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2773:. There were three types: those who were enslaved through conquest, instead of unpaid debts, or those whose parents gave them as property to tribal chiefs. Chieftains would barter their slaves to Arab, Berber, Ottoman or European buyers for rum, spices, cloth or other goods. Selling captives or prisoners was a common practice among Africans, Turks, Berbers and Arabs during that era. However, as the Atlantic trade of slaves increased its demand, local systems which primarily serviced indentured servitude expanded. European trading of slaves, as a result, was the most pivotal change in the social, economic, cultural, spiritual, religious, political dynamics of the concept of trading in slaves. It ultimately undermined local economies and political stability as villages' vital labour forces were shipped overseas as
4049:
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9702:(1944), rejected this moral explanation and argued that abolition was now more profitable, for a century of sugarcane raising had exhausted the soil of the islands, and the plantations had become unprofitable. It was more profitable to sell the slaves to the government than to keep up operations. The 1807 prohibition of the international trade, Williams argued, prevented French expansion on other islands. Meanwhile, British investors turned to Asia, where labor was so plentiful that slavery was unnecessary. Williams went on to argue that slavery played a major role in making Britain prosperous. The high profits from the slave trade, he said, helped finance the
6587:
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9577:, historians described slavery as the slaves remembered it. Far from slaves' being strictly victims or content, historians showed slaves as both resilient and autonomous in many of their activities. Despite their exercise of autonomy and their efforts to make a life within slavery, current historians recognize the precariousness of the slave's situation. Slave children quickly learned that they were subject to the direction of both their parents and their owners. They saw their parents disciplined just as they came to realize that they also could be physically or verbally abused by their owners. Historians writing during this era include
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2422:
9728:
Africa. Admitting the horrible suffering of slaves, he notes that many
Africans benefited directly because the first stage of the trade was always firmly in the hands of Africans. European slave ships waited at ports to purchase cargoes of people who were captured in the hinterland by African dealers and tribal leaders. Richardson finds that the "terms of trade" (how much the ship owners paid for the slave cargo) moved heavily in favor of the Africans after about 1750. That is, indigenous elites inside West and Central Africa made large and growing profits from slavery, thus increasing their wealth and power.
7583:
5656:", and captured some 100,000 youths. Later, following his twelfth expedition into India in 1018–19, Mahmud is reported to have returned with such a large number of slaves that their value was reduced to only two to ten dirhams each. This unusually low price made, according to Al-Utbi, "merchants from distant cities to purchase them, so that the countries of Central Asia, Iraq and Khurasan were swelled with them, and the fair and the dark, the rich and the poor, mingled in one common slavery". Elliot and Dowson refer to "five hundred thousand slaves, beautiful men and women.". Later, during the
6087:
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mountains, English planters were able to clear land for sugarcane. Indentured servants were initially sent to
Barbados to work in the sugar fields. These indentured servants were treated so poorly that future indentured servants stopped going to Barbados, and there were not enough people to work the fields. This is when the British started bringing in enslaved Africans. For the English planters in Barbados, reliance on enslaved labor was necessary for them to be able to profit from production of cane-origin sugar for the growing market for sugar in Europe and other markets.
9436:
6414:
5614:(During the invasion of Muhammad al-Qasim), invariably numerous women and children were enslaved. The sources insist that now, in dutiful conformity to religious law, 'the one-fifth of the slaves and spoils' were set apart for the caliph's treasury and despatched to Iraq and Syria. The remainder was scattered among the army of Islam. At Rūr, a random 60,000 captives reduced to slavery. At Brahamanabad 30,000 slaves were allegedly taken. At Multan 6,000. Slave raids continued to be made throughout the late Umayyad period in Sindh, but also much further into Hind, as far as
2092:
4844:
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consisting of blood relations, pawns, and slaves. The earliest evidence of slavery is, therefore, likely to be found in the field of agriculture." and "The retention of captives taken in battle was a recognized practice among every people before the beginning of written history. The ancient records of the
Assyrians, Egyptians, Phoenicians, Hebrews, Persians, Indians and Chinese are all full of references to slaves and types of labor for which they were usually employed. With the Greeks and the Romans, the institution of slavery reached new heights.
6703:
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2781:
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4378:
7104:
7978:) were being used as forced labor by the U.S., France, the UK and the Soviet Union. German prisoners were for example forced to clear minefields in France and the Low Countries. By December 1945, it was estimated by French authorities that 2,000 German prisoners were being killed or injured each month in accidents. In Norway the last available casualty record, from 29 August 1945, shows that by that time a total of 275 German soldiers died while clearing mines, while 392 had been injured.
9538:" who identified totally with the owner. Elkins' thesis was challenged by historians. Gradually historians recognized that in addition to the effects of the owner-slave relationship, slaves did not live in a "totally closed environment but rather in one that permitted the emergence of enormous variety and allowed slaves to pursue important relationships with people other than their master, including those to be found in their families, churches and communities."
9003:
15040:, 5 April 2001. Quote: "Here we get to a further dimension of the difference between the two trades. Slavery in the West...the concept of race developed and was popularized...The Koran very explicitly attacks ...This is important for the assimilation aspect too, because once you were freed, there was no discrimination in law against you...I don't think that there's any disputing that slavery was a more benevolent institution in Islam than it was in the West."
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5000:
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7362:, and during the second half of the 17th century they had a controlling interest in the trade to the Spanish colonies. Today's Suriname and Guyana became prominent markets in the 18th century. Between 1612 and 1872, the Dutch operated from some 10 fortresses along the Gold Coast (now Ghana), from which slaves were shipped across the Atlantic. Dutch involvement on the Slave Coast increased with the establishment of a trading post in
8363:
7466:, and 28,000 in Dutch Brazil. In addition, tens of thousands of slaves, mostly from India and some from Africa, were carried to the Dutch East Indies. The Netherlands abolished slavery in 1863. Although the decision was made in 1848, it took many years for the law to be implemented. Furthermore, slaves in Suriname would be fully free only in 1873, since the law stipulated that there was to be a mandatory 10-year transition.
9682:
the journey wound up in the
Caribbean, where the Empire had highly profitable sugar colonies, and the living conditions were bad (the plantation owners lived in Britain). Parliament ended the international transportation of slaves in 1807 and used the Royal Navy to enforce that ban. In 1833 it bought out the plantation owners and banned slavery. Historians before the 1940s argued that moralistic reformers such as
2682:
3031:
4902:, the slave became legally and actually free. Plantation owners, realizing that emancipation would destroy their economic system, sometimes moved their human property as far as possible out of reach of the Union Army. By June 1865, the Union Army controlled all of the Confederacy and liberated all of the designated slaves. The owners were never compensated. About 186,000 free blacks and newly freed people
4982:
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9744:. Engerman's 5% figure gives as much as possible in terms of benefit of the doubt to the Williams argument, not solely because it does not take into account the associated costs of the slave trade to Britain, but also because it carries the full-employment assumption from economics and holds the gross value of slave trade profits as a direct contribution to Britain's national income. Historian
7289:. This bill was based on the arguments given by the best Spanish theologists and jurists who were unanimous in the condemnation of such slavery as unjust; they declared it illegitimate and outlawed it from America—not just the slavery of Spaniards over Natives—but also the type of slavery practiced among the Natives themselves Thus, Spain became the first country to officially abolish slavery.
3859:(Great Drought) in the cotton-growing northeast led to major turmoil, starvation, poverty and internal migration. As wealthy plantation holders rushed to sell their slaves south, popular resistance and resentment grew, inspiring numerous emancipation societies. They succeeded in banning slavery altogether in the province of Ceará by 1884. Slavery was legally ended nationwide on 13 May by the
3000:
they would not believe me ... A deeply-rooted idea that the whites purchase negroes for the purpose of devouring them, or of selling them to others that they may be devoured hereafter, naturally makes the slaves contemplate a journey towards the coast with great terror, insomuch that the slatees are forced to keep them constantly in irons, and watch them very closely, to prevent their escape.
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8273:, in 1835. About 15% of the Polynesian Moriori natives who had migrated to the islands at about 1500 CE were killed, with many women being tortured to death. The remaining population was enslaved for the purpose of growing food, especially potatoes. The Moriori were treated in an inhumane and degrading manner for many years. Their culture was banned and they were forbidden to marry.
5245:
3819:, a French painter who was active in Brazil in the first decades of the 19th century, started out with painting portraits of members of the Brazilian Imperial family, but soon became concerned with the slavery of both blacks and indigenous inhabitants. His paintings on the subject (two appear on this page) helped bring attention to the subject in both Europe and Brazil itself.
9037:. On 3 March 1848, he had been appointed under-secretary of the navy, and caused a decree to be issued by the provisional government which acknowledged the principle of the enfranchisement of the slaves through the French possessions. He also wrote the decree of 27 April 1848 in which the French government announced that slavery was abolished in all of its colonies.
7769:, especially after 1640, when sugar cane was introduced to the region. At first, most were white Britons, or Irish, enslaved as indentured labour – for a fixed period – in the West Indies. These people may have been criminals, political rebels, the poor with no prospects or others who were simply tricked or kidnapped. Slavery was a legal institution in all of the 13
18919:, Vol. 49, No. 7 (Nov. 1997), pp. 1317–19 states: "We are all inclined to accept the Zemskov totals (even if not as complete) with their 14 million intake to Gulag 'camps' alone, to which must be added 4–5 million going to Gulag 'colonies', to say nothing of the 3.5 million already in, or sent to, 'labor settlements'. However taken, these are surely 'high' figures."
7437:. The revival of the slave trade at Jaquim was only temporary, however, as his superiors at the Dutch West India Company noticed that Hertog's slaves were more expensive than at the Gold Coast. From 1735, Elmina became the preferred spot to trade slaves. As of 1778, it was estimated that the Dutch were shipping approximately 6,000 Africans for enslavement in the
8960:. Slavery was reimposed in Guadeloupe but not in Haiti, which became an independent black republic. Napoleon's vast colonial dreams for Egypt, India, the Caribbean Louisiana and even Australia were all doomed for lack of a fleet capable of matching Britain's Royal Navy. Realizing the fiasco Napoleon liquidated the Haiti project, brought home the survivors and
6161:(IX, 28–29), helots were seven times as numerous as Spartans. Following several helot revolts around the year 600 BC, the Spartans restructured their city-state along authoritarian lines, for the leaders decided that only by turning their society into an armed camp could they hope to maintain control over the numerically dominant helot population. In some
1918:, and cloth, and this demand for imported goods drove local wars and other means to the enslavement of Africans in ever greater numbers. In India and throughout the New World, people were forced into slavery to create the local workforce. The transatlantic slave trade was eventually curtailed after European and American governments passed legislation
3950:(1702–1714), the various European powers negotiating the terms of the treaty also discussed colonial issues as well. Of special importance in the negotiations at Utrecht was the successful negotiation between the British and French delegations for Britain to obtain a thirty-year monopoly on the right to sell slaves in Spanish America, called the
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Portuguese and Dutch empires, and a few others – built worldwide empires based primarily on plantation agriculture using slaves imported from Africa. However, the powers took care to minimize the presence of slavery in their homelands. In 1807 Britain and soon after, the United States also, both criminalized the international slave trade. The
14449:[Total of black slave trade in the Muslim world from Sahara, Red Sea and Indian Ocean routes thru the 19th century comes to an estimated 11,500,000, "a figure not far short of the 11,863,000 estimated to have been loaded onto ships during the four centuries of the Atlantic slave trade." (Paul E. Lovejoy, Transformation in Slavery (CUP, 1983)
8209:, to supply whalers and traders with food, flax and timber in return for western goods. The intertribal Musket Wars lasted from 1807 to 1843; northern tribes who had acquired muskets captured large numbers of slaves. About 20,000 Māori died in the wars. An unknown number of slaves were captured. Northern tribes used slaves (called
5275:), the administrative and political center of the Empire, about a fifth of the population consisted of slaves in 1609. Even after several measures to ban slavery in the late 19th century, the practice continued largely unaffected into the early 20th century. As late as 1908, female slaves were still sold in the Ottoman Empire.
8823:, passed on 1 August 1833, outlawed slavery itself throughout the British Empire, with the exception of India. On 1 August 1834 slaves became indentured to their former owners in an apprenticeship system for six years. Full emancipation was granted ahead of schedule on 1 August 1838. Britain abolished slavery in both
9748:, in an article written before Williams's book, dismisses the influence of wealth generated from the West Indian plantations upon the financing of the Industrial Revolution, stating that whatever substantial flow of investment from West Indian profits into industry there was occurred after emancipation, not before.
4075:, on 1 August 1834, an unarmed group of mainly elderly Negroes being addressed by the Governor at Government House about the new laws, began chanting: "Pas de six ans. Point de six ans" ("Not six years. No six years"), drowning out the voice of the Governor. Peaceful protests continued until a resolution to abolish
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men used slavery to grab power to get around broader governing ideas about reciprocity and kinship, but were still bound by those ideas to some degree. In other parts of the continent early political centralization and commercialization led to expanded use use of slaves as soldiers, officials, and workers.
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Fitzhugh compares wives , children , wards , apprentices , prisoners , soldiers , sailors , the poor under the
English poor laws , imported Chinese laborers in the British colonies , as well as the remaining serfs of eastern Europe and central Asia with slaves. Thus broadly understood, the status of
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For most
Africans between 10000 BCE to 500 CE, the use of slaves was not an optimal political or economic strategy. But in some places, Africans came to see the value of slavery. In the large parts of the continent where Africans lived in relatively decentralized and small-scale communities, some big
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of their owners. In portraying the more benign version of slavery, they also argue in their 1974 book that the material conditions under which the slaves lived and worked compared favorably to those of free workers in the agriculture and industry of the time. (This was also an argument of
Southerners
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Drescher (2009) provides a model for the history of the abolition of slavery, emphasizing its origins in
Western Europe. Around the year 1500, slavery had virtually died out in Western Europe, but was a normal phenomenon practically everywhere else. The imperial powers – the British, French, Spanish,
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and took them away to a life of slavery in North Africa. The prisoners were destined for a variety of fates—some lived out their days chained to the oars as galley slaves, while others would spend long years in the scented seclusion of the harem or within the walls of the sultan's palace. Only two of
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population of that country. The Dutch part in the
Atlantic slave trade is estimated at 5–7 percent, as they shipped about 550,000–600,000 African slaves across the Atlantic, about 75,000 of whom died on board before reaching their destinations. From 1596 to 1829, the Dutch traders sold 250,000 slaves
7148:
nations did not use the papal bull as a justification for their involvement in the slave trade. The position of the church was to condemn the slavery of
Christians, but slavery was regarded as an old established and necessary institution which supplied Europe with the necessary workforce. In the 16th
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and that many Cornish slave owners did set their slaves free. Slaves were routinely bought and sold. Running away was also common and slavery was never a major economic factor in the British Isles during the Middle Ages. Ireland and Denmark provided markets for captured Anglo-Saxon and Celtic slaves.
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and it is within this context of Islamic expansion that elite slavery was later commonly found. It became the predominant system in North India in the thirteenth century and retained considerable importance in the fourteenth century. Slavery was still vigorous in fifteenth-century Bengal, while after
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visiting the empire. Slavery's role in the economy and the power of slave owners slowly diminished while laws gradually improved the rights of slaves. Under the influence of Christianity, views of slavery shifted leading to slaves gaining more rights and independence, and although slavery became rare
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or floating tombs. What shocked Africans the most was how death was handled in the ships. Smallwood says the traditions for an African death were delicate and community-based. On ships, bodies would be thrown into the sea. Because the sea represented bad omens, bodies in the sea represented a form of
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became a leading port in this trade. Arab traders of slaves differed from European ones in that they would often conduct raiding expeditions themselves, sometimes penetrating deep into the continent. They also differed in that their market greatly preferred the purchase of enslaved females over male.
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Ordinarily there had to be a perceived labour shortage, for otherwise it is unlikely that most people would bother to acquire or to keep slaves. Free land, and more generally, open resources, were often a prerequisite for slavery; in most cases where there were no open resources, non-slaves could be
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for slavery to flourish, social differentiation or stratification was essential. Also essential was an economic surplus, for slaves were often consumption goods who themselves had to be maintained rather than productive assets who generated income for their owner. Surplus was also essential in slave
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are exaggerated, for profits from the slave trade amounted to less than 1% of domestic investment in Britain. Richardson further challenges claims (by African scholars) that the slave trade caused widespread depopulation and economic distress in Africa—indeed that it caused the "underdevelopment" of
8890:
in 1739 clarified the unclear legal position of possible slaves in France, and was followed by laws that established registers for slaves in mainland France, who were limited to a three-year stay, for visits or learning a trade. Unregistered "slaves" in France were regarded as free. However, slavery
8811:
The significance of the abolition of the British slave trade lay in the number of people hitherto sold and carried by British slave vessels. Britain shipped 2,532,300 Africans across the Atlantic, equalling 41% of the total transport of 6,132,900 individuals. This made the British empire the biggest
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in the 1830s, using mainly slave girls. By 1835 about 70 to 80 ships per year called into the port. One French captain described the impossibility of getting rid of the girls who swarmed over his ship, outnumbering his crew of 70 by 3 to 1. All payments to the girls were stolen by the chief. By 1833
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by a Tunisian squadron, which carried off 158 inhabitants, roused widespread indignation. Britain had by this time banned the slave trade and was seeking to induce other countries to do likewise. States that were more vulnerable to the corsairs complained that Britain cared more for ending the trade
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in 1916, stated in a 1921 memoir that the local Balochi tribes would regularly carry out raids against travellers and small towns. During these raids, women and children would often be abducted to become slaves, and would be sold for prices varying based on quality, age and looks. He stated that the
4497:
The shift from indentured servants to enslaved African was prompted by a dwindling class of former servants who had worked through the terms of their indentures and thus became competitors to their former masters. These newly freed servants were rarely able to support themselves comfortably, and the
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were unable to match the market prices of Brazilian sugar, and each Briton was consuming 16 pounds (7 kg) of sugar a year by the 19th century. This combination led to intensive pressure from the British government for Brazil to end this practice, which it did by steps over several decades.
2720:
26th June. – ...We passed a slave woman shot or stabbed through the body and lying on the path: a group of men stood about a hundred yards off on one side, and another of the women on the other side, looking on; they said an Arab who passed early that morning had done it in anger at losing the price
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noted that slavery had been endemic in Africa and part of the structure of everyday life throughout the 15th to the 18th century. "Slavery came in different guises in different societies: there were court slaves, slaves incorporated into princely armies, domestic and household slaves, slaves working
9138:
While abolitionists agreed on the evils of slavery, there were differing opinions on what should happen after African Americans were freed. By the time of Emancipation, African-Americans were now native to the United States and did not want to leave. Most believed that their labor had made the land
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Slavery in Japan was, for most of its history, indigenous, since the export and import of slaves was restricted by Japan being a group of islands. In late-16th-century Japan, slavery was officially banned; but forms of contract and indentured labor persisted alongside the period penal codes' forced
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was 2:1, whereas in Islamic lands the ratio was 1:2. Another difference between the two was, he argues, that slavery in the west had a racial component, whereas the Qur'an explicitly condemned racism. This, in Segal's view, eased assimilation of freed slaves into society. Men would often take their
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The enslaved population in the United States stood at four million. Ninety-five percent of blacks lived in the South, constituting one third of the population there as opposed to 1% of the population of the North. The central issue in politics in the 1850s involved the extension of slavery into the
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away from France; many London merchants celebrated her economic coup. Most of the trade of slaves involved sales to Spanish colonies in the Caribbean, and to Mexico, as well as sales to European colonies in the Caribbean and in North America. Historian Vinita Ricks says the agreement allotted Queen
9718:
argues that Britain's abolition of the slave trade in 1807 resulted not from the diminishing value of slavery for Britain but instead from the moral outrage of the British voting public. Critics have also argued that slavery remained profitable in the 1830s because of innovations in agriculture so
9681:
One of the most controversial aspects of the British Empire is its role in first promoting and then ending slavery. In the 18th-century British merchant ships were the largest element in the "Middle Passage" which transported millions of slaves to the Western Hemisphere. Most of those who survived
9421:
According to the Global Slavery Index, slavery continues into the 21st century. It claims that as of 2018, the countries with the most slaves were: India (8 million), China (3.86 million), Pakistan (3.19 million) and North Korea (2.64 million). The countries with highest prevalence of slavery were
7640:
The Barbary states had difficulty securing uniform compliance with a total prohibition of slave-raiding, as this had been traditionally of central importance to the North African economy. Slavers continued to take captives by preying on less well-protected peoples. Algiers subsequently renewed its
7510:
From 1609 to 1616, England lost 466 merchant ships to Barbary pirates. 160 English ships were captured by Algerians between 1677 and 1680. Many of the captured sailors were made into slaves and held for ransom. The corsairs were no strangers to the South West of England where raids were known in a
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owners of Rhode Island were able to continue in trade, and the USA's slaving fleet in 1806 was estimated to be nearly 75% as large as that of Britain, with dominance of the transportation of slaves into Cuba. By 1804, abolitionists succeeded in passing legislation that ended legal slavery in every
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were known to have fortified camps. Houses in Chibok were also burned down in the incident. According to police, approximately 276 children were taken in the attack, of whom 53 had escaped as of 2 May. Other reports said that 329 girls were kidnapped, 53 had escaped and 276 were still missing. The
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Somewhat more convincing are statistical surveys of large numbers of societies that show that slavery is rare among hunter-gatherers, is sometimes present in incipient agricultural societies, and then becomes common among societies with more advanced agriculture. Up to this point slavery seems to
9661:
of Americans in 2015 asked, "Was slavery the main reason for the Civil War, or not?" 53% said yes and 41% said not. There were sharp cleavages along lines of region and party. In the South, 49% answered not. Nationwide 55 percent said students should be taught slavery was the reason for the Civil
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Their account of the era rested, as one member of the Dunning school put it, on the assumption of "negro incapacity." Finding it impossible to believe that blacks could ever be independent actors on the stage of history, with their own aspirations and motivations, Dunning et al. portrayed African
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who had revolted. Napoleon wanted to preserve France's financial benefits from the colony's sugar and coffee crops; he then planned to establish a major base at New Orleans. He therefore re-established slavery in Haiti and Guadeloupe, where it had been abolished after rebellions. Slaves and black
7428:. The head of the post, Hendrik Hertog, had a reputation for being a successful slave trader. In an attempt to extend his trading area, Hertog negotiated with local tribes and mingled in local political struggles. He sided with the wrong party, however, leading to a conflict with Director-General
4897:
issued by Lincoln on 1 January 1863. In a single stroke, it changed the legal status, as recognized by the U.S. government, of 3 million slaves in designated areas of the Confederacy from "slave" to "free." It had the practical effect that as soon as a slave escaped the control of the Confederate
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They were all very inquisitive, but they viewed me at first with looks of horror, and repeatedly asked if my countrymen were cannibals. They were very desirous to know what became of the slaves after they had crossed the salt water. I told them that they were employed in cultivation the land; but
2729:
The strangest disease I have seen in this country seems really to be broken-heartedness, and it attacks free men who have been captured and made slaves... Twenty one were unchained, as now safe; however all ran away at once; but eight with many others still in chains, died in three days after the
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ended slavery in the United States in 1865. The system ended in Cuba and Brazil in the 1880s because it was no longer profitable for the owners. Slavery continued to exist in Africa, where Arab slave traders raided black areas for new captives to be sold in the system. European colonial rule and
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in the Caribbean, especially Jamaica, Barbados, Nevis, and Antigua, which provided a steady flow of sugar sales; forced labor of slaves produced the sugar. By the 1700s, there were more slaves in Barbados than in all the English colonies on the mainland combined. Since Barbados did not have many
10325:
Slavery was a widespread institution in the ancient world (1200 BCE – 900 CE). Slaves could be found in simpler societies, but more important and better known was the existence of slavery in most advanced states. Indeed, it is hard to find any ancient civilizations in which some slavery did not
8378:
Slavery has existed, in one form or another, throughout the whole of human history. So, too, have movements to free large or distinct groups of slaves. However, abolitionism should be distinguished from efforts to help a particular group of slaves, or to restrict one practice, such as the slave
7394:
The Offra trading post soon became the most important Dutch office on the Slave Coast. According to a 1670 report, annually 2,500 to 3,000 slaves were transported from Offra to the Americas. These numbers were only feasible in times of peace, however, and dwindled in time of conflict. From 1688
5545:
purchased Western slaves from the Radhanite Jews. Tang Chinese soldiers and pirates enslaved Koreans, Turks, Persians, Indonesians, and people from Inner Mongolia, Central Asia, and northern India. The greatest source of slaves came from southern tribes, including Thais and aboriginals from the
5300:
are some of the better-known positions a slave could hold, but slaves were actually often at the forefront of Ottoman politics. The majority of officials in the Ottoman government were bought slaves, raised as slaves of the Sultan, and integral to the success of the Ottoman Empire from the 14th
4807:
and economic modernization. Numerous compromise proposals were put forward, but they all collapsed. A majority of Northern voters were committed to stopping the expansion of slavery, which they believed would ultimately end slavery. Southern voters were overwhelmingly angry that they were being
2931:
Joseph Miller states that African buyers would prefer males, but in reality, women and children would be more easily captured as men fled. Those captured would be sold for various reasons such as food, debts, or servitude. Once captured, the journey to the coast killed many and weakened others.
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slave-trade contributor in the world due to the magnitude of the empire, which made the abolition act all the more damaging to the global trade of slaves. Britain used its diplomatic influence to press other nations into treaties to ban their slave trade and to give the Royal Navy the right to
10457:
It is to the Neolithic period of Ghana's history that one must look for the earliest evidence of slavery. Technological advancement and dependence on agriculture created a need for labor. The available evidence indicates that around the 1st century AD farming was done by individual households
9735:
finds that even without subtracting the associated costs of the slave trade (e.g., shipping costs, slave mortality, mortality of British people in Africa, defense costs) or reinvestment of profits back into the slave trade, the total profits from the slave trade and of West Indian plantations
8401:
The continuing profitability of slave-based plantations and the threats of race war slowed the development of abolition movements during the first half of the 19th century. These movements were strongest in Britain, and after 1840 in the United States. The Northern states of the United States
7811:
wrote: "We have no slaves at home – Then why abroad? Slaves cannot breathe in England; if their lungs receive our air, that moment they are free. They touch our country, and their shackles fall. That's noble, and bespeaks a nation proud. And jealous of the blessing. Spread it then, And let it
9489:. Drawing evidence exclusively from plantation records, letters, southern newspapers, and other sources reflecting the slaveholder's point of view, Phillips depicted slavemasters who provided for the welfare of their slaves and contended that true affection existed between master and slave.
2723:
27th June 1866 – To-day we came upon a man dead from starvation, as he was very thin. One of our men wandered and found many slaves with slave-sticks on, abandoned by their masters from want of food; they were too weak to be able to speak or say where they had come from; some were quite
4529:. The model created by South Carolina was driven by the emergence of a majority enslaved population that required repressive and often brutal force to control. Justification for such an enslaved society developed into a conceptual framework of white supremacy in the American colonies.
4914:. The Bureau provided food, housing, clothing, medical care, church services, some schooling, legal support, and arranged for labor contracts. Fierce debates about the rights of the Freedmen, and of the defeated Confederates, often accompanied by killings of black leaders, marked the
6007:, after IS militants have captured an area "hey usually take the older women to a makeshift slave market and try to sell them." In mid-October 2014, the UN estimated that 5,000 to 7,000 Yazidi women and children were abducted by IS and sold into slavery. In the digital magazine
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in Bristol in 1685 when he made the mayor of the city, then sitting fully robed beside him on the bench, go into the dock and be fined £1000 for being a "kidnapping knave"; some Bristol traders at the time were known to kidnap their own countrymen and ship them away as slaves.
7632:
on the Tunisian coast were brutally treated without his knowledge. As Sardinians they were technically under British protection, and the government sent Exmouth back to secure reparation. On 17 August, in combination with a Dutch squadron under Admiral Van de Capellen, Exmouth
7205:
in 1761, but slavery continued in Portuguese overseas colonies. At the same time, was stimulated the trade of black slaves ("the pieces", in the terms of that time) to Brazil and two companies were founded, with the support and direct involvement of the Marquis of Pombal - the
4909:
The severe dislocations of war and Reconstruction had a severe negative impact on the black population, with a large amount of sickness and death. After liberation, many of the Freedmen remained on the same plantation. Others fled or crowded into refugee camps operated by the
7848:, is famous for having used British involvement to regain his rule in return for suppressing slavery among the Yoruba people of Lagos in 1851. Anti-slavery treaties were signed with over 50 African rulers. In 1839, the world's oldest international human rights organization,
8948:
freedmen fought the French for their freedom and independence. Revolutionary ideals played a central role in the fighting for it was the slaves and their allies who were fighting for the revolutionary ideals of freedom and equality, while the French troops under General
13873:
7193:
In the second half of the 16th century, the Crown gave up the monopoly on slave trade and the focus of European trade in African slaves shifted from import to Europe to slave transports directly to tropical colonies in the Americas—in the case of Portugal, especially
4836:, based on the promise of maintaining slavery. War broke out in April 1861, as both sides sought wave after wave of enthusiasm among young men volunteering to form new regiments and new armies. In the North, the main goal was to preserve the union as an expression of
2831:
for their economy. A family's status was indicated by the number of slaves it owned, leading to wars for the sole purpose of taking more captives. This trade led the Khasso into increasing contact with the European settlements of Africa's west coast, particularly the
7378:
was also called Grand Ardra, being the larger cousin of Little Ardra, also known as Offra. From 1660 onward, Dutch presence in Allada and especially Offra became more permanent. A report from this year asserts Dutch trading posts, apart from Allada and Offra, in
2717:
19th June 1866 – We passed a woman tied by the neck to a tree and dead, the people of the country explained that she had been unable to keep up with the other slaves in a gang, and her master had determined that she should not become anyone's property if she
2597:. Ships leaving European ports for West Africa would carry printed cotton textiles, some originally from India, copper utensils and bangles, pewter plates and pots, iron bars more valued than gold, hats, trinkets, gunpowder and firearms and alcohol. Tropical
16588:
9450:
The history of slavery originally was the history of the government's laws and policies toward slavery, and the political debates about it. Black history was promoted very largely at black colleges. The situation changed dramatically with the coming of the
9709:
Since the 1970s numerous historians have challenged Williams from various angles and Gad Heuman has concluded, "More recent research has rejected this conclusion; it is now clear that the colonies of the British Caribbean profited considerably during the
8406:, between 1777 and 1804. Britain ended slavery in its empire in the 1830s. However, the plantation economies of the southern United States, based on cotton, and those in Brazil and Cuba, based on sugar, expanded and grew even more profitable. The bloody
8942:
came to power in 1799 and soon had grandiose plans for the French sugar colonies; to achieve them he reintroduced slavery. Napoleon's major adventure into the Caribbean—sending 30,000 troops in 1802 to retake Saint Domingue (Haiti) from ex-slaves under
8315:
experience in the 1860s. The 1805 raid was by American sealers and was one of a series that changed the attitude of the islanders to outside visitors, with reports in the 1820s and 1830s that all visitors received a hostile reception. In December 1862,
5713:
in Western India had two main objectives. The conquerors demanded and more often forcibly wrested both land owned by Hindus and Hindu women. Enslavement of women invariably led to their conversion to Islam. In battles waged by Muslims against Hindus in
9095:
stating; "unconquerable prejudice resulting from their color, they never could amalgamate with the free whites of this country. It was desirable, therefore, as it respected them, and the residue of the population of the country, to drain them off".
8984:, declaring all men to be free and equal. However, the French bought males as soldiers and females as concubines. Napoleon personally opposed the abolition and restored colonial slavery in 1802, a year after the capitulation of his troops in Egypt.
1541:
2963:
and asked if he was going to be eaten. Yet, the worst for slaves has only begun, and the journey on the water proved to be more harrowing. For every 100 Africans captured, only 64 would reach the coast, and only about 50 would reach the New World.
7149:
century, African slaves had replaced almost all other ethnicities and religious enslaved groups in Europe. Within the Portuguese territory of Brazil, and even beyond its original borders, the enslavement of Native Americans was carried out by the
4063:
in England announced in 1833 that slaves in British colonies would be completely freed by 1838. In the meantime, the government told slaves they had to remain on their plantations and would have the status of "apprentices" for the next six years.
22068:
9514:
Beginning in the 1950s, historiography moved away from the tone of the Phillips era. Historians still emphasized the slave as an object. Whereas Phillips presented the slave as the object of benign attention by the owners, historians such as
1967:
are especially vulnerable, and modern transportation has made human trafficking easier. In 2019, there were an estimated 40 million people worldwide subject to some form of slavery – 25% were children. Sixty-one percent are used for
4253:
During the period from the late 19th century and early 20th century, demand for the labor-intensive harvesting of rubber drove frontier expansion and slavery in Latin America and elsewhere. Indigenous peoples were enslaved as part of the
2967:
Others believe that slavers had a vested interest in capturing rather than killing, and in keeping their captives alive; and that this coupled with the disproportionate removal of males and the introduction of new crops from the Americas
20778:
5562:. Malays, Khmers, Indians, and black Africans were also purchased as slaves in the Tang dynasty. Slavery was prevalent until the late 19th century and early 20th century China. All forms of slavery have been illegal in China since 1910.
8839:
7281:. The first African slaves arrived in Hispaniola in 1501; by 1517, the natives had been "virtually annihilated" mostly to diseases. The problem of the justness of Native American's slavery was a key issue for the Spanish Crown. It was
18953:
9626:, which examined how slaves built community and political understanding while enslaved, so they quickly began to form new associations and institutions when emancipated, including black churches separate from white control. In 2010,
9561:
In the 1970s and 1980s, historians made use of sources such as black music and statistical census data to create a more detailed and nuanced picture of slave life. Relying also on 19th-century autobiographies of ex-slaves (known as
8129:
were those of the outcast or slave class. They are believed to have been war captives or their descendants. Marriage between higher castes and the kauwa was strictly forbidden. The kauwa worked for the chiefs and were often used as
5686:
where it persisted until the seventeenth century. It remained present to a minor extent in the Mughal provinces throughout the seventeenth century and had a notable revival under the Afghans in North India again in the eighteenth
3865:("Golden Law") of 1888. It was an institution in decadence at these times, as since the 1880s the country had begun to use European immigrant labor instead. Brazil was the last nation in the Western Hemisphere to abolish slavery.
7186:, major sponsor of the Portuguese African expeditions, as of any other merchandise, taxed one fifth of the selling price of the slaves imported to Portugal. By the year 1552 African slaves made up 10 percent of the population of
12577:
10779:
found who would fulfill the same social functions at lower cost. Last, some centralized governmental institutions willing to enforce slave laws had to exist, or else the property aspects of slavery were likely to be chimerical.
2608:
peaked in the late 18th century when the largest number of people were captured and enslaved on raiding expeditions into the interior of West Africa. These expeditions were typically carried out by African states, such as the
3243:, slavery is also a current phenomenon. A Nigerien study has found that more than 800,000 people are enslaved, almost 8% of the population. Niger installed an anti-slavery provision in 2003. In a landmark ruling in 2008, the
14458:
Raymond Mauvy estimates a total of 14 million black slaves were traded in Islam thru the 20th Century, including 300,000 for part of the 20th century. (p. 57, source: "Les Siecles obsurs de l'Afrique Noire" (Paris: Fayard,
9469:, the era's most celebrated and influential expert on slavery, combined a sophisticated portrait of the white planters' life and behavior with crude passing generalizations about the life and behavior of their black slaves.
3416:
can be paid, they may be tortured, forced to work, sometimes worked to death, and eventually they may be executed or left to starve if the payment has not been made after a period of time. Women are often raped and used as
5660:
period (1206–1555), references to the abundant availability of low-priced Indian slaves abound. Levi attributes this primarily to the vast human resources of India, compared to its neighbors to the north and west (India's
3830:
reformers, campaigned during much of the 19th century for Britain to use its influence and power to stop the traffic of slaves to Brazil. Besides moral qualms, the low cost of slave-produced Brazilian sugar meant that the
2674:. It is estimated that over the centuries, twelve to twenty million slaves were shipped from Africa by European traders, of whom some 15 percent died during the terrible voyage, many during the arduous journey through the
7713:
Fisher estimates that in the sixteenth century the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth lost around 20,000 individuals a year and that from 1474 to 1694, as many as a million Commonwealth citizens were carried off into Crimean
3464:
declined substantially they outsourced part of the slave trade to the Dutch (1685–1687), the Portuguese, the French (1698–1713) and the English (1713–1750), also providing organized depots in the Caribbean islands to the
6341:, and the Near East, especially for slaves of European descent, a market for these slaves rapidly emerged. So lucrative was this market that it spawned an economic boom in central and western Europe, today known as the
9078:
in 1821–23, on the premise that former American slaves would have greater freedom and equality there. Various state colonization societies also had African colonies which were later merged with Liberia, including the
7135:
the right to reduce any "Saracens, pagans and any other unbelievers" to hereditary slavery which legitimized slave trade under Catholic beliefs of that time. This approval of slavery was reaffirmed and extended in his
17971:
6322:). The Viking slave-trade slowly ended in the 11th century, as the Vikings settled in the European territories they had once raided. They converted serfs to Christianity and themselves merged with the local populace.
7499:, raided European coasts and shipping from the 16th to the 19th centuries, and took thousands of captives, whom they sold or enslaved. Many were held for ransom, and European communities raised funds such as Malta's
7432:
and to his exile to the island of Appa in 1732. The Dutch trading post on this island was extended as the new centre of the slave trade. In 1733, Hertog returned to Jaquim, this time extending the trading post into
2669:
and moreover fierce African resistance. The slaves were brought to coastal outposts where they were traded for goods. The people captured on these expeditions were shipped by European traders to the colonies of the
2394:
Writing in 1998 about the extent of trade coming through and from Africa, the Congolese journalist Elikia M'bokolo wrote "The African continent was bled of its human resources via all possible routes. Across the
12044:
9958:
6828:
and his Kazan allies attacked the city and captured thousands of slaves. In 1571, the Crimean Tatars attacked and sacked Moscow, burning everything but the Kremlin and taking thousands of captives as slaves. In
9217:, who founded commissions to investigate and eradicate the institution of slavery and slave trade worldwide. Their efforts continued the work of the first international attempt to address the issue made by the
5527:
laws, the Han dynasty set in place rules that the property of and families of criminals doing three years of hard labor or sentenced to castration were to have their families seized and kept as property by the
9236:(TSC) was founded by the League in 1924, which conducted a global investigation and filed a report, and a convention was drawn up in view of hastening the total abolition of slavery and the slave trade. The
6631:, from 1100 to 1500, the European slave-trade continued, though with a shift from being centered among the Western Mediterranean Islamic nations to the Eastern Christian and Muslim states. The city-states of
3843:
contributed to ending slavery as many slaves enlisted in exchange for freedom. In Colonial Brazil, slavery was more a social than a racial condition. Some of the greatest figures of the time, like the writer
13725:
8257:
who developed a largely pacifist culture. It was originally speculated that they settled the Chathams direct from Polynesia, but it is now widely believed they were disaffected Māori who emigrated from the
7403:
chose the side of the Aja king, causing the Offra office to be destroyed by opposing forces in 1692. By 1650 the Dutch had the pre-eminent slave trade in Europe and South East Asia. Later, trade shifted to
6124:. The origins are not known, but it appears that slavery became an important part of the economy and society only after the establishment of cities. Slavery was common practice and an integral component of
3054:
purgatory and the ship a form of hell. Any Africans who made the journey would have survived extreme disease and malnutrition, as well as trauma from being on the open ocean and the death of their friends.
14859:"Slaves sold to the Turk; How the vile traffic is still carried on in the East. Sights our correspondent saw for twenty dollars—in the house of a grand old Turk of a dealer. (news was reported on March 4)"
4369:, enslaved Africans were arriving in English colonies in larger numbers, and the institution continued to be protected by the British government. Colonists now began purchasing slaves in larger numbers.
19911:
Kolchin p. 135. David and Temin p. 741. The latter authors wrote, "The vantage point correspondingly shifted from that of the master to that of his slave. The reversal culminated in Kenneth M. Stampp's
3698:. 4 million slaves were obtained by Brazil, 1.5 million more than any other country. Starting around 1550, the Portuguese began to trade enslaved Africans to work the sugar plantations, once the native
9362:
As of November 2003, 104 nations had ratified the treaty. However, illegal forced labour involves millions of people in the 21st century, 43% for sexual exploitation and 32% for economic exploitation.
5169:(Islamic law), children of slaves or prisoners of war could become slaves, but only if they are non-Muslim, leading to the Islamic world to import many slaves from other regions, predominantly Europe.
2002:
Evidence of slavery predates written records; the practice has existed in many cultures and can be traced back 11,000 years ago due to the conditions created by the invention of agriculture during the
2529:
and still have a population density of less than 1 person/km. During the 1870s, European initiatives against the trade of slaves caused an economic crisis in northern Sudan, precipitating the rise of
10494:
Between the Renaissance and the French Revolution, hundreds of thousands of Muslim men and women from the southern and eastern shores of the Mediterranean were forcibly transported to Western Europe.
1536:
15579:, 1900, reprint (Delhi, 1979), pp. 154, 163. This thirteenth-century source is a Persian translation of an (apparently lost) eighth-century Arabic manuscript detailing the Islamic conquests of Sind.
4713:
and quickly organized a territorial government that excluded abolitionists. Through the machinery of the territory and violence, the pro-slavery faction attempted to force the unpopular pro-slavery
2091:
18710:
2863:"The slave trade is the ruling principle of my people. It is the source and the glory of their wealth...the mother lulls the child to sleep with notes of triumph over an enemy reduced to slavery."
