzano
2844:Marie-Joseph Angélique
2752:Brigitta Scherzenfeldt
2735:Johann Georg Wolffgang
2717:GuĂ°rĂĂ°ur SĂmonardĂłttir
2656:James Leander Cathcart
2482:Works by Venture Smith
2464:Works by Venture Smith
2140:ConnecticutHistory.org
1859:
1843:
874:British Virgin Islands
426:Circassian slave trade
392:Safavid imperial harem
387:Ottoman Imperial Harem
3584:Walk Through Darkness
3520:Underground to Canada
3133:Jermain Wesley Loguen
3078:(1848/1854 VA â 1957)
3005:Ayuba Suleiman Diallo
2821:Konstantin MihailoviÄ
2769:Lovisa von Burghausen
2360:"Africans in America"
2337:. Venture-smith.org.
2048:Henry Louis Gates Jr.
1857:
1841:
1113:Europe and North Asia
1073:Australia and Oceania
773:Pre-Columbian America
345:Slave raid of SuĂ°uroy
277:Slavery in al-Andalus
199:Black Sea slave trade
128:21st-century jihadism
3909:Captivity narratives
3782:Caribbean literature
3772:Atlantic slave trade
3325:Twelve Years a Slave
3218:Booker T. Washington
3020:Jordan Winston Early
2066:Notes and references
1568:Indentured servitude
1496:Underground Railroad
1296:United Arab Emirates
685:Zanzibar slave trade
652:By country or region
465:Atlantic slave trade
367:Ma malakat aymanukum
251:Venetian slave trade
3777:Captivity narrative
3608:The Book of Negroes
3389:The Slave Community
3253:(1845â1847, Brazil)
3180:James Lindsay Smith
3087:John Andrew Jackson
3022:(1814 â after 1894)
2976:(1845 KY â 1938 OH)
2969:William Wells Brown
2928:Jared Maurice Arter
2923:William J. Anderson
2816:Johann Schiltberger
2513:James Stewart, ed.
1659:Slave Route Project
785:Americas indigenous
675:Red Sea slave trade
665:Contemporary Africa
528:Topics and practice
298:Crimean slave trade
293:Bukhara slave trade
246:Genoese slave trade
123:Contemporary Africa
103:Forced prostitution
3731:Unchained Memories
3236:(b. c. 1780 Congo)
3010:Frederick Douglass
2781:Ukawsaw Gronniosaw
2680:Maria ter Meetelen
2429:2017-12-01 at the
2217:2014-07-14 at the
2044:Finding Your Roots
2006:gravestone rubbing
1913:indentured servant
1860:
1844:
1435:Blockade of Africa
742:Somali slave trade
658:Sub-Saharan Africa
350:Turkish Abductions
308:Khivan slave trade
303:Khazar slave trade
256:Balkan slave trade
214:Prague slave trade
3871:
3870:
3643:I, Juan de Pareja
3627:Young adult books
3434:Uncle Tom's Cabin
3277:Non-fiction books
3272:
3271:
3229:Harriet E. Wilson
3113:Elizabeth Keckley
2959:Henry "Box" Brown
2877:(1860â1965, Cuba)
2871:(1797â1854, Cuba)
2826:George of Hungary
2801:(1792 â fl. 1828)
2468:Project Gutenberg
2310:en.wikisource.org
2017:newspaper story.
1756:
1755:
1706:Freedmen's Bureau
1523:Third Servile War
1518:International law
1085:Human trafficking
847:Human trafficking
522:Thirteen colonies
340:Sack of Baltimore
108:Human trafficking
3921:
3474:
3471:
3467:
3464:
3442:The Heroic Slave
3197:Pierre Toussaint
3192:(1793 VA â 1860)
3156:(1827 VA â 1900)
2888:Pierre Toussaint
2723:Antoine Qaurtier
2712:
2709:
2616:
2615:
2588:Slave narratives
2581:
2574:
2567:
2558:
2557:
2553:
2493:
2492:
2477:Internet Archive
2434:
2420:
2414:
2410:
2404:
2403:
2401:
2400:
2381:
2375:
2374:
2372:
2371:
2356:
2350:
2349:
2347:
2346:
2331:
2325:
2324:
2322:
2321:
2304:Smith, Venture.