9325:
4610:
suggesting that people "ought not" enslave adults, but there was no enforcement of this suggestion. Vermont entered the United States in 1791 with the same constitutional provisions. Through the
11577:
The Last Journals of David Livingstone in Central Africa, from 1865 to His Death: Continued by a Narrative of His Last Moments and Sufferings, Obtained From His Faithful Servants, Chuma and Susi
11544:
The Last Journals of David Livingstone in Central Africa, from 1865 to His Death: Continued by a Narrative of His Last Moments and Sufferings, Obtained From His Faithful Servants, Chuma and Susi
11514:
The Last Journals of David Livingstone in Central Africa, from 1865 to His Death: Continued by a Narrative of His Last Moments and Sufferings, Obtained from His Faithful Servants, Chuma and Susi
6913:. The Norse also took German, Baltic, Slavic and Latin slaves. The slave trade was one of the pillars of Norse commerce during the 9th through 11th centuries. The 10th-century Persian traveller
16440:
6682:
captured over 35,000 Ukrainians; a 1676 raid took almost 40,000. About 60,000 Ukrainians were captured in 1688; some were ransomed, but most were sold into slavery. Some 150,000–200,000 of the
7300:, where sugarcane production was highly profitable based on slave labor, African slavery persisted until 1873 in Puerto Rico "with provisions for periods of apprenticeship", and 1886 in Cuba.
4189:
in 1793, one of the earliest anti-slavery acts in the world. The institution was formally banned throughout most of the British Empire, including the Canadas in 1834, after the passage of the
3718:
on 12 February 1761, slavery continued in her overseas colonies. Slavery was practiced among all classes. slaves were owned by upper and middle classes, by the poor, and even by other slaves.
7840:
seized approximately 1,600 slave ships and freed 150,000 Africans who were aboard. Action was also taken against African leaders who refused to agree to British treaties to outlaw the trade.
2948:
was widespread and poor sanitary conditions at ports did not help. Since supplies were poor, slaves were not equipped with the best clothing, meaning they were even more exposed to diseases.
18965:
9485:
His portrayal of blacks as passive, inferior people, whose African origins made them uncivilized, seemed to provide historical evidence for the theories of racial inferiority that supported
9163:
of the same year) included in its first sentence the concept of the "principles of humanity and universal morality" as justification for ending a trade that was "odious in its continuance".
7722:
It seems that the position and everyday conditions of a slave depended largely on his/her owner. Some slaves indeed could spend the rest of their days doing exhausting labor: as the Crimean
5945:
were family property. People would become slaves when they incurred a debt. Slaves could also be taken during wars, and slave trading was common. Torajan slaves were sold and shipped out to
9255:(ACE). The ACE conducted a major international investigation on slavery and slave trade, inspecting all the colonial empires and the territories under their control between 1934 and 1939.
5436:, as slaves. Ancient historians who visited India offer the closest insights into the nature of Indian society and slavery in other ancient civilizations. For example, the Greek historian
12825:
8485:
7812:
circulate through every vein." The decision proved to be a milestone in the British abolitionist movement, though slavery was not abolished in the British Empire until the passage of the
3981:
monopoly. Ricks concludes that the Queen's "connection to slave trade revenue meant that she was no longer a neutral observer. She had a vested interest in what happened on slave ships."
2139:
7702:(modern Feodosia) became one of the best-known and significant trading ports and slave markets. In 1769 the last major Tatar raid saw the capture of 20,000 Russian and Ruthenian slaves.
12566:
3322:, Nigeria. They broke into the school, pretending to be guards, telling the girls to get out and come with them. A large number of students were taken away in trucks, possibly into the
16320:
9465:
During the first half of the twentieth century, a major component of this approach was often simply racism, manifest in the belief that blacks were, at best, imitative of whites. Thus
8931:
and the Convention ratified this action by officially abolishing slavery in all French territories outside mainland France, freeing all the slaves both for moral and security reasons.
16652:
Whatever currency was in use , it was not coin—as in other pre-coin economies, there was a system of conventional valuations in which female slaves, for example, were important units.
16259:
16220:
13716:
Mark Edelman, "A Central American Genocide: Rubber, Slavery, Nationalism, and the Destruction of the Guatusos-Malekus," Comparative Studies in Society and History (1998), 40: 356–390.
12685:
14686:
Youval Rotman, "Byzantine Slavery and the Mediterranean World", transl. by Jane Marie Todd, Cambridge, Massachusetts – London, Harvard University Press 2009. Book presentation in a)
7645:
in 1818 discussed possible retaliation. In 1820 a British fleet under Admiral Sir Harry Neal bombarded Algiers. Corsair activity based in Algiers did not entirely cease until France
5579:, starting in the 8th century, also resulted in hundreds of thousands of Indians being enslaved by the invading armies, one of the earliest being the armies of the Umayyad commander
20000:
10363:
In Sumer, as in most ancient societies, the institution of slavery existed as an integral part of the social and economic structure. Sumer was not, however, a slavery based economy.
13791:
10234:
Smith, Eric Alden; Hill, Kim; Marlowe, Frank; Nolin, David; Wiessner, Polly; Gurven, Michael; Bowles, Samuel; Mulder, Monique Borgerhoff; Hertz, Tom; Bell, Adrian (February 2010).
8956:. The goal of re-establishing slavery explicitly contradicted the ideals of the French Revolution. The French soldiers were unable to cope with tropical diseases, and most died of
11308:
9067:. The 1688 Petition was the first American public document of its kind to protest slavery, and in addition was one of the first public documents to define universal human rights.
4729:
administration reneging on a promise to submit the constitution to a referendum—which would surely fail. Anti-slavery legislators took office under the banner of the newly formed
4179:. In Lower Canada, for example, after court decisions in the late 1790s, the "slave could not be compelled to serve longer than he would, and ... might leave his master at will."
3049:
Surviving the voyage was the main struggle. Close quarters meant everyone was infected by any diseases that spread, including the crew. Death was so common that ships were called
11542:
7726:(minister) Sefer Gazi Aga mentions in one of his letters, the slaves were often "a plough and a scythe" of their owners. Most terrible, perhaps, was the fate of those who became
16107:
14170:
4903:
4769:
2840:
grew increasingly rich during the 16th and 17th centuries on the trade of slaves with Europe; slaves from enemy states of the interior were sold, and carried to the Americas in
9251:(CES) to review the result and enforcement of the 1926 Slavery Convention, which resulted in a new international investigation under the first permanent slavery committee, the
8394:
Although there were numerous slave revolts in the Caribbean, the only successful uprising came in the French colony of Haiti in the 1790s, where the slaves rose up, killed the
22060:
20428:
8197:
As far as it is possible to tell, slavery seems to have increased in the early-19th century with increased numbers of prisoners being taken by Māori military leaders (such as
2927:"We think this trade must go on. That is the verdict of our oracle and the priests. They say that your country, however great, can never stop a trade ordained by God himself."
17975:
8804:
on 25 March 1807, coming into effect the following year. The act imposed a fine of £100 for every slave found aboard a British ship. The intention was to outlaw entirely the
3707:
19916:(1956), which rejected both the characterization of blacks as a biologically and culturally inferior, childlike people, and the depiction of the white planters as paternal
5199:
Slavery played a notable role in the economy of the Byzantine Empire. Many slaves were sourced from wars within the Mediterranean and Europe while others were sourced from
14576:
8012:
began to release political prisoners and close down the camps. By the end of the 1950s, virtually all "corrective labor camps" were reorganized, mostly into the system of
7698:
maintained a massive slave trade with the Ottoman Empire and the Middle East, exporting about 2 million slaves from Russia and Poland-Lithuania over the period 1500–1700.
6727:
and conquests in the 13th century also resulted in taking numerous captives into slavery. The Mongols enslaved skilled individuals, women and children and marched them to
16284:
12244:
11935:
Baepler, B. "White Slaves, African Masters 1st Edition." White Slaves, African Masters 1st Edition by Baepler. University of Chicago Press, n.d. Web. 7 January 2013. p. 5
3185:
in Togo and Benin, young virgin girls are given as slaves to traditional shrines and are used sexually by the priests in addition to providing free labor for the shrine.
12039:
8057:, literally, "children without family care"). After the reformation of the camps into the Gulag, the term "corrective labor colony" essentially encompassed labor camps.
7859:
After 1833, the freed African slaves declined employment in the cane fields. This led to the importation of indentured labour again – mainly from India, and also China.
2376:
estimated that there were 2,000,000 slaves in the early 1930s, out of an estimated population of between 8 and 16 million. It was finally abolished by order of emperor
10073:
5748:, many peasants were compelled to sell their women and children into slavery to meet the land revenue demand. Slavery was officially abolished in British India by the
1662:
8269:
Two Taranaki tribes, Ngati Tama and Ngati Mutunga, displaced by the Musket Wars, carried out a carefully planned invasion of the Chatham Islands, 800 km east of
7948:) to provide labor in the German war industry, repair bombed railroads and bridges or work on farms. By 1944, 20% of all workers were foreigners, either civilians or
7628:. On his first visit, Lord Exmouth negotiated satisfactory treaties and sailed for home. While he was negotiating, a number of Sardinian fishermen who had settled at
21221:
16969:
2391:
at the turn of the 20th century, approximately 2 million to 2.5 million people living there were enslaved. Slavery in northern Nigeria was finally outlawed in 1936.
1791:
populations, particularly as hereditary slavery, but the conditions of agriculture with increasing social and economic complexity offer greater opportunity for mass
18147:
18099:
18072:
12487:
7420:, which according to sources was established around 1670. Political unrest caused the Dutch to abandon their trading post at Ouidah in 1725, and they then moved to
5381:
that there were gangs trading white slaves during his term in Constantinople. He also reports that Armenian girls were sold as slaves during the Armenian Genocide.
22036:
8682:
8478:
7434:
7425:
6017:
for enslaving Yazidi women whom they consider to be from a heretical sect. IS claimed that the Yazidi are idol worshipers and their enslavement is part of the old
5966:
5741:, W.H. Moreland observed, "it became a fashion to raid a village or group of villages without any obvious justification, and carry off the inhabitants as slaves."
2800:
believed that the slave trade should be subject to Kongo law. When he suspected the Portuguese of receiving illegally slaves to sell, he wrote letters to the King
18689:
16422:
7683:
to enslave people whom they could capture; for each captive, the khan received a fixed share (savğa) of 10% or 20%. These campaigns by Crimean forces were either
3628:, who had been taken alive when his ship was captured in 1802; his memoir provides a detailed look at life as a slave, and asserts that a large number were held.
21256:
7413:
5222:
After the fall of the Byzantine empire thousands of Byzantine citizens were enslaved, with 30,000–50,000 citizens being enslaved by the Ottoman Empire after the
15530:
Andre Wink, Al-Hind: the Making of the Indo-Islamic World, vol. 1, Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam, Seventh to Eleventh Centuries (Leiden, 1990)
12600:
9274:
was formally abolished by law in almost the entire world, with the exception of the Arabian Peninsula and some parts of Africa. Chattel slavery was still legal
7691:("despoiling" – raids undertaken by groups of noblemen, sometimes illegally because they contravened treaties concluded by the khans with neighbouring rulers).
3412:
African migrants trying to get to Europe through Libya and selling them on slave markets. Slaves are often ransomed to their families and in the meantime until
2730:
crossing. They described their only pain in the heart, and placed the hand correctly on the spot, though many think the organ stands high up in the breast-bone.
9992:
9132:
8793:
1847:
from the 7th to the 20th century. Islamic law approved of enslavement of non-Muslims, and slaves were trafficked from non-Muslim lands: from the North via the
1526:
1057:
20869:
Wyman‐McCarthy, Matthew. "British abolitionism and global empire in the late 18th century: A historiographic overview." History Compass 16.10 (2018): e12480.
19126:
12513:
9381:
Human beings are born free, and no one has the right to enslave, humiliate, oppress or exploit them, and there can be no subjugation but to God the Most-High.
4693:, where the question of whether it would be admitted to the Union as a slave state or a free state had been left to the inhabitants. The radical abolitionist
22148:
9594:
9474:
6766:
sacked Moscow, burning the city and carrying off thousands of inhabitants as slaves. Between 1414 and 1423, some 10,000 eastern European slaves were sold in
6333:, raids and wars to the east generated a steady supply of slaves from the Slavic captives of these regions. Because of high demand for slaves in the wealthy
6292:
raided across Europe, but took the most slaves in raids on the British Isles and in Eastern Europe. While the Vikings kept some slaves as servants, known as
17996:
Garcia Anoveros, J.M. Carlos V y la abolicion de la exclavitud de los indios, Causas, evolucion y circunstancias. Revista de Indias, 2000, vol. LX, núm. 218
11267:
21048:
19379:
18514:
10061:
9352:
9318:
8737:
4626:
in the slave trade, and also banned the export of slaves from America to other countries. However, little effort was made to enforce this legislation. The
4287:
1411:
783:
520:
19690:
Miers, S. (2003). Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem. Storbritannien: AltaMira Press. p. 323-324
15085:
1820:(c. 1750 BC), which refers to it as an established institution. Slavery was widespread in the ancient world in Europe, Asia, the Middle East, and Africa.
20101:
18741:
10056:
9060:
8908:
8471:
7892:
7012:
into galley-slaves. Several well-known historical figures served time as galley slaves after being captured by the enemy—the Ottoman corsair and admiral
1147:
788:
17178:
14675:
11441:
9510:
Americans either as "children", ignorant dupes manipulated by unscrupulous whites, or as savages, their primal passions unleashed by the end of slavery.
6678:
From the 1440s into the 18th century, Europeans from Italy, Spain, Portugal, France, and England were sold into slavery by North Africans. In 1575, the
4041:
a free republic. Thus Haiti became the second independent nation in the Western Hemisphere, after the United States, as a result of the only successful
3839:
First, foreign trade of slaves was banned in 1850. Then, in 1871, the sons of the slaves were freed. In 1885, slaves aged over 60 years were freed. The
22604:
18766:
13419:
10592:
8515:
6136:
owned at least one slave. Most ancient writers considered slavery not only natural but necessary, but some isolated debate began to appear, notably in
5538:, Vietnam was a great source of slave girls who were used as sex slaves in China. The slave girls of Viet were even eroticized in Tang dynasty poetry.
4503:
3004:
During the period from the late 19th century and early 20th century, demand for the labour-intensive harvesting of rubber drove frontier expansion and
19699:
Miers, S. (2003). Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem. Storbritannien: AltaMira Press. p. 326
7832:. Thereafter Britain took a prominent role in combating the trade, and slavery itself was abolished in the British Empire (except for India) with the
5783:
average price for a young woman was 300 rupees, and the average price for a small child 25 rupees. The slaves, it was noted, were often half starved.
5371:, many indigenous Armenian, Assyrian and Greek Christian women and children were carried off as slaves by the Ottoman Turks and their Kurdish allies.
16448:
16404:
12350:
12058:
7285:
who gave a definite answer to this complicated and delicate matter. To that end, on 25 November 1542, the Emperor abolished slavery by decree in his
4647:
4420:
3601:
19491:
Girard, Philippe R. (2005). "Liberte, Egalite, Esclavage: French Revolutionary Ideals and the Failure of the Leclerc Expedition to Saint-Domingue".
4941:
took control of all the southern states, and blacks lost nearly all the political power they had achieved during Reconstruction. By 1900, they also
4087:
for all was legally granted ahead of schedule on 1 August 1838, making Trinidad the first British colony with slaves to completely abolish slavery.
3378:
claimed responsibility for the kidnappings emerged. Shekau claimed that "Allah instructed me to sell them...I will carry out his instructions" and "
21216:
18299:
17152:
15271:
13858:
12949:
10282:
Summary characteristics of hunter-gatherer societies in the Standard Cross-Cultural Sample (SCSS). Social stratification Hereditary slavery 24% .
7480:
6004:
4195:
in the British parliament. These measures resulted in a number of Black people (free and slaves) from the United States moving to Canada after the
3813:. At these attacks, the maroons would burn crops, steal livestock and tools, kill slavemasters, and invite other slaves to join their communities.
3525:
and debtors. People unable to pay back debts could be sentenced to work as slaves to the people owed until the debts were worked off, as a form of
480:
19097:
18672:, Virginia, two white men, Charles Quin and David White, were hanged for the murder of another white man's black slave; and on 21 April 1775, the
17373:
16529:
22558:
19266:
10618:
10384:
e.g. Prologue, "the shepherd of the oppressed and of the slaves" Code of Laws No. 307, "If any one buy from the son or the slave of another man".
4730:
4587:
decision in Scotland in 1778. Between 1764 and 1774, seventeen slaves appeared in Massachusetts courts to sue their owners for freedom. In 1766,
3386:." He said the girls should not have been in school and instead should have been married since girls as young as nine are suitable for marriage.
12829:
12774:
21246:
17453:
15554:
Andre Wink, Al-Hind: the Making of the Indo-Islamic World, vol. 2, The Slave Kings and the Islamic Conquest, 11th–13th centuries (Leiden, 1997)
14575:
Lenski, Noel (6 March 2021). "Slavery in the Byzantine Empire". In Perry, Craig; Eltis, David; Richardson, David; Engerman, Stanley L. (eds.).
11863:
9407:
estimates that there are 20.9 million victims of human trafficking globally, including 5.5 million children, of which 55% are women and girls.
9050:
5737:
chieftains. The later Bahmanis also enslaved civilian women and children in wars; many of them were converted to Islam in captivity. About the
3964:
like Virginia to make laws that promoted the importation of slaves. Anne had secretly negotiated with France to get its approval regarding the
2493:
The increased presence of European rivals along the East coast led Arab traders to concentrate on the overland slave caravan routes across the
835:
16884:
4148:) whereas the other third were of African descent. They were house servants and farm workers. The number of slaves of color increased during
2287:
in the 19th century about half of the population consisted of slaves. In the 19th century at least half the population was enslaved among the
19763:
19590:
18545:
16490:
14992:
14126:
9774:
9396:
9152:
7718:
Early modern sources are full of descriptions of sufferings of Christian slaves captured by the Crimean Tatars in the course of their raids:
5158:
practices of the Ancient Near East, and these practices were radically different at times, depending on social-political factors such as the
4942:
4796:
18635:
17667:
Niklas Thode Jensen, and Simonsen, Gunvor. "Introduction: The historiography of slavery in the Danish-Norwegian West Indies, c. 1950–2016."
16374:
16270:
15028:
13918:
4005:
to slaves and responsibilities to the master, who was obliged to feed, clothe and provide for the general well-being of his human property.
18196:
13108:
10959:"A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation: U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates, 1774–1875 Statutes at Large, 9th Congress, 2nd Session"
10108:
9981:
9218:
8550:
8446:
4241:
3879:
2236:) in the 17th century. In 1807 Britain (which already held a small coastal territory, intended for the resettlement of formerly slaves, in
1531:
1381:
20156:
Engerman, Stanley L. (1972). "The Slave Trade and British Capital Formation in the Eighteenth Century: A Comment on the Williams Thesis".
17642:
12263:
11062:
9359:. Article 4 of this international treaty bans slavery. The treaty came into force in March 1976 after it had been ratified by 35 nations.
6483:
remained a slave market until well into the late 18th century. One thousand slaves were required to man the galleys (ships) of the Order.
5882:
and did most of the heavy work. Between the 17th and the early 20th centuries one-quarter to one-third of the population of some areas of
21020:
13797:
11244:
5576:
3874:
862:
19814:
18409:
14764:
13082:
11312:
6035:
and claims "justification by a Hadith that they interpret as portraying the revival of slavery as a precursor to the end of the world".
4293:
3612:, were traditionally known as fierce warriors and slave-traders, raiding as far as California. Slavery was hereditary, the slaves being
3363:, with sightings reported of the students crossing borders with the militants, and sightings of the students by villagers living in the
2521:
in 1870. The trade of slaves represented the major source of revenue for the state of Bornu as late as 1898. The eastern regions of the
2421:
21226:
17831:
16055:
12851:
11746:
10531:
9374:
9313:
worked for the UN to continue the investigation of global slavery conducted by the ACE of the League, and in February 1950 the Ad hoc
8428:
8153:
7961:
7658:
5249:
4575:
began to follow England when, in 1772, England became the first country in the world to outlaw the slave trade within its borders (see
1608:
360:
19784:
17941:
17413:"Slave hunting and slave redemption as a business enterprise: The northern Black Sea region in the sixteenth to seventeenth centuries"
16787:
16118:
14270:
5162:. Two rough estimates by scholars of the number of slaves held over twelve centuries in Muslim lands are 11.5 million and 14 million.
22572:
21330:
21113:
19602:
12395:
9455:
of the 1950s. Attention shifted to the enslaved humans, the free blacks, and the struggles of the black community against adversity.
8403:
7262:
5914:
4777:
4513:
established a model in which a rigid social hierarchy placed slaves under the absolute authority of their master. With the rise of a
4236:
2399:, through the Red Sea, from the Indian Ocean ports and across the Atlantic. At least ten centuries of slavery for the benefit of the
810:
19373:
19219:
16813:
16135:
13376:
The Present State of the West-Indies: Containing an Accurate Description of What Parts Are Possessed by the Several Powers in Europe
8229:, although it did not end completely until government was effectively extended over the whole of the country with the defeat of the
3931:, began the widespread use of enslaved Africans by the end of the 17th century, as their economies converted from sugar production.
22553:
22327:
21041:
19345:
18006:
16241:
13031:
12971:
12215:
10686:
9711:
9252:
9226:
8853:
8727:
8640:
8141:. (They were not the only sacrifices; law-breakers of all castes or defeated political opponents were also acceptable as victims.)
7849:
6281:. As a commonly traded commodity, like cattle, slaves could become a form of internal or trans-border currency. Slavery during the
5492:. The Qin government confiscated the property and enslaved the families of those who received castration as a punishment for rape.
4722:
4094:
to do the same. France, too, abolished slavery. By then Saint-Domingue had already won its independence and formed the independent
3737:
and its major tributaries, repeated slaving raids and punitive attacks left their mark. One French traveler in the 1740s described
3217:
it is estimated that up to 600,000 men, women and children, or 20% of the population, are currently enslaved, many of them used as
1581:
1401:
574:
17305:
12535:
6503:
converted the household slaves into house serfs. Russian agricultural slaves were formally converted into serfs earlier, in 1679.
2951:
On top of the fear of disease, people were afraid of why they were being captured. The popular assumption was that Europeans were
2228:
in the export traffic, with its trafficking of slaves from Africa to the Americas. The Dutch imported slaves from Asia into their
20835:
16338:
15898:
Library of Congress, 1992, "Indonesia: World War II and the Struggle For Independence, 1942–50; The Japanese Occupation, 1942–45"
14528:
14081:
9607:
8432:
8279:
Some Māori took Moriori partners. The state of enslavement of Moriori lasted until the 1860s although it had been discouraged by
7363:
5982:
4675:
4340:
4167:
ended through case law; having died out in the early 19th century through judicial actions litigated on behalf of slaves seeking
4037:
switched sides, in October 1802. On 1 January 1804, Dessalines, the new leader under the dictatorial 1801 constitution, declared
2777:
and civil wars became commonplace. Crimes which were previously punishable by some other means became punishable by enslavement.
2224:
on the land, in industry, as couriers and intermediaries, even as traders". During the 16th century, Europe began to outpace the
1739:
15955:"Korean Nobi in American Mirror: Yi Dynasty Coerced Labor in Comparison to the Slavery in the Antebellum Southern United States"
4640:
22490:
22311:
22231:
17892:
10958:
10028:
9737:
9103:
Slaves in the United States who escaped ownership would often make their way to the Northern United States and Canada via the "
6318:. In the West, their target populations were primarily English, Irish, and Scottish, while in the East they were mainly Slavs (
6278:
5709:
later tried to stop). Wars, famines, pestilences drove many villagers to sell their children as slaves. The Muslim conquest of
5501:
5260:
4976:
4144:
4048:
1836:
845:
263:
17880:
17481:"The Crimean Tatars and their Russian-Captive Slaves: An Aspect of Muscovite-Crimean Relations in the 16th and 17th Centuries"
17226:
15245:
14152:
4339:
Historians are undecided if the legal practice of slavery began in the colony because at least some of them had the status of
1941:
remains an international problem. An estimated 25–40 million people were enslaved as of 2013, the majority of these in
22263:
22092:
19681:
Miers, S. (2003). Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem. Storbritannien: AltaMira Press. p. 216
19062:
17738:
17037:
16153:
14800:
14758:
14136:
13689:
13644:
13617:
13572:
13519:
13491:
11852:
Equiano, Olaudah. The Life of Olaudah Equiano or Gustavus Vassa: The African. Publisher Isaac Knapp. Boston. 1837. Chapter 2.
11474:
10993:
10942:
10638:
10416:
9998:
9356:
9259:
8530:
7503:
to buy back their citizens. The raids gradually ended with the naval decline of the Ottoman Empire in the late 16th and 17th
7277:, due to a shortage of labor caused by the spread of diseases, and so the Spanish colonists gradually became involved in the
5212:
4873:
By 1862 most northern leaders realized that the mainstay of Southern secession, slavery, had to be attacked head-on. All the
4636:
4510:
4131:
2581:
engaged in by Portuguese, American, Dutch, Danish-Norwegians, French, British and others. Ships having landed with slaves in
1911:
1423:
1100:
872:
20953:
American Negro Slavery: A Survey of the Supply, Employment and Control of Negro Labor as Determined by the plantation Regime
17372:
Inalcik, Halil (1979). "Servile Labor in the Ottoman Empire". In Ascher, Abraham; Halasi-Kun, Tibor; Király, Béla K (eds.).
16195:
11843:
Miller, Joseph. "West Central Africa." The Way of Death. University of Wisconsin. 1988. pp. 380–87, 389–91, 398–405, 440–41.
6786:
routinely made raids on Russian principalities for slaves and to plunder towns. Russian chronicles record about 40 raids by
6165:
city-states, about 30% of the population consisted of slaves, but paid and slave labor seem to have been equally important.
22108:
20875:
Zeuske, Michael. "Historiography and Research Problems of Slavery and the Slave Trade in a Global-Historical Perspective."
16694:
McCormick, Michael (1 November 2002). "New Light on the 'Dark Ages': How the Slave Trade Fuelled the Carolingian Economy".
12300:
11381:
Moore-Harell, Alice (1998). "Slave Trade in the Sudan in the Nineteenth Century and Its Suppression in the Years 1877–80".
11136:
9976:
9229:, and when the League of Nations was founded in 1920, a need was felt to revise and continue the struggle against slavery.
8949:
8765:
ruled that it was unlawful for a slave to be forcibly taken abroad. The case has since been misrepresented as finding that
7500:
7234:
4216:
2984:, with their male protectors being a "bycatch" who would have been killed if there had not been an export market for them.
2685:
Arab slave traders and their captives along the Ruvuma river (in today's Tanzania and Mozambique), 19th-century drawing by
1615:
1576:
1219:
17682:
16175:
14102:
11673:
5970:
21916:
21034:
18188:
Vink Markus, "'The World's Oldest Trade': Dutch Slavery and Slave Trade in the Indian Ocean in the Seventeenth Century,"
18151:
18103:
18076:
16339:"Ancient Prophecies Motivate Islamic State Militants: Battlefield Strategies Driven by 1,400-year-old Apocalyptic Ideas,"
12756:
12686:"Muslims Are Taking Countless Africans As Slaves, Starving Them To Death, Selling Them And Taking The Women To Rape Them"
9392:
9156:
8785:
8616:
8608:
8600:
8592:
7601:
4545:
2980:
and neighbouring areas half a century later. There has also been speculation that within Africa, females were most often
2819:. As one of West Africa's principal slave states, Dahomey became extremely unpopular with neighbouring peoples. Like the
2034:
1657:
1294:
954:
805:
601:
510:
21468:
17378:. Studies on society in change, no.3. Brooklyn, N.Y.: Brooklyn College Press, Distributed by Columbia University Press.
15371:
13390:
11641:
7140:
bull of 1455. These papal bulls came to serve as a justification for the subsequent era of the slave trade and European
6247:
in Anglesey, an iron gang chain dated to 100 BCE-50 CE was found, over 3 metres long with neck-rings for five captives.
3663:
3165:
within the offended family. In this instance, the woman does not gain the title or status of "wife". In parts of Ghana,
22447:
22319:
21550:
21083:
20788:
20691:
20465:
19941:
19896:
19869:
19720:
19636:
19316:
19165:
18998:
18656:
18601:
18340:
18275:
18045:
17867:
17839:
17692:
16797:
16747:
16678:
16638:
15919:
15686:
15642:
15486:
15452:
15415:
15381:
15322:
15143:
15109:
15002:
14912:
14413:
13842:
13354:
13292:
13225:
11920:
11802:
11194:
11045:
10914:
10515:
10177:
10068:
9063:
to their local Quaker Meeting. It was ignored for 150 years but in 1844 it was rediscovered and was popularized by the
8762:
8420:
7897:
7817:
7642:
5591:
rose to power following his master's death. For almost a century, his descendants ruled North-Central India in form of
4874:
4734:
4084:
4010:
3810:
1677:
1371:
1125:
20472:
Humanitarian Intervention and Changing Labor Relations: The Long-Term Consequences of the Abolition of the Slave Trade
20278:
16356:
8441:
6269:
The chaos of invasion and frequent warfare also resulted in victorious parties taking slaves throughout Europe in the
3739:
hundreds of miles of river banks with no sign of human life and once-thriving villages that were devastated and empty.
1977:
22548:
22508:
20906:
20709:
20673:
19550:
16989:
16981:
15255:
14676:
https://www.lse.ac.uk/Economic-History/Assets/Documents/Research/GEHN/GEHNConferences/conf10/Conf10-ClarenceSmith.pdf
14656:
14629:
14594:
14046:
13883:
13186:
12321:
11606:
11552:
10738:
10450:
10349:
10318:
10214:
10051:
10023:
9965:
9404:
9400:
9391:
Currently, the Anti-trafficking Coordination Team Initiative (ACT Team Initiative), a coordinated effort between the
9108:
9064:
9046:
8869:
7061:
as a free republic in 1804 ruled by blacks, the first of its kind. At the time of the revolution, Haiti was known as
5903:
4799:, which was dedicated to stopping the expansion of slavery. Republicans gained a majority in every northern state by
4413:
4149:
4095:
3296:
1499:
1376:
800:
569:
436:
19134:
17535:
15566:
Abu Nasr Muhammad al-Utbi, Tarikh al-Yamini (Delhi, 1847), tr. by James Reynolds, The Kitab-i-Yamini (London, 1858),
8035:
were officially called "Corrective labor camps." The term "labor colony"; more exactly, "Corrective labor colony", (
3557:, or extended family, would decide which family member to send to do the work. It is unclear if this labor draft or
2557:
annually and similar figures has been estimated for enslaved people brought from Asia to the Philippines during the
22645:
22596:
22367:
19672:
Miers, S. (2003). Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem. USA: AltaMira Press. 100-121
17928:
Escravos e Traficantes no Império Português: O comércio negreiro português no Atlântico durante os séculos XV a XIX
17253:
17182:
13899:
11815:
11772:
10375:
9901:
8801:
8535:
8324:
industry; this was about a third of the island's population and included much of the island's leadership, the last
7911:
7297:
6996:
lived and worked in such harsh conditions that many did not survive their terms of sentence, even if they survived
6930:
6718:
6277:, himself captured and sold as a slave, protested against an attack that enslaved newly baptized Christians in his
6038:
IS announced the revival of slavery as an institution. In 2015 the official slave prices set by IS were following:
5986:
5922:
5377:
4832:" would overwhelm the North and win support from Europe voted to secede from the U.S. (the Union). They formed the
4809:
4749:
4314:
4283:
3984:
By 1778, the French were importing approximately 13,000 Africans for enslavement yearly to the French West Indies.
3912:
3512:
3144:
1630:
840:
825:
771:
456:
446:
441:
270:
126:
19418:
18330:
17594:
8920:
8283:
in northern New Zealand from the late 1820s. In 1870 Ngati Mutunga, one of the invading tribes, argued before the
8276:
Some 300 Moriori men, women and children were massacred and the remaining 1,200 to 1,300 survivors were enslaved.
4321:) with the first recorded slaves from Africa to Virginia. The approximately 20 Africans were from the present-day
3440:
1346:
22538:
22100:
20804:
18430:"Slaves, Money Lenders, and Prisoner Guards:The Jews and the Trade in Slaves and Captives in the Crimean Khanate"
12608:
11271:
10118:
9248:
9222:
8849:
was abolished in 1928. A study found practices of domestic slavery still widespread in rural areas in the 1970s.
8661:
8555:
6144:
5779:
5330:
were taken from their homes and families, brought up as Muslims, and enlisted into the most famous branch of the
5186:
1625:
1396:
202:
18527:
13535:
11206:
22580:
21287:
21231:
20664:
20640:
Hershenzon, Daniel. "Towards a connected history of bondage in the Mediterranean: Recent trends in the field."
20635:
19984:
19577:
17383:
17356:
17288:
17113:
17063:
15061:
12121:
10820:
10799:
9891:
8624:
7676:
7247:
5807:
5722:, a large number of captives were taken. Muslim soldiers were permitted to retain and enslave POWs as plunder.
5341:
4817:
4607:
4452:
4438:
4423:
bans the enslavement or forced servitude of any white or negro for more than ten years or beyond the age of 24.
3916:
3541:
were prisoners of war or slaves. Slavery was not usually hereditary; children of slaves were born free. In the
3140:
2959:
accounts his experience about the sorrow slaves encountered at the ports. He talks about his first moment on a
2070:
1095:
1083:
663:
475:
121:
20098:
18247:
15663:
Henry M. Elliot and John Dowson, History of India as told by its own Historians, 8 vols (London, 1867–77), II,
13660:
8845:
Domestic slavery practised by the educated African coastal elites (as well as interior traditional rulers) in
7974:
as part of the reparations to be extracted. By 1947, it is estimated that 400,000 Germans (both civilians and
7034:
in 1792, to become fully effective by 1803. Slavery as an institution was not banned until 1848. At this time
4650:
in the Northern states. While the United Kingdom did not ban slavery throughout most of the empire, including
22428:
22255:
22160:
22044:
21911:
21746:
21323:
21103:
20997:
20628:
Christian Slaves, Muslim Masters: White Slavery in the Mediterranean, The Barbary Coast, and Italy, 1500–1800
18696:
16077:
14538:
14217:
12146:
11088:
10792:
Slavery Metaphors in Early Judaism and Pauline Christianity: A Traditio-historical and Exegetical Examination
9866:
9567:
9306:
9283:
9071:
8632:
7991:
7634:
7282:
7251:
6408:
6392:
5535:
5524:
5256:
5235:
4833:
4773:
4615:
4537:
3947:
3478:
3315:
3112:
3088:
2816:
1922:
their nations' involvement in it. Practical efforts to enforce the abolition of slavery included the British
1667:
1450:
311:
20578:
Nederlands Elmina: een socio-economische analyse van de Tweede Westindische Compagnie in West-Afrika in 1715
17105:
Christian Slaves, Muslim Masters: White Slavery in the Mediterranean, the Barbary Coast and Italy, 1500–1800
10596:
10344:. Women, Crime, and Punishment in Ancient Law and Society. Vol. 1. New York: A&C Black. p. 7.
9074:, the primary vehicle for returning black Americans to greater freedom in Africa, established the colony of
8453:
8194:, slaves – unless released, ransomed or eaten. With some exceptions, the child of a slave remained a slave.
7069:
gave up on Haiti in 1803, but reestablished slavery in Guadeloupe and Martinique in 1804, at the request of
22588:
22543:
22209:
21900:
21807:
21704:
21251:
21236:
21065:
16264:
16180:
15881:"Japan's Atrocities of Conscripting and Abusing North China Draftees after the Outbreak of the Pacific War"
13427:
10038:
9370:
9233:
9056:
8715:
8266:
left the Moriori unable to defend themselves when the islands were invaded by mainland Māori in the 1830s.
7098:
6538:("Not Angles, but Angels"), after a response to his query regarding the identity of a group of fair-haired
6512:
5733:
is noted to have captured 1,000 singing and dancing girls from Hindu temples after he battled the northern
5302:
4946:
4848:
4279:
4220:
4208:
3957:
3935:
3672:
3652:
3274:
3247:
declared that the Republic of Niger failed to protect Hadijatou Mani Koraou from slavery, and awarded Mani
3043:
2255:, between 1300 and 1900, close to one-third of the population was enslaved. In early Islamic states of the
1672:
1516:
1386:
1047:
815:
795:
355:
323:
21480:
19197:
15929:"Statistics of Democide: Chapter 3 – Statistics Of Japanese Democide Estimates, Calculations, And Sources"
15863:
14113:
12663:
12062:
9091:. These societies assisted in the movement of thousands of African Americans to Liberia, with ACS founder
8856:, founded in 1839 and having gone several name changes since, still exists as Anti-Slavery International.
7803:
in 1772 was generally taken at the time to have decided that the condition of slavery did not exist under
7646:
7214:- whose main activity was precisely the trafficking of slaves, mostly black Africans, to Brazilian lands.
7144:, although for a short period as in 1462 Pius II declared slavery to be "a great crime". Unlike Portugal,
6199:
came from all over Europe and the Mediterranean. Slaves were used for labor, and also for amusement (e.g.
5023:
slavery was common practice, dating back to the very earliest recorded civilisations in the world such as
4498:
tobacco industry was increasingly dominated by large planters. This caused domestic unrest culminating in
4317:, but flying a Dutch flag arrived at Point Comfort, Virginia (several miles downstream from the colony of
2940:("Luanda sickness," after the port in Angola). The assumption for those who died on the journey died from
42:
22635:
22612:
22513:
22359:
21715:
21292:
21073:
19736:
15346:
14858:
12281:
11989:
11252:
10878:
10078:
9896:
9624:
A Nation under Our Feet: Black Political Struggles in the Rural South from Slavery to the Great Migration
9574:
9440:
9416:
8732:
8222:
Christianity had become established in the north of New Zealand, and large numbers of slaves were freed.
7778:
7625:
7120:
exploration of the African coast is commonly regarded as the harbinger of European colonialism. In 1452,
6934:
6858:
6471:
attacked pirates and Muslim shipping, and their base became a centre for slave trading, selling captured
6426:
6311:
6081:
5468:
3589:
3508:
3136:
1960:
1732:
1682:
1406:
1324:
451:
232:
52:
20729:(Verso; 2011) 498 pp; on slavery and abolition in the Americas from the 16th to the late 19th centuries.
20192:
19103:
18793:
18307:
17156:
16535:
16302:
14408:
Hopkins, Keith (31 January 1981). Conquerors and Slaves. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 101.
14062:
13738:"Where the Landing of the First Africans in English North America Really Fits in the History of Slavery"
12788:
8152:
in 1819, and with it the distinction between the kauwā slave class and the makaʻāinana (commoners). The
5488:
slaves of the Qin dynasty state and as a result they were made to do forced labor, on projects like the
5215:. Exchanges of prisoners became a regular feature of the relations between the Byzantine Empire and the
3538:
2481:
Prior to the 16th century, the bulk of slaves exported from Africa were shipped from East Africa to the
22124:
21905:
21350:
21129:
21057:
20199:
Stanley L. Engerman (2012). "The Slave Trade and British Capital Formation in the Eighteenth Century".
17762:
17389:
15897:
14816:
14470:
12983:
12196:
11334:
9970:
9570:
9443:
9310:
9201:
8567:
7833:
7813:
7339:
7315:
7108:
7021:
6954:
6586:
6256:
6191:
expanded outward, it enslaved entire populations, thus ensuring an ample supply of laborers to work in
5174:
4966:
4792:
4679:
4659:
4572:
4478:
4474:
4427:
4191:
3683:
3084:
2373:
2186:
1927:
1591:
1443:
1428:
1319:
515:
185:
20142:
David Richardson, "The British Empire and the Atlantic Slave Trade, 1660–1807," in P.J. Marshall, ed.
18492:"Slave Trade in the Early Modern Crimea From the Perspective of Christian, Muslim, and Jewish Sources"
18011:
17480:
13588:
11169:
9025:
Slavery in the French colonies was finally abolished in 1848, three months after the beginning of the
8411:
diplomatic pressure slowly put an end to the trade, and eventually to the practice of slavery itself.
7198:. In the 15th century, one-third of the slaves were resold to the African market in exchange of gold.
2678:. The great majority were shipped to the Americas, but some also went to Europe and Southern Africa.
22421:
22084:
22052:
21817:
21282:
19815:"Which countries have the highest rates of modern slavery and most victims? - World | ReliefWeb"
19660:
The Parliamentary Debates from the Year 1803 to the Present Time, Published by s.n., 1816 Volume 32.
19440:
18177:
16577:
15880:
14854:
12474:
12381:
9849:
9128:
9100:, an enthusiastic supporter of Clay, adopted his position on returning the blacks to their own land.
9026:
7293:
7078:
6117:
6111:
5857:
5649:
5352:
4890:
4718:
4694:
3206:
3199:
2454:
2351:
and Cameroon was half-slave in the 19th century. It is estimated that up to 90% of the population of
2168:
1946:
1864:
1776:. Likewise, its victims have come from many different ethnicities and religious groups. The social,
1687:
1586:
1117:
1105:
695:
668:
173:
21595:
18369:
17457:
16718:
13817:
13763:
Vaughan, Alden T. (1989). "The Origins Debate: Slavery and Racism in Seventeenth-Century Virginia".
10661:
8047:), was also in use, most notably the ones for underaged (16 years or younger) convicts and captured
6597:
and Maltese corsairs both raided for slaves and purchased slaves from European merchants, often the
4556:
4211:
settling in Canada. During the mid-19th century, British North America served as a terminus for the
3733:
and native ancestry, penetrated steadily westward in their search for Indians to enslave. Along the
22132:
21777:
21316:
21009:
20374:
19184:
18673:
18522:
18394:
17909:
16888:
15681:
Andre Wink (1991), Al-Hind: the Making of the Indo-Islamic World, vol. 1, Brill Academic (Leiden),
15637:
Andre Wink (1991), Al-Hind: the Making of the Indo-Islamic World, vol. 1, Brill Academic (Leiden),
14687:
13636:
A Plea for Emigration; or Notes of Canada West: A Broadview Anthology of British Literature Edition
9953:
9844:
9531:
9020:
8944:
8832:
8777:, took place in Scotland five years later and ruled slavery to be contrary to the law of Scotland.
7400:
7335:
7309:
7254:
7031:
6453:
6360:
6014:
5799:
5749:
4949:
working as laborers, sharecroppers or tenant farmers; a small proportion owned their own land. The
4878:
4402:
4398:
3928:
3379:
3222:
3209:
people were taken into slavery; estimates of abductions range from 14,000 to 200,000. Abduction of
2577:, endured by slaves laid out in rows in the holds of ships, was only one element of the well-known
2522:
2471:
2450:
2176:
1872:
1467:
1336:
889:
678:
163:
64:
21572:
20602:
Verhulst, Adriaan. "The decline of slavery and the economic expansion of the Early Middle Ages."
19710:
19606:
18549:
17733:. Hideaki Suzuki, 鈴木英明. Singapore: NUS Press, National University of Singapore. 2016. p. 32.
16494:
12098:
11581:
11518:
7600:
In order to neutralise this objection and further the anti-slavery campaign, in 1816 Britain sent
7530:
Ireland, despite its northern position, was not immune from attacks by the corsairs. In June 1631
7030:
was the first European country to ban the slave trade. This happened with a decree issued by King
6546:, the law no longer supported chattel slavery and slaves became part of the larger body of serfs.
5313:, the Ottomans created administrators with intricate knowledge of government and fanatic loyalty.
5305:
himself owned by far the largest amount. By raising and specially training slaves as officials in
4343:. Alden T. Vaughn says most agree that both black slaves and indentured servants existed by 1640.
3968:
In 1712, she delivered a speech which included a public announcement of her success in taking the
2545:
European involvement in the East African trade of enslaved people began when Portugal established
2006:. Economic surpluses and high population densities were conditions that made mass slavery viable.
1963:
continues and generates an estimated $ 150 billion in annual profits. Populations in regions with
343:
22640:
22002:
21926:
21848:
21731:
21383:
21140:
20947:
20005:
19629:
The slumbering volcano: American slave ship revolts and the production of rebellious masculinity.
18225:
16382:
16342:
15025:
14336:
Sick from Freedom: African-American Illness and Suffering during the Civil War and Reconstruction
14038:
Tyrannicide: Forging an American Law of Slavery in Revolutionary South Carolina and Massachusetts
13913:
12719:
12700:
11880:
9275:
9237:
9188:
8720:
8705:
8145:
8013:
7672:
6567:
6342:
6192:
6174:
6027:
5264:
5208:
5008:
4686:
4635:(with slaves above a certain age legally transformed to indentured servants). Congress passed an
4623:
4153:
4127:
4030:
3401:
2757:
African states played a key role in the trade of slaves, and slavery was a common practice among
2415:
caravan route, and eleven to twenty million (depending on the author) across the Atlantic Ocean"
1652:
1391:
1341:
1269:
1042:
820:
764:
747:
178:
20933:
The Counter-Revolution of 1776: Slave Resistance and the Origins of the United States of America
19308:
19302:
18682:
reported that a white man William Pitman had been hanged for the murder of his own black slave.
18193:
17055:
Trade and Traders in Muslim Spain: The Commercial Realignment of the Iberian Peninsula, 900–1500
16630:
14904:
Venetians in Constantinople: Nation, Identity, and Coexistence in the Early Modern Mediterranean
14646:
13112:
10299:
The Cambridge World History: Volume 4: A World with States, Empires and Networks 1200 BCE–900 CE
10195:
The Cambridge World History: Volume 4: A World with States, Empires and Networks 1200 BCE–900 CE
5906:(ILO), during the early 21st century an estimated 800,000 people are subject to forced labor in
5015:
Slavery has existed all throughout Asia, and forms of slavery still exist today. In the ancient
4444:
1662: A Virginia statute declares that children born would have the same status as their mother.
2463:
Arab slave-trading caravan transporting African slaves across the Sahara, 19th-century engraving
22386:
22303:
21792:
21620:
21503:
21486:
21407:
21297:
21272:
21165:
20800:"Introduction: The historiography of slavery in the Danish-Norwegian West Indies, c. 1950-2016"
20475:
19016:
18798:
18669:
18399:
17646:
16260:"Judgment Day Justifies Sex Slavery Of Women – ISIS Out With Its 4th Edition Of Dabiq Magazine"
15054:
14619:
12855:
11066:
10045:
9698:
9689:
9666:
9333:
9124:
8992:
8865:
8690:
8582:
7905:
7543:
7459:
7074:
6977:
6706:
6667:. The sale of European slaves by Europeans slowly ended as the Slavic and Baltic ethnic groups
6558:
was the centre of the thriving European slave trade in young boys who were sold to the Islamic
6445:
6441:
6346:
5953:. Slaves could buy their freedom, but their children still inherited slave status. Slavery was
5592:
5345:
5223:
4863:
4821:
4738:
4714:
4702:
4632:
4521:
based on rice cultivation, a society of slaves was created that later became the model for the
4463:
3790:
3656:
3248:
3161:, a family may be punished for an offense by having to turn over a virgin female to serve as a
2872:
2871:
200th anniversary of the British act of parliament abolishing slave trading, commemorated on a
2630:
2252:
1725:
1694:
1199:
940:
852:
700:
424:
390:
385:
20985:
The Ashley Cooper Plan: The Founding of Carolina and the Origins of Southern Political Culture
20830:
Sugar Island Slavery in the Age of Enlightenment: The Political Economy of the Caribbean World
19931:
18684:
18172:
Rik Van Welie, "Slave Trading and Slavery in the Dutch Colonial Empire: A Global Comparison,"
17054:
16668:
15133:
13967:
The Ashley Cooper Plan: The Founding of Carolina and the Origins of Southern Political Culture
13679:
13607:
13562:
13282:
13215:
11724:
11464:
11241:
10983:
9534:. He stated the institution destroyed the will of the slave, creating an "emasculated, docile
9123:. Many more people who opposed slavery and worked for abolition were northern whites, such as
8230:
7582:
7172:, was the first slave market created in Portugal for the sale of imported African slaves, the
6590:
Ottoman advances resulted in many captive Christians being carried deep into Muslim territory.
5301:
century into the 19th. Many officials themselves owned a large number of slaves, although the
4674:
arguments to refuse federal jurisdiction over fugitives. Some juries exercised their right of
1835:
captured and enslaved each other during centuries of warfare in the Mediterranean and Europe.
22335:
22271:
21884:
21858:
21756:
21520:
21455:
21377:
19886:
18760:
18265:
17104:
16965:
16837:"A medical service for slaves in Malta during the rule of the Order of St. John of Jerusalem"
16765:"Ransoming Captives in Crusader Spain: The Order of Merced on the Christian-Islamic Frontier"
15476:
15405:
15312:
15294:
14902:
14829:
14790:
14748:
14551:
14493:
13634:
13481:
13344:
13086:
12333:
10103:
9839:
9741:
9724:
9703:
9554:
9452:
9084:
8996:
8916:
8820:
8774:
8213:) to grow large areas of potatoes for trade with visiting ships. Chiefs started an extensive
7782:
7680:
7491:
continued to trade in European slaves into the Modern time-period. Muslim pirates, primarily
6850:
6664:
6622:
6448:
resulted in the taking of large numbers of Christian slaves and using or selling them in the
6303:
6260:
5510:
5509:'s first acts was to set free from slavery agricultural workers who were enslaved during the
5372:
5194:
4788:
4651:
4583:
4426:
1654: Virginia sanctions "the right of Negros to own slaves of their own race" after African
4366:
4351:
4139:
4121:
4018:
3961:
3924:
3920:
3289:
3190:
2988:
2923:) allegedly became dissatisfied of the British intervention in stopping the trade of slaves:
2554:
2248:, and worked to extend the prohibition to other territory, as did the United States in 1808.
1950:
1923:
1860:
1561:
1416:
1329:
1314:
996:
984:
730:
715:
500:
275:
197:
168:
19859:
19661:
18820:
15779:(in Persian). Vol. III. Translated by Beni Prasad; Beveridge, H. Calcutta. p. 442.
14618:
Kazhdan, Aleksandr Petrovich; Epstein, Ann Wharton; Wharton, Annabel Jane (1 January 1985).
13832:
11750:
10539:
9317:
of the United Nations was inaugurated, which ultimately resulted in the introduction of the
8840:
Society for the Mitigation and Gradual Abolition of Slavery Throughout the British Dominions
6086:
5173:
of a slave was encouraged as a way of expiating sins. Many early converts to Islam, such as
4748:
and one crossed into a free territory. It also asserted that African Americans could not be
1898:
and violence. They mostly purchased imprisoned Africans (and exported commodities including
22533:
22523:
22185:
22076:
21969:
21771:
21241:
21098:
20655:
19792:
18930:
17949:
14274:
12200:
10472:"Migrants in Chains: On the Enslavement of Muslims in Renaissance and Enlightenment Europe"
10113:
10098:
9824:
9809:
9706:. Britain enjoyed prosperity because of the capital gained from the unpaid work of slaves.
9314:
9104:
9080:
8927:
declared general emancipation to reconcile them with France. In Paris, on 4 February 1794,
8805:
8797:
8562:
8436:
8287:
in New Zealand that their gross mistreatment of the Moriori was standard Māori practice or
8165:
7863:
7837:
7829:
7766:
7744:
7605:
7576:
7278:
7132:
7054:
6610:
6571:
6413:
6022:
5978:
5918:
5865:
5730:
5506:
5394:
5389:
4972:
4911:
4837:
4667:
4499:
4470:
4459:
4448:
4394:
to lifetime slavery, marking the earliest legal sanctioning of slavery in English colonies.
4212:
4022:
4006:
3816:
3750:
3715:
3676:
3526:
3518:
3383:
3348:
3025:
2884:
2740:
2634:
2605:
2335:(1396–1893). Between 1750 and 1900 from one- to two-thirds of the entire population of the
2245:
2180:
2003:
1997:
1891:
1765:
1699:
1603:
1566:
1494:
1438:
1307:
1264:
1078:
1008:
683:
463:
365:
249:
156:
21017:, summaries, lesson plans, documents and illustrations for schools; focus on United States
20375:"Ending the history of silence: reconstructing European slave trading in the Indian Ocean"
17204:
14297:
Free soil, free labor, free men: The ideology of the Republican party before the Civil War
14229:
13737:
13706:
Red Rubber, Bleeding Trees: Violence, Slavery, and Empire in Northwest Amazonia, 1850–1933
11967:
10564:
9530:
compared the effects of United States slavery to that resulting from the brutality of the
8911:
of August 1789 and alarmed as the massive slave revolt of August 1791 that had become the
7484:
Burning of a Village in Africa, and Capture of its Inhabitants (p. 12, February 1859, XVI)
7112:, c. 1525–1530. The insignia on his hat alludes to possible Spanish or Portuguese origins.
7042:
but slave trading had been abolished in Iceland in 1117 and had never been reestablished.
5279:
was a central part of the Ottoman slave system throughout the history of the institution.
4536:
took place during the 17th and 18th centuries: Gloucester County, Virginia Revolt (1663);
4142:
between 1671 and 1831. Two-thirds of these were of indigenous ancestry (typically called
3711:
2815:
into transatlantic slavery, who otherwise may have been killed in a ceremony known as the
8:
22528:
22140:
21931:
21838:
21720:
21679:
21674:
21567:
21198:
21145:
21108:
20508:
20367:, Edited by David Eltis, Stanley L. Engerman, Seymour Drescher and David Richardson, 2017
18913:
16324:
16224:
16139:
13900:"Records of the County Court of Northampton, Virginia, Orders Deeds and Wills, 1651–1654"
13793:
Out of the Land of Bondage": The English Revolution and the Atlantic Origins of Abolition
13057:
12572:
11912:
White Gold: The Extraordinary Story of Thomas Pellow and Islam's One Million White Slaves
11899:. 1st Harvard University Press pbk. ed. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2008.
10033:
9871:
9829:
9683:
9546:
9535:
9291:
9263:
8875:
8781:
8753:
8095:
7867:
7821:
7800:
7706:
7666:
7662:
7475:
7399:
king of Allada and the peoples on the coastal regions, impeded the supply of slaves. The
7183:
7178:, which opened in 1444. In 1441, the first slaves were brought to Portugal from northern
7174:
7168:
of the 14th century which decimated much of the European workforce. The maritime town of
7090:
7017:
6938:
6802:
6787:
6614:
6522:
6468:
6364:
6315:
6094:
6032:
5869:
5441:
5267:
was banned in the early 19th century, although slaves from other groups were allowed. In
5239:
4843:
4744:
of 1857 asserted that one could take one's property anywhere, even if one's property was
4611:
4603:
4518:
4318:
4196:
4185:
4135:
3988:
3908:
3849:
3832:
3786:
3336:
3063:
2828:
2744:
2710:
2654:
2446:
2412:
2403:(from the ninth to the nineteenth)." He continues: "Four million slaves exported via the
2369:
2172:
1868:
1856:
1852:
1187:
1167:
1052:
1037:
906:
877:
867:
757:
705:
673:
470:
328:
296:
291:
244:
101:
20951:
19349:
19014:
Vayda, Andrew P. (Spring 1961). "Maori Prisoners and Slaves in the Nineteenth Century".
18459:
18213:
18016:
17510:
16910:
15994:
14841:
14695:
13148:
The Abolition of the Brazilian Slave Trade: Britain, Brazil and the Slave Trade Question
13035:
12987:
12924:
12226:
11575:
11512:
11009:
10849:
10694:
9673:, in the United States, the profession of sociology has neglected the study of slavery.
9034:
8924:
6601:, one of the few groups who could easily move between the Christian and Islamic worlds.
6375:
sent periodic raiding expeditions to loot the Iberian Christian kingdoms, bringing back
4945:– they had become second class citizens. The great majority lived in the rural South in
4034:
3581:
3456:, bankers and trading companies had to pay the Spanish king for the license, called the
3173:, shrine slavery persists, despite being illegal in Ghana since 1998. In this system of
22482:
21761:
21532:
21431:
21182:
21150:
21088:
20864:
20826:
20597:
The victory of reason: How Christianity led to freedom, capitalism, and Western success
20544:
20259:
20224:
20216:
20181:
20173:
20037:
20020:
Patterson, Orlando (2019). "The Denial of Slavery in Contemporary American Sociology".
19508:
19033:
18850:
18833:
MacKenzie, S.P. (September 1994). "The Treatment of Prisoners of War in World War II".
18733:
18357:
17756:
17428:
17375:
The mutual effects of the Islamic and Judeo-Christian worlds: The East European pattern
17313:
16973:
16861:
16836:
16623:
16474:
16038:
16020:
15615:
15590:
15438:
15265:
14973:
14947:
14866:
14600:
14017:
14009:
13805:
13772:
13325:
13191:
11398:
11195:
Slow Death for Slavery: The Course of Abolition in Northern Nigeria, 1897–1936 (review)
10341:
Women, Crime and Punishment in Ancient Law and Society: Volume 1: The Ancient Near East
10268:
10235:
9498:
9486:
9466:
9435:
9176:
9172:
9160:
9120:
9088:
8961:
8928:
8912:
8813:
8674:
8669:
8540:
8424:
8407:
8388:
8226:
7871:
7825:
7687:("sojourns" – officially declared military operations led by the khans themselves), or
7555:
7066:
7050:
6854:
6767:
6751:
6691:
6618:
6354:
6326:
6307:
6264:
6137:
5596:
5580:
5190:
5159:
4938:
4915:
4781:
4765:
4577:
4514:
4409:
4391:
4387:
4266:. In Central America, rubber tappers participated in the enslavement of the indigenous
4091:
3802:
3798:
3496:
3100:
3075:
3071:
3067:
2973:
2758:
2601:
were eliminated in the cold Atlantic waters, and at each unloading, a profit was made.
2478:
in the 19th century, with as many as 50,000 slaves passing through the city each year.
1848:
1800:
1433:
1279:
1254:
1244:
1209:
1204:
1172:
1137:
1130:
1071:
1064:
921:
740:
735:
725:
495:
348:
306:
301:
254:
222:
212:
22008:
21413:
16423:"Isis slave markets sell girls for 'as little as a pack of cigarettes', UN envoy says"
15802:
15072:
A Sharma (September 2005), Journal American Acad Religion, vol 73, issue 3, pp. 843–70
14196:
10532:"Inaugural Global Slavery Index Reveals more Than 29 Million people Living In Slavery"
9723:
was not central to abolition. Richardson (1998) finds Williams's claims regarding the
9336:
finally prohibited the owning of slaves in Saudi Arabia, followed by the abolition of
5416:
Scholars differ as to whether or not slaves and the institution of slavery existed in
5007:
that records the purchase of a 15-year-old slave for six bolts of plain silk and five
4481:) is founded mainly by planters from the overpopulated British sugar island colony of
2932:
Disease engulfed many, and insufficient food damaged those who made it to the coasts.
370:
316:
22394:
21980:
21864:
21577:
21093:
20970:
Slavery in the United States: A Social, Political, and Historical Encyclopedia vol. 2
20902:
20895:
20784:
20732:
20705:
20697:
20687:
20669:
20659:
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20590:
20461:
20409:
20394:
20228:
20185:
20041:
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19892:
19865:
19716:
19632:
19573:
19546:
19512:
19312:
19161:
19058:
18994:
18854:
18737:
18652:
18515:"The Sultan's Raiders: The Military Role of the Crimean Tatars in the Ottoman Empire"
18336:
18271:
18041:
17863:
17835:
17744:
17734:
17688:
17420:
17379:
17352:
17284:
17109:
17059:
17033:
17026:
Stevenson, Walter (2002). "Eunuchs and early Christianity". In Tougher, Shaun (ed.).
17008:
16985:
16977:
16866:
16793:
16743:
16674:
16634:
16071:
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15682:
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15482:
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14042:
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13952:
13879:
13838:
13685:
13640:
13613:
13568:
13515:
13487:
13350:
13308:
Sheridan, Richard B. (1972). "Africa and the Caribbean in the Atlantic slave trade".
13288:
13221:
11916:
11910:
11798:
11699:
11548:
11470:
11041:
10989:
10938:
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10708:
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10446:
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10345:
10314:
10273:
10255:
10210:
10173:
9886:
9859:
9854:
9670:
9523:
9439:
Wes Brady, ex-slave, Marshall, Texas, 1937. This photograph was taken as part of the
9241:
9214:
9180:
8545:
8284:
8103:
8009:
8008:
to run the camps. In 1954, a year after Stalin's death, the new Soviet government of
7770:
7621:
7547:
7450:
7442:
7438:
7117:
7094:
6922:
6846:
6818:
6783:
6755:
6740:
6702:
6563:
6495:, slavery was formally abolished in 1588; the institution was replaced by the second
6282:
6270:
6220:
5861:
5584:
5360:
5356:
5216:
5200:
4804:
4354:, perhaps as little as 5% of the total. The vast majority of slaves were sent to the
4305:
4115:
3974:
3952:
3782:
3762:
3730:
3703:
3648:
3637:
3617:
3492:
3483:
3457:
3270:
2952:
2797:
2793:
2780:
2698:
2686:
2666:
2650:
2642:
2482:
2442:
2229:
2164:
2082:
1938:
1895:
1824:
1816:
1521:
1239:
1234:
1177:
1162:
1142:
964:
959:
894:
857:
690:
656:
485:
338:
227:
106:
20129:
J.R. Ward, "The British West Indies in the Age of Abolition," in P.J. Marshall, ed.
18891:
16321:"Thousands of Yazidi women sold as sex slaves 'for theological reasons', says Isil,"
15972:
15824:
13953:"America's First Anti-Slavery Statute Was Passed in 1652. Here's Why It Was Ignored"
12789:"West African migrants are kidnapped and sold in Libyan slave markets / Boing Boing"
12308:
11490:
11114:
10730:
The Debate Over Slavery: Antislavery and Proslavery Liberalism in Antebellum America
6871:
raiders often captured and enslaved militarily weaker peoples they encountered. The
6396:
2525:
have never recovered demographically from the impact of 19th-century raids from the
22193:
21948:
21639:
21474:
21211:
21160:
21004:
20813:
20389:
20251:
20208:
20165:
20029:
19598:
19500:
19384:
19025:
18842:
18725:
18678:
18441:
17230:
16856:
16848:
16699:
15610:
15602:
15314:
The Early Jews and Muslims of England and Wales: A Genetic and Genealogical History
14582:
14063:"Founders Online: Adams' Minutes of the Argument: Essex Superior Court, Salem, N …"
14001:
13317:
13254:
13250:
12633:
12171:
11390:
10483:
10404:
10306:
10263:
10247:
10202:
10083:
10004:
9732:
9715:
9631:
9627:
9578:
9563:
9501:
history, which dominated in the early 20th century. Writing in 2005, the historian
9341:
9337:
9279:
9192:
9184:
8842:(later London Anti-slavery Society ), was founded in 1823, and existed until 1838.
8311:, who suffered a series of slave raids from 1805 or earlier, culminating in a near
8280:
8234:
8187:
8036:
7967:
7949:
7936:(Labor Camps) for different categories of inmates. The largest number of them held
7617:
7488:
7409:
7226:
7202:
7137:
6949:
6872:
6779:
6747:
6724:
6672:
6464:
6449:
6350:
6244:
6121:
6009:
5930:
5929:
states conducted slave raids from the 1600s into the 1800s in coastal areas of the
5845:
5823:
5811:
5792:
5637:
5417:
5411:
5289:
5104:
5064:
4922:
4690:
4026:
3943:
3845:
3687:
3613:
3569:
3522:
3405:
3395:
3285:
3240:
3174:
3079:
3013:
2981:
2789:
2626:
2578:
2546:
2502:
2428:
2388:
2384:
2304:
1976:. Thirty-eight percent live in forced marriages. Other types of modern slavery are
1954:
1711:
1289:
1284:
1274:
1249:
1214:
1182:
1152:
1025:
1013:
991:
969:
916:
752:
720:
22:
20818:
20799:
19565:
19403:
17005:
Mélanges Félix Rousseau, Études sur l'histoire du pays mosan au moyen age, 673-686
13483:
Race and Ethnicity in America: From Pre-contact to the Present [4 volumes]
9493:
The racist attitude concerning slaves carried over into the historiography of the
9149:
Declaration of the Powers, on the Abolition of the Slave Trade, of 8 February 1815
6941:. The thrall system was finally abolished in the mid-14th century in Scandinavia.
6574:, as one example in the 10th century, presented a gift of four eunuchs to Emperor
5622:. The Abbasid governors raided Punjab, where many prisoners and slaves were taken.
5452:
The Indians do not even use aliens as slaves, much less a countryman of their own.
4752:. Outraged critics across the North denounced these episodes as the latest of the
4666:. Refugees from slavery fled the South across the Ohio River to the North via the
22564:
22518:
22343:
22295:
22279:
22247:
22116:
21959:
21895:
21827:
21710:
21669:
21626:
21526:
21425:
21339:
21277:
21078:
21014:
20916:
20774:
20353:, Edited by Craig Perry, David Eltis, Stanley L. Engerman, David Richardson, 2021
20105:
19540:
19052:
18988:
18487:
18425:
18200:
17075:
17027:
16737:
16614:
16221:"Isil carried out massacres and mass sexual enslavement of Yazidis, UN confirms,"
15954:
15928:
15442:
15217:
15192:
15167:
15099:
15036:
15032:
14438:
14244:
14220:
By Randall M. Miller, John David Smith. Greenwood Publishing Group, 1997. p. 471.
14036:
13922:
12877:
12807:
12737:
12448:
12422:
11875:
11248:
11035:
10906:
10900:
10896:
10728:
10443:
A History of Indigenous Slavery in Ghana : from the 15th to the 19th century
10408:
10339:
10310:
10206:
10093:
9799:
9586:
9542:
9345:
9287:
9271:
9196:
9116:
9097:
8886:)., but the institution was never officially authorized there. The legal case of
8789:
8695:
8587:
8577:
8572:
8320:
slave raiders took between 1,400 and 2,000 islanders back to Peru to work in the
8250:
8131:
8078:
In the first half of the 19th century, small-scale slave raids took place across
8054:
7975:
7870:. He was not, however, as some have claimed, the first white person to have been
7695:
7613:
7609:
7567:
7563:
7559:
7512:
7463:
7169:
7121:
7046:
7009:
6981:
6798:
6594:
6575:
6543:
6500:
6388:
5770:
5734:
5698:
5657:
5489:
5132:
5036:
4930:
4894:
4855:
4813:
4800:
4745:
4698:
4541:
4533:
4377:
4359:
4200:
4157:
4053:
4042:
3904:
3794:
3778:
3765:
along military lines to fight the slavers. In the mid-to-late 19th century, many
3695:
3621:
3488:
3470:
3453:
3375:
3229:
3009:
2992:
2956:
2812:
2658:
2638:
2220:
2204:
2078:
2066:
2018:
1981:
1931:
1915:
1792:
1788:
1620:
1511:
1506:
1259:
1229:
1224:
947:
911:
710:
628:
333:
79:
19466:
19198:"Moriori – The impact of new arrivals – Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand"
19080:
Moriori and Maori: The Linguistic Evidence. In Sutton, Douglas G. (Ed.) (1994),
17879:
Thomas Foster Earle, K.J.P. Lowe "Black Africans in Renaissance Europe" p. 157
16992:
14425:"Cyrus Charter of Human Rights". www.persepolis.nu. MANI. Retrieved 21 July 2015
14103:
Thursday Open Thread: Little Known Slave Court Cases NOVEMBER 9, 2017 BY MIRANDA
12084:
12011:
11631:
Graeber, David. 2012. Debt: The First 5,000 Years. Brooklyn, NY: Melville House.
11143:
10935:
Opposing the Slavers. The Royal Navy's Campaign against the Atlantic Slave Trade
10753:
slaves is very widespread indeed, and every society seems to be a slave society.
9959:
International Year to Commemorate the Struggle Against Slavery and Its Abolition
8182:) a separate entity equivalent to a nation. In the traditional Māori society of
8173:
7773:
and Canada (acquired by Britain in 1763). The profits of the slave trade and of
7579:
than stopping the enslavement of Europeans and Americans by the Barbary States.
7527:. During this time there were reports of captured slaves being sent to Algiers.
7507:, as well as the European conquest of North Africa throughout the 19th century.
7416:
was sent in 1703 as "opperkommies" (head merchant) to the Dutch trading post at
7103:
3568:
Other slave-owning societies and tribes of the New World were, for example, the
1914:. The merchants were sources of desired goods including guns, gunpowder, copper
21974:
21954:
21941:
21879:
21843:
21766:
21684:
21601:
21538:
21401:
21395:
20283:
20033:
19388:
16618:
15606:
14527:
The Qur'an with Annotated Interpretation in Modern English By Ali Ünal p. 1323
14005:
11677:
9915:
9814:
9619:
9602:
9516:
9494:
9478:
9298:
9112:
8896:
8828:
8770:
8710:
8525:
8520:
8510:
8254:
8218:
8118:
7808:
7789:
7539:
7496:
7327:
7230:
7062:
7039:
7027:
6906:
6825:
6806:
6679:
6656:
6644:
6539:
6531:
6476:
6472:
6188:
6125:
5719:
5683:
5588:
5364:
5276:
5268:
4954:
4726:
4568:
4076:
3900:
3840:
3746:
3668:
3625:
3609:
3597:
3562:
3474:
3461:
3364:
3352:
3344:
3327:
3236:
and sold into slavery as agricultural labor, domestic servants and sex slaves.
3162:
3124:
3116:
2880:
2849:
2820:
2675:
2566:
2534:
2514:
2377:
2356:
2316:
2272:
2122:
2038:
1985:
1973:
1964:
1704:
1598:
490:
131:
89:
18869:
18729:
17748:
16852:
14586:
13834:
Slavery in the United States: A Social, Political, and Historical Encyclopedia
12723:
12704:
11394:
9669:
studied the history of slavery and recent views on it. According to historian
5701:
obtained thousands of slaves and eunuch servants from the villages of Eastern
2585:
ports would take on sugar, indigo, raw cotton, and later coffee, and make for
22629:
21985:
21964:
21936:
21874:
21833:
21822:
21782:
21741:
21736:
21699:
21645:
21449:
21419:
21026:
20962:
Eighty-eight years: the long death of slavery in the United States, 1777–1865
20306:
18780:
18445:
18404:
17777:
17684:
The Historical encyclopedia of world slavery, Volume 1 By Junius P. Rodriguez
17536:"Arctic Studies Center | Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History"
17424:
15849:
13394:
13374:
11648:
11037:
Slow Death for Slavery: The Course of Abolition in Northern Nigeria 1897–1936
10259:
9876:
9794:
9779:
9770:
9745:
9720:
9693:
9458:
9329:
9030:
8367:
8304:
8049:
7937:
7853:
7734:(songs). ... Both female and male slaves were often used for sexual purposes.
7454:
7367:
7145:
7005:
6993:
6969:
6824:
Moscow was repeatedly a target. In 1521, the combined forces of Crimean Khan
6683:
6668:
6457:
6216:
6196:
6162:
6140:. The Stoics produced the first condemnation of slavery recorded in history.
6077:
5992:
5775:
5738:
5662:
5604:
5322:, a sort of "blood tax" or "child collection", young Christian boys from the
5306:
5032:
4867:
4859:
4671:
4592:
4560:
4267:
4232:
4068:
3593:
3577:
3533:, because raids on surrounding areas provided the victims required for human
3466:
3278:
3005:
2892:
2618:
2558:
2538:
2408:
2320:
2308:
2268:
2256:
2194:
2190:
2042:
2014:
2010:
1930:, the abolition of slavery in the Americas, and the widespread imposition of
1780:, and legal positions of slaves have differed vastly in different systems of
1769:
1761:
1642:
1571:
1018:
1001:
776:
606:
596:
380:
30:
20576:
20242:
Pares, Richard (1937). "The Economic Factors in the History of the Empire".
19267:
Inventory of the Archives of the Registrar and Guardian of Slaves, 1717–1848
18413:. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 383–384.
17012:
16703:
14362:
The Freedmen's Bureau: Reconstructing the American South after the Civil War
13217:
Sugar and Slavery: An Economic History of the British West Indies, 1623–1775
12245:"Children as young as seven mining cobalt used in smartphones, says Amnesty"
11359:
10902:
Civilization and Capitalism, 15th-18th Century: The perspective of the world
9461:
described the state of historiography in the early 20th century as follows:
7164:
were some well-known markets, their importance and demand growing after the
4756:(the politically organized slave owners) taking more control of the nation.
22463:
22455:
21797:
21751:
21725:
21664:
21544:
21118:
20928:
20890:
20740:
20144:
The Oxford History of the British Empire: Volume II: The Eighteenth Century
20131:
The Oxford History of the British Empire: Volume II: The Eighteenth Century
20093:
Seymour Drescher, "Eric Williams: British Capitalism and British Slavery."
18579:
Rhodes, Nick (2003). William Cowper: Selected Poems. p. 84. Routledge, 2003
17728:
17553:
Skyum-Nielsen, Niels (1978). "Nordic Slavery in an International Context".
16288:
16022:
Sikhim & Bhutan: Twenty-one Years on the North-east Frontier, 1887-1908
15624:
14153:"The Proceedings of the Cambridge Historical Society, Volume 40, 1964-1966"
12514:"What role for US in efforts to rescue Nigeria's kidnapped girls? (+video)"
12400:
12355:
12337:
11444:. .norgeshistorie.no (published by the University of Oslo). 17 October 2002
11428:
10643:
10277:
9947:
9834:
9789:
9766:
9647:
9302:
9267:
9206:
8957:
8887:
8846:
8700:
8505:
8349:
8336:, the last 15 survivors were returned to the island, but brought with them
8270:
8259:
8202:
8091:
8073:
8032:
7997:
7971:
7932:
7927:
7924:
7845:
7616:, including a pledge to treat Christian captives in any future conflict as
7588:
7531:
7516:
7446:
7359:
7319:
7238:
7165:
7150:
7128:
6902:
6898:
6794:
6759:
6732:
6518:
6425:
slave. Entitled, "Vornehmer Kaufmann mit seinem cirkassischen Sklaven" by
6207:). In the late Republic, the widespread use of recently enslaved groups on
6065:
6000:
5974:
5954:
5875:
5753:
5610:
Andre Wink summarizes the slavery in 8th and 9th century India as follows,
5542:
5385:
5211:
many prisoners of war were ransomed into slavery while others took part in
5004:
4950:
4180:
4172:
4002:
3823:
3742:
3734:
3726:
3643:
3605:
3585:
3530:
3308:
3259:
3244:
3218:
3210:
2941:
2837:
2574:
2510:
2400:
2344:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2288:
2284:
2260:
2241:
2146:
2098:
2074:
2046:
1969:
1919:
1879:
1812:
1647:
1484:
1460:
1366:
1359:
1090:
618:
591:
554:
532:
419:
136:
116:
94:
84:
74:
69:
59:
21005:
Teaching resources about Slavery and Abolition on blackhistory4schools.com
19504:
18614:
17832:
A Long and Uncertain Journey: The 27,000 Mile Voyage of Vasco Da Gama
16870:
16242:"Islamic State Seeks to Justify Enslaving Yazidi Women and Girls in Iraq,"
14750:
The Shade of Swords: Jihad and the Conflict Between Islam and Christianity
13241:
Waddel, David A.G. (1960). "Queen Anne's Government and the Slave Trade".
12902:
12384:
The Times, (may need a subscription to view online), Retrieved 10 May 2014
11610:
9638:
was more prevalent in some areas than others (e.g. southern than northern
8987:
Napoleon decreed the abolition of the slave trade upon his returning from
8463:
8094:
trades, with examples from both the westerly and easterly extremes of the
6953:
One of the four chained slaves depicted at the bottom of the 17th-century
5284:
4485:, who brought relatively large numbers of African slaves from that island.
3861:
3722:
1839:
encompassed mainly Western and Central Asia, Northern and Eastern Africa,
899:
22177:
21921:
21869:
21689:
21632:
21437:
21389:
20482:
The Slave in European Art: From Renaissance Trophy to Abolitionist Emblem
18668:
Records indicate at least two earlier incidents. On 23 November 1739, in
15097:
14082:"Jenny Slew: The first enslaved person to win her freedom via jury trial"
13564:
Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience
13449:
11219:
10864:"Demography, Geography and the Sources of Roman Slaves," by W.V. Harris:
10508:
The slave trade : the history of the Atlantic slave trade, 1440-1870
10088:
9658:
9651:
9615:
9366:
8973:
8645:
8362:
8246:
8206:
8083:
7804:
7774:
7758:
7620:
rather than slaves. He imposed peace between Algiers and the kingdoms of
7594:
7429:
7141:
7049:
was abolished on 4 February 1794, including in its colonies. The lengthy
7013:
6628:
6422:
6330:
6274:
6235:
Various tribes of Europe are recorded by Roman sources as owning slaves.
6184:
5934:
5833:
5803:
5517:
5475:
5432:
5420:. These English words have no direct, universally accepted equivalent in
5368:
5297:
5170:
5108:
5084:
4986:
4926:
4829:
4795:
split and collapsed on the slavery issue, to be replaced in the North by
4753:
4663:
4655:
4522:
4255:
4204:
4176:
4171:. The courts, to varying degrees, rendered slavery unenforceable in both
4168:
4164:
3856:
3699:
3547:
3542:
3409:
3340:
3304:
3120:
2912:
2841:
2694:
2622:
2530:
2324:
2300:
2296:
2283:
which had third of its population being enslaved in the 17th century. In
2276:
2264:
2130:
1907:
1808:
1796:
1773:
1489:
1477:
830:
633:
623:
581:
395:
20684:
As If Silent and Absent: Bonds of Enslavement in the Islamic Middle East
20056:
The anti-slavery movement in England: a study in English humanitarianism
19974:
Robert E. Wright, Fubarnomics (Buffalo, N.Y.: Prometheus, 2010), 83–116.
19287:
Paul E. Lovejoy: 'The Volume of the Atlantic Slave Trade: A Synthesis.'
18872:[German soldiers used for mine-clearing] (in Norwegian). VG Nett
17491:. Tokyo: Mediterranean Studies Group at Hitotsubashi University: 171–182
17432:
17412:
17257:
10379:
9326:
United Nations 1956 Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery
9002:
7749:
6801:. For a long time, until the early 18th century, the khanate maintained
6456:
the victors freed approximately 12,000 Christian galley slaves from the
5332:
5318:
3355:
7.50). Many of the students were taken to the neighbouring countries of
2955:. Stories and rumours spread that whites captured Africans to eat them.
2801:
2275:(1275–1591), about a third of the population was enslaved. The earliest
1949:, people were taken into slavery. Evidence emerged in the late 1990s of
22402:
22351:
22287:
22014:
21889:
21802:
21786:
21694:
21443:
20780:
The Other Slavery: The Uncovered Story of Indian Enslavement in America
20548:
20263:
20220:
20177:
18136:
P.C. Emmer, Chris Emery, "The Dutch Slave Trade, 1500–1850" (2006) p. 3
17598:
17572:
16478:
16058:. Atimes.com. 29 March 2005. Archived from the original on 4 April 2005
14013:
13969:. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2016. Chapter 3.
13776:
13329:
12826:"Immigrant Women, Children Raped, Starved in Libya's Hellholes: Unicef"
12599:
Hassan, Turaki A; Sule, Ibrahim Kabiru; Mutum, Ronald (29 April 2014).
12536:"Boko Haram kidnapped the 230 school girls as wives for its insurgents"
11795:
Why the West is Best: A Muslim Apostate's Defense of Liberal Democracy.
11402:
11309:"Traditional Gender Roles and Slavery | Colonialism, Slavery, and Race"
10488:
10471:
9573:, a set of interviews conducted with former slaves in the 1930s by the
9502:
9092:
8653:
8384:
8371:
8329:
8198:
7901:
7396:
7384:
7380:
7274:
7179:
7125:
7070:
6926:
6918:
6914:
6763:
6598:
6372:
6338:
6208:
5879:
5745:
5495:
Slaves were deprived of their rights and connections to their families.
5481:
5076:
5072:
5020:
4899:
4825:
4627:
4619:
4588:
4526:
4431:
4103:
4099:
3998:
3884:
3827:
3809:. Maroons survived by growing vegetables and hunting. They also raided
3766:
3429:
3371:
3331:
3300:
3214:
3104:
3035:
2977:
2960:
2888:
2774:
2749:
2614:
2610:
2363:
2280:
2225:
2102:
1828:
1637:
934:
638:
505:
20607:
19920:
coping with a vexing social problem that was not of their own making."
19441:"Response The 1833 Abolition of Slavery Act didn't end the vile trade"
19416:
19037:
18398:
16441:"Saudi Arabian Buyers Are Shopping For Sex Slaves – At ISIS Auctions!"
14128:
Love of Freedom: Black Women in Colonial and Revolutionary New England
12351:"88 Nigerian schoolgirls abducted by Islamic extremists still missing"
11593:
the strangest disease i have sen in this country is brokenheartedness.
10776:
systems where the owners expected economic gain from slave ownership.
10727:
Ericson, David F. (2000). "Dew, Fitzhugh, and Proslavery Liberalism".
9033:. It was in large part the result of the tireless 18-year campaign of
8149:
7945:
7828:
voted to make the slave trade illegal anywhere in the Empire with the
6813:" they enslaved many Slavic peasants. Muscovy recorded about 30 major
5752:. However, in modern India, Pakistan and Nepal, there are millions of
5375:, U.S. Ambassador in Constantinople from 1913 to 1916, reports in his
4999:
4595:
won the first trial in the present-day United States to free a slave (
4502:. Eventually, chattel slavery became the norm in regions dominated by
3694:
production. 35.3% of all slaves from the Atlantic Slave trade went to
3460:, but an unknown amount of the trade was illegal. After 1670 when the
2199:
21187:
20870:
20069:
British capitalism and Caribbean slavery: The legacy of Eric Williams
19917:
18040:(2004) Edited by Aviva Chomsky, Barry Carr, Pamela Maria Smorkaloff,
17716:
You Are All Free: The Haitian Revolution and the Abolition of Slavery
15512:, pp. 241–43. Reprint: Dover Publications, Mineola, New York. (2002).
13509:
12567:"Nigeria: kidnapped schoolgirls 'sold as wives to Islamist fighters'"
12488:"United States Sending Manned Flights Over Nigeria to Look for Girls"
12382:
Nigerian schoolgirls still missing after military 'fabricated' rescue
12047:
from the original on 11 January 2022 – via www.telegraph.co.uk.
11945:
9923:
8999:
on 8 January 1817. However, trafficking continued despite sanctions.
8892:
8395:
8214:
8079:
8024:
7904:
are lined up by German soldiers to do forced labour, September 1939,
7504:
7266:
6997:
6989:
6909:. Many Irish slaves travelled in expeditions for the colonization of
6882:
6775:
6758:
merchants and cartels, who were involved in the slave trade with the
6728:
6652:
6640:
6492:
6334:
6299:
6240:
6224:
6204:
6200:
6158:
6061:
5967:
Human rights in Islamic State-controlled territory § Slave trade
5942:
5653:
5551:
5337:
5148:
5140:
5136:
5116:
5048:
5016:
4934:
4381:
Well-dressed plantation owner and family visiting the slave quarters.
4355:
4347:
4310:
4060:
3993:
3896:
3691:
3565:
adopted this system, particularly for their silver mines in Bolivia.
3551:
instead of taxes which they paid by working for the government. Each
3537:, as well as slaves for the construction of temples. Most victims of
3534:
3418:
3233:
2945:
2770:
2671:
2594:
2586:
2582:
2233:
2058:
2054:
2026:
882:
547:
409:
20255:
20212:
20169:
18240:
16429:. Agence France-Presse. 9 June 2015 – via www.theguardian.com.