2301:
2295:
2294:
2292:
2290:
2272:
2261:
2258:
2252:
2251:
2249:
2248:
2228:
2222:
2209:
2203:
2202:
2162:
2156:
2155:
2153:
2151:
2131:
2122:
2121:
2119:
2118:
2099:
2042:television show
1802:
1801:
1797:
1794:
1748:
1741:
1734:
1718:Emancipation Day
1546:
1513:Slave Trade Acts
204:Byzantine Empire
46:
19:
18:
3929:
3928:
3924:
3923:
3922:
3920:
3919:
3918:
3874:
3873:
3872:
3867:
3813:Book of Negroes
3767:Anti-Tom novels
3745:
3718:
3683:
3657:
3622:
3592:The Known World
3472:
3465:
3403:
3365:Up from Slavery
3268:
3257:Miguel de BurĂa
3239:
3208:Wallace Turnage
3144:Solomon Northup
3076:Fountain Hughes
2918:Jordan Anderson
2905:
2899:
2875:Esteban Montejo
2861:
2855:
2836:
2830:
2804:
2775:Olaudah Equiano
2757:
2740:
2710:
2674:Elizabeth Marsh
2662:Ălafur Egilsson
2650:Felice Caronni
2611:
2609:
2603:
2590:
2585:
2500:
2490:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2437:
2431:Wayback Machine
2424:Revolution Song
2421:
2417:
2411:
2407:
2398:
2396:
2383:
2382:
2378:
2369:
2367:
2358:
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2298:
2288:
2286:
2273:
2264:
2259:
2255:
2246:
2244:
2229:
2225:
2219:Wayback Machine
2210:
2206:
2183:10.2307/2952734
2163:
2159:
2149:
2147:
2132:
2125:
2116:
2114:
2101:
2100:
2073:
2068:
2056:
2029:Revolution Song
1995:
1964:white gentleman
1946:Smith moved to
1944:
1893:
1879:and a piece of
1825:
1820:
1799:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1752:
1723:
1722:
1627:Slave narrative
1578:Fugitive slaves
1558:
1550:
1549:
1540:
1508:Slave rebellion
1363:
1353:
1352:
1311:
1301:
1300:
1123:United Kingdom
1059:Yankee princess
653:
645:
644:
372:Avret Pazarları
318:Avret Pazarları
187:Medieval Europe
153:
143:
142:
81:Forced marriage
56:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3927:
3917:
3916:
3911:
3906:
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3896:
3891:
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3624:
3623:
3621:
3620:
3612:
3604:
3596:
3588:
3580:
3572:
3564:
3556:
3552:Middle Passage
3548:
3540:
3532:
3524:
3516:
3508:
3500:
3492:
3484:
3476:
3454:
3446:
3438:
3430:
3422:
3413:
3411:
3409:Fiction/novels
3405:
3404:
3402:
3401:
3393:
3385:
3377:
3369:
3361:
3353:
3345:
3337:
3329:
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3254:
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3240:
3238:
3237:
3231:
3226:
3223:Wallace Willis
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3203:Harriet Tubman
3200:
3193:
3190:Austin Steward
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3160:William Parker
3157:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3135:
3130:
3128:J. Vance Lewis
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3092:Harriet Jacobs
3089:
3084:
3079:
3073:
3068:
3066:William Grimes
3063:
3058:(19th century
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3028:
3023:
3017:
3015:Kate Drumgoold
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2933:Solomon Bayley
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2909:
2907:
2904:North America:
2901:
2900:
2898:
2897:
2891:
2884:
2878:
2872:
2865:
2863:
2860:North America:
2857:
2856:
2854:
2853:
2850:John R. Jewitt
2847:
2840:
2838:
2835:North America:
2832:
2831:
2829:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2812:
2810:
2809:Ottoman Empire
2806:
2805:
2803:
2802:
2796:
2790:
2787:Jean Marteilhe
2784:
2778:
2772:
2765:
2763:
2759:
2758:
2756:
2755:
2748:
2746:
2742:
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2739:
2738:
2732:
2726:
2720:
2714:
2701:
2695:
2689:
2683:
2677:
2671:
2670:(late 19th c.)
2665:
2659:
2653:
2647:
2644:Isaac Brassard
2641:
2635:
2629:
2622:
2620:
2613:
2612:of enslavement
2605:
2604:
2602:
2601:
2595:
2592:
2591:
2584:
2583:
2576:
2569:
2561:
2555:
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2499:
2496:
2495:
2494:
2479:
2470:
2461:
2455:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2441:External links
2439:
2436:
2435:
2415:
2405:
2391:. 2006-07-28.