14704:
13321:
12957:
12216:"HadijatouMani Koroua v Niger: Slavery Unveiled by the ECOWAS Court"
11897:
Saltwater Slavery: A Middle Passage from Africa to American Diaspora
8991:
in an attempt to appease Britain. His decision was confirmed by the
8354:
7201:
Importation of black slaves was prohibited in mainland Portugal and
7073:
of the Caribbean colonies. Slavery was permanently abolished in the
6542:, slave children whom he had observed in the marketplace. After the
6128:, as it was in other societies of the time. It is estimated that in
3558:
564:
22169:
21853:
21811:
21308:
21155:
20719:
20311:
20082:
The Oxford History of the British Empire – Vol. 3: The 19th Century
19029:
18846:
18491:
18429:
17620:
16937:
The Work of Work: Servitude, Slavery, and Labor in Medieval England
16245:
13479:
12979:
12720:"Profiting off the misery of others: Libya's migrant 'slave trade'"
12701:"Libya Slave Trade: Rights group says migrants sold off in markets"
12264:"Sexual slavery rife in Democratic Republic of the Congo, says MSF"
10251:
9933:
9639:
9007:
8977:
8939:
8883:
8337:
8312:
8300:
8263:
8183:
7571:
7286:
6985:
6894:
6868:
6660:
6639:
controlled the Eastern Mediterranean from the 12th century and the
6526:
6319:
5883:
5706:
5641:
5421:
5327:
5272:
5128:
5100:
5096:
5088:
5080:
5060:
5056:
5052:
4886:
4882:
4710:
4701:." The true turning point in public opinion is better fixed at the
4482:
4246:
4072:
3806:
3754:
3573:
3360:
2904:
2845:
2598:
2570:
2486:
2467:
2359:
2292:
2237:
2208:
1887:
1883:
1777:
1757:
1472:
1030:
974:
926:
586:
431:
286:
192:
20897:
Without Consent or Contract: The Rise and Fall of American Slavery
20859:
Wright, Gavin. "Slavery and Anglo‐American capitalism revisited."
18794:"German Firms That Used Slave or Forced Labor During the Nazi Era"
16764:
14323:
Freedom's Soldiers: The Black Military Experience in the Civil War
14258:
The Slave Power: The Free North and Southern Domination, 1780–1860
12334:
U.S. Department of State Country Reports on Human Rights Practices
11547:. Cambridge University Press. 15 September 2011. pp. 56, 62.
11092:
11089:"18th and Early 19th centuries. The Encyclopedia of World History"
9528:
Slavery: A Problem in American Institutional and Intellectual Life
9213:
During the 20th century the issue of slavery was addressed by the
8972:
In 1794 slavery was abolished in the French Empire. After seizing
7217:
Slavery was finally abolished in all Portuguese colonies in 1869.
6972:
powers frequently sentenced convicted criminals to row in the war-
6790:
on the Russian territories in the first half of the 16th century.
6499:. Slavery remained a minor institution in Russia until 1723, when
6391:
took 3,000 female and child captives. In a subsequent attack upon
6143:
During the 8th and the 7th centuries BC, in the course of the two
6046:
Women and children 10 to 20 years sold for 150,000 dinars ($ 127).
4881:. However, by 1865 all had begun the abolition of slavery, except
4646:
Despite the actions of abolitionists, free blacks were subject to
3111:
were captured and forced into slavery. This eventually led to the
2665:. Europeans rarely entered the interior of Africa, due to fear of
2150:
22239:
20840:
The Slave Trade: The Story of the Atlantic Slave Trade: 1440–1870
19857:
16237:
16176:"Iraq Slave Markets Sell Women for $ 10 to Attract Isis Recruits"
15311:
Hirschman, Elizabeth Caldwell; Yates, Donald N. (29 April 2014).
14621:
Change in Byzantine Culture in the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries
13284:
The Slave Trade: The Story of the Atlantic Slave Trade: 1440–1870
12396:"200 girls are missing in Nigeria – so why doesn't anybody care?"
11839:
11837:
11835:
11833:
11463:
Peterson, Derek R.; Gavua, Kodzo; Rassool, Ciraj (2 March 2015).
10982:
Peterson, Derek R.; Gavua, Kodzo; Rassool, Ciraj (2 March 2015).
10018:
9986:
9973:, founded as the British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society in 1839
9643:
9635:
9075:
8780:
Following the work of campaigners in the United Kingdom, such as
8766:
8308:
8288:
8136:
8087:
8001:
7841:
7535:
7492:
7355:
7242:
7035:
6958:
6910:
6736:
6687:
6559:
6496:
6384:
6376:
6368:
6294:
6289:
6018:
5996:
5907:
5902:, also enslaving British subjects and Brahmins. According to the
5726:
5710:
5645:
5633:
5559:
5555:
5323:
5310:
5155:
5144:
5124:
5120:
5068:
5040:
4249:. Colored lithograph printed circa 1840–1850, digitally restored.
3888:
3758:
3422:
3323:
3316:
group of militants attacked the Government Girls Secondary School
3266:
3150:
3096:
3039:
2976:
to particular regions of western Africa around 1760–1810, and in
2969:
2920:
2908:
2856:
2808:
2804:
of Portugal in 1526 imploring him to put a stop to the practice.
2766:
2662:
2404:
2348:
2097:
C. 1480 BC, fugitive-slave treaty between Idrimi of Alakakh (now
2022:
1832:
1781:
1455:
537:
217:
34:
22125:
Slave Narratives: A Folk History of Slavery in the United States
19174:
18214:"Burning of a Village in Africa, and Capture of its Inhabitants"
15538:
15536:
14673:
Religions and the abolition of slavery - a comparative approach.
14578:
The Cambridge World History of Slavery: Volume 2: AD 500–AD 1420
13681:
Empire and Nation: The American Revolution in the Atlantic World
12757:"Migrants from west Africa being 'sold in Libyan slave markets'"
12004:
8391:, freeing the captives and taking the crew for trial in courts.
7520:
7453:, where Indonesians have made a significant contribution to the
7372:
Nauwkeurige beschrijving van de Guinese Goud- Tand- en Slavekust
6889:). The thralls were mostly from Western Europe, among them many
6809:
and the Middle East. In a process called the "harvesting of the
6797:
declared independence from the Golden Horde and established the
5424:
or other Indian languages, but some scholars translate the word
4134:
of Canada. It is estimated that there were 4,200 slaves in the
2721:
he had given for her, because she was unable to walk any longer.
2681:
22201:
21172:
16814:"Famous Battles in History The Turks and Christians at Lepanto"
16573:
15510:
China: A History of the Laws, Manners and Customs of the People
13992:
Tang, Joyce (1997). "Enslaved African Rebellions in Virginia".
13560:
9928:
9784:
9614:
Important work on slavery has continued; for instance, in 2003
9446:, which has often been used as a primary source by historians.
8981:
8879:
8398:
and whites, and established the independent Republic of Haiti.
8169:
8098:. By the 1860s this had grown to a larger scale operation with
7941:
7875:
7793:
7727:
7629:
7421:
7417:
7405:
7375:
7195:
7187:
7161:
7001:
6973:
6890:
6877:
6864:
6842:
6830:
6810:
6771:
6632:
6555:
6380:
6236:
6180:
6153:
6148:
6129:
5971:
Yazidi genocide § Sexual slavery and reproductive violence
5938:
5926:
5895:
5891:
5841:
5837:
5702:
5632:
In the early 11th century Tarikh al-Yamini, the Arab historian
5615:
5547:
5485:
5437:
5166:
4991:
4803:, and warning that slavery was a backward system that undercut
4770:
Military history of African Americans in the American Civil War
4706:
4322:
4263:
3781:
communities which played an important role in the histories of
3445:
3413:
3319:
3108:
3030:
2933:
2916:
2896:
2833:
2824:
2590:
2506:
2494:
2475:
2396:
2340:
2312:
2212:
2030:
1844:
1811:, which dates back as far as 3500 BC). Slavery features in the
1157:
979:
559:
542:
404:
239:
207:
22061:
Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave
20727:
The American Crucible: Slavery, Emancipation, and Human Rights
20668:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. p. 1722.
20429:
Inhuman Bondage: The Rise and Fall of Slavery in the New World
19307:(2nd ed.). New York: Cambridge University Press. p.
17283:. Stanford, Calif.: Hoover Institution Press. pp. 26–28.
15165:
14830:
Ottomans against Italians and Portuguese about (white slavery)
14349:
Marrow of Tragedy: The Health Crisis of the American Civil War
14321:
Ira Berlin, Joseph Patrick Reidy, and Leslie S. Rowland, eds.
13875:
History of the Negro Race in America from 1619 to 1880, Vol. 1
13589:"Black Enslavement in Canada | The Canadian Encyclopedia"
11891:
11889:
11830:
7852:(now Anti-Slavery International), was formed in Britain as by
6060:
However some slaves have been sold for as little as a pack of
5397:; in fact, most Ottoman sultans were sons of such concubines.
4981:
4618:, slavery was prohibited in the territories north west of the
4346:
Only a small fraction of the enslaved Africans brought to the
3339:
and into marriage with members of Boko Haram, with a reputed "
2867:
2459:
20307:"Switzerland's shame: The children used as cheap farm labour"
20080:
Gad Heuman "The British West Indies" in Andrew Porter, ed.,
16961:
16615:"Part I: The Romans to the Norman Conquest, 500 BC – AD 1066"
16303:"ISIS states its justification for the enslavement of women,"
15533:
14581:. Vol. 2. Cambridge University Press. pp. 453–481.
14310:
The Emancipation Proclamation: A Brief History with Documents
11418:, Slave Trading in the Indian Ocean: An Overview, pp. 295–299
11010:"Welcome to Encyclopædia Britannica's Guide to Black History"
9804:
9654:
while others used wage, indentured, or family labor instead.
9240:, which was founded upon the investigation of the TSC of the
8824:
8321:
8122:
8107:
8061:
8028:
8005:
7987:
7699:
7637:. Both Algiers and Tunis made fresh concessions as a result.
7524:
7347:
7343:
7157:
7058:
6962:
6814:
6648:
6636:
6480:
6418:
6212:
6133:
5899:
5887:
5829:
5715:
5666:
5619:
5600:
5293:
5112:
5092:
5024:
4038:
4014:
3553:
3195:
3170:
3158:
3154:
2900:
2762:
2646:
2526:
2518:
2498:
2126:
2118:
2062:
1903:
1840:
1804:
414:
400:
375:
20987:. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2016.
20539:
Cuffel, Victoria. "The Classical Greek Concept of Slavery,"
20001:"Slavery reparations, memorials discussed at UVA conference"
18711:"Forced Laborers in the Third Reich: An Overview (Part One)"
17351:. Stanford, Calif.: Hoover Institution Press. pp. 1–8.
15961:. Institute of Economic Research, Seoul National University.
15444:
The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Daily Life: The medieval world
14716:
12449:"Authorities – 276 Kidnapped Girls Still Missing in Nigeria"
10662:"10 countries with the highest prevalence of modern slavery"
9386:
Article 11, Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam, 1990
9328:
was convened to outlaw and ban slavery worldwide, including
9290:, and slaves were supplied to the Arabian Peninsula via the
8004:
system and expanded it immensely, eventually organizing the
7730:-slaves, whose sufferings were poeticized in many Ukrainian
6929:
taken in their raids along the Volga River and sold them to
5677:
Slavery and empire-formation tied in particularly well with
4488:
1676: Rhode Island bans the enslavement of Native Americans.
4021:
was abolished on 4 February 1794. When it became clear that
3927:, which were the first important societies of slaves in the
3620:
tribes, about a quarter of the population was enslaved. One
3284:
Evidence emerged in the late 1990s of systematic slavery in
1827:, although it continued to be practised in some areas. Both
17227:"Life in 13th Century Novgorod – Women and Class Structure"
16469:
Victoria Cuffel, "The Classical Greek Concept of Slavery,"
15912:
Statistics of Democide: Genocide and Mass Murder Since 1990
15542:
Muhammad Qasim Firishta, Tarikh-i-Firishta (Lucknow, 1864).
15215:
14842:
Welcome to Encyclopædia Britannica's Guide to Black History
14399:^ "Ancient Slavery". Ditext.com. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
13677:
12477:
The Times, (may need a subscription), Retrieved 10 May 2014
11886:
10445:. Legon, Accra, Ghana: Sub-Saharan Publishers. p. 15.
10236:"Wealth Transmission and Inequality Among Hunter-Gatherers"
8988:
8333:
8317:
8099:
7641:
slave-raiding, though on a smaller scale. Europeans at the
7388:
7351:
7270:
6739:. Many of these slaves were shipped to the slave market in
5950:
5946:
5670:
5426:
5044:
5028:
4259:
3481:(1701–1714), the British government obtained the monopoly (
3356:
3166:
2734:
2470:
was once East Africa's main slave-trading port, during the
2352:
2050:
1942:
1899:
281:
111:
20649:
Transformations in Slavery: A History of Slavery in Africa
20503:
Slavery from Roman Times to the Early Atlantic Slave Trade
19888:
Forever Free: The Story of Emancipation and Reconstruction
19570:
Historiquement correct. Pour en finir avec le passé unique
19419:"House of Commons – International Development – Memoranda"
19304:
Transformations in slavery: a history of slavery in Africa
19102:. Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Archived from
16285:"ISIS Is Now Bragging About Enslaving Women and Children,"
15591:"Indian Siddis: African Descendants with Indian Admixture"
15190:
14974:"Ambassador Morgenthau's Story. 1918. Chapter Twenty-Four"
13727:
400 years ago, enslaved Africans first arrived in Virginia
11442:"Nordmennene har aldri vært alene i verden (in Norwegian)"
11270:. .nationalgeographic.com. 17 October 2002. Archived from
10074:
List of court cases in the United States involving slavery
9676:
9014:
8060:
A total of around 14 million prisoners passed through the
6043:
Children aged 1 to 9 were sold for 200,000 dinars ($ 169).
5607:
slaves brought to India by Arab and Portuguese merchants.
5244:
5204:
and was seen as evil by many citizens it was still legal.
2244:) made the slave trade within its empire illegal with the
2073:
of the Americas. Ancient slavery consists of a mixture of
21222:
International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia
19054:
The Meeting Place: Maori and Pakeha Encounters, 1642-1840
18543:
18251:
16970:
Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew
16789:
Slavery from Roman times to the Early Transatlantic Trade
16666:
16493:. Ancienthistory.about.com. 7 August 2010. Archived from
16306:
16196:"ISIS Is Attacking Women, And Nobody Is Talking About It"
15478:
The Golden Peaches of Samarkand: A Study of Tʻang Exotics
14125:
Adams, Catherine; Pleck, Elizabeth H. (1 February 2010).
13480:
Russell M. Lawson; Benjamin A. Lawson (11 October 2019).
13135:
Maroon societies: Rebel slave communities in the Americas
11137:"Twentieth Century Solutions of the Abolition of Slavery"
11060:
10656:
10654:
10559:
10557:
9522:
In the portrayal of the slave as a victim, the historian
8178:
8017:
7916:
7562:, led to increased European consensus on the need to end
4828:, convinced that the economic power of what they called "
4430:, former indentured servant, sued to have fellow African
2713:
Region in 1866, Livingstone described a trail of slaves:
2323:
a third of the population consisted of slaves as well as
22037:
The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano
20621:
The Structure of Slavery in Indian Ocean Africa and Asia
16670:
The Historical Encyclopedia of World Slavery. vol 1. A–K
16405:"Trump's China Deal Boosts U.S. LNG Without Rule Change"
16357:"Islamic State Cites the Koran to Reinstate Sex Slavery"
15104:. Bayerisches Landesamt für Denkmalpflege. p. 273.
12423:"Nigerian Police Begin Documentation of Kidnapped Girls"
11295:
Slave trade and slavery on the Swahili Coast (1500-1700)
10222:
increase with increasing social and economic complexity.
9481:
described Phillips' mindset, methodology and influence:
6976:
of the state (initially only in time of war). After the
6521:
became common within the British Isles before 1066. The
6151:
reduced an entire population to a pseudo-slavery called
4434:
declared not an indentured servant but "slave for life."
4245:
Funeral at slave plantation during Dutch colonial rule,
2944:. As food was limited, water may have been just as bad.
2883:
made the international trade of slaves illegal with the
21257:
International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals
19417:
The Committee Office, House of Commons (6 March 2006).
19085:. Auckland: Auckland University Press. pp. 123–35.
18174:
NWIG: New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids
18073:"Plaats: Allada (Ardra, Ardres, Arder, Allada, Harder)"
17930:(in Portuguese). A Esfera dos Livros. pp. 219–224.
17032:. Classical Press of Wales and Duckworth. p. 148.
16885:"Brief History of the Knights of St. John of Jerusalem"
16792:. Manchester: Manchester University Press. p. 37.
16375:"Islamic State Price List for Captured Christian Women"
15020:
Interview with Ronald Segal on the subject of his book
14728:
13915:
Timeline of Slavery in America-African American History
12634:"Boko Haram admits abducting Nigeria girls from Chibok"
12040:"Darfur civilians 'seized as slaves by Sudan military'"
8769:
was unlawful in England (although not elsewhere in the
7944:
civilians forcibly abducted in occupied countries (see
6770:. Genoese merchants organized the slave trade from the
6711:
The ransoming of Christian slaves held in Turkish hands
6581:
6525:
show both that slavery existed in 9th and 10th Century
4957:, was the center of community activity and leadership.
4906:, thereby validating their claims to full citizenship.
4898:
government, by running away or through advances of the
4791:, which settlers from the Northern states opposed. The
4013:
and one-quarter of the slaves in Saint Domingue (later
3103:
in North Africa in the 19th century, up to 1.5 million
2203:
13th-century Africa – Map of the main trade routes and
1894:. Few traders ventured far inland, attempting to avoid
20768:
Slavery and the British Empire: From Africa to America
19968:
18688:, p. 101, Oscar Reiss, McFarland & Company, 1997;
17155:. Roconsulboston.com. 21 February 2006. Archived from
13902:. The Journal of Negro History. June 1916. p. 10.
11609:. Africa Business Information Services. Archived from
10651:
10586:
10584:
10582:
10554:
9993:
Society for Effecting the Abolition of the Slave Trade
9430:
9351:
In December 1966, the UN General Assembly adopted the
9133:
Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
8794:
Society for Effecting the Abolition of the Slave Trade
7265:
were the first Europeans to use African slaves in the
6003:
women as slaves. According to Haleh Esfandiari of the
5665:
population being approximately 12 to 20 times that of
5154:
Slavery in the Middle East first developed out of the
3495:. Meanwhile, slave trading became a core business for
2796:. Because it had been established within his kingdom,
2549:
in the early 16th century. From then until the 1830s,
20360:, Edited by David Eltis and Stanley L. Engerman, 2011
17891:
David Northrup, "Africa's Discovery of Europe" p. 8 (
16517:
Ancient Greece: From Prehistoric to Hellenistic Times
14617:
12059:"Darfur Abductions: Sexual Slavery and Forced Labour"
10937:(Kindle ed.). London: I.B.Tauris & Co. Ltd.
10403:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 38,
10399:
Stilwell, Sean (2013), "Slavery in African History",
10233:
7856:, which worked to outlaw slavery in other countries.
6179:
Romans inherited the institution of slavery from the
5844:, many peasants voluntarily sold themselves into the
4921:
Slavery was never reestablished, but after President
4820:
and his party took control with legislators into the
2991:
encountered a group of slaves when traveling through
2852:'s shore soon came to be known as the "Slave Coast".
20489:
The problem of slavery as history: a global approach
19833:
Black history and the historical profession, 1915–80
19335:, by Anthony de Verteuil, Port of Spain, pp. 371–79.
18145:
18100:"Plaats: Ouidah (Fida, Whydah, Juda, Hueda, Whidah)"
18097:
18070:
14853:
14777:
Some 30,000 Christians were either enslaved or sold.
13470:, by Anthony de Verteuil, Port of Spain, pp. 371–79.
13032:"Rebellions in Bahia, 1798–1838. Culture of slavery"
12657:
12655:
11915:(1st American ed.). Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
11607:"Slave trade: a root of contemporary African Crisis"
11462:
11027:
10981:
10733:. New York: New York University Press. p. 109.
10172:(2nd ed.). New York : Oxford University Press.
10167:
10062:
Slavery in the colonial history of the United States
9519:
emphasized the mistreatment and abuse of the slave.
9353:
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
9319:
Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery
8738:
Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery
5874:
In Southeast Asia, there was a large slave class in
5513:, although domestic servants retained their status.
4288:
Slavery in the colonial history of the United States
4056:
showing plantation slaves during a Ceremonial dance.
3149:
The trading of children has been reported in modern
2331:
was about one third enslaved. It was perhaps 40% in
1412:
Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery
20339:, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2011–2021
20198:
19831:August Meier, August, and Elliott M. Rudwick, eds.
19095:
18512:
15933:
Freedom, Democracy, Peace; Power, Democide, and War
15775:Khan, Samsam ud Daula Shah Nawaz; Khan, Abdul Hai.
15550:
15548:
15521:. Commemoration of the Abolition of Slavery Project
14792:
Besieged: 100 Great Sieges from Jericho to Sarajevo
13980:
Slave Insurrections in the United States, 1800–1865
13830:
13512:
Canada's Forgotten Slaves: Two Centuries of Bondage
13213:
12878:"human sacrifice – Britannica Concise Encyclopedia"
11864:
Travels in the Interior Districts of Africa, 1795–7
11409:
11034:Lovejoy, Paul E.; Hogendorn, Jan S. (1 July 1993).
10879:"Ancient Egyptian Footwear at the Bata Shoe Museum"
10579:
10057:
Slavery among Native Americans in the United States
8909:
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
8891:was of vital importance to the economy of France's
7893:
Forced labour under German rule during World War II
7816:. In 1807, following many years of lobbying by the
7694:For a long time, until the early 18th century, the
7322:in the Americas, Africa, Ceylon and Indonesia. The
6833:, about 75% of the population consisted of slaves.
6195:, quarries and households. The people subjected to
5595:. Several slaves were also brought to India by the
4372:
4090:After Great Britain abolished slavery, it began to
1823:It became less common throughout Europe during the
22605:Amazing Grace: An Anthology of Poems about Slavery
21212:International Military Tribunal (Nuremberg Trials)
21023:, summaries and documents; focus on United States
20946:
20894:
20747:African Slavery in Latin America and the Caribbean
20737:Slavery and Antislavery in Spain's Atlantic Empire
20346:, Edited by Keith Bradley and Paul Cartledge, 2011
20298:
20118:Econocide: British Slavery in the Era of Abolition
19372:
17784:. Vol. XIV. New York: Robert Appleton Company
17153:"Roma Celebrate 150 years of Freedom 2005 Romania"
16693:
16622:
16037:
15481:. University of California Press. pp. 45–46.
15437:
15286:
15098:Bayerischen Landesamtes für Denkmalpflege (2001).
12565:
12038:
11968:"Slavery, Abduction and Forced Servitude in Sudan"
10565:"Slavery, Abduction and Forced Servitude in Sudan"
10170:African Slavery in Latin America and the Caribbean
8516:Suppression of the slave trade in the Persian Gulf
7519:(Murat Reis), operating from the Moroccan port of
7004:or torture at the hands of enemies or of pirates.
6988:, the French Crown filled its galleys with French
6227:was the most famous and most threatening to Rome.
6049:Women 20 to 30 years old for 100,000 dinar ($ 85).
4365:By the 1680s, with the consolidation of England's
3232:that began in 2003, many people were kidnapped by
2339:states consisted of slaves. The population of the
1991:
19708:
18931:"Kapu System and Caste System of Ancient Hawai'i"
17858:de Oliveira Marques, António Henrique R. (1972).
17503:
16762:
16625:A World by Itself: A History of the British Isles
15868:. London, H.F. & G. Witherby. pp. 42–44.
15244:Henley, Andrew Forbes, David (26 December 2012).
15131:
14990:
13473:
13346:Through the Lens of the Transatlantic Slave Trade
13342:
12652:
11725:"Benin seeks forgiveness for role in slave trade"
10394:
10392:
9714:." In his major attack on the Williams's thesis,
9244:, was a turning point in banning global slavery.
8332:. After intervention by the French ambassador in
8125:. People were born into specific social classes.
7542:, stormed ashore at the little harbor village of
6992:, Protestants condemned for resisting the state.
6345:. This boom period for slaves stretched from the
6055:Women 40 to 50 years old for 50,000 dinar ($ 42).
6052:Women 30 to 40 years old are 75,000 dinar ($ 63).
3602:indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast
3016:saw mass killings and slavery to extract rubber.
22627:
21242:Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia
21217:International Military Tribunal for the Far East
20915:
20720:Atlantic trade, Latin America and British Empire
20704:. London and New York: Oxford University Press.
19983:"A Nation Still Divided: The Confederate Flag,"
18928:
18148:"Plaats: Jaquim (Jaquin, Jakri, Godomey, Jakin)"
18059:The Dutch in the Atlantic Slave Trade, 1600–1815
17597:. Manakin.addr.com. 14 June 2011. Archived from
16108:"The Port of Jolo and the Sulu Zone Slave Trade"
15545:
14991:Eltringham, Nigel; Maclean, Pam (27 June 2014).
14847:
14638:
14271:"Introduction – Social Aspects of the Civil War"
13554:
12511:
11530:To overdraw its evils is a simple impossibility.
11360:"Civil War in the Sudan: Resources or Religion?"
11033:
10590:
9297:When the League of Nations was succeeded by the
8915:threatened to ally itself with the British, the
7408:. On the instigation of Governor-General of the
6005:Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars
4678:and refused to convict those indicted under the
3262:are common in the Democratic Republic of Congo.
1527:13th Amendment to the United States Constitution
22559:List of last surviving American enslaved people
20939:Miller, Randall M., and John David Smith, eds.
20798:Jensen, Niklas Thode; Simonsen, Gunvor (2016).
20543:Vol. 27, No. 3 (Jul–Sep 1966), pp. 323–42
20437:Abolition: A History of Slavery and Antislavery
19254:Abolition: A History of Slavery and Antislavery
18980:
18892:"Система исправительно-трудовых лагерей в СССР"
18649:A Concise History of the British Virgin Islands
18486:
18482:
18480:
18424:
18118:
16911:"Historical survey > Ways of ending slavery"
16473:Vol. 27, No. 3 (Jul–Sep 1966), pp. 323–42
14512:
13514:. Independent Publishing Group. p. Intro.
12754:
12598:
10928:
10926:
9131:. Slavery was legally abolished in 1865 by the
7671:The Crimeans frequently mounted raids into the
6659:, and other ethnic groups of the Black Sea and
5991:According to media reports from late 2014, the
3868:
3521:the most common forms of slavery were those of
3428:Many child migrants also suffer from abuse and
3367:, which is considered a refuge for Boko Haram.
2705:To overdraw its evil is a simple impossibility.
22149:Barracoon: The Story of the Last "Black Cargo"
21056:
20797:
20562:The Slave Systems of Greek and Roman Antiquity
20520:Encyclopedia of Slave Resistance and Rebellion
19538:
19333:Seven Slaves & Slavery: Trinidad 1777–1838
18765:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of August 2024 (
18570:Patrick Medd,"Romilly", Collins, 1968, p. 149.
17915:. Repositório Aberto da UNiversidade do Porto.
17801:
17799:
16742:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 87–88.
16346:, 18 November 2014 (accessed 22 November 2014)
15369:
15310:
15022:Islam's Black Slaves: The Other Black Diaspora
14900:
14894:
14644:
14230:Foner, Eric. "Forgotten step towards freedom,"
13783:
13765:The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography
13671:
13632:
13605:
13468:Seven Slaves & Slavery: Trinidad 1777–1838
12559:
12557:
12322:As the World Intrudes, Pygmies Feel Endangered
12087:. 17 December 2008 – via news.bbc.co.uk.
11642:"African Political Ethics and the Slave Trade"
10389:
10292:
10290:
9553:, portrayed slaves as having internalized the
9051:End of slavery in the United States of America
8016:. Officially, the Gulag was terminated by the
7866:was executed for the murder of a slave in the
6836:
6491:Poland banned slavery in the 15th century; in
6064:. Sex slaves were sold to Saudi Arabia, other
5282:A member of the Ottoman slave class, called a
5255:Slavery was a legal and important part of the
3895:Slavery was commonly used in the parts of the
3584:of Brazil, the fishing societies, such as the
2505:reported seeing slave caravans departing from
21324:
21042:
20927:
20889:
20480:McGrath, Elizabeth and Massing, Jean Michel,
20067:Barbara Solow and Stanley L. Engerman, eds.,
19929:
19715:. Oxford University Press. pp. 494–502.
18718:International Labor and Working-Class History
18206:
17552:
17410:
17205:"William of Rubruck's Account of the Mongols"
16887:. Hmml.org. 23 September 2010. Archived from
15803:"Slavery is not dead, just less recognizable"
15790:Travels of Fray Sebāstien Manrique, 1629–1643
15562:
15560:
15222:. University of Washington Press. p. 146
11174:On Custodia Legis: Law Librarians of Congress
10850:Historical survey > Slave-owning societies
10436:
10434:
10432:
9775:Swiss children coercion reparation initiative
8479:
8402:abolished slavery, partly in response to the
7755:The Black Man's Lament, or, how to make sugar
6353:but declined in the later Middle Ages as the
4801:absorbing a faction of anti-slavery Democrats
3801:. In Brazil, the Maroon villages were called
3769:were enslaved to work on rubber plantations.
3299:, more than 109,000 children were working on
2362:was enslaved. Roughly half the population of
1733:
21010:International Slavery Museum. Great Britain.
20921:Roll Jordan, Roll: The World the Slaves Made
20513:The Historical Encyclopedia of World Slavery
19858:James Oliver Horton; Lois E. Horton (2006).
19383:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
19050:
18954:"The Overthrow of the Kapu System in Hawaii"
18699:Department of Historic Preservation archives
18546:"Was slavery the engine of economic growth?"
18477:
18297:
18038:The Cuba Reader: History, Culture, Politics.
17854:
17852:
17850:
17848:
17671:Sep-Dec 2016, Vol. 41 Issue 4/5, pp. 475–94.
17254:"The Effects of the Mongol Empire on Russia"
17181:. Tspace.library.utoronto.ca. Archived from
17127:The Historical Encyclopedia of World Slavery
16716:
16411:. 12 May 2017 – via www.bloomberg.com.
15726:ed. Wolseley Haig, Vol. III, pp. 391, 397–98
15589:Shah, Anish M.; et al. (15 July 2011).
15270:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
14954:. Garden City, N.Y: Doubleday, Page & Co
14889:Women and slavery in the late Ottoman Empire
14375:A short history of Reconstruction, 1863–1877
14263:
13653:
13510:Marcel Trudel; Micheline d' Allaire (2013).
13368:
13366:
12775:"African migrants sold as 'slaves' in Libya"
12475:Nigerian school says 329 girl pupils missing
11580:. Cambridge University Press. 1875. p.
11517:. Cambridge University Press. 1875. p.
11380:
10923:
10109:Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom
9982:Coalition to Abolish Slavery and Trafficking
8934:
8366:Proclamation of the abolition of slavery by
5960:
5832:, slavery was officially abolished with the
5705:(a widespread practice which Mughal emperor
3194:in 1999 reported that slavery is endemic in
2411:, perhaps as many as nine million along the
2009:Slavery occurred in civilizations including
1532:Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom
20999:Digital History – Slavery Facts & Myths
20654:
20574:
20304:
19096:Solomon, Māui; Denise Davis (9 June 2006).
18615:"The West African Squadron and slave trade"
18139:
18124:
18091:
18064:
17796:
17621:"French galley slaves of the ancien régime"
17454:"The Tatar Khanate of Crimea – All Empires"
17046:
16935:Allen J. Frantzen and Douglas Moffat, eds.
16735:
16662:
16660:
15373:Korea and East Asia: the story of a Phoenix
15348:Memoirs of the Research Department, Issue 2
15169:Journal of East Asian archaeology, Volume 3
14722:
13442:
13280:
13008:Herbert S. Klein and Francisco Vidal Luna,
12554:
12505:
12376:
12374:
11990:"The Abolition season on BBC World Service"
10687:"Historical survey: Slave-owning societies"
10632:
10630:
10628:
10617:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
10595:. Theaustralian.news.com.au. Archived from
10287:
10168:Klein, Herbert S.; III, Ben Vinson (2007).
9107:". The more famous of the African American
8493:
8294:
6239:records slaves as an export commodity from
5814:from several countries as forced laborers.
4606:allowed the enslavement of children in its
3875:Slavery in the British and French Caribbean
3772:
3592:from what is now Alaska to California, the
3502:
3382:, and I shall capture people and make them
2693:While talking about the trade of slaves in
2383:When British rule was first imposed on the
21331:
21317:
21227:International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
21049:
21035:
20847:Black Ivory: Slavery in the British Empire
20783:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 448.
19965:Kolchin pp. 137–43. Horton and Horton p. 9
19884:
19331:Dryden, John. 1992 "Pas de Six Ans!" In:
18986:
18389:
18387:
18385:
18383:
18381:
18379:
17328:
17099:
17097:
17095:
17058:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 203–04.
15577:The Chachnamah, an Ancient History of Sind
15557:
15376:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 49.
15293:. University of California Press. p.
15239:
15237:
14945:
14881:
14740:
14688:Nikolaos Linardos (University of Athens),
14468:
14168:
14124:
13626:
13612:. The Canadian Encyclopedia. p. 259.
13599:
13561:Anthony Appiah; Henry Louis Gates (2005).
13505:
13503:
13021:"The West: Encounters and Transformations"
12808:"Libya exposed as child migrant abuse hub"
12738:"African migrants 'sold in slave markets'"
12387:
12343:
11431:; see that page's history for attribution.
10831:
10829:
10429:
9375:Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam
9061:protest against the institution of slavery
8486:
8472:
8429:Abolition of slavery in the British Empire
8154:1852 Constitution of the Kingdom of Hawaii
7962:Forced labor of Germans after World War II
7659:Crimean-Nogai raids into East Slavic lands
7441:each year. Slavery also characterised the
4877:rejected President Lincoln's proposal for
4551:
3714:prohibited the importation of slaves into
2121:soles depicting two captive foreigners, a
1740:
1726:
22573:Cotton Plantation Record and Account Book
21247:Special Panels of the Dili District Court
20978:The slave's cause: A history of abolition
20967:
20817:
20702:Constantine Porphyrogenitus and His World
20613:
20458:Encyclopedia of Antislavery and Abolition
20449:Finkelman, Paul, and Joseph Miller, eds.
20421:The Problem of Slavery in Western Culture
20393:
20276:
20019:
19603:Friends Committee on National Legislation
18867:
18832:
17845:
17769:
17680:
17335:The Full Collection of the Russian Annals
17025:
16964:, if they were Christian", see p. 117 of
16860:
16612:
15878:
15714:ed. Wolseley Haig, Vol. III pp. 356, 449.
15614:
15407:The Problem of Slavery in Western Culture
15016:
15014:
14746:
14462:
14433:
14431:
14171:"The Problem of Slavery in Early Vermont"
14079:
13466:Dryden, John. 1992 "Pas de Six Ans!" In:
13414:
13412:
13363:
12717:
12698:
12119:
11982:
11604:
11335:"Central African Republic: Early history"
11220:"The impact of the slave trade on Africa"
11209:, BBC World Service | The Story of Africa
11197:, Project MUSE – Journal of World History
11040:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
10813:Ancient Israel: Its Life and Institutions
10487:
10338:Tetlow, Elisabeth Meier (2004). "Sumer".
10326:exist. Slave use was sometimes extensive.
10267:
8404:United States Declaration of Independence
8343:
7788:A little-known incident in the career of
7212:General Company of Pernambuco and Paraíba
7156:Among many other European slave markets,
6467:slaves captured in war. The Order of the
6250:
5778:, recalling operations against tribes in
5440:, who chronicled India about the time of
5351:During the various 18th and 19th century
4995:(slaves) in the pre-colonial Philippines.
4904:fought for the Union in the Army and Navy
4808:treated as second-class citizens. In the
4778:Abolition of slavery in the United States
4697:was active in the mayhem and killing in "
4492:
4332:s crew from a Portuguese cargo ship, the
4237:Slavery in the Spanish New World colonies
2936:was common, and was often referred to as
2891:was deployed to prevent slavers from the
2541:, one that quickly reinstituted slavery.
22554:Treatment of slaves in the United States
22328:Ama: A Story of the Atlantic Slave Trade
21642:(1766 Saint-Dominque – June 30, 1853 NY)
20773:
20155:
19764:"U.S. works to fight modern-day slavery"
19131:Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand
18602:Sailing against slavery. By Jo Loosemore
18460:"Historical survey > Slave societies"
18298:de Bruxelles, Simon (28 February 2007).
17925:
17824:
17511:"Historical survey > Slave societies"
17365:
17251:
17002:
16785:
16657:
15792:vol. II, p. 272. (Ashgate, 2010 reprint)
14700:, Vol. 115, Issue 5, 2010, pp. 1513–1514
13871:
13859:"Rhode Island bans slavery: 18 May 1652"
13789:
13567:. Oxford University Press. p. 722.
13307:
13085:. Concise.britannica.com. Archived from
12371:
12204:, March 2005 (accessed 28 November 2014)
11297:. archieves.ouvertes.fr. pp. 37–76.
10625:
10469:
10398:
9434:
9422:North Korea (10.5%) and Eritrea (9.3%).
9253:Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery
9227:Convention of Saint-Germain-en-Laye 1919
9219:Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference 1889–90
9200:
9001:
8854:British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society
8798:Act for the Abolition of the Slave Trade
8728:Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery
8641:Convention of Saint-Germain-en-Laye 1919
8551:Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference 1889–90
8452:
8440:
8361:
8358:Abolition of Slavery by country and year
8353:
8168:, New Zealand comprised many individual
7910:
7896:
7850:British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society
7777:plantations amounted to under 5% of the
7748:
7581:
7479:
7358:. Initially the Dutch shipped slaves to
7314:Although slavery was illegal inside the
7246:
7102:
6948:
6701:
6585:
6517:Capture in war, voluntary servitude and
6412:
6230:
6085:
5565:
5516:Men punished with castration during the
5353:persecution campaigns against Christians
5243:
4998:
4980:
4842:
4670:. Midwestern state governments asserted
4555:
4376:
4240:
4047:
3878:
3662:
3647:
3439:
3083:
3029:
2866:
2779:
2748:
2735:African participation in the slave trade
2680:
2458:
2198:
1951:systematic child slavery and trafficking
1537:Abolition of slave trade in Persian gulf
1402:Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery
1382:Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference 1889–90
20696:
20606:No. 133 (Nov., 1991), pp. 195–203
20456:Hinks, Peter, and John McKivigan, eds.
20451:Macmillan Encyclopedia of World Slavery
19539:Clarence-Smith, W. G. (26 April 2006).
19380:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
19300:
19082:The Origins of the First New Zealanders
18708:
18548:. Digitalhistory.uh.edu. Archived from
18376:
18263:
17478:
17371:
17092:
16154:"Toraja History and Cultural Relations"
16138:. Stamslandia.webng.com. Archived from
16090:
15474:
15410:. Oxford University Press. p. 51.
15284:
15234:
15166:Society for East Asian Studies (2001).
15080:
15078:
14795:. Oxford University Press. p. 84.
14734:
14710:
13762:
13500:
13372:
12755:Graham-Harrison, Emma (10 April 2017).
12726:on 30 October 2021 – via YouTube.
12707:on 30 October 2021 – via YouTube.
12628:
12626:
12393:
11970:. U.S. Department of State. 22 May 2002
11065:. Digitalhistory.uh.edu. Archived from
10932:
10895:
10842:
10826:
10726:
9677:Economics of slavery in the West Indies
9608:The Black Family in Slavery and Freedom
9410:
9015:Victor Schœlcher and the 1848 abolition
8967:
8433:Emancipation of the British West Indies
8340:, which further devastated the island.
8205:) to satisfy the need for labor in the
7765:Britain played a prominent role in the
7511:number of coastal communities. In 1627
7334:) referred to the trading posts of the
6944:
6762:. In 1382 the Golden Horde under Khan
5983:Sexual violence in the Iraqi insurgency
5756:, who work as slaves to pay off debts.
5502:Han dynasty (206 BC – 220 AD)
4847:Company I of the 36th Colored Regiment
4654:till 1833, free blacks found refuge in
4624:banned American vessels from being used
4160:today are descended from these slaves.
2553:200 enslaved people were exported from
22628:
22491:Frederick Douglass and the White Negro
22312:Queen: The Story of an American Family
22232:Dred: A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp
20877:International Review of Social History
20854:British West Indian Slavery, 1750–1834
20658:(1991). "Prisoners, Exchanges of". In
20568:
20484:(London: The Warburg Institute, 2012.)
20337:The Cambridge World History of Slavery
19998:
19864:. Oxford University Press. p. 8.
19490:
18870:"Tyske soldater brukt som mineryddere"
18423:Darjusz Kołodziejczyk, as reported by
18393:
18328:
17903:
17901:
17820:Understanding Global Slavery: A Reader
17775:
17346:
17306:"Rebooting Reality – Chapter 2, Labor"
17278:
17007:(in French). La Renaissance du Livre.
16834:
16193:
16105:
15946:
15909:
15243:
15135:The early Chinese empires: Qin and Han
15043:
15011:
14782:
14645:Clarence-Smith, W. G. (6 March 2006).
14574:
14428:
14034:
13678:Peter S. Onuf; Eliga H. Gould (2005).
13409:
13240:
12661:
12563:
12298:
12120:Andersson, Hilary (11 February 2005).
12036:
11908:
11749:. Histoire-afrique.org. Archived from
11700:"Dahomey (historical kingdom, Africa)"
11674:"Museum Theme: The Kingdom of Dahomey"
11292:
11167:
10505:
10401:Slavery and Slaving in African History
10337:
10029:History of slavery in the Muslim world
9139:theirs as well as that of the whites.
7881:
7738:
6643:from the 13th century. They sold both
6554:In the early Middle Ages, the city of
5570:
5388:, the male:female gender ratio in the
5344:that became a decisive faction in the
4977:History of slavery in the Muslim world
3977:28%) of all profits collected for the
2145:Slaves in chains during the period of
2129:(right), between 332 BC and 395 c.e. (
1886:, starting mainly with merchants from
22264:Roots: The Saga of an American Family
22093:Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl
21529:(c. 1745 Nigeria – 31 March 1797 Eng)
21312:
21030:
20735:and Christopher Schmidt-Nowara, eds.
20630:(Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 2003)
20372:
20241:
19761:
19631:p. 264. Duke University Press, 1997.
19077:
19013:
18993:. Honolulu: Bess Press. p. 101.
18951:
18884:
18176:, 2008, Vol. 82 Issue 1/2, pp. 47–96
17907:
16035:
16018:
15403:
15056:. John Wiley and Sons, 2010, 444 pp.
14788:
14485:
14238:
12805:
12441:
12261:
12242:
12213:
12207:
12197:"Niger: Slavery – an unbroken chain,"
11598:
11415:
11063:"Digital History Slavery Fact Sheets"
10636:
10593:"West is master of slave trade guilt"
10567:. US Department of State. 22 May 2002
10440:
9999:United States National Slavery Museum
9357:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
9260:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
9142:
8962:sold off the huge Louisiana territory
8796:(Abolition Society) in May 1787, the
8531:Anglo-Egyptian Slave Trade Convention
8467:
8458:Protector of Slaves Office (Trinidad)
8328:and possibly the last who could read
8225:Slavery was outlawed in 1840 via the
6686:were enslaved over five centuries in
6383:, Portugal in 1189, for example, the
6279:"Letter to the Soldiers of Coroticus"
5840:period, in times of poor harvest and
5652:(1001), "in the midst of the land of
5248:Ottoman Turks with captives from the
4759:
4689:in 1854, armed conflict broke out in
4637:Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves
4511:Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina
4437:1661: Virginia officially recognizes
3452:To participate in the slave trade in
3389:
3202:range from 14,000 to 200,000 people.
3198:. Estimates of abductions during the
2501:to North Africa. The German explorer
2436:
1424:Anglo-Egyptian Slave Trade Convention
1101:Human trafficking in Papua New Guinea
22109:Life and Times of Frederick Douglass
21604:(1783 England – 1821 United States)
21338:
20270:
19370:
19364:
19278:(1772) 20 State Tr 1; (1772) Lofft 1
19155:
19124:
19051:O'Malley, Vincent (1 October 2013).
18929:mythichawaii.com (23 October 2006).
15952:
15885:Joint study of the Sino-Japanese war
15861:
15825:"Life as a modern slave in Pakistan"
15774:
15588:
15216:Anthony Jerome Barbieri-Low (2007).
15197:. Saint Catherine Press. p. 144
15075:
14767:from the original on 12 October 2020
14114:Legal Papers of John Adams, volume 2
13991:
13872:Williams, George Washington (1882).
13661:"Full text of "The slave in Canada""
13391:"Slavery and the Haitian Revolution"
13083:"Bandeira – Encyclopædia Britannica"
12854:. Library.umaine.edu. Archived from
12623:
12580:from the original on 11 January 2022
12415:
11168:Goitom, Hanibal (14 February 2012).
10837:The New Penguin History of the World
10815:, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 1997,
10639:"One in 200 people is a slave. Why?"
10376:"Mesopotamia: The Code of Hammurabi"
10296:
10192:
9266:, explicitly banned slavery. After
9166:
8995:on 20 November 1815 and by order of
7515:under command of the Dutch renegade
7501:Monte della Redenzione degli Schiavi
7257:, liberating 20,000 Christian slaves
7235:Spanish colonization of the Americas
6582:Barbary pirates and Maltese corsairs
6395:, Portugal in 1191, his governor of
6325:In central Europe, specifically the
6100:
5878:who built the enduring monuments in
5636:recorded that in 1001 the armies of
3444:A young boy with an enslaved woman,
3314:On the night of 14–15 April 2014, a
3019:
2972:, maize) would have limited general
1616:Slave marriages in the United States
1220:Human trafficking in the Middle East
20941:Dictionary of Afro-American Slavery
19591:"Background on Conflict in Liberia"
18248:British Slaves on the Barbary Coast
17898:
17303:
16447:. 28 September 2016. Archived from
16115:The Journal of Sophia Asian Studies
15700:The Rise of Muslim Power in Gujarat
15344:
15247:Vietnam Past and Present: The North
15191:History of Science Society (1952).
15066:
14388:Origins of the New South, 1877–1913
14218:Dictionary of Afro-American slavery
13426:. Webster.edu. 1825. Archived from
13343:Vinita Moch Ricks (1 August 2013).
13287:. Simon and Schuster. p. 236.
12664:"Boko Haram: The essence of terror"
12282:"Congo, Democratic Republic of the"
12085:"'Thousands made slaves' in Darfur"
11115:"Central African Republic: History"
9692:arrived when West Indian historian
9431:Historiography in the United States
9403:, addresses human trafficking. The
9365:In May 2004, the 22 members of the
8952:fought to restore the order of the
8878:(especially in trade ports such as
8816:sailing under their national flag.
8786:Henry Dundas, 1st Viscount Melville
7469:
6917:described how Swedish Vikings, the
6821:territories between 1558 and 1596.
6735:, whence they were sold throughout
6604:
6402:
6093:, a nineteenth-century painting by
5250:Hundred Years' Croatian–Ottoman War
5180:
4717:through the state. This infuriated
4546:New York Slave Insurrection of 1741
4126:Slavery in Canada was practised by
3008:. The personal monarchy of Belgian
2784:The inspection and sale of a slave.
2761:even before the involvement of the
2407:, another four million through the
955:Human trafficking in Southeast Asia
13:
22448:The Escape; or, A Leap for Freedom
22320:Hang a Thousand Trees with Ribbons
21598:(c. 1710 Portugal – 1734 Montreal)
21551:Nunzio Otello Francesco Gioacchino
20883:
20871:https://doi.org/10.1111/hic3.12480
20832:(Princeton University Press, 1995)
20763:(Cambridge University Press, 2009)
20665:The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium
20644:15.8 (2017). on Christian captives
20526:
20474:(Brill Academic Publishers, 2011)
20439:(Cambridge University Press, 2009)
20071:(Cambridge University Press, 2004)
19647:Robin D.G. Kelley and Earl Lewis,
19542:Islam and the Abolition of Slavery
19256:(Cambridge University Press, 2009)
18914:"Victims of Stalinism: A Comment."
17718:(Cambridge University Press; 2010)
17645:. Sanandrea.edu.mt. Archived from
16717:Frost, Peter (14 September 2013).
16667:Junius P Rodriguez, Ph.D. (1997).
15595:American Journal of Human Genetics
14648:Islam and the Abolition of Slavery
14624:. University of California Press.
13174:The abolition of slavery in Brazil
13150:(Cambridge University Press, 2009)
13012:(Cambridge University Press, 2010)
12986:. 30 November 1998. Archived from
12828:. 28 February 2017. Archived from
12099:"The Shackles of Slavery in Niger"
12012:"Mauritanian MPs pass slavery law"
11466:The Politics of Heritage in Africa
11170:"Abolition of Slavery in Ethiopia"
10985:The Politics of Heritage in Africa
10069:Influx of disease in the Caribbean
9225:. The 1890 Act was revised by the
9040:
8907:In 1793, influenced by the French
8421:Abolitionism in the United Kingdom
8240:
7807:in England. In 1785, English poet
7652:
5890:were slaves. By the 19th century,
5400:
5355:as well as during the culminating
4639:as of 1 January 1808; but not the
3213:women and children was common. In
2219:Writing in 1984, French historian
1609:last survivors of American slavery
14:
22657:
22549:Songs of the Underground Railroad
22509:Abolitionism in the United States
22017:(c. 1795 Nigeria – ? Brazil)
21648:(c. 1819 – ???, Puerto Rico)
20991:
20968:Rodriguez, Junius P, ed. (2007).
20279:"Slavery's Shadow on Switzerland"
19891:. Knopf Doubleday. p. xxii.
19861:Slavery and the Making of America
18987:Wong, Helen; Rayson, Ann (1987).
18958:Journal of the Polynesian Society
18868:Tjersland, Jonas (8 April 2006).
18638:UNESCO. Retrieved 15 October 2011
18592:(London: BBC Books, 2005), p. 61.
18270:. Osprey Publishing. p. 91.
17926:Caldeira, Arlindo Manuel (2013).
17730:Abolitions as a global experience
17229:. 26 October 2009. Archived from
17140:Slavery on the Frontiers of Islam
16786:Phillips, William D. Jr. (1985).
16269:. 13 October 2014. Archived from
16194:Brekke, Kira (8 September 2014).
16095:. University of California Press.
15953:Rhee, Young-hoon; Yang, Donghyu.
15850:Widespread slavery found in Nepal
15805:. Csmonitor.com. 1 September 2004
14169:Whitefield, Harvey Amani (2014).
13379:. London: R. Baldwin. p. 21.
12455:. Nigeria: All Africa. 2 May 2014
12359:. Associated Press. 19 April 2014
12037:Pflanz, Mike (16 December 2008).
11676:. Museeouidah.org. Archived from
10510:(New ed.). London: Phoenix.
10052:Origins of the American Civil War
9966:Abolitionism in the United States
9712:Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars
9549:in the 1970s, through their work
9425:
9405:International Labour Organization
9205:Liberated Russian slave workers,
9047:Abolitionism in the United States
8870:Role of Nantes in the slave trade
8808:within the whole British Empire.
8759:R. v. Knowles, ex parte Somersett
8568:African Slave Trade Patrol (U.S.)
8156:officially made slavery illegal.
7548:captured almost all the villagers
7395:onward, the struggle between the
7208:Company of Grão-Pará and Maranhão
6486:
6327:Frankish/German/Holy Roman Empire
6298:, they sold most captives in the
6105:
5979:Sexual slavery § Middle East
5904:International Labour Organization
5894:had developed a slave trade with
5851:
5759:
5673:at the end of the 16th century).
5340:, a special soldier class of the
5229:
5213:Arab–Byzantine prisoner exchanges
4303:In late August 1619, the frigate
4152:, especially with the arrival of
4098:, though France still controlled
3708:Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo
3245:ECOWAS Community Court of Justice
3225:was criminalized in August 2007.
2827:kingdoms depended heavily on the
2409:Swahili ports of the Indian Ocean
1912:Europe's colonies in the Americas
570:Field slaves in the United States
437:Slavery in the Rashidun Caliphate
22597:Slave Songs of the United States
22101:The Underground Railroad Records
22011:(? Puerto Rico – 1555 Venezuela)
20589:(Oxford University Press, 2017)
20395:10.1590/tem-1980-542x2017v230206
20235:
20149:
20136:
20123:
20110:
20087:
20074:
20061:
20048:
20013:
19992:
19977:
19959:
19950:
19923:
19905:
19878:
19851:
19838:
19825:
19807:
19777:
19755:
19729:
19702:
19693:
19684:
19675:
19666:
19654:
19649:To Make Our World Anew: Volume I
19641:
19621:
19583:
19559:
19532:
19519:
19484:
19459:
19433:
19410:
19338:
19325:
19294:
19281:
19272:
19259:
19246:
19234:
19212:
19190:
19149:
19118:
19089:
19071:
19044:
19007:
18945:
18922:
18906:
18861:
18826:
18814:
18786:
18774:
18702:
18662:
18641:
18629:
18607:
18595:
18582:
18573:
18564:
18537:
18506:
18452:
18417:
18322:
18291:
18257:
18182:
18166:
18130:
18051:
18031:
17999:
17990:
17964:
17934:
17919:
17885:
17873:
17812:
17721:
17708:
17674:
17661:
17635:
17613:
17587:
17565:
17546:
17528:
17472:
17456:. Allempires.com. Archived from
17446:
17404:
17340:
17297:
17272:
17245:
17219:
17197:
17171:
17145:
17132:
17119:
17068:
17019:
16996:
16942:
16929:
16903:
16877:
16828:
16806:
16779:
16756:
16729:
16710:
16687:
16606:
16581:
16567:
16555:
16542:
16522:
16509:
16491:"Sparta – A Military City-State"
16483:
16463:
16433:
16415:
16397:
16367:
16349:
16331:
16313:
16295:
16277:
16252:
16231:
16213:
16187:
16168:
16146:
16128:
16099:
16084:
16048:
16029:
16012:
15987:
15965:
15903:
15891:
15872:
15855:
15843:
15817:
15795:
15783:
15768:
15755:
15742:
15737:A Forgotten Empire (Vijayanagar)
15729:
15717:
15705:
15692:
15675:
15666:
15657:
15648:
15631:
15582:
15575:Mirza Kalichbeg Fredunbeg, tr.,
15569:
15524:
15515:
15502:
15468:
15447:. Greenwood Press. p. 316.
15431:
15397:
15363:
15338:
15304:
15278:
15219:Artisans in early imperial China
15209:
15184:
15159:
15125:
15091:
14984:
14966:
14939:
14921:
14891:Cambridge University Press, 2010
14835:
14823:
14809:
14680:
14665:
14611:
14568:
14556:
14544:
14532:
14521:
14499:
14469:Hochschild, Ada (4 March 2001).
14452:
14443:
14419:
14402:
14393:
14380:
14367:
14354:
14341:
14328:
14315:
14302:
14289:
14250:
14223:
14211:
14189:
14162:
14145:
14118:
14107:
14096:
14073:
14055:
14028:
13985:
13972:
13959:
13945:
13932:
13906:
13892:
13865:
13851:
13824:
13756:
13730:
13719:
13710:
13698:
13581:
13528:
13460:
13383:
13336:
13301:
13274:
13261:
13234:
13220:. Canoe Press. pp. 415–26.
13207:
13179:
13166:
13153:
13140:
13127:
13101:
13075:
13050:
13034:. Isc.temple.edu. Archived from
13024:
13015:
13002:
12964:
12942:
12917:
12895:
12870:
12844:
12818:
12806:Adams, Paul (28 February 2017).
12799:
12781:
12767:
12763:– via www.theguardian.com.
12748:
12730:
12711:
12692:
12678:
12592:
12528:
12301:"Congo's Pygmies live as slaves"
12270:– via www.theguardian.com.
12251:– via www.theguardian.com.
12243:Kelly, Annie (19 January 2016).
11117:. Infoplease.com. 13 August 1960
10538:. 4 October 2013. Archived from
9977:Anti-Slavery Society (1823–1838)
9902:Slavery in 21st-century jihadism
9736:amounted to less than 5% of the
9055:In 1688, four German Quakers in
8536:Anglo-Ottoman Convention of 1880
8148:system was abolished during the
8000:took over the already extensive
7955:
6931:slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate
6719:Slave trade in the Mongol Empire
6506:
6371:between Muslims and Christians.
5987:Slavery in 21st-century Islamism
5462:
5405:
4373:Slavery in American colonial law
4315:Robert Rich, 2nd Earl of Warwick
4284:Slave trade in the United States
4273:
4226:
3513:Slavery in Pre-Columbian America
3380:lavery is allowed in my religion
3145:Slavery in 21st-century jihadism
2420:
2138:
2110:
2090:
447:Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate
442:Slavery in the Umayyad Caliphate
271:Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate
41:
21977:(19th century Indian Territory)
21951:(1766 Saint-Dominque – 1853 NY)
20805:Scandinavian Journal of History
20749:(Oxford University Press, 1988)
20541:Journal of the History of Ideas
20496:Slavery: History and Historians
20344:The Ancient Mediterranean World
20330:
20305:Kavita Puri (29 October 2014).
19762:McKee, Caroline (7 July 2015).
19709:David P. Forsythe, ed. (2009).
19627:Maggie Montesinos Sale (1997).
19348:. Commonlii.org. Archived from
18544:Digital History, Steven Mintz.
17669:Scandinavian Journal of History
17411:KOŁODZIEJCZYK, DARIUSZ (2006).
17052:Olivia Remie Constable (1996).
17029:Eunuchs in Antiquity and Beyond
16471:Journal of the History of Ideas
16056:"ILO cracks the whip at Yangon"
15285:Schafer, Edward Hetzel (1967).
14041:. University of Georgia Press.
13639:. Broadview Press. p. 11.
13420:"A Brief History of Dessalines"
12564:Heaton, Laura (30 April 2014).
12512:Howard LaFranchi (5 May 2014).
12480:
12467:
12394:Perkins, Anne (23 April 2014).
12327:
12315:
12299:Thomas, Katie (12 March 2007).
12292:
12274:
12255:
12236:
12190:
12164:
12139:
12113:
12091:
12077:
12051:
12030:
11960:
11938:
11929:
11902:
11869:
11855:
11846:
11808:
11797:Encounter Books: London. 2011.
11787:
11765:
11739:
11717:
11692:
11666:
11634:
11625:
11568:
11535:
11505:
11491:"The Transatlantic Slave Trade"
11483:
11456:
11434:
11421:
11374:
11352:
11327:
11301:
11286:
11260:
11234:
11222:. Mondediplo.com. 22 March 1998
11212:
11200:
11188:
11161:
11129:
11107:
11081:
11061:Digital History, Steven Mintz.
11054:
11002:
10975:
10951:
10889:
10871:
10858:
10805:
10784:
10758:
10719:
10701:
10679:
10524:
10499:
10297:Hunt, Peter (2015). "Slavery".
10193:Hunt, Peter (2015). "Slavery".
10141:
10132:
10119:List of films featuring slavery
9355:, which was developed from the
9249:Committee of Experts on Slavery
9247:In 1932, the League formed the
9223:Brussels Conference Act of 1890
9221:, which had concluded with the
8583:Eastern Naval Division (Brazil)
8556:Brussels Conference Act of 1890
7981:
7966:As agreed by the Allies at the
7930:operated several categories of
7919:by Nazis for forced labor, 1941
7604:to secure new concessions from
6306:or Islamic markets such as the
5957:in 1863 in all Dutch colonies.
5810:used millions of civilians and
5187:Slavery in the Byzantine Empire
5177:, were poor and former slaves.
4705:fraud. Pro-slavery elements in
4325:. They had been removed by the
4298:
4156:after 1783. A small portion of
3987:To regularise slavery, in 1685
3624:was composed by an Englishman,
3487:) of selling African slaves in
3370:On 5 May 2014 a video in which
3130:
3057:
2299:and other peoples of the lower
2230:colony at the Cape of Good Hope
2085:, and children born to slaves.
2069:of Sub-Saharan Africa, and the
1992:Prehistoric and ancient slavery
1910:kingdoms, transporting them to
1787:Slavery has been found in some
1784:in different times and places.
1397:Committee of Experts on Slavery
948:East, Southeast, and South Asia
22581:Slave-Trading in the Old South
21635:(c. 1788 Bermuda – after 1833)
21288:International humanitarian law
21232:Special Court for Sierra Leone
20980:(Yale University Press, 2016).
20686:(Yale University Press, 2007)
20555:Slavery in Classical Antiquity
20491:(Yale University Press, 2012.)
20277:Tony Wild (10 November 2014).
19999:Serven, Ruth (21 March 2018).
19605:. 30 July 2003. Archived from
19289:The Journal of African History
19243:. Michael King. Penguin. 2003.
19158:Moriori: A People Rediscovered
18952:Levin, Stephenie Seto (1968).
18821:United States Holocaust Museum
18781:Yale Law School Avalon Project
18304:Study of sails on pirate ships
18300:"Pirates who got away with it"
17946:www.ukcouncilhumanrights.co.uk
17942:"Chapter 1: Health In Slavery"
17108:. Robert Davis (2004). p. 45.
16576:Geography. Book IV Chapter 5
16106:Warren, James Francis (2007).
15084:J.W. McCrindle (Translator),
14563:The Cambridge History of Islam
14035:Blanck, Emily (6 March 2014).
13593:www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca
13393:. Chnm.gmu.edu. Archived from
13255:10.1080/00086495.1960.11829793
13111:. V-brazil.com. Archived from
12380:Maclean, Ruth (17 April 2014)
11469:. Cambridge University Press.
11091:. Bartelby.com. Archived from
10988:. Cambridge University Press.
10463:
10368:
10331:
10227:
10186:
10161:
9989:– Religious Society of Friends
9892:Slavery in contemporary Africa
9373:, which incorporated the 1990
9006:"Avenue Schœlcher 1804-1893",
8387:was increasingly effective in
8159:
8041:исправительно-трудовая колония
7443:Dutch possessions in Indonesia
7303:
6925:, terrorized and enslaved the
6379:and slaves. In a raid against
6285:had several distinct sources.
5808:Imperial Japanese Armed Forces
5520:were also used as slave labor.
4458:1664: Slavery is legalized in
4215:, a network of routes used by
3729:, adventurers mostly of mixed
3682:Slavery was a mainstay of the
3141:Slavery in contemporary Africa
2307:, and the Kasanje kingdom and
1096:Slave raiding in Easter Island
1:
22256:The Confessions of Nat Turner
22221:
22214:
22045:The Narrative of Robert Adams
21459:
20863:Review 73.2 (2020): 353–383.
20819:10.1080/03468755.2016.1210880
20058:(Yale University Press, 1926)
19200:. Teara.govt.nz. 4 March 2009
19057:. Auckland University Press.
18835:The Journal of Modern History
18697:University of Mary Washington
18434:The Journal of Jewish Studies
17862:. Columbia University Press,
17681:Rodriguez, Junius P. (1997).
16613:Campbelly, Jamesetta (2011).
16519:(Yale UP, 2000) pp. 66, 75–77
16040:British Relations With Bhutan
15900:Access date: 9 February 2007.
14952:Ambassador Morgenthau's Story
14273:. Itd.nps.gov. Archived from
14080:Meserette (29 January 2016).
12601:"Abducted girls moved abroad"
12262:Kelly, Annie (23 July 2014).
12122:"Born to be a slave in Niger"
11909:Milton, Giles (8 June 2005).
10811:Roland De Vaux, John McHugh,
10154:
9867:Slavery in the Ottoman Empire
9665:In 2018, a conference at the
9307:Charles Wilton Wood Greenidge
9072:American Colonization Society
7992:POW labor in the Soviet Union
7836:. Between 1808 and 1860, the
7551:them ever saw Ireland again.
7318:it flourished throughout the
6867:era beginning circa 793, the
6690:until abolition in 1864 (see
6430:
6409:Slavery in the Ottoman Empire
6399:took 3,000 Christian slaves.
5536:Chinese domination of Vietnam
5378:Ambassador Morgenthau's Story
5292:, could achieve high status.
5257:economy of the Ottoman Empire
5236:Slavery in the Ottoman Empire
4834:Confederate States of America
4774:Confederate States of America
4725:, and was exacerbated by the
4616:Congress of the Confederation
4538:New York Slave Revolt of 1712
3948:War of the Spanish Succession
3899:controlled by France and the
3745:, and particularly among the
3479:War of the Spanish Succession
3335:students have been forced to
2387:and the surrounding areas in
1863:; and from the South via the
22589:Sarah Johnson's Mount Vernon
22544:Slavery in the United States
21901:Greensbury Washington Offley
21252:Special Tribunal for Lebanon
21237:International Criminal Court
20842:(Simon & Schuster, 1997)
20587:Slavery After Rome, 500-1100
20470:Linden, Marcel van der, ed.
19712:Encyclopedia of human rights
19421:. Publications.parliament.uk
19404:UK public library membership
18526:. p. 27. Archived from
18513:Brian Glyn Williams (2013).
18267:Piracy: the complete history
16265:International Business Times
16181:International Business Times
16036:Gupta, Shantiswarup (1974).
15138:. Harvard University Press.
14713:, pp. 382–383, 388–390.
14247:– PBS Series – Part 4 (2007)
14177:. Vermont Historical Society
13929:. Retrieved 6 December 2006.
13831:Junius P. Rodriguez (2007).
13542:. Canadian Museum of History
13540:Virtual Museum of New France
13214:Richard B. Sheridan (1974).
11946:"My Career Redeeming Slaves"
10866:The Journal of Roman Studies
10441:Perbi, Akosua Adoma (2004).
10409:10.1017/cbo9781139034999.003
10311:10.1017/CBO9781139059251.006
10207:10.1017/CBO9781139059251.006
10039:Slavery in the United States
9686:were primarily responsible.
9371:Arab Charter on Human Rights
9234:Temporary Slavery Commission
8902:
8716:Temporary Slavery Commission
8447:1840 Anti-Slavery Conference
7753:Illustration from the book:
7424:, at which place they built
7342:, which lie in contemporary
7099:Economic history of Portugal
7065:and was a colony of France.
6566:where they were enslaved as
6513:Slavery in the British Isles
5917:was practiced by the tribal
5682:that date it shifted to the
5648:(capital of Gandhara) after
4866:and others were slavers and
4561:James Hopkinson's plantation
4280:Slavery in the United States
3869:British and French Caribbean
3785:and other countries such as
3545:, workers were subject to a
3275:Democratic Republic of Congo
2919:. The King of Bonny (now in
2792:prior to the arrival of the
1387:Temporary Slavery Commission
1048:Slavery in the Mongol Empire
7:
22613:The Hemingses of Monticello
22514:African-American literature
21293:International speech crimes
21074:Customary international law
20534:Slavery and Society at Rome
20244:The Economic History Review
20158:The Business History Review
19933:American Slavery: 1619–1877
19846:American Slavery: 1619–1877
19125:Howe, Kerry (9 June 2006).
18732:(inactive 24 August 2024).
18335:. Oxford University Press.
17595:"Huguenots and the Galleys"
17080:Online Etymology Dictionary
16835:Cassar, P (20 April 2015).
16091:McKenna, Thomas H. (1998).
16019:White, John Claude (1909).
15750:India at the Death of Akbar
15475:Schafer, Edward H. (1963).
15404:Davis, David Brion (1966).
14131:. Oxford University Press.
13940:Origins of American Slavery
12718:TRT World (26 April 2017).
12699:TRT World (12 April 2017).
12473:Maclean, Ruth (3 May 2014)
10637:Hodal, Kate (31 May 2016).
10079:Pedro Blanco (slave trader)
9897:Slavery in the 21st century
9751:
9650:, plantation owners) chose
9417:Slavery in the 21st century
9393:U.S. Departments of Justice
8859:
8773:). A similar case, that of
8733:Ad Hoc Committee on Slavery
8563:West Africa Squadron (U.K.)
8260:South Island of New Zealand
7647:conquered the state in 1830
7643:Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle
7558:(1814–15), which ended the
7084:
6935:Volga Bulgarian slave trade
6859:Volga Bulgarian slave trade
6837:The Vikings and Scandinavia
6750:was mainly in the hands of
6463:Similarly, Christians sold
6427:Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje
6312:Volga Bulgarian slave trade
6082:Human trafficking in Europe
5534:During the millennium long
5469:History of slavery in China
5346:Ottoman invasions of Europe
4358:sugar colonies, Brazil, or
4163:The practice of slavery in
4106:and a few smaller islands.
4083:freedom was achieved. Full
3777:Slaves that escaped formed
3590:west coast of North America
3529:. Warfare was important to
3509:Slavery in the Aztec Empire
3497:privately owned enterprises
3491:, which was granted to the
3435:
3137:Slavery in the 21st century
2855:In the 1840s, King Gezo of
2788:Slavery already existed in
2071:pre-Columbian civilizations
1961:Slavery in the 21st century
1407:Ad Hoc Committee on Slavery
452:Volga Bulgarian slave trade
10:
22662:
22429:A Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin
21535:(c. 1705 Bornu – 1775 Eng)
21351:Slave Narrative Collection
21114:Convention Against Torture
21058:International criminal law
20964:(U of Georgia Press, 2015)
20956:. D. Appleton and company.
20581:. Gent: Universiteit Gent.
20444:Slavery and Historiography
20414:Slavery and Human Progress
20034:10.1007/s11186-019-09369-x
19936:. Macmillan. p. 136.
19545:. C. Hurst & Company.
19527:Napoleon: A Political Life
19471:Anti-Slavery International
18685:Blacks in Colonial America
18636:Anti-Slavery International
18218:Wesleyan Juvenile Offering
18146:Atlas of Mutual Heritage.
18098:Atlas of Mutual Heritage.
18071:Atlas of Mutual Heritage.
17778:"Slavery and Christianity"
17256:. Sras.org. Archived from
17125:Junius A. Rodriguez, ed.,
16960:"They are not Angles, but
16948:The complete sentence was
16589:"Iron Age iron gang chain"
16550:The Encyclopedia Americana
15724:Cambridge History of India
15712:Cambridge History of India
15607:10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.05.030
15508:Gray, John Henry. (1878).
15132:Mark Edward Lewis (2007).
14946:Morgenthau, Henry (1918).
14698:American Historical Review
14539:Encyclopedia of the Qur'an
14006:10.1177/002193479702700502
13704:Michael Edward Stanfield,
13684:. JHU Press. p. 298.
13486:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 16–.
13310:American Historical Review
12984:Canadian Museum of History
12925:"Slavery in the New World"
12662:Lister, Tim (6 May 2014).
9971:Anti-Slavery International
9571:Slave Narrative Collection
9558:during the 19th century.)
9444:Slave Narrative Collection
9414:
9311:Anti-Slavery International
9301:(UN) after the end of the
9170:
9044:
9018:
8863:
8418:
8414:
8347:
8071:
8067:
8020:order 20 25 January 1960.
7985:
7959:
7890:
7886:
7834:Slavery Abolition Act 1833
7814:1833 Slavery Abolition Act
7742:
7656:
7587:Bombardment of Algiers by
7473:
7307:
7224:
7109:Portrait of an African Man
7088:
7022:Jean Parisot de la Valette
6955:Monument of the Four Moors
6840:
6746:Slave commerce during the
6716:
6697:
6608:
6510:
6406:
6257:Slavery in medieval Europe
6254:
6172:
6109:
6075:
5964:
5923:culturally diverse islands
5855:
5821:
5790:
5768:
5466:
5430:, mentioned in texts like
5409:
5233:
5184:
5175:Bilal ibn Rabah al-Habashi
4970:
4967:History of slavery in Asia
4964:
4763:
4680:Fugitive Slave Act of 1850
4660:American Revolutionary War
4563:, South Carolina ca. 1862.
4294:Slavery among the Cherokee
4291:
4277:
4230:
4217:enslaved African-Americans
4192:Slavery Abolition Act 1833
4119:
4113:
3872:
3684:Brazilian colonial economy
3641:
3635:
3506:
3393:
3251:10,000,000 (approximately
3134:
3061:
3023:
2738:
2440:
2372:persisted until 1942. The
2187:Slave Coast of West Africa
2184:
2162:
1995:
1932:European political control
1928:African Slave Trade Patrol
1592:Great Dismal Swamp maroons
1429:Anti-Slavery International
1194:North Africa and West Asia
22501:
22474:
22439:
22422:To a Southern Slaveholder
22413:
22378:
22210:The Bondwoman's Narrative
22159:
22085:My Bondage and My Freedom
22069:The Life of Josiah Henson
22053:American Slavery as It Is
22028:
21995:
21655:
21611:
21586:
21560:
21513:
21496:
21481:Andreas Matthäus Wolfgang
21370:
21359:
21346:
21283:Joint criminal enterprise
21265:
21196:
21127:
21064:
20518:Rodriguez, Junius P. ed.
20446:(New York: Garland, 1989)
19555:– via Google Books.
19301:Lovejoy, Paul E. (2000).
18730:10.1017/S0147547900003677
18199:24 September 2009 at the
17974:. Cia.gov. Archived from
17910:"Pombal e o esclavagismo"
17830:Goodman, Joan E. (2001).
17643:"The Great Siege of 1565"
17252:Sras.Org (15 July 2003).
17179:"The Destruction of Kiev"
16853:10.1017/s0025727300013314
16673:. ABC-CLIO. p. 674.
16076:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
15865:The raiders of the Sarhad
15317:. McFarland. p. 51.
15007:– via Google Books.
14907:. JHU Press. p. 72.
14753:. Routledge. p. 86.
14661:– via Google Books.
14634:– via Google Books.
14587:10.1017/9781139024723.019
14199:. New York Public Library
14141:– via Google Books.
14051:– via Google Books.
13609:The Canadian Encyclopedia
13161:Late Victorian Holocausts
12954:www.digitalhistory.uh.edu
12903:"Bolivia – Ethnic Groups"
11395:10.1080/00263209808701225
10536:Global Slavery Index 2013
9920:Types of slave soldiers:
9850:Trans-Saharan slave trade
9262:, adopted in 1948 by the
8980:issued a proclamation in
8935:Napoleon restores slavery
8501:
8460:, Richard Bridgens, 1838.
8113:
8106:to collect labor for the
8040:
8014:corrective labor colonies
7523:, occupied the island of
7079:French Revolution of 1848
6570:. The Italian ambassador
6549:
6421:merchant (right) and his
6118:slavery in Ancient Greece
6112:Slavery in ancient Greece
6071:
5961:Islamic State slave trade
5858:Slavery in Southeast Asia
5051:, as well as amongst the
4891:Emancipation Proclamation
4685:After the passage of the
4130:and continued during the
4109:
4052:18th-century painting of
4027:slavery in Saint-Domingue
4025:intended to re-establish
3631:
3519:Pre-Columbian Mesoamerica
3207:Second Sudanese Civil War
3200:Second Sudanese Civil War
2455:Trans-Saharan slave trade
2169:Trans-Saharan slave trade
2158:
2131:Ptolemaic or Roman period
1947:Second Sudanese Civil War
1892:transatlantic slave trade
1865:Trans-Saharan slave trade
1688:Emancipation Proclamation
1360:Opposition and resistance
1118:Sex trafficking in Europe
1106:Blackbirding in Polynesia
669:Trans-Saharan slave trade
22368:The Underground Railroad
22133:The Peculiar Institution
21778:Sarah Jane Woodson Early
21203:(in order of foundation)
21015:The Abolitionist Seminar
20754:The Atlantic Slave Trade
20575:Delepeleire, Y. (2004).
20054:Frank Joseph Klingberg,
19914:The Peculiar Institution
19371:Hall, Catherine (2008).
19291:, Vol. 23, No. 4 (1982).
19127:"Ideas of Māori origins"
18964:: 402–30. Archived from
18823:retrieved 8 January 2011
18783:retrieved 8 January 2011
18709:Herbert, Ulrich (2000).
18523:The Jamestown Foundation
18306:. London. Archived from
18190:Journal of World History
18007:"Ways of ending slavery"
17807:The Atlantic Slave Trade
17419:. 25 (86) (1): 149–159.
17347:Fisher, Alan W. (1987).
17279:Fisher, Alan W. (1987).
17003:Rousseau, Félix (1958).
16629:. Random House. p.
16093:Muslim Rulers and Rebels
15763:The History Of Aurangzeb
15088:Trubner & Co. London
14747:M.J Akbar (3 May 2002).
13994:Journal of Black Studies
13373:Kitchin, Thomas (1778).
13349:. BookBaby. p. 77.
13187:"Involuntary Immigrants"
12429:. All Africa. 2 May 2014
12286:U.S. Department of State
11895:Smallwood, Stephanie E.
10854:Encyclopædia Britannica.
10470:Salzmann, Ariel (2013).
10125:
9954:Compensated emancipation
9942:Ideals and organizations
9845:Indian Ocean slave trade
9599:This Species of Property
9575:Federal Writers' Project
9532:Nazi concentration camps
9441:Federal Writers' Project
9021:End of slavery in France
8921:Léger-Félicité Sonthonax
8895:possessions, especially
8833:Indian Slavery Act, 1843
8389:intercepting slave ships
8295:Rapa Nui / Easter Island
7566:raiding. The sacking of
7538:and armed troops of the
7495:with the support of the
7401:Dutch West India Company
7336:Dutch West India Company
7310:History of Dutch slavery
7294:Spanish colonies of Cuba
7220:
7032:Christian VII of Denmark
6803:an extensive slave-trade
6534:reputedly made the pun,
5817:
5800:Second Sino-Japanese War
5786:
5750:Indian Slavery Act, 1843
4879:compensated emancipation
4812:, the Republicans swept
4797:the new Republican Party
3773:Resistance and abolition
3503:Among indigenous peoples
3288:in West Africa; see the
3281:in a system of slavery.
2709:While travelling in the
2523:Central African Republic
2472:Indian Ocean slave trade
2451:Indian Ocean slave trade
2327:. The population of the
2177:Indian Ocean slave trade
2077:, punishment for crime,
1873:Indian Ocean slave trade
1855:; from the East via the
1468:Compensated emancipation
679:Indian Ocean slave trade
22646:History of human rights
22539:Films featuring slavery
22003:Mahommah Gardo Baquaqua
21927:William Henry Singleton
21732:Ellen and William Craft
21141:Crimes against humanity
20560:Westermann, William L.
20201:Business History Review
20006:Richmond Times-Dispatch
19572:, Paris, Perrin, 2003 (
19493:French Colonial History
18410:Encyclopædia Britannica
18400:"Barbary Pirates"
18329:Davies, Norman (1996).
18264:Konstam, Angus (2008).
18012:Encyclopædia Britannica
17908:Ramos, Luís O. (1971).
17687:. Bloomsbury Academic.
17575:. Uh.edu. 1 August 2004
16958:, si forent Christiani.
16763:James William Brodman.
16361:www.atheistrepublic.com
16343:The Wall Street Journal
16044:. Panchsheel Prakashan.
15862:Dyer, Reginald (1921).
15702:(Bombay, 1963), p. 205.
15672:Dale, Indian Merchants,
15370:Kenneth B. Lee (1997).
15026:"Islam's black slaves,"
14901:Eric Dursteler (2006).
14789:Davis, Paul K. (2003).
14690:Mediterranean Chronicle
14308:Michael Vorenberg, ed.
13978:Joseph Cephas Carroll,
13837:. ABC-CLIO. p. 3.
13790:Donoghue, John (2010).
13633:Mary Ann Shadd (2016).
13606:James H. Marsh (1999).
12340:Report on Côte d'Ivoire
12305:The News & Observer
12223:Human Rights Law Review
12101:. ABC News. 3 June 2005
11293:Vernet, Thomas (2009).
10963:The Library of Congress
10933:Grindal, Peter (2016).
10771:Encyclopædia Britannica
10713:Encyclopædia Britannica
10691:Encyclopædia Britannica
9740:during any year of the
9238:1926 Slavery Convention
9189:Slavery in Saudi Arabia
8721:1926 Slavery Convention
8706:Treaty of Jeddah (1927)
8691:Battle of Little Bereby
8495:Slave trade suppression
8299:The isolated island of
7970:, Germans were used as
7673:Danubian principalities
7008:often turned 'infidel'
6343:Carolingian Renaissance
6175:Slavery in ancient Rome
6168:
6028:The Wall Street Journal
6015:religious justification
5915:pre-Spanish Philippines
5764:
4960:
4709:had arrived first from
4552:Early United States law
4154:United Empire Loyalists
4136:French colony of Canada
4031:Jean-Jacques Dessalines
4009:owned one-third of the
3975:King Philip V, of Spain
3962:North American colonies
3702:deteriorated. Although
3588:, that lived along the
3561:counts as slavery. The
3402:Second Libyan Civil War
3307:in "the worst forms of
3099:during the time of the
2149:at Smyrna (present-day
1945:. During the 1983–2005
1392:1926 Slavery Convention
1148:Germany in World War II
765:North and South America
287:Contract of manumission
22387:Amos Fortune, Free Man
21621:Juan Francisco Manzano
21596:Marie-Joseph Angélique
21504:Brigitta Scherzenfeldt
21487:Johann Georg Wolffgang
21469:Guðríður Símonardóttir
21408:James Leander Cathcart
21298:Universal jurisdiction
21273:Command responsibility
21166:Incitement to genocide
21104:United Nations Charter
20827:Stinchcombe, Arthur L.
20614:Africa and Middle East
20460:(2 vol. 2007) 795 pp;
19930:Peter Kolchin (2003).
19389:10.1093/ref:odnb/96359
19374:"Anti-Slavery Society"
19156:King, Michael (2000).
18990:Hawaii's Royal History
18799:Jewish Virtual Library
18446:10.18647/2730/JJS-2007
18395:Hannay, David McDowall
17761:: CS1 maint: others (
17479:MATSUKI, Eizo (2006).
17304:Rawlins, Gregory J.E.
17207:. Depts.washington.edu
16719:"From Slavs to Slaves"
15910:Rummel, R. J. (1999).
15765:, vol. III, pp. 331–32
14692:1 (2011) pp. 281, 282
14671:Clarence-Smith. W. G.
14197:"REGULATING THE TRADE"
13921:13 August 2006 at the
13878:. G.P. Putnam's Sons.
12950:"UH - Digital History"
12225:: 1–20. Archived from
11816:"African Slave Owners"
11383:Middle Eastern Studies
10794:, Mohr Siebeck, 2003,
10591:5 Minutes 10 Minutes.
10046:North Carolina v. Mann
9821:Types of slave trade:
9699:Capitalism and Slavery
9690:Historical revisionism
9667:University of Virginia
9512:
9491:
9471:
9447:
9389:
9334:Faisal of Saudi Arabia
9210:
9125:William Lloyd Garrison
9111:include former slaves
9011:
8866:Abolitionism in France
8670:Bombardment of Johanna
8578:Brazil Squadron (U.S.)
8573:Africa Squadron (U.S.)
8461:
8450:
8375:
8359:
8344:Abolitionist movements
8164:Before the arrival of
7920:
7908:
7906:German-occupied Poland
7762:
7736:
7716:
7597:
7544:Baltimore, County Cork
7485:
7258:
7255:captured Tunis in 1535
7113:
6966:
6714:
6707:Giovanni Maria Morandi
6591:
6446:Ottoman wars in Europe
6442:Byzantine-Ottoman wars
6437:
6347:early Muslim conquests
6251:Post-classical history
6219:on a large scale; the
6097:
5695:
5630:
5546:southern provinces of
5523:Deriving from earlier
5460:
5252:
5224:Fall of Constantinople
5012:
4996:
4943:lost the right to vote
4864:Nathan Bedford Forrest
4851:
4822:United States Congress
4715:Lecompton Constitution
4703:Lecompton Constitution
4564:
4493:Development of slavery
4382:
4270:for domestic service.
4250:
4203:; and again after the
4092:pressure other nations
4057:
3892:
3679:
3660:
3657:Johann Moritz Rugendas
3449:
3113:Bombardment of Algiers
3092:
3046:
3002:
2929:
2876:
2873:British two pound coin
2865:
2785:
2754:
2732:
2726:
2707:
2690:
2631:Imamate of Futa Jallon
2569:, the crossing of the
2537:'s victory created an
2464:
2216:
1861:Andalusian slave trade
873:British Virgin Islands
425:Circassian slave trade
391:Safavid imperial harem
386:Ottoman Imperial Harem
22336:Walk Through Darkness
22272:Underground to Canada
21885:Jermain Wesley Loguen
21830:(1848/1854 VA – 1957)
21757:Ayuba Suleiman Diallo
21573:Konstantin Mihailović
21521:Lovisa von Burghausen
21021:American Abolitionism
20599:(Random House, 2006).