2376:
2351:
2326:
2296:
2262:
2253:
2223:
2204:
2157:
2123:
2070:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2063:
2062:
2055:
2052:
2027:'s 2017 book,
2025:Russell Shorto
1994:
1991:
1943:
1940:
1935:
1934:
1905:Fishers Island
1892:
1889:
1885:Middle Passage
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1754:
1753:
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1750:
1743:
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1634:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1613:
1612:
1607:
1600:List of slaves
1597:
1596:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1559:
1556:
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1551:
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1144:Dutch Republic
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603:Child soldiers
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578:
568:
563:
558:
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552:
551:
546:
541:
530:
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524:
519:
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512:Spanish Empire
509:
504:
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494:
492:Middle Passage
489:
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468:
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313:Ottoman Empire
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133:Sexual slavery
130:
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91:Child marriage
88:
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73:
68:
66:Child soldiers
63:
57:
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39:
38:
28:
27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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3733:
3732:
3728:
3727:
3725:
3723:Documentaries
3721:
3714:
3713:
3709:
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3705:
3701:
3698:
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3261:
3258:
3255:
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3248:
3246:
3244:South America
3242:
3235:
3234:Zamba Zembola
3232:
3230:
3227:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3213:Bethany Veney
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3198:
3194:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3185:Venture Smith
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3165:James Roberts
3163:
3161:
3158:
3155:
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3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3123:Lunsford Lane
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3108:
3107:Paul Jennings
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3082:Omar ibn Said
3080:
3077:
3074:
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1761:(Birth name:
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32:Forced labour
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21:
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3899:1720s births
3859:
3851:
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3710:
3704:The Octoroon
3702:
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3283:
3184:
3097:Thomas James
3046:Moses Grandy
3041:David George
3000:Lucy Delaney
2974:Peter Bruner
2913:Sam Aleckson
2793:Roustam Raza
2704:Joseph Pitts
2626:Robert Adams
2610:by continent
2547:Find a Grave
2520:
2514:
2504:The Free Man
2422:
2418:
2408:
2397:. Retrieved
2388:
2379:
2368:. Retrieved
2354:
2343:. Retrieved
2329:
2318:. Retrieved
2309:
2299:
2287:. Retrieved
2277:
2256:
2245:. Retrieved
2236:
2226:
2207:
2177:(1): 40â66.
2174:
2170:
2160:
2148:. Retrieved
2139:
2115:. Retrieved
2106:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2019:
2012:
2010:
1998:
1996:
1987:
1982:
1980:
1972:
1967:
1963:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1945:
1936:
1930:
1921:
1909:
1901:Rhode Island
1894:
1861:
1849:
1845:
1826:
1805:
1783:
1778:
1775:into slavery
1762:
1758:
1757:
1654:Slave patrol
1486:Freedom suit
1462:Sierra Leone
1452:Colonization
1368:Abolitionism
1348:BahĂĄÊŒĂ Faith
1321:Christianity
1271:Saudi Arabia
1127:Penal Labour
1092:Blackbirding
998:Debt bondage
986:penal system
812:Contemporary
802:Field slaves
790:U.S. Natives
749:South Africa
620:Galley slave
593:Slave market
583:House slaves
556:Blackbirding
534:Conscription
458:21st century
421:Umm al-walad
265:Muslim world
234:Emancipation
138:Wage slavery
118:Penal labour
96:Wife selling
86:Bride buying
71:Conscription
61:Child Labour
54:Contemporary
3904:1805 deaths
3473: 1861
3466: 1853
3170:Moses Roper
3154:John Parker
3140:(1790â1880)
3118:Boston King
3109:(1799â1874)
2938:Polly Berry
2881:Mary Prince
2795:(1783â1845)
2789:(1684-1777)
2771:(1698â1733)
2754:(1684â1736)
2737:(1644â1744)
2731:(1660â1736)
2725:(1632â1702)
2719:(1598â1682)
2711: 1735
2694:(1708â1754)
2686:Mende Nazer
2676:(1735â1785)
2664:(1564â1639)
2658:(1767â1843)
2652:(1747â1815)
2646:(1620â1702)
2638:Francis Bok
2634:(1714-1761)
2632:Marcus Berg
2628:(c. 1790â?)
2608:Individuals
2498:About Smith
2362:. Pbs.org.