20501:Phillips, William D.
20442:Finkelman, Paul, ed.
20373:Allen, R. B. (2017).
20104:29 March 2017 at the
19505:10.1353/fch.2005.0007
19447:. UK. 25 January 2007
17972:"CIA Factbook: Haiti"
17870:, pp. 158–60, 362–70.
17782:Catholic Encyclopedia
17776:Allard, Paul (1912).
17540:naturalhistory.si.edu
16704:10.1093/past/177.1.17
16142:on 22 September 2008.
15975:. Travel.mongabay.com
15973:"Cambodia Angkor Wat"
15345:(Japan), Tōyō Bunko.
15250:. Cognoscenti Books.
15049:B. Stein, D. Arnold.
14552:Encyclopedia of Islam
14494:Encyclopedia of Islam
14256:Leonard L. Richards,
14245:"Africans in America"
14067:founders.archives.gov
13450:"Haiti, 1789 to 1806"
13271:(2001), pp. 341, 361.
12214:Duffy, Helen (2008).
11773:"The Story of Africa"
11747:"Le Mali précolonial"
11176:. Library of Congress
10899:(26 September 1984).
10506:Thomas, Hugh (2006).
10104:Slavery at common law
9916:List of famous slaves
9883:Present-day slavery:
9840:Coastwise slave trade
9742:Industrial Revolution
9725:Industrial Revolution
9704:Industrial Revolution
9555:Protestant work ethic
9507:
9483:
9463:
9453:Civil Rights Movement
9438:
9379:
9332:. In November 1962,
9204:
9085:Mississippi-in-Africa
9065:abolitionist movement
9005:
8945:Toussaint L'Ouverture
8874:There were slaves in
8821:Slavery Abolition Act
8814:interdict slave ships
8763:Court of King's Bench
8456:
8444:
8365:
8357:
8307:was inhabited by the
8235:Wars of the mid-1860s
8023:During the period of
7914:
7900:
7818:abolitionist movement
7783:Industrial Revolution
7752:
7720:
7711:
7705:Author and historian
7657:Further information:
7585:
7483:
7414:Jacob van den Broucke
7250:
7106:
6952:
6851:Black Sea slave trade
6705:
6665:Black Sea slave trade
6623:Black Sea slave trade
6589:
6536:Non Angli, sed Angeli
6416:
6304:Black sea slave trade
6261:Black Sea slave trade
6231:Other European tribes
6089:
5848:in order to survive.
5675:
5612:
5566:Postclassical history
5511:Warring States period
5450:
5373:Henry Morgenthau, Sr.
5263:until the slavery of
5247:
5195:Black Sea slave trade
5002:
4984:
4971:Further information:
4846:
4764:Further information:
4652:British North America
4559:
4380:
4367:Royal African Company
4352:British North America
4268:Guatuso-Maleku people
4244:
4231:Further information:
4140:British North America
4132:European colonization
4122:Slavery in New France
4051:
3934:England had multiple
3882:
3741:In some areas of the
3712:1st Marquis of Pombal
3666:
3651:
3477:. As a result of the
3443:
3297:U.S. State Department
3290:chocolate and slavery
3277:belong from birth to
3223:Slavery in Mauritania
3191:Middle East Quarterly
3127:to free many slaves.
3087:
3033:
2997:
2925:
2870:
2861:
2783:
2753:Gezo, King of Dahomey
2752:
2727:
2715:
2703:
2684:
2555:Portuguese Mozambique
2462:
2429:slave market in Yemen
2202:
2185:Further information:
1924:Preventative Squadron
1112:Europe and North Asia
1072:Australia and Oceania
772:Pre-Columbian America
344:Slave raid of Suðuroy
276:Slavery in al-Andalus
198:Black Sea slave trade
127:21st-century jihadism
22534:Caribbean literature
22524:Atlantic slave trade
22077:Twelve Years a Slave
21970:Booker T. Washington
21772:Jordan Winston Early
21199:International courts
21099:Nuremberg principles
20879:57#1 (2012): 87–111.
20656:Oikonomides, Nicolas
20651:(Cambridge UP, 1983)
20509:Rodriguez, Junius P.
20426:Davis, David Brion.
20419:Davis, David Brion.
19352:on 30 September 2011
19346:"Indian Legislation"
19222:. New Zealand A to Z
19078:Clark, Ross (1994).
17555:Medieval Scandinavia
17337:, vol. 13, SPb, 1904
16891:on 29 September 2011
16816:. Trivia-library.com
16739:The Theft of History
16736:Goody, Jack (2012).
16379:newenglishreview.com
16124:on 16 December 2014.
15959:Working Paper Series
15299:slave girls of viet.
15172:. Brill. p. 299
14994:Remembering Genocide
14855:Wolf Von Schierbrand
14541:, Slaves and Slavery
14505:Du Pasquier, Roger,
14347:Margaret Humphreys,
13800:on 4 September 2015.
13281:Hugh Thomas (1997).
12990:on 23 September 2008
12832:on 10 September 2017
12311:on 28 February 2009.
11948:. MEQ. December 1999
11881:King Leopold's Ghost
11427:Copied content from
11251:". Naeem Mohaiemen.
11247:5 April 2014 at the
10697:on 23 February 2007.
10666:Global Slavery Index
10240:Current Anthropology
10114:William Lynch speech
10099:Slavery and religion
10024:History of Liverpool
9825:Atlantic slave trade
9810:Indentured servitude
9541:Economic historians
9411:Contemporary slavery
9315:Committee on Slavery
9105:Underground Railroad
9081:Republic of Maryland
8968:Napoleon and slavery
8917:Revolutionary French
8806:Atlantic slave trade
8437:Slave Trade Act 1807
8249:who migrated to the
8082:to supply labor and
7864:Arthur William Hodge
7838:West Africa Squadron
7830:Slave Trade Act 1807
7767:Atlantic slave trade
7745:Atlantic slave trade
7534:, with pirates from
7412:Willem de la Palma,
7279:Atlantic slave trade
7133:Afonso V of Portugal
7055:free people of color
6945:Early Modern history
6875:called their slaves
6611:Venetian slave trade
6572:Liutprand of Cremona
6367:saw almost constant
6337:of Northern Africa,
5919:Austronesian peoples
5866:Slavery in Indonesia
5836:of 1894. During the
5731:Alauddin Bahman Shah
5587:, a Turkic slave of
5457:The Indika of Arrian
5390:Atlantic slave trade
5201:trading with Vikings
5003:A contract from the
4973:Slavery in antiquity
4838:American nationalism
4824:. The states of the
4668:Underground Railroad
4662:and again after the
4641:internal slave trade
4622:. In 1794, Congress
4608:constitution of 1777
4584:Knight v. Wedderburn
4573:Massachusetts courts
4213:Underground Railroad
4007:Free people of color
3887:, British colony of
3852:had black ancestry.
3817:Jean-Baptiste Debret
3761:had organized their
3716:Continental Portugal
3677:Jean Baptiste Debret
3527:indentured servitude
3026:Atlantic slave trade
2759:Sub Saharan Africans
2741:Atlantic slave trade
2635:Imamate of Futa Toro
2606:Atlantic slave trade
2374:Anti-Slavery Society
2343:caliphate formed by
2246:Slave Trade Act 1807
2181:Atlantic slave trade
2067:pre-colonial empires
2004:Neolithic Revolution
1998:Slavery in antiquity
1859:; from the West via
1567:Indentured servitude
1495:Underground Railroad
1295:United Arab Emirates
684:Zanzibar slave trade
651:By country or region
464:Atlantic slave trade
366:Ma malakat aymanukum
250:Venetian slave trade
22529:Captivity narrative
22360:The Book of Negroes
22141:The Slave Community
22005:(1845–1847, Brazil)
21932:James Lindsay Smith
21839:John Andrew Jackson
21774:(1814 – after 1894)
21728:(1845 KY – 1938 OH)
21721:William Wells Brown
21680:Jared Maurice Arter
21675:William J. Anderson
21568:Johann Schiltberger
21146:Crime of aggression
21109:Genocide Convention
20569:Europe: Middle Ages
20553:Finley, Moses, ed.
20435:Drescher, Seymour.
19885:Eric Foner (2013).
19785:"Human Trafficking"
18917:Europe-Asia Studies
18912:Robert Conquest in
18533:on 21 October 2013.
17860:History of Portugal
17485:Mediterranean World
17316:on 23 December 2008
17260:on 24 February 2008
17159:on 15 December 2018
16966:Zuckermann, Ghil'ad
16538:on 28 October 2009.
16363:. 4 September 2015.
16325:The Daily Telegraph
16273:on 14 October 2014.
16200:The Huffington Post
14933:www.everything2.com
14518:Gordon 1987, p. 40.
13912:McElrath, Jessica,
13430:on 1 September 2013
13243:Caribbean Quarterly
13089:on 28 November 2006
13038:on 21 November 2011
12976:www.civilization.ca
12905:. Countrystudies.us
12573:The Daily Telegraph
10034:Slave-owning slaves
9872:Swedish slave trade
9830:Barbary slave trade
9731:Economic historian
9684:William Wilberforce
9595:Leslie Howard Owens
9547:Stanley L. Engerman
9475:James Oliver Horton
9292:Red Sea slave trade
9264:UN General Assembly
9151:(Which also formed
8964:to the US in 1803.
8876:Metropolitan France
8782:William Wilberforce
8102:slave raids in the
8096:Polynesian triangle
8031:labor camps in the
7882:Late Modern history
7868:British West Indies
7822:William Wilberforce
7820:, led primarily by
7781:at the time of the
7739:British slave trade
7707:Brian Glyn Williams
7667:Ottoman slave trade
7663:Crimean slave trade
7476:Barbary slave trade
7269:on islands such as
7184:Henry the Navigator
7175:Mercado de Escravos
7091:Slavery in Portugal
7018:Knights Hospitaller
6939:Samanid slave trade
6651:slaves, as well as
6615:Genoese slave trade
6523:Bodmin manumissions
6316:Bukhara slave trade
6095:Charles W. Bartlett
6068:states and Turkey.
6033:apocalyptic beliefs
5925:. The neighbouring
5870:Slavery in Malaysia
5780:Iranian Baluchistan
5744:During the rule of
5692:Al Hind, André Wink
5627:Al Hind, André Wink
5603:are descendants of
5599:; for example, the
5597:Indian Ocean trades
5571:Indian subcontinent
5442:Alexander the Great
5316:Ottomans practiced
5240:Crimean slave trade
5209:Arab–Byzantine wars
4989:possibly depicting
4789:western territories
4723:popular sovereignty
4687:Kansas–Nebraska Act
4612:Northwest Ordinance
4604:Republic of Vermont
4525:economy across the
4519:Carolina Lowcountry
4319:Jamestown, Virginia
4207:, with a number of
4197:American Revolution
4186:Act Against Slavery
4011:plantation property
3883:Slaves cutting the
3833:British West Indies
3671:family captured by
3258:Sexual slavery and
3177:, sometimes called
3064:Barbary slave trade
2745:Sara Forbes Bonetta
2711:African Great Lakes
2661:and the kingdom of
2655:Ashanti Confederacy
2447:Red Sea slave trade
2380:on 26 August 1942.
2370:Slavery in Ethiopia
2173:Red Sea slave trade
1869:Red Sea slave trade
1857:Bukhara slave trade
1853:Crimean slave trade
1801:first civilizations
1653:Slave Route Project
784:Americas indigenous
674:Red Sea slave trade
664:Contemporary Africa
527:Topics and practice
297:Crimean slave trade
292:Bukhara slave trade
245:Genoese slave trade
122:Contemporary Africa
102:Forced prostitution
22636:History of slavery
22483:Unchained Memories
21988:(b. c. 1780 Congo)
21762:Frederick Douglass
21533:Ukawsaw Gronniosaw
21432:Maria ter Meetelen
21151:Crime of apartheid
21089:Geneva Conventions
20983:Wilson, Thomas D.
20948:Phillips, Ulrich B
20856:(Oxford U.P. 1988)
20759:Klein, Herbert S.
20745:Klein, Herbert S.
20725:Blackburn, Robin.
20682:Toledano, Ehud R.
20660:Kazhdan, Alexander
20626:Davis, Robert C.,
20623:(Frank Cass, 2004)
20604:Past & Present
20487:Miller, Joseph C.
20410:Davis, David Brion
20146:(1998) pp. 440–64.
20133:(1998) pp. 415–39.
20116:Seymour Drescher,
20095:History and Theory
20022:Theory and Society
19789:polarisproject.org
19737:"Slavery in Islam"
19252:Seymour Drescher,
18933:. Mythichawaii.com
18647:Vernon Pickering,
17649:on 18 January 2012
17601:on 2 February 2009
17573:"The Last Galleys"
17349:The Crimean Tatars
17281:The Crimean Tatars
17233:on 26 October 2009
16974:Palgrave Macmillan
16696:Past & Present
16515:Thomas R. Martin,
16497:on 7 November 2005
16385:on 12 October 2017
16328:, 13 October 2014.
16156:. Everyculture.com
15926:Available online:
15879:Ju Zhifen (2002).
15831:. 25 November 2004
15761:Sarkar, Jadunath.
15439:Joyce E. Salisbury
15289:The Vermilion Bird
15051:A History of India
15031:2007-03-01 at the
14887:Madeline C. Zilfi
14867:The New York Times
14817:"Supply of Slaves"
14491:Brunschvig. 'Abd;
14386:C. Vann Woodward,
13965:Wilson, Thomas D.
13942:(1997), pp. 64–65.
13424:Missionary Journal
13397:on 5 November 2011
13192:The New York Times
13115:on 16 October 2018
12065:on 15 January 2019
11753:on 1 December 2011
11654:on 17 January 2016
11274:on 6 December 2007
11207:The end of slavery
11095:on 2 February 2008
11069:on 9 February 2014
10489:10.3390/rel4030391
9763:Types of slavery:
9634:that explains why
9622:-winning account,
9591:Roll, Jordan, Roll
9499:Reconstruction era
9487:racial segregation
9467:Ulrich B. Phillips
9448:
9284:the Trucial States
9211:
9177:Slavery in Bahrain
9173:Slavery in Morocco
9161:Congress of Vienna
9143:Congress of Vienna
9121:Frederick Douglass
9089:Kentucky in Africa
9012:
8978:Napoleon Bonaparte
8913:Haitian Revolution
8792:, who founded the
8541:Blockade of Africa
8462:
8451:
8445:A painting of the
8425:Somerset v Stewart
8408:American Civil War
8376:
8360:
8227:Treaty of Waitangi
7921:
7909:
7826:British Parliament
7763:
7598:
7556:Congress of Vienna
7486:
7259:
7114:
7067:Napoleon Bonaparte
7053:by its slaves and
7051:Haitian Revolution
6986:Camisard rebellion
6967:
6855:Khazar slave trade
6715:
6692:Slavery in Romania
6619:Balkan slave trade
6592:
6438:
6355:Islamic Golden Age
6308:Khazar slave trade
6265:Balkan slave trade
6138:Socratic dialogues
6132:, the majority of
6120:go as far back as
6098:
5935:Philippine islands
5921:who inhabited the
5798:labor. During the
5650:Battle of Peshawar
5581:Muhammad bin Qasim
5253:
5191:Balkan slave trade
5160:Muslim slave trade
5013:
4997:
4939:Southern Democrats
4916:Reconstruction Era
4852:
4782:Reconstruction era
4766:American Civil War
4760:American Civil War
4719:Northern Democrats
4676:jury nullification
4648:racial segregation
4614:of 1787 under the
4581:) followed by the
4578:Somerset v Stewart
4565:
4515:plantation economy
4383:
4341:indentured servant
4251:
4058:
4045:in world history.
4017:). Slavery in the
3946:, which ended the
3893:
3680:
3675:slave hunters. By
3661:
3572:of Patagonia, the
3450:
3390:Libyan slave trade
3255:) in reparations.
3188:An article in the
3101:Regency of Algiers
3093:
3076:Slavery in Tunisia
3072:Slavery in Algeria
3068:Slavery in Morocco
3047:
3042:to Europe and the
3038:used to transport
2982:captured as brides
2974:population decline
2877:
2786:
2755:
2691:
2465:
2437:Sub-Saharan Africa
2217:
1849:Balkan slave trade
1754:history of slavery
1434:Blockade of Africa
741:Somali slave trade
657:Sub-Saharan Africa
349:Turkish Abductions
307:Khivan slave trade
302:Khazar slave trade
255:Balkan slave trade
213:Prague slave trade
22623:
22622:
22395:I, Juan de Pareja
22379:Young adult books
22186:Uncle Tom's Cabin
22029:Non-fiction books
22024:
22023:
21981:Harriet E. Wilson
21865:Elizabeth Keckley
21711:Henry "Box" Brown
21629:(1860–1965, Cuba)
21623:(1797–1854, Cuba)
21578:George of Hungary
21553:(1792 – fl. 1828)
21306:
21305:
21132:international law
21094:Nuremberg Charter
21084:Hague Conventions
20777:, Andres (2016).
20766:Morgan, Kenneth.
20761:Slavery in Brazil
20733:Fradera, Josep M.
20494:Parish, Peter J.
19609:on 8 January 2011
19402:(Subscription or
19220:"Chatham Islands"
19064:978-1-86940-757-5
18802:. 27 January 2000
18496:Oxford University
18332:Europe: a History
18057:Johannes Postma,
17952:on 3 January 2009
17740:978-981-4722-72-8
17392:on 1 January 2016
17138:Paul E. Lovejoy,
17039:978-0-7156-3129-4
16917:. 31 January 1910
16562:The Ancient Celts
16319:Richard Spencer,
16310:, 13 October 2014
16301:Salma Abdelaziz,
16292:, 13 October 2014
16228:, 14 October 2014
16219:Richard Spencer,
16184:, 4 October 2014.
15698:Satish C. Misra,
15654:Wink, Al-Hind, II
15194:Osiris, Volume 10
14857:(28 March 1886).
14802:978-0-19-521930-2
14760:978-1-134-45259-0
14360:Paul A. Cimbala,
14235:30 December 2007.
14138:978-0-19-974178-6
13691:978-1-4214-1842-1
13646:978-1-55481-321-6
13619:978-0-7710-2099-5
13574:978-0-19-517055-9
13521:978-1-55065-327-4
13493:978-1-4408-5097-4
13137:(JHU Press, 1996)
13010:Slavery in Brazil
11680:on 1 October 2018
11476:978-1-107-09485-7
10995:978-1-107-09485-7
10944:978-0-85773-938-4
10839:, pp. 176–77, 223
10773:. 12 April 2024.
10418:978-1-139-03499-9
9887:Human trafficking
9860:Asiento de Negros
9855:Slavery in Africa
9671:Orlando Patterson
9551:Time on the Cross
9526:in his 1959 work
9524:Stanley M. Elkins
9397:Homeland Security
9258:Article 4 of the
9242:League of Nations
9215:League of Nations
9181:Slavery in Kuwait
9167:Twentieth century
8761:) of the English
8748:
8747:
8546:Kanunname of 1889
8374:, 1 November 1794
8285:Native Land Court
8166:European settlers
8104:South Sea Islands
8010:Nikita Khrushchev
7872:lawfully executed
7771:American colonies
7635:bombarded Algiers
7570:on the island of
7462:, 142,000 in the
7439:Dutch West Indies
7324:Dutch Slave Coast
7252:Emperor Charles V
7116:The 15th-century
7095:Portuguese Empire
6847:Volga trade route
6780:Khanates of Kazan
6778:. For years, the
6454:battle of Lepanto
6283:Early Middle Ages
6271:early Middle Ages
6221:Third Servile War
5995:(IS) was selling
5862:Slavery in Brunei
5585:Qutb-ud-din Aybak
5577:Islamic invasions
5480:Men sentenced to
5478:(221–206 BC)
5393:female slaves as
5217:Abbasid Caliphate
4953:, especially the
4931:white-supremacist
4912:Freedmen's Bureau
4805:liberal democracy
4500:Bacon's Rebellion
4334:São João Bautista
4116:Slavery in Canada
4096:Republic of Haiti
4001:accorded certain
3973:Anne "22.5% (and
3960:also allowed her
3953:Asiento de Negros
3944:Treaty of Utrecht
3855:Brazil's 1877–78
3848:and the engineer
3763:Jesuit Reductions
3653:Slavery in Brazil
3638:Slavery in Brazil
3618:Pacific Northwest
3580:of Dominica, the
3499:in the Americas.
3493:South Sea Company
3484:asiento de negros
3458:Asiento de Negros
3295:According to the
3286:cacao plantations
3271:Republic of Congo
3020:Africans on ships
2987:British explorer
2823:to the east, the
2798:Afonso I of Kongo
2699:David Livingstone
2697:in his journals,
2687:David Livingstone
2651:Fante Confederacy
2643:Kingdom of Khasso
2483:Arabian peninsula
2443:Slavery in Africa
2271:(1712–1861), and
2165:Slavery in Africa
2117:Ancient Egyptian
2083:child abandonment
1955:cacao plantations
1939:human trafficking
1926:and the American
1896:tropical diseases
1878:Beginning in the
1825:Early Middle Ages
1817:Code of Hammurabi
1803:emerged (such as
1797:institutionalized
1750:
1749:
1700:Freedmen's Bureau
1522:Third Servile War
1517:International law
1084:Human trafficking
846:Human trafficking
521:Thirteen colonies
339:Sack of Baltimore
107:Human trafficking
22653:
22226:
22223:
22219:
22216:
22194:The Heroic Slave
21949:Pierre Toussaint
21944:(1793 VA – 1860)
21908:(1827 VA – 1900)
21640:Pierre Toussaint
21475:Antoine Qaurtier
21464:
21461:
21368:
21367:
21340:Slave narratives
21333:
21326:
21319:
21310:
21309:
21266:Related concepts
21204:
21161:Genocidal intent
21051:
21044:
21037:
21028:
21027:
20976:Sinha, Manisha.
20973:
20957:
20936:
20924:
20917:Genovese, Eugene
20912:
20900:
20861:Economic History
20823:
20821:
20812:(4–5): 475–494.
20794:
20752:Klein, Herbert.
20715:
20679:
20619:Campbell, Gwyn.
20582:
20532:Bradley, Keith.
20406:
20404:
20402:
20397:
20379:
20324:
20323:
20321:
20319:
20302:
20296:
20295:
20293:
20291:
20274:
20268:
20267:
20239:
20233:
20232:
20196:
20190:
20189:
20153:
20147:
20140:
20134:
20127:
20121:
20114:
20108:
20097:(1987): 180–96.
20091:
20085:
20078:
20072:
20065:
20059:
20052:
20046:
20045:
20017:
20011:
20010:
19996:
19990:
19981:
19975:
19972:
19966:
19963:
19957:
19954:
19948:
19947:
19927:
19921:
19909:
19903:
19902:
19882:
19876:
19875:
19855:
19849:
19842:
19836:
19829:
19823:
19822:
19811:
19805:
19804:
19802:
19800:
19791:. Archived from
19781:
19775:
19774:
19772:
19770:
19759:
19753:
19752:
19750:
19748:
19733:
19727:
19726:
19706:
19700:
19697:
19691:
19688:
19682:
19679:
19673:
19670:
19664:
19658:
19652:
19645:
19639:
19625:
19619:
19618:
19616:
19614:
19599:Washington, D.C.
19587:
19581:
19563:
19557:
19556:
19536:
19530:
19525:Steven Englund,
19523:
19517:
19516:
19488:
19482:
19481:
19479:
19477:
19463:
19457:
19456:
19454:
19452:
19437:
19431:
19430:
19428:
19426:
19414:
19408:
19407:
19399:
19397:
19395:
19376:
19368:
19362:
19361:
19359:
19357:
19342:
19336:
19329:
19323:
19322:
19298:
19292:
19285:
19279:
19276:
19270:
19263:
19257:
19250:
19244:
19238:
19232:
19231:
19229:
19227:
19216:
19210:
19209:
19207:
19205:
19194:
19188:
19187:. Penguin. 2003.
19178:
19172:
19171:
19153:
19147:
19146:
19144:
19142:
19137:on 16 April 2009
19133:. Archived from
19122:
19116:
19115:
19113:
19111:
19093:
19087:
19086:
19075:
19069:
19068:
19048:
19042:
19041:
19011:
19005:
19004:
18984:
18978:
18977:
18975:
18973:
18968:on 19 April 2023
18949:
18943:
18942:
18940:
18938:
18926:
18920:
18910:
18904:
18903:
18901:
18899:
18888:
18882:
18881:
18879:
18877:
18865:
18859:
18858:
18830:
18824:
18818:
18812:
18811:
18809:
18807:
18790:
18784:
18778:
18772:
18770:
18764:
18756:
18754:
18752:
18746:
18740:. Archived from
18715:
18706:
18700:
18691:Virginia Gazette
18679:Virginia Gazette
18666:
18660:
18645:
18639:
18633:
18627:
18626:
18624:
18622:
18611:
18605:
18599:
18593:
18586:
18580:
18577:
18571:
18568:
18562:
18561:
18559:
18557:
18541:
18535:
18534:
18532:
18519:
18510:
18504:
18503:
18484:
18475:
18474:
18472:
18470:
18456:
18450:
18449:
18421:
18415:
18414:
18402:
18391:
18374:
18373:
18367:
18363:
18361:
18353:
18351:
18349:
18326:
18320:
18319:
18317:
18315:
18295:
18289:
18288:
18286:
18284:
18261:
18255:
18244:
18238:
18237:
18235:
18233:
18210:
18204:
18194:24 December 2010
18186:
18180:
18170:
18164:
18163:
18161:
18159:
18150:. Archived from
18143:
18137:
18134:
18128:
18127:, section 3.c.2.
18125:Delepeleire 2004
18122:
18116:
18115:
18113:
18111:
18102:. Archived from
18095:
18089:
18088:
18086:
18084:
18075:. Archived from
18068:
18062:
18055:
18049:
18035:
18029:
18028:
18026:
18024:
18015:. Archived from
18003:
17997:
17994:
17988:
17987:
17985:
17983:
17968:
17962:
17961:
17959:
17957:
17948:. Archived from
17938:
17932:
17931:
17923:
17917:
17916:
17914:
17905:
17896:
17889:
17883:
17877:
17871:
17856:
17843:
17834:. Mikaya Press,
17828:
17822:
17816:
17810:
17805:Klein, Herbert.
17803:
17794:
17793:
17791:
17789:
17773:
17767:
17766:
17760:
17752:
17725:
17719:
17712:
17706:
17705:
17703:
17701:
17678:
17672:
17665:
17659:
17658:
17656:
17654:
17639:
17633:
17632:
17630:
17628:
17617:
17611:
17610:
17608:
17606:
17591:
17585:
17584:
17582:
17580:
17569:
17563:
17562:
17550:
17544:
17543:
17532:
17526:
17525:
17523:
17521:
17507:
17501:
17500:
17498:
17496:
17476:
17470:
17469:
17467:
17465:
17460:on 23 March 2016
17450:
17444:
17443:
17441:
17439:
17408:
17402:
17401:
17399:
17397:
17388:. Archived from
17369:
17363:
17362:
17344:
17338:
17332:
17326:
17325:
17323:
17321:
17312:. Archived from
17301:
17295:
17294:
17276:
17270:
17269:
17267:
17265:
17249:
17243:
17242:
17240:
17238:
17223:
17217:
17216:
17214:
17212:
17201:
17195:
17194:
17192:
17190:
17185:on 27 April 2011
17175:
17169:
17168:
17166:
17164:
17149:
17143:
17136:
17130:
17123:
17117:
17101:
17090:
17089:
17088:
17086:
17072:
17066:
17050:
17044:
17043:
17023:
17017:
17016:
17000:
16994:
16946:
16940:
16933:
16927:
16926:
16924:
16922:
16907:
16901:
16900:
16898:
16896:
16881:
16875:
16874:
16864:
16832:
16826:
16825:
16823:
16821:
16810:
16804:
16803:
16783:
16777:
16776:
16774:
16772:
16760:
16754:
16753:
16733:
16727:
16726:
16714:
16708:
16707:
16691:
16685:
16684:
16664:
16655:
16654:
16649:
16647:
16628:
16610:
16604:
16603:
16601:
16599:
16585:
16579:
16571:
16565:
16564:, Barry Cunliffe
16559:
16553:
16546:
16540:
16539:
16534:. Archived from
16526:
16520:
16513:
16507:
16506:
16504:
16502:
16487:
16481:
16467:
16461:
16460:
16458:
16456:
16437:
16431:
16430:
16419:
16413:
16412:
16401:
16395:
16394:
16392:
16390:
16381:. Archived from
16371:
16365:
16364:
16353:
16347:
16335:
16329:
16317:
16311:
16299:
16293:
16283:Allen McDuffee,
16281:
16275:
16274:
16256:
16250:
16235:
16229:
16217:
16211:
16210:
16208:
16206:
16191:
16185:
16172:
16166:
16165:
16163:
16161:
16150:
16144:
16143:
16132:
16126:
16125:
16123:
16117:. Archived from
16112:
16103:
16097:
16096:
16088:
16082:
16081:
16075:
16067:
16065:
16063:
16052:
16046:
16045:
16043:
16033:
16027:
16026:
16016:
16010:
16009:
16007:
16005:
15991:
15985:
15984:
15982:
15980:
15969:
15963:
15962:
15950:
15944:
15943:
15941:
15939:
15925:
15907:
15901:
15895:
15889:
15888:
15876:
15870:
15869:
15859:
15853:
15847:
15841:
15840:
15838:
15836:
15821:
15815:
15814:
15812:
15810:
15799:
15793:
15787:
15781:
15780:
15772:
15766:
15759:
15753:
15746:
15740:
15735:Sewell, Robert.
15733:
15727:
15721:
15715:
15709:
15703:
15696:
15690:
15679:
15673:
15670:
15664:
15661:
15655:
15652:
15646:
15635:
15629:
15628:
15618:
15586:
15580:
15573:
15567:
15564:
15555:
15552:
15543:
15540:
15531:
15528:
15522:
15519:
15513:
15506:
15500:
15499:
15497:
15495:
15472:
15466:
15465:
15463:
15461:
15435:
15429:
15428:
15426:
15424:
15401:
15395:
15394:
15392:
15390:
15367:
15361:
15360:
15358:
15356:
15342:
15336:
15335:
15333:
15331:
15308:
15302:
15301:
15292:
15282:
15276:
15275:
15269:
15261:
15241:
15232:
15231:
15229:
15227:
15213:
15207:
15206:
15204:
15202:
15188:
15182:
15181:
15179:
15177:
15163:
15157:
15156:
15154:
15152:
15129:
15123:
15122:
15120:
15118:
15095:
15089:
15082:
15073:
15070:
15064:
15047:
15041:
15018:
15009:
15008:
14988:
14982:
14981:
14970:
14964:
14963:
14961:
14959:
14943:
14937:
14936:
14925:
14919:
14918:
14898:
14892:
14885:
14879:
14878:
14876:
14874:
14863:
14851:
14845:
14839:
14833:
14827:
14821:
14820:
14813:
14807:
14806:
14786:
14780:
14779:
14774:
14772:
14744:
14738:
14732:
14726:
14723:Oikonomides 1991
14720:
14714:
14708:
14702:
14684:
14678:
14669:
14663:
14662:
14642:
14636:
14635:
14615:
14609:
14608:
14572:
14566:
14560:
14554:
14550:Bilal b. Rabah,
14548:
14542:
14536:
14530:
14525:
14519:
14516:
14510:
14503:
14497:
14489:
14483:
14482:
14480:
14478:
14473:. New York Times
14466:
14460:
14456:
14450:
14447:
14441:
14435:
14426:
14423:
14417:
14406:
14400:
14397:
14391:
14384:
14378:
14371:
14365:
14358:
14352:
14345:
14339:
14332:
14326:
14319:
14313:
14306:
14300:
14293:
14287:
14286:
14284:
14282:
14267:
14261:
14254:
14248:
14242:
14236:
14227:
14221:
14215:
14209:
14208:
14206:
14204:
14193:
14187:
14186:
14184:
14182:
14166:
14160:
14159:
14157:
14149:
14143:
14142:
14122:
14116:
14111:
14105:
14100:
14094:
14093:
14091:
14089:
14077:
14071:
14070:
14059:
14053:
14052:
14032:
14026:
14025:
13989:
13983:
13976:
13970:
13963:
13957:
13956:
13949:
13943:
13936:
13930:
13910:
13904:
13903:
13896:
13890:
13889:
13869:
13863:
13862:
13855:
13849:
13848:
13828:
13822:
13821:
13815:
13811:
13809:
13801:
13796:. Archived from
13787:
13781:
13780:
13760:
13754:
13753:
13751:
13749:
13744:. 20 August 2019
13734:
13728:
13723:
13717:
13714:
13708:
13702:
13696:
13695:
13675:
13669:
13668:
13657:
13651:
13650:
13630:
13624:
13623:
13603:
13597:
13596:
13585:
13579:
13578:
13558:
13552:
13551:
13549:
13547:
13532:
13526:
13525:
13507:
13498:
13497:
13477:
13471:
13464:
13458:
13457:
13446:
13440:
13439:
13437:
13435:
13416:
13407:
13406:
13404:
13402:
13387:
13381:
13380:
13370:
13361:
13360:
13340:
13334:
13333:
13305:
13299:
13298:
13278:
13272:
13265:
13259:
13258:
13238:
13232:
13231:
13211:
13205:
13204:
13202:
13200:
13195:. 27 August 1995
13183:
13177:
13170:
13164:
13157:
13151:
13146:Leslie Bethell,
13144:
13138:
13131:
13125:
13124:
13122:
13120:
13105:
13099:
13098:
13096:
13094:
13079:
13073:
13072:
13070:
13068:
13054:
13048:
13047:
13045:
13043:
13028:
13022:
13019:
13013:
13006:
13000:
12999:
12997:
12995:
12968:
12962:
12961:
12960:on 15 July 2007.
12956:. Archived from
12946:
12940:
12939:
12937:
12935:
12921:
12915:
12914:
12912:
12910:
12899:
12893:
12892:
12890:
12888:
12874:
12868:
12867:
12865:
12863:
12848:
12842:
12841:
12839:
12837:
12822:
12816:
12815:
12803:
12797:
12796:
12795:. 11 April 2017.
12785:
12779:
12778:
12771:
12765:
12764:
12752:
12746:
12745:
12744:. 11 April 2017.
12734:
12728:
12727:
12722:. Archived from
12715:
12709:
12708:
12703:. Archived from
12696:
12690:
12689:
12688:. 13 April 2017.
12682:
12676:
12675:
12673:
12671:
12659:
12650:
12649:
12647:
12645:
12630:
12621:
12620:
12618:
12616:
12607:. Archived from
12596:
12590:
12589:
12587:
12585:
12569:
12561:
12552:
12551:
12549:
12547:
12532:
12526:
12525:
12523:
12521:
12509:
12503:
12502:
12500:
12498:
12484:
12478:
12471:
12465:
12464:
12462:
12460:
12445:
12439:
12438:
12436:
12434:
12419:
12413:
12412:
12410:
12408:
12391:
12385:
12378:
12369:
12368:
12366:
12364:
12347:
12341:
12331:
12325:
12324:, New York Times
12319:
12313:
12312:
12307:. Archived from
12296:
12290:
12289:
12278:
12272:
12271:
12259:
12253:
12252:
12240:
12234:
12233:
12231:
12220:
12211:
12205:
12194:
12188:
12187:
12185:
12183:
12168:
12162:
12161:
12159:
12157:
12143:
12137:
12136:
12134:
12132:
12117:
12111:
12110:
12108:
12106:
12095:
12089:
12088:
12081:
12075:
12074:
12072:
12070:
12061:. Archived from
12055:
12049:
12048:
12042:
12034:
12028:
12027:
12025:
12023:
12008:
12002:
12001:
11999:
11997:
11986:
11980:
11979:
11977:
11975:
11964:
11958:
11957:
11955:
11953:
11942:
11936:
11933:
11927:
11926:
11906:
11900:
11893:
11884:
11873:
11867:
11859:
11853:
11850:
11844:
11841:
11828:
11827:
11825:
11823:
11812:
11806:
11791:
11785:
11784:
11782:
11780:
11769:
11763:
11762:
11760:
11758:
11743:
11737:
11736:
11734:
11732:
11721:
11715:
11714:
11712:
11710:
11696:
11690:
11689:
11687:
11685:
11670:
11664:
11663:
11661:
11659:
11653:
11647:. Archived from
11646:
11638:
11632:
11629:
11623:
11622:
11620:
11618:
11602:
11596:
11595:
11590:
11588:
11572:
11566:
11565:
11563:
11561:
11539:
11533:
11532:
11527:
11525:
11509:
11503:
11502:
11500:
11498:
11487:
11481:
11480:
11460:
11454:
11453:
11451:
11449:
11438:
11432:
11425:
11419:
11413:
11407:
11406:
11378:
11372:
11371:
11369:
11367:
11356:
11350:
11349:
11347:
11345:
11331:
11325:
11324:
11322:
11320:
11315:on 27 April 2021
11311:. Archived from
11305:
11299:
11298:
11290:
11284:
11283:
11281:
11279:
11264:
11258:
11257:. July 27, 2004.
11238:
11232:
11231:
11229:
11227:
11216:
11210:
11204:
11198:
11192:
11186:
11185:
11183:
11181:
11165:
11159:
11158:
11156:
11154:
11148:
11142:. Archived from
11141:
11133:
11127:
11126:
11124:
11122:
11111:
11105:
11104:
11102:
11100:
11085:
11079:
11078:
11076:
11074:
11058:
11052:
11051:
11031:
11025:
11024:
11022:
11020:
11006:
11000:
10999:
10979:
10973:
10972:
10971:
10969:
10955:
10949:
10948:
10930:
10921:
10920:
10907:Harper & Row
10897:Braudel, Fernand
10893:
10887:
10886:
10875:
10869:
10862:
10856:
10846:
10840:
10833:
10824:
10809:
10803:
10788:
10782:
10781:
10762:
10756:
10755:
10749:
10747:
10723:
10717:
10716:
10715:. 12 April 2024.
10705:
10699:
10698:
10693:. Archived from
10683:
10677:
10676:
10674:
10672:
10658:
10649:
10648:
10634:
10623:
10622:
10616:
10608:
10606:
10604:
10588:
10577:
10576:
10574:
10572:
10561:
10552:
10551:
10549:
10547:
10528:
10522:
10521:
10503:
10497:
10496:
10491:
10467:
10461:
10460:
10438:
10427:
10426:
10396:
10387:
10386:
10382:on 14 May 2011.
10378:. Archived from
10372:
10366:
10365:
10360:
10358:
10335:
10329:
10328:
10294:
10285:
10284:
10271:
10231:
10225:
10224:
10190:
10184:
10183:
10165:
10148:
10147:15.4 out of 40.9
10145:
10139:
10138:24.9 out of 40.9
10136:
10005:Poems on Slavery
9733:Stanley Engerman
9716:Seymour Drescher
9696:, a Marxist, in
9628:Robert E. Wright
9579:John Blassingame
9564:slave narratives
9387:
9377:, which states:
9342:slavery in Dubai
9338:slavery in Yemen
9193:Slavery in Yemen
9185:Slavery in Qatar
9035:Victor Schœlcher
8925:Étienne Polverel
8588:Slave Trade Acts
8496:
8488:
8481:
8474:
8465:
8464:
8281:CMS missionaries
8188:prisoners of war
8132:human sacrifices
8042:
7968:Yalta conference
7950:prisoners of war
7915:Registration of
7801:Somersett's case
7761:. (London, 1826)
7677:Poland-Lithuania
7618:prisoners of war
7489:Barbary Corsairs
7470:Barbary corsairs
7410:Dutch Gold Coast
7292:However, in the
7227:Slavery in Spain
7203:Portuguese India
7138:Romanus Pontifex
7010:prisoners-of-war
6873:Nordic countries
6748:Late Middle Ages
6725:Mongol invasions
6673:Late Middle Ages
6605:Genoa and Venice
6469:Knights of Malta
6435:
6432:
6351:High Middle Ages
6245:Llyn Cerrig Bach
6122:Mycenaean Greece
6091:Captives in Rome
6031:, IS appeals to
5931:Gulf of Thailand
5824:Slavery in Korea
5812:prisoners of war
5793:Slavery in Japan
5693:
5638:Mahmud of Ghazna
5628:
5458:
5412:Slavery in India
5181:Byzantine Empire
5065:Mycenaean Greece
4923:Ulysses S. Grant
4810:election of 1860
4750:federal citizens
4731:Republican Party
4721:, who supported
4691:Kansas Territory
4597:Slew vs. Whipple
4534:slave rebellions
4390:courts sentence
4331:
4262:, Colombia, and
4035:Alexandre Pétion
3991:had enacted the
3846:Machado de Assis
3686:, especially in
3614:prisoners of war
3523:prisoners of war
3404:Libyans started
3396:Slavery in Libya
3337:convert to Islam
3254:
3175:ritual servitude
3091:in Algiers, 1706
3089:Christian slaves
3080:Slavery in Libya
3034:Illustration of
3014:Congo Free State
2790:Kingdom of Kongo
2647:Kingdom of Kaabu
2627:Kingdom of Benin
2579:triangular trade
2562:
2552:
2503:Gustav Nachtigal
2424:
2401:Muslim countries
2389:northern Nigeria
2385:Sokoto Caliphate
2142:
2114:
2101:) and Pillia of
2094:
2079:prisoners of war
1972:, mostly in the
1957:in West Africa.