1948:Long Island
1829:West Africa
1808:East Haddam
1669:court cases
1541: [
1491:Slave Power
1479:Manumission
1326:Catholicism
1201:Afghanistan
942:Puerto Rico
854:The Bahamas
832:Slave codes
635:Shanghaiing
625:Impressment
517:Slave Coast
397:Qajar harem
357:Concubinage
330:slave trade
3914:Tall tales
3878:Categories
3651:Copper Sun
3600:Unburnable
3536:Dessa Rose
3263:Osifekunde
3195:Venerable
3138:James Mars
3051:Lear Green
3035:Monticello
2995:Noah Davis
2964:John Brown
2943:Henry Bibb
2886:Venerable
2692:Hark Olufs
2399:2017-02-01
2370:2017-02-01
2345:2017-02-01
2320:2021-07-27
2289:24 October
2247:2017-02-01
2150:24 October
2117:2021-07-27
2036:Ted Danson
1966:, and I a
1942:A free man
1869:slave ship
1823:Early life
1684:J.Q. Adams
1674:Washington
1644:Slave name
1588:convention
1563:Common law
936:Encomienda
732:Seychelles
717:Mauritania
640:Slave ship
507:Panyarring
502:New France
151:Historical
3376:(1936â38)
2862:Caribbean
2688:(b. 1982)
2640:(b. 1979)
2389:USA Today
2199:224913735
2014:USA Today
1679:Jefferson
1331:Mormonism
1266:Palestine
1080:Australia
1010:Indonesia
901:Lei Ăurea
884:Code Noir
864:Caribbean
837:Treatment
576:Treatment
549:Devshirme
411:Odalisque
229:In Russia
170:Babylonia
158:Antiquity
3672:" (1848)
3418:Oroonoko
3102:John Jea
2706:(1663 â
2700:(1705â?)
2682:(1704â?)
2486:LibriVox
2427:Archived
2413:Society.
2393:Archived
2364:Archived
2339:Archived
2314:Archived
2283:Archived
2241:Archived
2215:Archived
2195:ProQuest
2144:Archived
2111:Archived
2054:See also
1897:planters
1873:Barbados
1835:region.
1833:Savannah
1711:Iron bit
1701:40 acres
1664:breeding
1474:Freedman
1309:Religion
1169:Portugal
1054:Thailand
1044:Maldives
1039:Malaysia
1032:Kwalliso
976:Booi Aha
928:Restavek
908:Colombia
879:Trinidad
869:Barbados
759:Zanzibar
707:Ethiopia
588:Saqaliba
482:Database
433:Saqaliba
194:Ancillae
24:a series
22:Part of
3750:Related
3544:Beloved
3528:Kindred
3496:Jubilee
3488:Our Nig
2508:Wondery
2475:at the
2237:The Day
2191:2952734
1983:The Bee
1865:Anomabu
1798:⁄
1767:Anomabo
1689:Lincoln
1557:Related
1457:Liberia
1343:Judaism
1281:Tunisia
1256:Morocco
1246:Lebanon
1211:Bahrain
1206:Algeria
1174:Romania
1139:Denmark
1132:Slavery
1066:Vietnam
737:Somalia
727:Nigeria
702:Comoros
630:Pirates
539:Ghilman
472:Bristol
362:history
335:pirates
224:History
113:Peonage
36:slavery
3864:(2008)
3856:(2002)
3848:(1867)
3840:(2008)
3832:(1931)
3824:(1847)
3816:(1783)
3742:(2008)
3734:(2003)
3715:(2022)
3707:(1859)
3699:(1858)
3680:(1853)
3662:Essays
3654:(2006)
3646:(1965)
3638:(1951)
3619:(2016)
3611:(2007)
3603:(2006)
3595:(2003)
3587:(2002)
3579:(2001)
3571:(1996)
3563:(1993)
3555:(1990)
3547:(1987)
3539:(1986)
3531:(1979)
3523:(1977)
3515:(1976)
3507:(1967)
3499:(1966)
3491:(1859)
3483:(1856)
3453:(1853)
3450:Clotel
3445:(1852)
3437:(1852)
3429:(1841)
3421:(1688)
3400:(2018)
3392:(1972)
3384:(1956)
3368:(1901)
3360:(1881)
3352:(1872)
3344:(1861)
3336:(1855)
3328:(1853)
3320:(1849)
3312:(1845)
3304:(1839)
3296:(1816)
3288:(1789)
3037:â1901)
3033:(1815
2955:(1834)
2837:Canada
2762:Europe
2619:Africa
2197:
2189:
1881:calico
1787:calico
1605:owners
1241:Kuwait
1236:Jordan
1189:Sweden
1179:Russia
1164:Poland
1159:Norway
981:Laogai
966:Brunei
961:Bhutan
923:revolt
896:Brazil
859:Canada
822:partus
807:female
692:Angola
561:Coolie
544:Mamluk
497:Nantes
477:Brazil
406:Cariye
241:Thrall
209:Kholop
175:Greece
3688:Plays
2187:JSTOR
2046:with
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