1937:In modern times
1890:, initiated the
1799:by the time the
1742:
1735:
1728:
1712:Emancipation Day
1545:
1512:Slave Trade Acts
203:Byzantine Empire
45:
18:
17:
22661:
22660:
22656:
22655:
22654:
22652:
22651:
22650:
22626:
22625:
22624:
22619:
22565:Book of Negroes
22519:Anti-Tom novels
22497:
22470:
22435:
22409:
22374:
22344:The Known World
22224:
22217:
22155:
22117:Up from Slavery
22020:
22009:Miguel de Buría
21991:
21960:Wallace Turnage
21896:Solomon Northup
21828:Fountain Hughes
21670:Jordan Anderson
21657:
21651:
21627:Esteban Montejo
21613:
21607:
21588:
21582:
21556:
21527:Olaudah Equiano
21509:
21492:
21462:
21426:Elizabeth Marsh
21414:Ólafur Egilsson
21402:Felice Caronni
21363:
21361:
21355:
21342:
21337:
21307:
21302:
21278:Superior orders
21261:
21205:
21202:
21201:
21192:
21134:
21131:
21123:
21079:Peremptory norm
21060:
21055:
20994:
20960:Rael, Patrick.
20909:
20886:
20845:Walvin, James.
20791:
20722:
20712:
20698:Toynbee, Arnold
20676:
20647:Lovejoy, Paul.
20642:History Compass
20616:
20595:Stark, Rodney.
20571:
20529:
20527:Greece and Rome
20400:
20398:
20377:
20365:AD 1804–AD 2016
20358:AD 1420–AD 1804
20333:
20328:
20327:
20317:
20315:
20303:
20299:
20289:
20287:
20275:
20271:
20256:10.2307/2590147
20240:
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20213:10.2307/3113341
20197:
20193:
20170:10.2307/3113341
20154:
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20141:
20137:
20128:
20124:
20115:
20111:
20106:Wayback Machine
20092:
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19844:Peter Kolchin,
19843:
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19821:. 31 July 2018.
19813:
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19798:
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19795:on 21 July 2015
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18693:, 21 April 1775
18676:newspaper, the
18667:
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18634:
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18620:
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18600:
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18590:Rough Crossings
18587:
18583:
18578:
18574:
18569:
18565:
18555:
18553:
18542:
18538:
18530:
18517:
18511:
18507:
18488:Mikhail Kizilov
18485:
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18457:
18453:
18426:Mikhail Kizilov
18422:
18418:
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18377:
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18364:
18355:
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18313:
18311:
18310:on 2 March 2007
18296:
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18278:
18262:
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18245:
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18229:
18228:. February 1859
18212:
18211:
18207:
18201:Wayback Machine
18187:
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18022:
18020:
18019:on 9 March 2013
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17978:on 12 June 2009
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17714:Jeremy Popkin,
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17417:Oriente Moderno
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16770:
16768:
16767:. Libro.uca.edu
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16658:
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16619:Clark, Jonathan
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16174:Fiona Keating,
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15801:
15800:
15796:
15788:
15784:
15777:Maasir-ul-Umara
15773:
15769:
15760:
15756:
15752:, (1920) p. 92.
15748:Moreland W.H.,
15747:
15743:
15734:
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15718:
15710:
15706:
15697:
15693:
15680:
15676:
15671:
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15653:
15649:
15645:, pages 172-173
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15067:
15048:
15044:
15033:Wayback Machine
15024:. Suzy Hansen,
15019:
15012:
15005:
14989:
14985:
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14957:
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14810:
14803:
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14783:
14770:
14768:
14761:
14745:
14741:
14733:
14729:
14725:, p. 1722.
14721:
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14643:
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14569:
14561:
14557:
14549:
14545:
14537:
14533:
14526:
14522:
14517:
14513:
14507:Unveiling Islam
14504:
14500:
14490:
14486:
14476:
14474:
14467:
14463:
14457:
14453:
14448:
14444:
14436:
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14346:
14342:
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14320:
14316:
14307:
14303:
14294:
14290:
14280:
14278:
14277:on 14 July 2007
14269:
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14255:
14251:
14243:
14239:
14233:New York Times.
14228:
14224:
14216:
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14180:
14178:
14175:Vermont History
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13923:Wayback Machine
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13454:www.fsmitha.com
13448:
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13322:10.2307/1856592
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13262:
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13185:
13184:
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13172:Robert Toplin,
13171:
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13133:Richard Price,
13132:
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12736:
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12712:
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12641:
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12624:
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12612:
12597:
12593:
12583:
12581:
12562:
12555:
12545:
12543:
12542:. 29 April 2014
12534:
12533:
12529:
12519:
12517:
12510:
12506:
12496:
12494:
12486:
12485:
12481:
12472:
12468:
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12456:
12447:
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12442:
12432:
12430:
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12406:
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12372:
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12360:
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12328:
12320:
12316:
12297:
12293:
12280:
12279:
12275:
12260:
12256:
12241:
12237:
12232:on 4 June 2015.
12229:
12218:
12212:
12208:
12195:
12191:
12181:
12179:
12172:"Niger Profile"
12170:
12169:
12165:
12155:
12153:
12147:"Slavery Today"
12145:
12144:
12140:
12130:
12128:
12118:
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12019:
12018:. 9 August 2007
12010:
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11993:
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11894:
11887:
11876:Adam Hochschild
11874:
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11727:. Finalcall.com
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11605:Tunde Obadina.
11603:
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11493:. Metmuseum.org
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11275:
11268:"Swahili Coast"
11266:
11265:
11261:
11249:Wayback Machine
11242:Slaves in Saudi
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10917:
10909:. p. 435.
10905:. Vol. 3.
10894:
10890:
10877:
10876:
10872:
10863:
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10827:
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10659:
10652:
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10610:
10609:
10602:
10600:
10599:on 13 June 2007
10589:
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10545:
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10542:on 7 April 2016
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10295:
10288:
10232:
10228:
10217:
10191:
10187:
10180:
10166:
10162:
10157:
10152:
10151:
10146:
10142:
10137:
10133:
10128:
10123:
10094:Slave Trade Act
9800:Forced marriage
9754:
9738:British economy
9679:
9642:) and why some
9587:Eugene Genovese
9583:Slave Community
9543:Robert W. Fogel
9433:
9428:
9419:
9413:
9388:
9385:
9346:slavery in Oman
9276:in Saudi Arabia
9272:chattel slavery
9199:
9197:Slavery in Oman
9169:
9145:
9117:Sojourner Truth
9098:Abraham Lincoln
9053:
9045:Main articles:
9043:
9023:
9017:
8993:Treaty of Paris
8970:
8950:Charles Leclerc
8937:
8905:
8872:
8864:Main articles:
8862:
8831:India with the
8790:Thomas Clarkson
8749:
8744:
8696:Hamerton Treaty
8662:Capture of the
8633:Capture of the
8627:Veloz Passagera
8625:Capture of the
8617:Capture of the
8609:Capture of the
8601:Capture of the
8593:Capture of the
8497:
8494:
8492:
8439:
8419:Main articles:
8417:
8352:
8346:
8297:
8251:Chatham Islands
8243:
8241:Chatham Islands
8162:
8116:
8076:
8070:
8055:street children
7994:
7984:
7964:
7958:
7895:
7889:
7884:
7779:British economy
7747:
7741:
7696:Crimean Khanate
7669:
7655:
7653:Crimean Khanate
7560:Napoleonic Wars
7513:Barbary Pirates
7478:
7472:
7464:Dutch Caribbean
7312:
7306:
7245:
7223:
7170:Lagos, Portugal
7122:Pope Nicholas V
7101:
7087:
7047:French Republic
7045:Slavery in the
6982:Edict of Nantes
6947:
6907:Britonnic Celts
6861:
6841:Main articles:
6839:
6799:Crimean Khanate
6721:
6700:
6625:
6609:Main articles:
6607:
6595:Barbary pirates
6584:
6576:Constantine VII
6552:
6544:Norman Conquest
6515:
6509:
6501:Peter the Great
6489:
6452:too. After the
6433:
6411:
6405:
6389:Yaqub al-Mansur
6267:
6255:Main articles:
6253:
6233:
6177:
6171:
6157:. According to
6114:
6108:
6103:
6101:Ancient history
6084:
6074:
6058:
6025:. According to
5989:
5963:
5872:
5856:Main articles:
5854:
5826:
5820:
5795:
5789:
5773:
5771:Slavery in Iran
5767:
5762:
5754:bonded laborers
5699:Delhi sultanate
5694:
5691:
5658:Delhi Sultanate
5629:
5626:
5573:
5568:
5490:Terracotta Army
5471:
5465:
5459:
5456:
5444:, wrote in his
5414:
5408:
5403:
5401:Ancient history
5261:Ottoman society
5242:
5234:Main articles:
5232:
5197:
5185:Main articles:
5183:
4985:A plate in the
4979:
4969:
4963:
4895:executive order
4856:Jefferson Davis
4814:Abraham Lincoln
4784:
4762:
4699:Bleeding Kansas
4554:
4542:Stono Rebellion
4495:
4428:Anthony Johnson
4375:
4360:Spanish America
4329:
4301:
4296:
4290:
4278:Main articles:
4276:
4239:
4229:
4201:Black Loyalists
4199:, known as the
4158:Black Canadians
4124:
4118:
4112:
4079:was passed and
4054:Dirk Valkenburg
4043:slave rebellion
3905:Lesser Antilles
3877:
3871:
3775:
3751:southern Brazil
3706:Prime Minister
3696:Colonial Brazil
3646:
3640:
3634:
3622:slave narrative
3539:human sacrifice
3515:
3507:Main articles:
3505:
3489:Spanish America
3454:Spanish America
3438:
3398:
3392:
3376:Abubakar Shekau
3303:farms alone in
3252:
3230:Darfur conflict
3147:
3133:
3115:in 1816 by the
3082:
3062:Main articles:
3060:
3028:
3022:
3010:King Leopold II
2957:Olaudah Equiano
2885:Slave Trade Act
2747:
2737:
2722:
2719:
2659:Aro Confederacy
2639:Kingdom of Koya
2550:
2547:Estado da Índia
2544:
2457:
2441:Main articles:
2439:
2432:
2425:
2221:Fernand Braudel
2197:
2183:
2163:Main articles:
2161:
2154:
2143:
2134:
2115:
2106:
2095:
2019:Akkadian Empire
2000:
1994:
1982:sex trafficking
1837:Islamic slavery
1793:chattel slavery
1789:hunter-gatherer
1746:
1717:
1716:
1621:Slave narrative
1577:Fugitive slaves
1557:
1549:
1548:
1539:
1507:Slave rebellion
1362:
1352:
1351:
1310:
1300:
1299:
1122:United Kingdom
1058:Yankee princess
652:
644:
643:
371:Avret Pazarları
317:Avret Pazarları
186:Medieval Europe
152:
142:
141:
80:Forced marriage
55:
12:
11:
5:
22659:
22649:
22648:
22643:
22641:Social history
22638:
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22609:
22601:
22593:
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22577:
22569:
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22375:
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22372:
22364:
22356:
22348:
22340:
22332:
22324:
22316:
22308:
22304:Middle Passage
22300:
22292:
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22276:
22268:
22260:
22252:
22244:
22236:
22228:
22206:
22198:
22190:
22182:
22174:
22165:
22163:
22161:Fiction/novels
22157:
22156:
22154:
22153:
22145:
22137:
22129:
22121:
22113:
22105:
22097:
22089:
22081:
22073:
22065:
22057:
22049:
22041:
22032:
22030:
22026:
22025:
22022:
22021:
22019:
22018:
22012:
22006:
21999:
21997:
21993:
21992:
21990:
21989:
21983:
21978:
21975:Wallace Willis
21972:
21967:
21962:
21957:
21955:Harriet Tubman
21952:
21945:
21942:Austin Steward
21939:
21934:
21929:
21924:
21919:
21914:
21912:William Parker
21909:
21903:
21898:
21893:
21887:
21882:
21880:J. Vance Lewis
21877:
21872:
21867:
21862:
21856:
21851:
21846:
21844:Harriet Jacobs
21841:
21836:
21831:
21825:
21820:
21818:William Grimes
21815:
21810:(19th century
21805:
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21780:
21775:
21769:
21767:Kate Drumgoold
21764:
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21685:Solomon Bayley
21682:
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21659:
21656:North America:
21653:
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21650:
21649:
21643:
21636:
21630:
21624:
21617:
21615:
21612:North America:
21609:
21608:
21606:
21605:
21602:John R. Jewitt
21599:
21592:
21590:
21587:North America:
21584:
21583:
21581:
21580:
21575:
21570:
21564:
21562:
21561:Ottoman Empire
21558:
21557:
21555:
21554:
21548:
21542:
21539:Jean Marteilhe
21536:
21530:
21524:
21517:
21515:
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21510:
21508:
21507:
21500:
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21494:
21493:
21491:
21490:
21484:
21478:
21472:
21466:
21453:
21447:
21441:
21435:
21429:
21423:
21422:(late 19th c.)
21417:
21411:
21405:
21399:
21396:Isaac Brassard
21393:
21387:
21381:
21374:
21372:
21365:
21364:of enslavement
21357:
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21163:
21153:
21148:
21143:
21137:
21135:
21130:Crimes against
21128:
21125:
21124:
21122:
21121:
21116:
21111:
21106:
21101:
21096:
21091:
21086:
21081:
21076:
21070:
21068:
21062:
21061:
21054:
21053:
21046:
21039:
21031:
21025:
21024:
21018:
21012:
21007:
21002:
20993:
20992:External links
20990:
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20913:
20907:
20885:
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20857:
20850:
20849:(2nd ed. 2001)
20843:
20833:
20824:
20795:
20790:978-0544602670
20789:
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20757:
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20718:
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20478:
20468:
20466:978-0313331428
20454:
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20424:
20417:
20407:
20388:(2): 294–313.
20370:
20369:
20368:
20361:
20354:
20351:AD 500–AD 1420
20347:
20332:
20329:
20326:
20325:
20297:
20284:New York Times
20269:
20250:(2): 119–144.
20234:
20191:
20164:(4): 430–443.
20148:
20135:
20122:
20109:
20086:
20073:
20060:
20047:
20028:(6): 903–914.
20012:
19991:
19976:
19967:
19958:
19956:Kolchin p. 136
19949:
19943:978-0809016303
19942:
19922:
19904:
19898:978-0307834584
19897:
19877:
19871:978-0195304510
19870:
19850:
19848:(1993) p. 134.
19837:
19824:
19806:
19776:
19754:
19728:
19722:978-0195334029
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19692:
19683:
19674:
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19653:
19640:
19637:978-0822319924
19620:
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19558:
19551:
19531:
19529:(2004) p. 259.
19518:
19483:
19458:
19432:
19409:
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19318:978-0521780124
19317:
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19271:
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19211:
19189:
19173:
19167:978-0140103915
19166:
19148:
19117:
19088:
19070:
19063:
19043:
19030:10.2307/480764
19006:
19000:978-0935848489
18999:
18979:
18944:
18921:
18905:
18883:
18860:
18847:10.1086/244883
18841:(3): 487–520.
18825:
18813:
18785:
18773:
18701:
18674:Fredericksburg
18661:
18657:978-0934139052
18640:
18628:
18606:
18594:
18588:Simon Schama,
18581:
18572:
18563:
18552:on 13 May 2012
18536:
18505:
18476:
18464:Britannica.com
18451:
18440:(2): 189–210.
18416:
18405:Chisholm, Hugh
18375:
18342:978-0198201717
18341:
18321:
18290:
18277:978-1846032400
18276:
18256:
18239:
18205:
18181:
18178:tables 2 and 3
18165:
18138:
18129:
18117:
18090:
18063:
18050:
18046:978-0822331971
18030:
17998:
17989:
17963:
17933:
17918:
17897:
17884:
17872:
17868:978-0231031592
17844:
17840:978-0965049375
17823:
17818:Bales, Kevin.
17811:
17795:
17768:
17739:
17720:
17707:
17694:978-0874368857
17693:
17673:
17660:
17634:
17612:
17586:
17564:
17545:
17527:
17515:Britannica.com
17502:
17471:
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17403:
17384:
17364:
17357:
17339:
17327:
17296:
17289:
17271:
17244:
17218:
17196:
17170:
17144:
17142:. (2004) p. 27
17131:
17118:
17091:
17067:
17045:
17038:
17018:
16995:
16941:
16928:
16915:Britannica.com
16902:
16876:
16827:
16805:
16799:978-0719018251
16798:
16778:
16755:
16749:978-1107394704
16748:
16728:
16709:
16698:(177): 17–54.
16686:
16680:978-0874368857
16679:
16656:
16640:978-0712664967
16639:
16605:
16580:
16566:
16554:
16541:
16531:Ancient Greece
16521:
16508:
16482:
16462:
16451:on 21 May 2019
16432:
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16348:
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16145:
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16098:
16083:
16047:
16028:
16011:
15999:Britannica.com
15986:
15964:
15945:
15921:978-3825840105
15920:
15914:. Lit Verlag.
15902:
15890:
15871:
15854:
15842:
15816:
15794:
15782:
15767:
15754:
15741:
15728:
15716:
15704:
15691:
15687:978-9004095090
15674:
15665:
15656:
15647:
15643:978-9004095090
15630:
15581:
15568:
15556:
15544:
15532:
15523:
15514:
15501:
15488:978-0520054622
15487:
15467:
15454:978-0313325434
15453:
15430:
15417:978-0195056396
15416:
15396:
15383:978-0275958237
15382:
15362:
15337:
15324:978-0786476848
15323:
15303:
15277:
15256:
15233:
15208:
15183:
15158:
15145:978-0674024779
15144:
15124:
15111:978-3874907118
15110:
15090:
15074:
15065:
15042:
15010:
15004:978-1317754220
15003:
14983:
14965:
14938:
14920:
14914:978-0801883248
14913:
14893:
14880:
14846:
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14822:
14808:
14801:
14781:
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14739:
14737:, p. 388.
14727:
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14610:
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14555:
14543:
14531:
14520:
14511:
14498:
14484:
14461:
14451:
14442:
14427:
14418:
14414:978-0521281812
14401:
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14327:
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14095:
14084:. Kentake Page
14072:
14054:
14047:
14027:
14000:(5): 598–614.
13984:
13971:
13958:
13955:. 18 May 2017.
13944:
13931:
13905:
13891:
13884:
13864:
13861:. 18 May 1652.
13850:
13844:978-1851095445
13843:
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13553:
13527:
13520:
13499:
13492:
13472:
13459:
13441:
13408:
13382:
13362:
13356:978-1483513645
13355:
13335:
13300:
13294:978-0684835655
13293:
13273:
13267:Edward Gregg.
13260:
13233:
13227:978-9768125132
13226:
13206:
13178:
13165:
13152:
13139:
13126:
13109:"Bandeirantes"
13100:
13074:
13062:Britannica.com
13049:
13023:
13014:
13001:
12963:
12941:
12929:Britannica.com
12916:
12894:
12882:Britannica.com
12869:
12858:on 1 June 2020
12852:"Maya Society"
12843:
12817:
12798:
12793:boingboing.net
12780:
12777:. 3 July 2020.
12766:
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12138:
12112:
12090:
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12050:
12029:
12003:
11981:
11959:
11937:
11928:
11922:978-0374289355
11921:
11901:
11885:
11868:
11854:
11845:
11829:
11807:
11803:978-1594035760
11786:
11764:
11738:
11716:
11704:Britannica.com
11691:
11665:
11633:
11624:
11597:
11567:
11553:
11534:
11504:
11482:
11475:
11455:
11433:
11420:
11408:
11373:
11362:. American.edu
11351:
11339:Britannica.com
11326:
11300:
11285:
11259:
11254:The Daily Star
11233:
11211:
11199:
11187:
11160:
11149:on 15 May 2011
11128:
11106:
11080:
11053:
11047:978-0521447027
11046:
11026:
11014:Britannica.com
11001:
10994:
10974:
10950:
10943:
10922:
10916:978-0060153175
10915:
10888:
10885:. 2 June 2018.
10870:
10857:
10841:
10835:J.M. Roberts,
10825:
10804:
10783:
10757:
10739:
10718:
10700:
10678:
10650:
10624:
10578:
10553:
10523:
10517:978-0753820568
10516:
10498:
10482:(3): 391–411.
10462:
10451:
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10388:
10367:
10350:
10330:
10319:
10286:
10252:10.1086/648530
10226:
10215:
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10179:978-0195189421
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10015:
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10010:
10009:
10001:
9996:
9990:
9984:
9979:
9974:
9968:
9963:
9962:
9961:
9956:
9944:
9943:
9939:
9938:
9937:
9936:
9931:
9926:
9918:
9912:
9911:
9907:
9906:
9905:
9904:
9899:
9894:
9889:
9881:
9880:
9879:
9874:
9869:
9864:
9863:
9862:
9852:
9847:
9842:
9837:
9832:
9827:
9819:
9818:
9817:
9815:Sexual slavery
9812:
9807:
9802:
9797:
9792:
9787:
9782:
9777:
9760:
9759:
9755:
9753:
9750:
9678:
9675:
9646:(individuals,
9620:Pulitzer Prize
9618:published the
9603:Herbert Gutman
9517:Kenneth Stampp
9495:Dunning School
9479:Lois E. Horton
9432:
9429:
9427:
9426:Historiography
9424:
9415:Main article:
9412:
9409:
9383:
9299:United Nations
9168:
9165:
9144:
9141:
9113:Harriet Tubman
9042:
9039:
9019:Main article:
9016:
9013:
8969:
8966:
8936:
8933:
8919:commissioners
8904:
8901:
8897:Saint-Domingue
8861:
8858:
8800:was passed by
8771:British Empire
8754:Somersett Case
8746:
8745:
8743:
8742:
8741:
8740:
8730:
8725:
8724:
8723:
8713:
8711:Moresby Treaty
8708:
8703:
8698:
8693:
8688:
8680:
8672:
8667:
8659:
8651:
8643:
8638:
8630:
8622:
8614:
8606:
8598:
8590:
8585:
8580:
8575:
8570:
8565:
8560:
8559:
8558:
8548:
8543:
8538:
8533:
8528:
8526:Firman of 1857
8523:
8521:Firman of 1854
8518:
8513:
8511:Firman of 1830
8508:
8502:
8499:
8498:
8491:
8490:
8483:
8476:
8468:
8416:
8413:
8348:Main article:
8345:
8342:
8296:
8293:
8242:
8239:
8219:Bay of Islands
8161:
8158:
8119:Ancient Hawaii
8115:
8112:
8069:
8066:
7983:
7980:
7957:
7954:
7888:
7885:
7883:
7880:
7809:William Cowper
7790:Judge Jeffreys
7743:Main article:
7740:
7737:
7654:
7651:
7591:in August 1816
7577:African slaves
7540:Ottoman Empire
7497:Ottoman Empire
7474:Main article:
7471:
7468:
7435:Fort Zeelandia
7426:Fort Zeelandia
7370:writes in his
7308:Main article:
7305:
7302:
7231:Spanish Empire
7222:
7219:
7086:
7083:
7063:Saint-Domingue
7040:Denmark-Norway
7038:was a part of
7028:Denmark-Norway
6946:
6943:
6838:
6835:
6807:Ottoman Empire
6717:Main article:
6713:, 17th century
6699:
6696:
6606:
6603:
6583:
6580:
6551:
6548:
6532:Pope Gregory I
6511:Main article:
6508:
6505:
6488:
6487:Eastern Europe
6485:
6473:North Africans
6407:Main article:
6404:
6403:Ottoman Empire
6401:
6361:Medieval Spain
6335:Muslim empires
6252:
6249:
6232:
6229:
6189:Roman Republic
6170:
6167:
6145:Messenian Wars
6126:ancient Greece
6107:
6106:Ancient Greece
6104:
6102:
6099:
6073:
6070:
6057:
6056:
6053:
6050:
6047:
6044:
6040:
5962:
5959:
5853:
5852:Southeast Asia
5850:
5822:Main article:
5819:
5816:
5791:Main article:
5788:
5785:
5769:Main article:
5766:
5763:
5761:
5760:Modern history
5758:
5720:Deccan plateau
5689:
5624:
5589:Muhammad Ghori
5572:
5569:
5567:
5564:
5532:
5531:
5530:
5529:
5521:
5498:
5497:
5496:
5464:
5461:
5454:
5407:
5404:
5402:
5399:
5307:palace schools
5277:Sexual slavery
5269:Constantinople
5231:
5230:Ottoman Empire
5228:
5182:
5179:
4965:Main article:
4962:
4959:
4955:Baptist Church
4951:black churches
4854:Rebel leaders
4761:
4758:
4633:northern state
4569:British Empire
4553:
4550:
4532:Several local
4494:
4491:
4490:
4489:
4486:
4479:North Carolina
4475:South Carolina
4467:
4456:
4445:
4442:
4435:
4424:
4417:
4406:
4395:
4374:
4371:
4313:ship owned by
4300:
4297:
4275:
4272:
4228:
4225:
4209:Black Refugees
4114:Main article:
4111:
4108:
4077:apprenticeship
4019:First Republic
3936:sugar colonies
3901:British Empire
3873:Main article:
3870:
3867:
3850:André Rebouças
3841:Paraguayan War
3774:
3771:
3636:Main article:
3633:
3630:
3626:John R. Jewitt
3604:, such as the
3600:. Many of the
3576:of Texas, the
3504:
3501:
3475:French America
3462:Spanish Empire
3437:
3434:
3391:
3388:
3365:Sambisa Forest
3328:Sambisa Forest
3181:(in Ghana) or
3157:. In parts of
3132:
3129:
3125:Dey of Algiers
3123:, forcing the
3059:
3056:
3021:
3018:
2881:United Kingdom
2850:Bight of Benin
2821:Bambara Empire
2817:Annual Customs
2736:
2733:
2676:Middle Passage
2567:Middle Passage
2438:
2435:
2434:
2433:
2426:
2419:
2378:Haile Selassie
2366:was enslaved.
2160:
2157:
2156:
2155:
2144:
2137:
2135:
2116:
2109:
2107:
2105:(now Cilicia).
2096:
2089:
2039:ancient Greece
2035:ancient Israel
1996:Main article:
1993:
1990:
1986:sexual slavery
1974:private sector
1965:armed conflict
1795:. Slavery was
1748:
1747:
1745:
1744:
1737:
1730:
1722:
1719:
1718:
1715:
1714:
1709:
1708:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1691:
1690:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1634:
1633:
1628:
1618:
1613:
1612:
1611:
1606:
1599:List of slaves
1596:
1595:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1558:
1555:
1554:
1551:
1550:
1547:
1546:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1503:
1502:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1481:
1480:
1470:
1465:
1464:
1463:
1458:
1448:
1447:
1446:
1441:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1420:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1363:
1358:
1357:
1354:
1353:
1350:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1333:
1332:
1327:
1317:
1311:
1306:
1305:
1302:
1301:
1298:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1196:
1195:
1191:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1143:Dutch Republic
1140:
1135:
1134:
1133:
1128:
1120:
1114:
1113:
1109:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1087:
1086:
1075:
1074:
1068:
1067:
1062:
1061:
1060:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1034:
1033:
1023:
1022:
1021:
1011:
1006:
1005:
1004:
999:
989:
988:
987:
982:
977:
967:
962:
957:
951:
950:
944:
943:
938:
931:
930:
929:
924:
914:
909:
904:
903:
902:
892:
887:
886:
885:
880:
875:
870:
860:
855:
850:
849:
848:
843:
838:
833:
828:
823:
818:
813:
808:
803:
793:
792:
791:
781:
780:
779:
768:
767:
761:
760:
755:
750:
745:
744:
743:
733:
728:
723:
718:
713:
708:
703:
698:
693:
688:
687:
686:
676:
671:
666:
660:
659:
653:
650:
649:
646:
645:
642:
641:
636:
631:
626:
621:
615:
614:
610:
609:
604:
602:Child soldiers
599:
594:
589:
584:
579:
578:
577:
567:
562:
557:
552:
551:
550:
545:
540:
529:
528:
524:
523:
518:
513:
511:Spanish Empire
508:
503:
498:
493:
491:Middle Passage
488:
483:
478:
473:
467:
466:
460:
459:
454:
449:
444:
439:
434:
429:
428:
427:
422:
417:
412:
407:
398:
393:
388:
383:
378:
373:
368:
363:
353:
352:
351:
346:
341:
336:
331:
321:
320:
319:
312:Ottoman Empire
309:
304:
299:
294:
289:
284:
279:
273:
267:
266:
260:
259:
258:
257:
247:
242:
237:
236:
235:
230:
225:
215:
210:
205:
200:
195:
189:
188:
182:
181:
176:
171:
166:
160:
159:
153:
148:
147:
144:
143:
140:
139:
134:
132:Sexual slavery
129:
124:
119:
114:
109:
104:
99:
98:
97:
92:
90:Child marriage
87:
77:
72:
67:
65:Child soldiers
62:
56:
51:
50:
47:
46:
38:
37:
27:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
22658:
22647:
22644:
22642:
22639:
22637:
22634:
22633:
22631:
22615:
22614:
22610:
22607:
22606:
22602:
22599:
22598:
22594:
22591:
22590:
22586:
22583:
22582:
22578:
22575:
22574:
22570:
22567:
22566:
22562:
22560:
22557:
22555:
22552:
22550:
22547:
22545:
22542:
22540:
22537:
22535:
22532:
22530:
22527:
22525:
22522:
22520:
22517:
22515:
22512:
22510:
22507:
22506:
22504:
22500:
22493:
22492:
22488:
22485:
22484:
22480:
22479:
22477:
22475:Documentaries
22473:
22466:
22465:
22461:
22458:
22457:
22453:
22450:
22449:
22445:
22444:
22442:
22438:
22431:
22430:
22426:
22423:
22419:
22418:
22416:
22412:
22405:
22404:
22400:
22397:
22396:
22392:
22389:
22388:
22384:
22383:
22381:
22377:
22370:
22369:
22365:
22362:
22361:
22357:
22354:
22353:
22349:
22346:
22345:
22341:
22338:
22337:
22333:
22330:
22329:
22325:
22322:
22321:
22317:
22314:
22313:
22309:
22306:
22305:
22301:
22298:
22297:
22293:
22290:
22289:
22285:
22282:
22281:
22277:
22274:
22273:
22269:
22266:
22265:
22261:
22258:
22257:
22253:
22250:
22249:
22245:
22242:
22241:
22237:
22234:
22233:
22229:
22212:
22211:
22207:
22204:
22203:
22199:
22196:
22195:
22191:
22188:
22187:
22183:
22180:
22179:
22175:
22172:
22171:
22167:
22166:
22164:
22162:
22158:
22151:
22150:
22146:
22143:
22142:
22138:
22135:
22134:
22130:
22127:
22126:
22122:
22119:
22118:
22114:
22111:
22110:
22106:
22103:
22102:
22098:
22095:
22094:
22090:
22087:
22086:
22082:
22079:
22078:
22074:
22071:
22070:
22066:
22063:
22062:
22058:
22055:
22054:
22050:
22047:
22046:
22042:
22039:
22038:
22034:
22033:
22031:
22027:
22016:
22013:
22010:
22007:
22004:
22001:
22000:
21998:
21996:South America
21994:
21987:
21986:Zamba Zembola
21984:
21982:
21979:
21976:
21973:
21971:
21968:
21966:
21965:Bethany Veney
21963:
21961:
21958:
21956:
21953:
21950:
21946:
21943:
21940:
21938:
21937:Venture Smith
21935:
21933:
21930:
21928:
21925:
21923:
21920:
21918:
21917:James Roberts
21915:
21913:
21910:
21907:
21904:
21902:
21899:
21897:
21894:
21891:
21888:
21886:
21883:
21881:
21878:
21876:
21875:Lunsford Lane
21873:
21871:
21868:
21866:
21863:
21860:
21859:Paul Jennings
21857:
21855:
21852:
21850:
21847:
21845:
21842:
21840:
21837:
21835:
21834:Omar ibn Said
21832:
21829:
21826:
21824:
21823:Josiah Henson
21821:
21819:
21816:
21813:
21809:
21808:William Green
21806:
21804:
21801:
21799:
21796:
21794:
21791:
21788:
21784:
21783:Peter Fossett
21781:
21779:
21776:
21773:
21770:
21768:
21765:
21763:
21760:
21758:
21755:
21753:
21750:
21748:
21745:
21743:
21742:Lucinda Davis
21740:
21738:
21737:Hannah Crafts
21735:
21733:
21730:
21727:
21724:
21722:
21719:
21717:
21714:
21712:
21709:
21706:
21705:James Bradley
21703:
21701:
21700:Leonard Black
21698:
21696:
21693:
21691:
21688:
21686:
21683:
21681:
21678:
21676:
21673:
21671:
21668:
21666:
21663:
21662:
21660:
21658:United States
21654:
21647:
21646:Marcos Xiorro
21644:
21641:
21637:
21634:
21631:
21628:
21625:
21622:
21619:
21618:
21616:
21610:
21603:
21600:
21597:
21594:
21593:
21591:
21585:
21579:
21576:
21574:
21571:
21569:
21566:
21565:
21563:
21559:
21552:
21549:
21546:
21543:
21540:
21537:
21534:
21531:
21528:
21525:
21522:
21519:
21518:
21516:
21512:
21505:
21502:
21501:
21499:
21495:
21488:
21485:
21482:
21479:
21476:
21473:
21470:
21467:
21457:
21454:
21451:
21450:Thomas Pellow
21448:
21445:
21442:
21439:
21436:
21433:
21430:
21427:
21424:
21421:
21420:Petro Kilekwa
21418:
21415:
21412:
21409:
21406:
21403:
21400:
21397:
21394:
21391:
21388:
21385:
21382:
21379:
21376:
21375:
21373:
21369:
21366:
21358:
21352:
21349:
21348:
21345:
21341:
21334:
21329:
21327:
21322:
21320:
21315:
21314:
21311:
21299:
21296:
21294:
21291:
21289:
21286:
21284:
21281:
21279:
21276:
21274:
21271:
21270:
21268:
21264:
21258:
21255:
21253:
21250:
21248:
21245:
21243:
21240:
21238:
21235:
21233:
21230:
21228:
21225:
21223:
21220:
21218:
21215:
21213:
21210:
21209:
21207:
21200:
21195:
21189:
21186:
21184:
21181:
21179:
21178:Slave trading
21176:
21174:
21171:
21167:
21164:
21162:
21159:
21158:
21157:
21154:
21152:
21149:
21147:
21144:
21142:
21139:
21138:
21136:
21133:
21126:
21120:
21117:
21115:
21112:
21110:
21107:
21105:
21102:
21100:
21097:
21095:
21092:
21090:
21087:
21085:
21082:
21080:
21077:
21075:
21072:
21071:
21069:
21067:
21063:
21059:
21052:
21047:
21045:
21040:
21038:
21033:
21032:
21029:
21022:
21019:
21016:
21013:
21011:
21008:
21006:
21003:
21001:
21000:
20996:
20995:
20986:
20982:
20979:
20975:
20971:
20966:
20963:
20959:
20955:
20954:
20949:
20945:
20942:
20938:
20934:
20930:
20929:Horne, Gerald
20926:
20922:
20918:
20914:
20910:
20908:9780393018875
20904:
20899:
20898:
20892:
20891:Fogel, Robert
20888:
20887:
20884:United States
20878:
20874:
20872:
20868:
20866:
20862:
20858:
20855:
20851:
20848:
20844:
20841:
20837:
20834:
20831:
20828:
20825:
20820:
20815:
20811:
20807:
20806:
20801:
20796:
20792:
20786:
20782:
20781:
20776:
20772:
20769:
20765:
20762:
20758:
20755:
20751:
20748:
20744:
20742:
20738:
20734:
20731:
20728:
20724:
20723:
20713:
20711:0-19-215253-X
20707:
20703:
20699:
20695:
20693:
20689:
20685:
20681:
20677:
20675:0-19-504652-8
20671:
20667:
20666:
20661:
20657:
20653:
20650:
20646:
20643:
20639:
20637:
20633:
20629:
20625:
20622:
20618:
20617:
20609:
20605:
20601:
20598:
20594:
20592:
20591:online review
20588:
20584:
20580:
20579:
20573:
20572:
20564:(1955) 182 pp
20563:
20559:
20556:
20552:
20550:
20546:
20542:
20538:
20535:
20531:
20530:
20522:(2 vol. 2007)
20521:
20517:
20515:(2 vol. 1997)
20514:
20510:
20507:
20504:
20500:
20497:
20493:
20490:
20486:
20483:
20479:
20477:
20476:online review
20473:
20469:
20467:
20463:
20459:
20455:
20452:
20448:
20445:
20441:
20438:
20434:
20431:
20430:
20425:
20422:
20418:
20415:
20411:
20408:
20396:
20391:
20387:
20383:
20376:
20371:
20366:
20362:
20359:
20355:
20352:
20348:
20345:
20341:
20340:
20338:
20335:
20334:
20314:
20313:
20308:
20301:
20286:
20285:
20280:
20273:
20265:
20261:
20257:
20253:
20249:
20245:
20238:
20230:
20226:
20222:
20218:
20214:
20210:
20207:(4): 430–43.
20206:
20202:
20195:
20187:
20183:
20179:
20175:
20171:
20167:
20163:
20159:
20152:
20145:
20139:
20132:
20126:
20119:
20113:
20107:
20103:
20100:
20096:
20090:
20083:
20077:
20070:
20064:
20057:
20051:
20043:
20039:
20035:
20031:
20027:
20023:
20016:
20008:
20007:
20002:
19995:
19989:
19987:
19980:
19971:
19962:
19953:
19945:
19939:
19935:
19934:
19926:
19919:
19915:
19908:
19900:
19894:
19890:
19889:
19881:
19873:
19867:
19863:
19862:
19854:
19847:
19841:
19834:
19828:
19820:
19819:reliefweb.int
19816:
19810:
19794:
19790:
19786:
19780:
19765:
19758:
19742:
19738:
19732:
19724:
19718:
19714:
19713:
19705:
19696:
19687:
19678:
19669:
19663:
19657:
19651:(2005) p. 255
19650:
19644:
19638:
19634:
19630:
19624:
19608:
19604:
19600:
19596:
19592:
19586:
19579:
19575:
19571:
19567:
19566:Jean Sévillia
19562:
19554:
19552:9781850657088
19548:
19544:
19543:
19535:
19528:
19522:
19514:
19510:
19506:
19502:
19498:
19494:
19487:
19472:
19468:
19467:"Our history"
19462:
19446:
19442:
19436:
19420:
19413:
19405:
19390:
19386:
19382:
19381:
19375:
19367:
19351:
19347:
19341:
19334:
19328:
19320:
19314:
19310:
19306:
19305:
19297:
19290:
19284:
19275:
19268:
19262:
19255:
19249:
19242:
19237:
19221:
19215:
19199:
19193:
19186:
19182:
19177:
19169:
19163:
19159:
19152:
19136:
19132:
19128:
19121:
19106:on 8 May 2006
19105:
19101:
19100:
19092:
19084:
19081:
19074:
19066:
19060:
19056:
19055:
19047:
19039:
19035:
19031:
19027:
19024:(2): 144–55.
19023:
19019:
19018:
19010:
19002:
18996:
18992:
18991:
18983:
18967:
18963:
18959:
18955:
18948:
18932:
18925:
18918:
18915:
18909:
18893:
18887:
18871:
18864:
18856:
18852:
18848:
18844:
18840:
18836:
18829:
18822:
18817:
18801:
18800:
18795:
18789:
18782:
18777:
18768:
18762:
18747:on 9 May 2013
18743:
18739:
18735:
18731:
18727:
18723:
18719:
18712:
18705:
18698:
18694:
18692:
18687:
18686:
18681:
18680:
18675:
18671:
18665:
18658:
18654:
18650:
18644:
18637:
18632:
18616:
18610:
18603:
18598:
18591:
18585:
18576:
18567:
18551:
18547:
18540:
18529:
18525:
18524:
18516:
18509:
18501:
18497:
18493:
18489:
18483:
18481:
18465:
18461:
18455:
18447:
18443:
18439:
18435:
18431:
18427:
18420:
18412:
18411:
18406:
18401:
18396:
18390:
18388:
18386:
18384:
18382:
18380:
18371:
18359:
18344:
18338:
18334:
18333:
18325:
18309:
18305:
18301:
18294:
18279:
18273:
18269:
18268:
18260:
18254:, 1 July 2003
18253:
18249:
18246:Rees Davies,
18243:
18227:
18223:
18219:
18215:
18209:
18202:
18198:
18195:
18191:
18185:
18179:
18175:
18169:
18154:on 4 May 2013
18153:
18149:
18142:
18133:
18126:
18121:
18106:on 4 May 2013
18105:
18101:
18094:
18079:on 3 May 2013
18078:
18074:
18067:
18060:
18054:
18047:
18043:
18039:
18034:
18018:
18014:
18013:
18008:
18002:
17993:
17977:
17973:
17967:
17951:
17947:
17943:
17937:
17929:
17922:
17911:
17904:
17902:
17894:
17888:
17882:
17876:
17869:
17865:
17861:
17855:
17853:
17851:
17849:
17841:
17837:
17833:
17827:
17821:
17815:
17808:
17802:
17800:
17783:
17779:
17772:
17764:
17758:
17750:
17746:
17742:
17736:
17732:
17731:
17724:
17717:
17711:
17696:
17690:
17686:
17685:
17677:
17670:
17664:
17648:
17644:
17638:
17622:
17616:
17600:
17596:
17590:
17574:
17568:
17560:
17556:
17549:
17541:
17537:
17531:
17516:
17512:
17506:
17490:
17486:
17482:
17475:
17459:
17455:
17449:
17434:
17430:
17426:
17422:
17418:
17414:
17407:
17391:
17387:
17381:
17377:
17376:
17368:
17360:
17354:
17350:
17343:
17336:
17331:
17315:
17311:
17307:
17300:
17292:
17286:
17282:
17275:
17259:
17255:
17248:
17232:
17228:
17222:
17206:
17200:
17184:
17180:
17174:
17158:
17154:
17148:
17141:
17135:
17128:
17122:
17115:
17111:
17107:
17106:
17100:
17098:
17096:
17081:
17077:
17071:
17065:
17061:
17057:
17056:
17049:
17041:
17035:
17031:
17030:
17022:
17014:
17010:
17006:
16999:
16993:
16991:
16990:9781403938695
16987:
16983:
16982:9781403917232
16979:
16975:
16971:
16967:
16963:
16959:
16957:
16953:
16945:
16938:
16932:
16916:
16912:
16906:
16890:
16886:
16880:
16872:
16868:
16863:
16858:
16854:
16850:
16847:(3): 270–77.
16846:
16842:
16838:
16831:
16815:
16809:
16801:
16795:
16791:
16790:
16782:
16766:
16759:
16751:
16745:
16741:
16740:
16732:
16724:
16723:Evo and Proud
16720:
16713:
16705:
16701:
16697:
16690:
16682:
16676:
16672:
16671:
16663:
16661:
16653:
16642:
16636:
16632:
16627:
16626:
16620:
16616:
16609:
16594:
16590:
16584:
16578:
16575:
16570:
16563:
16558:
16552:, 1981, p. 19
16551:
16545:
16537:
16533:
16532:
16525:
16518:
16512:
16496:
16492:
16486:
16480:
16476:
16472:
16466:
16450:
16446:
16442:
16436:
16428:
16424:
16418:
16410:
16409:Bloomberg.com
16406:
16400:
16384:
16380:
16376:
16370:
16362:
16358:
16352:
16345:
16344:
16340:
16334:
16327:
16326:
16322:
16316:
16309:
16308:
16304:
16298:
16291:
16290:
16286:
16280:
16272:
16268:
16266:
16261:
16255:
16249:, 13 Oct 2014
16248:
16247:
16243:
16239:
16234:
16227:
16226:
16225:The Telegraph
16222:
16216:
16201:
16197:
16190:
16183:
16182:
16177:
16171:
16155:
16149:
16141:
16137:
16131:
16120:
16116:
16109:
16102:
16094:
16087:
16079:
16073:
16057:
16051:
16042:
16041:
16032:
16024:
16023:
16015:
16000:
15996:
15990:
15974:
15968:
15960:
15956:
15949:
15934:
15930:
15923:
15917:
15913:
15906:
15899:
15894:
15886:
15882:
15875:
15867:
15866:
15858:
15851:
15846:
15830:
15826:
15820:
15804:
15798:
15791:
15786:
15778:
15771:
15764:
15758:
15751:
15745:
15738:
15732:
15725:
15720:
15713:
15708:
15701:
15695:
15689:, pages 14-15
15688:
15684:
15678:
15669:
15660:
15651:
15644:
15640:
15634:
15626:
15622:
15617:
15612:
15608:
15604:
15601:(1): 154–61.
15600:
15596:
15592:
15585:
15578:
15572:
15563:
15561:
15551:
15549:
15539:
15537:
15527:
15518:
15511:
15505:
15490:
15484:
15480:
15479:
15471:
15456:
15450:
15446:
15445:
15440:
15434:
15419:
15413:
15409:
15408:
15400:
15385:
15379:
15375:
15374:
15366:
15350:
15349:
15341:
15326:
15320:
15316:
15315:
15307:
15300:
15296:
15291:
15290:
15281:
15273:
15267:
15259:
15257:9781300568070
15253:
15249:
15248:
15240:
15238:
15221:
15220:
15212:
15196:
15195:
15187:
15171:
15170:
15162:
15147:
15141:
15137:
15136:
15128:
15113:
15107:
15103:
15102:
15094:
15087:
15086:Ancient India
15081:
15079:
15069:
15063:
15059:
15055:
15052:
15046:
15039:
15038:
15034:
15030:
15027:
15023:
15017:
15015:
15006:
15000:
14997:. Routledge.
14996:
14995:
14987:
14979:
14978:www.gwpda.org
14975:
14969:
14953:
14949:
14942:
14934:
14930:
14924:
14916:
14910:
14906:
14905:
14897:
14890:
14884:
14869:
14868:
14860:
14856:
14850:
14843:
14838:
14831:
14826:
14818:
14812:
14804:
14798:
14794:
14793:
14785:
14778:
14766:
14762:
14756:
14752:
14751:
14743:
14736:
14731:
14724:
14719:
14712:
14707:
14701:
14699:
14693:
14691:
14683:
14677:
14674:
14668:
14660:
14658:9781850657088
14654:
14650:
14649:
14641:
14633:
14631:9780520051294
14627:
14623:
14622:
14614:
14606:
14602:
14598:
14596:9780521840675
14592:
14588:
14584:
14580:
14579:
14571:
14565:(1977), p. 36
14564:
14559:
14553:
14547:
14540:
14535:
14529:
14524:
14515:
14508:
14502:
14496:
14495:
14488:
14472:
14471:"Human Cargo"
14465:
14455:
14446:
14440:
14434:
14432:
14422:
14415:
14411:
14405:
14396:
14389:
14383:
14376:
14370:
14363:
14357:
14350:
14344:
14337:
14331:
14324:
14318:
14311:
14305:
14298:
14292:
14276:
14272:
14266:
14259:
14253:
14246:
14241:
14234:
14231:
14226:
14219:
14214:
14198:
14192:
14176:
14172:
14165:
14154:
14148:
14140:
14134:
14130:
14129:
14121:
14115:
14110:
14104:
14099:
14083:
14076:
14068:
14064:
14058:
14050:
14048:9780820338644
14044:
14040:
14039:
14031:
14023:
14019:
14015:
14011:
14007:
14003:
13999:
13995:
13988:
13981:
13975:
13968:
13962:
13954:
13948:
13941:
13935:
13928:
13924:
13920:
13917:
13916:
13909:
13901:
13895:
13887:
13885:9780722297803
13881:
13877:
13876:
13868:
13860:
13854:
13846:
13840:
13836:
13835:
13827:
13819:
13807:
13799:
13795:
13794:
13786:
13778:
13774:
13771:(3): 311–54.
13770:
13766:
13759:
13743:
13739:
13733:
13726:
13722:
13713:
13707:
13701:
13693:
13687:
13683:
13682:
13674:
13666:
13662:
13656:
13648:
13642:
13638:
13637:
13629:
13621:
13615:
13611:
13610:
13602:
13594:
13590:
13584:
13576:
13570:
13566:
13565:
13557:
13541:
13537:
13531:
13523:
13517:
13513:
13506:
13504:
13495:
13489:
13485:
13484:
13476:
13469:
13463:
13455:
13451:
13445:
13429:
13425:
13421:
13415:
13413:
13396:
13392:
13386:
13378:
13377:
13369:
13367:
13358:
13352:
13348:
13347:
13339:
13331:
13327:
13323:
13319:
13315:
13311:
13304:
13296:
13290:
13286:
13285:
13277:
13270:
13264:
13256:
13252:
13248:
13244:
13237:
13229:
13223:
13219:
13218:
13210:
13194:
13193:
13188:
13182:
13175:
13169:
13162:
13156:
13149:
13143:
13136:
13130:
13114:
13110:
13104:
13088:
13084:
13078:
13063:
13059:
13053:
13037:
13033:
13027:
13018:
13011:
13005:
12989:
12985:
12981:
12977:
12973:
12967:
12959:
12955:
12951:
12945:
12930:
12926:
12920:
12904:
12898:
12883:
12879:
12873:
12857:
12853:
12847:
12831:
12827:
12821:
12813:
12809:
12802:
12794:
12790:
12784:
12776:
12770:
12762:
12758:
12751:
12743:
12739:
12733:
12725:
12721:
12714:
12706:
12702:
12695:
12687:
12681:
12665:
12658:
12656:
12639:
12635:
12629:
12627:
12611:on 6 May 2014
12610:
12606:
12602:
12595:
12579:
12575:
12574:
12568:
12560:
12558:
12541:
12537:
12531:
12515:
12508:
12493:
12489:
12483:
12476:
12470:
12454:
12450:
12444:
12428:
12427:Premium Times
12424:
12418:
12403:
12402:
12397:
12390:
12383:
12377:
12375:
12358:
12357:
12352:
12346:
12339:
12335:
12330:
12323:
12318:
12310:
12306:
12302:
12295:
12287:
12283:
12277:
12269:
12265:
12258:
12250:
12246:
12239:
12228:
12224:
12217:
12210:
12203:
12202:
12198:
12193:
12177:
12173:
12167:
12152:
12148:
12142:
12127:
12123:
12116:
12100:
12094:
12086:
12080:
12064:
12060:
12054:
12046:
12041:
12033:
12017:
12013:
12007:
11991:
11985:
11969:
11963:
11947:
11941:
11932:
11924:
11918:
11914:
11913:
11905:
11898:
11892:
11890:
11883:
11882:
11877:
11872:
11866:
11865:
11858:
11849:
11840:
11838:
11836:
11834:
11817:
11811:
11804:
11800:
11796:
11790:
11774:
11768:
11752:
11748:
11742:
11726:
11720:
11705:
11701:
11695:
11679:
11675:
11669:
11650:
11643:
11637:
11628:
11613:on 2 May 2012
11612:
11608:
11601:
11594:
11583:
11579:
11578:
11571:
11556:
11554:9781108032612
11550:
11546:
11545:
11538:
11531:
11520:
11516:
11515:
11508:
11492:
11486:
11478:
11472:
11468:
11467:
11459:
11443:
11437:
11430:
11424:
11417:
11412:
11404:
11400:
11396:
11392:
11389:(2): 113–28.
11388:
11384:
11377:
11361:
11355:
11340:
11336:
11330:
11314:
11310:
11304:
11296:
11289:
11273:
11269:
11263:
11256:
11255:
11250:
11246:
11243:
11237:
11221:
11215:
11208:
11203:
11196:
11191:
11175:
11171:
11164:
11145:
11138:
11132:
11116:
11110:
11094:
11090:
11084:
11068:
11064:
11057:
11049:
11043:
11039:
11038:
11030:
11015:
11011:
11005:
10997:
10991:
10987:
10986:
10978:
10964:
10960:
10954:
10946:
10940:
10936:
10929:
10927:
10918:
10912:
10908:
10904:
10903:
10898:
10892:
10884:
10880:
10874:
10867:
10861:
10855:
10851:
10845:
10838:
10832:
10830:
10822:
10818:
10814:
10808:
10801:
10797:
10793:
10787:
10780:
10772:
10768:
10761:
10754:
10742:
10740:9780814722121
10736:
10732:
10731:
10722:
10714:
10710:
10704:
10696:
10692:
10688:
10682:
10667:
10663:
10657:
10655:
10646:
10645:
10640:
10633:
10631:
10629:
10620:
10614:
10598:
10594:
10587:
10585:
10583:
10566:
10560:
10558:
10541:
10537:
10533:
10527:
10519:
10513:
10509:
10502:
10495:
10490:
10485:
10481:
10477:
10473:
10466:
10459:
10454:
10452:9789988550325
10448:
10444:
10437:
10435:
10433:
10425:
10420:
10414:
10410:
10406:
10402:
10395:
10393:
10385:
10381:
10377:
10371:
10364:
10353:
10351:9780826416285
10347:
10343:
10342:
10334:
10327:
10322:
10320:9781139059251
10316:
10312:
10308:
10304:
10300:
10293:
10291:
10283:
10279:
10275:
10270:
10265:
10261:
10257:
10253:
10249:
10245:
10241:
10237:
10230:
10223:
10218:
10216:9781139059251
10212:
10208:
10204:
10200:
10196:
10189:
10181:
10175:
10171:
10164:
10160:
10144:
10135:
10131:
10120:
10117:
10115:
10112:
10110:
10107:
10105:
10102:
10100:
10097:
10095:
10092:
10090:
10087:
10085:
10084:Sambo's Grave
10082:
10080:
10077:
10075:
10072:
10070:
10067:
10063:
10060:
10058:
10055:
10053:
10050:
10048:
10047:
10043:
10042:
10040:
10037:
10035:
10032:
10030:
10027:
10025:
10022:
10020:
10017:
10016:
10012:
10011:
10008:by Longfellow
10007:
10006:
10002:
10000:
9997:
9994:
9991:
9988:
9985:
9983:
9980:
9978:
9975:
9972:
9969:
9967:
9964:
9960:
9957:
9955:
9952:
9951:
9949:
9946:
9945:
9941:
9940:
9935:
9932:
9930:
9927:
9925:
9922:
9921:
9919:
9917:
9914:
9913:
9909:
9908:
9903:
9900:
9898:
9895:
9893:
9890:
9888:
9885:
9884:
9882:
9878:
9877:White slavery
9875:
9873:
9870:
9868:
9865:
9861:
9858:
9857:
9856:
9853:
9851:
9848:
9846:
9843:
9841:
9838:
9836:
9833:
9831:
9828:
9826:
9823:
9822:
9820:
9816:
9813:
9811:
9808:
9806:
9803:
9801:
9798:
9796:
9795:Forced labour
9793:
9791:
9788:
9786:
9783:
9781:
9780:Child slavery
9778:
9776:
9772:
9771:Verdingkinder
9768:
9765:
9764:
9762:
9761:
9757:
9756:
9749:
9747:
9746:Richard Pares
9743:
9739:
9734:
9729:
9726:
9722:
9721:profit motive
9717:
9713:
9707:
9705:
9701:
9700:
9695:
9694:Eric Williams
9691:
9687:
9685:
9674:
9672:
9668:
9663:
9660:
9655:
9653:
9649:
9645:
9641:
9637:
9633:
9629:
9625:
9621:
9617:
9612:
9610:
9609:
9604:
9600:
9596:
9592:
9588:
9584:
9580:
9576:
9572:
9569:
9565:
9559:
9556:
9552:
9548:
9544:
9539:
9537:
9533:
9529:
9525:
9520:
9518:
9511:
9506:
9504:
9500:
9496:
9490:
9488:
9482:
9480:
9476:
9470:
9468:
9462:
9460:
9459:Peter Kolchin
9456:
9454:
9445:
9442:
9437:
9423:
9418:
9408:
9406:
9402:
9398:
9394:
9382:
9378:
9376:
9372:
9368:
9363:
9360:
9358:
9354:
9349:
9347:
9343:
9339:
9335:
9331:
9330:child slavery
9327:
9322:
9320:
9316:
9312:
9308:
9304:
9300:
9295:
9293:
9289:
9285:
9281:
9277:
9273:
9269:
9265:
9261:
9256:
9254:
9250:
9245:
9243:
9239:
9235:
9230:
9228:
9224:
9220:
9216:
9208:
9203:
9198:
9194:
9190:
9186:
9182:
9178:
9174:
9164:
9162:
9158:
9154:
9150:
9140:
9136:
9134:
9130:
9126:
9122:
9118:
9114:
9110:
9109:abolitionists
9106:
9101:
9099:
9094:
9090:
9086:
9082:
9077:
9073:
9068:
9066:
9062:
9058:
9052:
9048:
9041:United States
9038:
9036:
9032:
9031:July Monarchy
9028:
9022:
9009:
9004:
9000:
8998:
8994:
8990:
8985:
8983:
8979:
8975:
8965:
8963:
8959:
8955:
8954:ancien régime
8951:
8946:
8941:
8932:
8930:
8929:Abbé Grégoire
8926:
8922:
8918:
8914:
8910:
8900:
8898:
8894:
8889:
8885:
8881:
8877:
8871:
8867:
8857:
8855:
8850:
8848:
8843:
8841:
8836:
8834:
8830:
8826:
8822:
8817:
8815:
8809:
8807:
8803:
8799:
8795:
8791:
8787:
8783:
8778:
8776:
8775:Joseph Knight
8772:
8768:
8764:
8760:
8756:
8755:
8751:In 1772, the
8739:
8736:
8735:
8734:
8731:
8729:
8726:
8722:
8719:
8718:
8717:
8714:
8712:
8709:
8707:
8704:
8702:
8699:
8697:
8694:
8692:
8689:
8687:
8685:
8684:Edward Barley
8681:
8679:
8677:
8673:
8671:
8668:
8666:
8665:
8660:
8658:
8656:
8652:
8650:
8648:
8644:
8642:
8639:
8637:
8636:
8631:
8629:
8628:
8623:
8621:
8620:
8615:
8613:
8612:
8607:
8605:
8604:
8599:
8597:
8596:
8591:
8589:
8586:
8584:
8581:
8579:
8576:
8574:
8571:
8569:
8566:
8564:
8561:
8557:
8554:
8553:
8552:
8549:
8547:
8544:
8542:
8539:
8537:
8534:
8532:
8529:
8527:
8524:
8522:
8519:
8517:
8514:
8512:
8509:
8507:
8504:
8503:
8500:
8489:
8484:
8482:
8477:
8475:
8470:
8469:
8466:
8459:
8455:
8448:
8443:
8438:
8434:
8430:
8426:
8422:
8412:
8409:
8405:
8399:
8397:
8392:
8390:
8386:
8380:
8373:
8369:
8368:Victor Hugues
8364:
8356:
8351:
8341:
8339:
8335:
8331:
8327:
8323:
8319:
8314:
8310:
8306:
8305:Easter Island
8302:
8292:
8290:
8286:
8282:
8277:
8274:
8272:
8267:
8265:
8261:
8256:
8252:
8248:
8245:One group of
8238:
8236:
8232:
8231:King movement
8228:
8223:
8220:
8216:
8212:
8208:
8204:
8200:
8195:
8193:
8189:
8185:
8181:
8180:
8175:
8171:
8167:
8157:
8155:
8151:
8147:
8142:
8140:
8138:
8133:
8128:
8124:
8123:caste society
8120:
8111:
8109:
8105:
8101:
8097:
8093:
8089:
8085:
8081:
8075:
8065:
8064:labor camps.
8063:
8058:
8056:
8052:
8051:
8050:besprizorniki
8046:
8038:
8034:
8030:
8026:
8021:
8019:
8015:
8011:
8007:
8003:
7999:
7993:
7989:
7979:
7977:
7973:
7969:
7963:
7956:Allied powers
7953:
7951:
7947:
7943:
7940:gentiles and
7939:
7935:
7934:
7929:
7926:
7918:
7913:
7907:
7903:
7899:
7894:
7879:
7877:
7873:
7869:
7865:
7860:
7857:
7855:
7854:Joseph Sturge
7851:
7847:
7843:
7839:
7835:
7831:
7827:
7823:
7819:
7815:
7810:
7806:
7802:
7798:
7795:
7792:refers to an
7791:
7786:
7784:
7780:
7776:
7772:
7768:
7760:
7756:
7751:
7746:
7735:
7733:
7729:
7725:
7719:
7715:
7710:
7708:
7703:
7701:
7697:
7692:
7690:
7686:
7682:
7678:
7674:
7668:
7664:
7660:
7650:
7648:
7644:
7638:
7636:
7631:
7627:
7623:
7619:
7615:
7611:
7607:
7603:
7596:
7592:
7590:
7584:
7580:
7578:
7573:
7569:
7565:
7561:
7557:
7552:
7549:
7545:
7541:
7537:
7533:
7528:
7526:
7522:
7518:
7514:
7508:
7506:
7502:
7498:
7494:
7490:
7482:
7477:
7467:
7465:
7461:
7460:Dutch Guianas
7456:
7455:Cape Coloured
7452:
7448:
7444:
7440:
7436:
7431:
7427:
7423:
7419:
7415:
7411:
7407:
7402:
7398:
7392:
7390:
7386:
7382:
7377:
7373:
7369:
7368:Willem Bosman
7365:
7361:
7357:
7353:
7349:
7345:
7341:
7337:
7333:
7329:
7325:
7321:
7317:
7311:
7301:
7299:
7295:
7290:
7288:
7284:
7280:
7276:
7272:
7268:
7264:
7256:
7253:
7249:
7244:
7240:
7236:
7232:
7228:
7218:
7215:
7213:
7209:
7204:
7199:
7197:
7191:
7189:
7185:
7181:
7177:
7176:
7171:
7167:
7163:
7159:
7154:
7152:
7147:
7143:
7139:
7134:
7130:
7127:
7123:
7119:
7111:
7110:
7105:
7100:
7096:
7092:
7082:
7080:
7076:
7075:French empire
7072:
7068:
7064:
7060:
7056:
7052:
7048:
7043:
7041:
7037:
7033:
7029:
7025:
7023:
7020:Grand Master
7019:
7015:
7011:
7007:
7003:
6999:
6995:
6994:Galley-slaves
6991:
6987:
6983:
6979:
6975:
6971:
6970:Mediterranean
6964:
6960:
6956:
6951:
6942:
6940:
6936:
6932:
6928:
6924:
6920:
6916:
6912:
6908:
6904:
6900:
6896:
6892:
6888:
6884:
6880:
6879:
6874:
6870:
6866:
6860:
6856:
6852:
6848:
6844:
6834:
6832:
6827:
6822:
6820:
6816:
6812:
6808:
6804:
6800:
6796:
6791:
6789:
6785:
6781:
6777:
6773:
6769:
6765:
6761:
6757:
6753:
6749:
6744:
6742:
6738:
6734:
6730:
6726:
6720:
6712:
6708:
6704:
6695:
6693:
6689:
6685:
6681:
6676:
6674:
6670:
6669:Christianized
6666:
6662:
6658:
6654:
6650:
6646:
6642:
6638:
6634:
6630:
6624:
6620:
6616:
6612:
6602:
6600:
6596:
6588:
6579:
6577:
6573:
6569:
6565:
6561:
6557:
6547:
6545:
6541:
6537:
6533:
6528:
6524:
6520:
6514:
6507:British Isles
6504:
6502:
6498:
6494:
6484:
6482:
6478:
6474:
6470:
6466:
6461:
6459:
6458:Ottoman fleet
6455:
6451:
6450:Islamic world
6447:
6443:
6428:
6424:
6420:
6415:
6410:
6400:
6398:
6394:
6390:
6386:
6382:
6378:
6374:
6370:
6366:
6362:
6358:
6356:
6352:
6348:
6344:
6340:
6336:
6332:
6328:
6323:
6321:
6317:
6313:
6309:
6305:
6301:
6297:
6296:
6291:
6286:
6284:
6280:
6276:
6272:
6266:
6262:
6258:
6248:
6246:
6242:
6238:
6228:
6226:
6222:
6218:
6217:slave revolts
6214:
6210:
6206:
6202:
6198:
6197:Roman slavery
6194:
6190:
6186:
6182:
6176:
6166:
6164:
6163:Ancient Greek
6160:
6156:
6155:
6150:
6146:
6141:
6139:
6135:
6131:
6127:
6123:
6119:
6113:
6096:
6092:
6088:
6083:
6079:
6078:White slavery
6069:
6067:
6063:
6054:
6051:
6048:
6045:
6042:
6041:
6039:
6036:
6034:
6030:
6029:
6024:
6023:spoils of war
6020:
6016:
6013:, IS claimed
6012:
6011:
6006:
6002:
5998:
5994:
5993:Islamic State
5988:
5984:
5980:
5976:
5972:
5968:
5958:
5956:
5952:
5948:
5944:
5940:
5936:
5932:
5928:
5924:
5920:
5916:
5911:
5909:
5905:
5901:
5897:
5893:
5889:
5885:
5881:
5877:
5871:
5867:
5863:
5859:
5849:
5847:
5843:
5839:
5835:
5831:
5825:
5815:
5813:
5809:
5805:
5801:
5794:
5784:
5781:
5777:
5776:Reginald Dyer
5772:
5757:
5755:
5751:
5747:
5742:
5740:
5739:Mughal empire
5736:
5732:
5728:
5723:
5721:
5717:
5712:
5708:
5704:
5700:
5688:
5685:
5680:
5674:
5672:
5668:
5664:
5659:
5655:
5651:
5647:
5643:
5639:
5635:
5623:
5621:
5617:
5611:
5608:
5606:
5602:
5598:
5594:
5593:Slave Dynasty
5590:
5586:
5582:
5578:
5563:
5561:
5557:
5553:
5549:
5544:
5539:
5537:
5526:
5522:
5519:
5515:
5514:
5512:
5508:
5504:
5503:
5499:
5494:
5493:
5491:
5487:
5483:
5479:
5477:
5473:
5472:
5470:
5463:Ancient China
5453:
5449:
5447:
5443:
5439:
5435:
5434:
5429:
5428:
5423:
5419:
5418:ancient India
5413:
5406:Ancient India
5398:
5396:
5391:
5387:
5384:According to
5382:
5380:
5379:
5374:
5370:
5367:genocides of
5366:
5362:
5358:
5354:
5349:
5347:
5343:
5339:
5335:
5334:
5329:
5325:
5321:
5320:
5314:
5312:
5308:
5304:
5299:
5295:
5291:
5287:
5286:
5280:
5278:
5274:
5271:(present-day
5270:
5266:
5262:
5258:
5251:
5246:
5241:
5237:
5227:
5225:
5220:
5218:
5214:
5210:
5205:
5202:
5196:
5192:
5188:
5178:
5176:
5172:
5168:
5163:
5161:
5157:
5152:
5150:
5146:
5142:
5138:
5134:
5130:
5126:
5122:
5118:
5114:
5110:
5106:
5102:
5098:
5094:
5090:
5086:
5082:
5078:
5074:
5070:
5066:
5062:
5058:
5054:
5050:
5046:
5042:
5038:
5034:
5033:Ancient Egypt
5030:
5026:
5022:
5018:
5010:
5009:Chinese coins
5006:
5001:
4994:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4974:
4968:
4958:
4956:
4952:
4948:
4944:
4940:
4936:
4932:
4928:
4924:
4919:
4917:
4913:
4907:
4905:
4901:
4896:
4892:
4888:
4884:
4880:
4876:
4875:border states
4871:
4869:
4868:slave-traders
4865:
4861:
4860:Robert E. Lee
4857:
4850:
4845:
4841:
4839:
4835:
4831:
4827:
4823:
4819:
4815:
4811:
4806:
4802:
4798:
4794:
4790:
4783:
4779:
4775:
4771:
4767:
4757:
4755:
4751:
4747:
4743:
4741:
4736:
4735:Supreme Court
4732:
4728:
4724:
4720:
4716:
4712:
4708:
4704:
4700:
4696:
4692:
4688:
4683:
4681:
4677:
4673:
4672:States Rights
4669:
4665:
4661:
4657:
4653:
4649:
4644:
4642:
4638:
4634:
4629:
4625:
4621:
4617:
4613:
4609:
4605:
4600:
4598:
4594:
4593:Benjamin Kent
4590:
4586:
4585:
4580:
4579:
4574:
4570:
4562:
4558:
4549:
4547:
4543:
4539:
4535:
4530:
4528:
4524:
4520:
4516:
4512:
4507:
4505:
4501:
4487:
4484:
4480:
4476:
4472:
4468:
4465:
4461:
4457:
4454:
4450:
4446:
4443:
4440:
4436:
4433:
4429:
4425:
4422:
4418:
4415:
4411:
4407:
4404:
4400:
4399:Massachusetts
4396:
4393:
4389:
4385:
4384:
4379:
4370:
4368:
4363:
4361:
4357:
4353:
4349:
4344:
4342:
4337:
4335:
4328:
4324:
4320:
4316:
4312:
4308:
4307:
4295:
4289:
4285:
4281:
4274:United States
4271:
4269:
4265:
4261:
4257:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4234:
4233:Repartimiento
4227:Latin America
4224:
4222:
4218:
4214:
4210:
4206:
4202:
4198:
4194:
4193:
4188:
4187:
4182:
4178:
4174:
4170:
4166:
4161:
4159:
4155:
4151:
4147:
4146:
4141:
4137:
4133:
4129:
4128:First Nations
4123:
4117:
4107:
4105:
4101:
4097:
4093:
4088:
4086:
4082:
4078:
4074:
4070:
4069:Port-of-Spain
4065:
4062:
4055:
4050:
4046:
4044:
4040:
4036:
4032:
4028:
4024:
4020:
4016:
4012:
4008:
4004:
4000:
3996:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3976:
3971:
3967:
3963:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3949:
3945:
3940:
3937:
3932:
3930:
3926:
3922:
3918:
3914:
3910:
3906:
3902:
3898:
3890:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3866:
3864:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3851:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3834:
3829:
3826:, a group of
3825:
3820:
3818:
3814:
3812:
3808:
3804:
3800:
3796:
3792:
3788:
3784:
3780:
3770:
3768:
3764:
3760:
3756:
3752:
3748:
3744:
3740:
3736:
3732:
3728:
3724:
3719:
3717:
3713:
3709:
3705:
3701:
3697:
3693:
3689:
3685:
3678:
3674:
3670:
3665:
3658:
3654:
3650:
3645:
3639:
3629:
3627:
3623:
3619:
3616:. Among some
3615:
3611:
3607:
3603:
3599:
3595:
3591:
3587:
3583:
3579:
3575:
3571:
3566:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3555:
3550:
3549:
3544:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3514:
3510:
3500:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3486:
3485:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3447:
3442:
3433:
3431:
3426:
3424:
3420:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3397:
3387:
3385:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3368:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3354:
3350:
3346:
3342:
3338:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3312:
3310:
3306:
3302:
3298:
3293:
3291:
3287:
3282:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3263:
3261:
3256:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3237:
3235:
3231:
3226:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3203:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3192:
3186:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3128:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3090:
3086:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3055:
3052:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3017:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3006:forced labour
3001:
2996:
2994:
2990:
2985:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2965:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2949:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2938:mal de Luanda
2935:
2928:
2924:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2893:United States
2890:
2886:
2882:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2860:
2858:
2853:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2807:The kings of
2805:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2782:
2778:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2751:
2746:
2742:
2731:
2725:
2714:
2712:
2706:
2702:
2700:
2696:
2688:
2683:
2679:
2677:
2673:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2563:
2560:
2559:Iberian Union
2556:
2548:
2542:
2540:
2539:Islamic state
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2491:
2488:
2484:
2479:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2461:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2430:
2427:13th century
2423:
2418:
2417:
2416:
2414:
2413:trans-Saharan
2410:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2392:
2390:
2386:
2381:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2365:
2361:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2267:(1235–1645),
2266:
2262:
2258:
2257:Western Sudan
2254:
2249:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2222:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2195:Barbary coast
2192:
2191:Swahili coast
2188:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2152:
2148:
2141:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2125:(left) and a
2124:
2120:
2113:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2093:
2088:
2087:
2086:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2043:ancient India
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2015:ancient China
2012:
2011:ancient Egypt
2007:
2005:
1999:
1989:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1935:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1876:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1821:
1819:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1785:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1770:ancient times
1767:
1763:
1762:nationalities
1759:
1755:
1743:
1738:
1736:
1731:
1729:
1724:
1723:
1721:
1720:
1713:
1710:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1689:
1686:
1685:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1655:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1643:Slave catcher
1641:
1639:
1636:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1623:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1601:
1600:
1597:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1579:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1572:Forced labour
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1559:
1553:
1552:
1543:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1501:
1498:
1497:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1479:
1476:
1475:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1453:
1452:
1449:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1436:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1418:
1417:Abolitionists
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1369:
1368:
1365:
1364:
1361:
1356:
1355:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1322:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1312:
1309:
1304:
1303:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1197:
1193:
1192:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1123:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1115:
1111:
1110:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1085:
1082:
1081:
1080:
1077:
1076:
1073:
1070:
1069:
1066:
1063:
1059:
1056:
1055:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1032:
1029:
1028:
1027:
1024:
1020:
1019:comfort women
1017:
1016:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1003:
1002:Chukri System
1000:
998:
995:
994:
993:
990:
986:
983:
981:
978:
976:
973:
972:
971:
968:
966:
963:
961:
958:
956:
953:
952:
949:
946:
945:
942:
939:
936:
932:
928:
925:
923:
920:
919:
918:
915:
913:
910:
908:
905:
901:
898:
897:
896:
893:
891:
890:Latin America
888:
884:
881:
879:
876:
874:
871:
869:
866:
865:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
851:
847:
844:
842:
841:interregional
839:
837:
834:
832:
829:
827:
826:prison labour
824:
822:
819:
817:
814:
812:
809:
807:
804:
802:
799:
798:
797:
796:United States
794:
790:
787:
786:
785:
782:
778:
775:
774:
773:
770:
769:
766:
763:
762:
759:
756:
754:
751:
749:
746:
742:
739:
738:
737:
734:
732:
729:
727:
724:
722:
719:
717:
714:
712:
709:
707:
704:
702:
699:
697:
694:
692:
689:
685:
682:
681:
680:
677:
675:
672:
670:
667:
665:
662:
661:
658:
655:
654:
648:
647:
640:
637:
635:
632:
630:
627:
625:
622:
620:
617:
616:
612:
611:
608:
607:White slavery
605:
603:
600:
598:
597:Slave raiding
595:
593:
590:
588:
585:
583:
580:
576:
573:
572:
571:
568:
566:
565:Corvée labour
563:
561:
558:
556:
553:
549:
546:
544:
541:
539:
536:
535:
534:
531:
530:
526:
525:
522:
519:
517:
514:
512:
509:
507:
504:
502:
499:
497:
494:
492:
489:
487:
484:
482:
479:
477:
474:
472:
469:
468:
465:
462:
461:
458:
455:
453:
450:
448:
445:
443:
440:
438:
435:
433:
430:
426:
423:
421:
418:
416:
413:
411:
408:
406:
402:
399:
397:
394:
392:
389:
387:
384:
382:
381:Abbasid harem
379:
377:
374:
372:
369:
367:
364:
362:
359:
358:
357:
354:
350:
347:
345:
342:
340:
337:
335:
332:
330:
327:
326:
325:
324:Barbary Coast
322:
318:
315:
314:
313:
310:
308:
305:
303:
300:
298:
295:
293:
290:
288:
285:
283:
280:
277:
274:
272:
269:
268:
265:
262:
261:
256:
253:
252:
251:
248:
246:
243:
241:
238:
234:
231:
229:
226:
224:
221:
220:
219:
216:
214:
211:
209:
206:
204:
201:
199:
196:
194:
191:
190:
187:
184:
183:
180:
177:
175:
172:
170:
167:
165:
162:
161:
158:
155:
154:
151:
146:
145:
138:
135:
133:
130:
128:
125:
123:
120:
118:
115:
113:
110:
108:
105:
103:
100:
96:
93:
91:
88:
86:
83:
82:
81:
78:
76:
73:
71:
68:
66:
63:
61:
58:
57:
54:
49:
48:
44:
40:
39:
36:
32:
31:Forced labour
29:
28:
24:
20:
19:
16:
22611:
22603:
22595:
22587:
22579:
22571:
22563:
22489:
22481:
22462:
22456:The Octoroon
22454:
22446:
22427:
22401:
22393:
22385:
22366:
22358:
22350:
22342:
22334:
22326:
22318:
22310:
22302:
22294:
22286:
22278:
22270:
22262:
22254:
22246:
22238:
22230:
22208:
22200:
22192:
22184:
22176:
22168:
22147:
22139:
22131:
22123:
22115:
22107:
22099:
22091:
22083:
22075:
22067:
22059:
22051:
22043:
22035:
21849:Thomas James
21798:Moses Grandy
21793:David George
21752:Lucy Delaney
21726:Peter Bruner
21665:Sam Aleckson
21545:Roustam Raza
21456:Joseph Pitts
21378:Robert Adams
21362:by continent
21177:
21119:Rome Statute
20998:
20984:
20977:
20969:
20961:
20952:
20940:
20932:
20920:
20896:
20876:
20860:
20853:
20846:
20839:
20836:Thomas, Hugh
20829:
20809:
20803:
20779:
20767:
20760:
20753:
20746:
20736:
20726:
20701:
20683:
20663:
20648:
20641:
20627:
20620:
20603:
20596:
20586:
20585:Rio, Alice.
20577:
20561:
20554:
20540:
20533:
20519:
20512:
20502:
20495:
20488:
20481:
20471:
20457:
20453:(2 vol 1998)
20450:
20443:
20436:
20427:
20420:
20413:
20399:. Retrieved
20385:
20381:
20364:
20357:
20350:
20343:
20336:
20331:Bibliography
20316:. Retrieved
20310:
20300:
20288:. Retrieved
20282:
20272:
20247:
20243:
20237:
20204:
20200:
20194:
20161:
20157:
20151:
20143:
20138:
20130:
20125:
20117:
20112:
20094:
20089:
20084:(1999) 3:470
20081:
20076:
20068:
20063:
20055:
20050:
20025:
20021:
20015:
20004:
19994:
19985:
19979:
19970:
19961:
19952:
19932:
19925:
19913:
19907:
19887:
19880:
19860:
19853:
19845:
19840:
19832:
19827:
19818:
19809:
19797:. Retrieved
19793:the original
19788:
19779:
19767:. Retrieved
19757:
19745:. Retrieved
19740:
19731:
19711:
19704:
19695:
19686:
19677:
19668:
19656:
19648:
19643:
19628:
19623:
19611:. Retrieved
19607:the original
19594:
19585:
19569:
19561:
19541:
19534:
19526:
19521:
19499:(1): 55–77.
19496:
19492:
19486:
19474:. Retrieved
19470:
19461:
19449:. Retrieved
19445:The Guardian
19444:
19435:
19423:. Retrieved
19412:
19392:. Retrieved
19378:
19366:
19354:. Retrieved
19350:the original
19340:
19332:
19327:
19303:
19296:
19288:
19283:
19274:
19261:
19253:
19248:
19240:
19236:
19224:. Retrieved
19214:
19202:. Retrieved
19192:
19180:
19176:
19157:
19151:
19139:. Retrieved
19135:the original
19130:
19120:
19108:. Retrieved
19104:the original
19098:
19091:
19083:
19079:
19073:
19053:
19046:
19021:
19017:Ethnohistory
19015:
19009:
18989:
18982:
18970:. Retrieved
18966:the original
18961:
18957:
18947:
18935:. Retrieved
18924:
18916:
18908:
18896:. Retrieved
18886:
18874:. Retrieved
18863:
18838:
18834:
18828:
18816:
18806:19 September
18804:. Retrieved
18797:
18788:
18776:
18761:cite journal
18749:. Retrieved
18742:the original
18721:
18717:
18704:
18690:
18683:
18677:
18670:Williamsburg
18664:
18648:
18643:
18631:
18619:. Retrieved
18609:
18597:
18589:
18584:
18575:
18566:
18554:. Retrieved
18550:the original
18539:
18528:the original
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18495:
18467:. Retrieved
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18454:
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18132:
18120:
18108:. Retrieved
18104:the original
18093:
18081:. Retrieved
18077:the original
18066:
18058:
18053:
18048:, pp. 37–38.
18037:
18033:
18021:. Retrieved
18017:the original
18010:
18001:
17992:
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17976:the original
17966:
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17786:. Retrieved
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17710:
17698:. Retrieved
17683:
17676:
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17663:
17651:. Retrieved
17647:the original
17637:
17625:. Retrieved
17623:. Milism.net
17615:
17603:. Retrieved
17599:the original
17589:
17577:. Retrieved
17567:
17558:
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17548:
17539:
17530:
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17318:. Retrieved
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17258:the original
17247:
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17231:the original
17221:
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17199:
17187:. Retrieved
17183:the original
17173:
17161:. Retrieved
17157:the original
17147:
17139:
17134:
17129:(1997) 2:659
17126:
17121:
17103:
17083:, retrieved
17079:
17070:
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17028:
17021:
17004:
16998:
16955:
16951:
16949:
16944:
16936:
16931:
16919:. Retrieved
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16889:the original
16879:
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16830:
16818:. Retrieved
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16769:. Retrieved
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16689:
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16624:
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16596:. Retrieved
16593:Museum Wales
16592:
16583:
16569:
16561:
16557:
16549:
16544:
16536:the original
16530:
16524:
16516:
16511:
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16495:the original
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16465:
16453:. Retrieved
16449:the original
16444:
16435:
16427:The Guardian
16426:
16417:
16408:
16399:
16387:. Retrieved
16383:the original
16378:
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16360:
16351:
16341:
16337:Nour Malas,
16333:
16323:
16315:
16305:
16297:
16289:The Atlantic
16287:
16279:
16271:the original
16263:
16254:
16244:
16233:
16223:
16215:
16205:11 September
16203:. Retrieved
16199:
16189:
16179:
16170:
16158:. Retrieved
16148:
16140:the original
16130:
16119:the original
16114:
16101:
16092:
16086:
16060:. Retrieved
16050:
16039:
16031:
16025:. E. Arnold.
16021:
16014:
16002:. Retrieved
15998:
15989:
15977:. Retrieved
15967:
15958:
15948:
15936:. Retrieved
15932:
15911:
15905:
15893:
15884:
15874:
15864:
15857:
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15833:. Retrieved
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15807:. Retrieved
15797:
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15509:
15504:
15492:. Retrieved
15477:
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15458:. Retrieved
15443:
15433:
15421:. Retrieved
15406:
15399:
15387:. Retrieved
15372:
15365:
15353:. Retrieved
15351:. p. 63
15347:
15340:
15328:. Retrieved
15313:
15306:
15298:
15288:
15280:
15246:
15224:. Retrieved
15218:
15211:
15199:. Retrieved
15193:
15186:
15174:. Retrieved
15168:
15161:
15149:. Retrieved
15134:
15127:
15115:. Retrieved
15101:Qin Shihuang
15100:
15093:
15068:
15050:
15045:
15035:
15021:
14993:
14986:
14977:
14968:
14956:. Retrieved
14951:
14941:
14932:
14923:
14903:
14896:
14888:
14883:
14871:. Retrieved
14865:
14849:
14837:
14825:
14811:
14791:
14784:
14776:
14769:. Retrieved
14749:
14742:
14735:Toynbee 1973
14730:
14718:
14711:Toynbee 1973
14706:
14697:
14689:
14682:
14672:
14667:
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14534:
14523:
14514:
14506:
14501:
14492:
14487:
14475:. Retrieved
14464:
14454:
14445:
14437:Lewis 1994,
14421:
14404:
14395:
14387:
14382:
14374:
14373:Eric Foner,
14369:
14361:
14356:
14348:
14343:
14335:
14330:
14322:
14317:
14309:
14304:
14296:
14295:Eric Foner,
14291:
14279:. Retrieved
14275:the original
14265:
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14252:
14240:
14232:
14225:
14213:
14201:. Retrieved
14191:
14179:. Retrieved
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14098:
14086:. Retrieved
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13746:. Retrieved
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13467:
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13444:
13432:. Retrieved
13428:the original
13423:
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13395:the original
13385:
13375:
13345:
13338:
13316:(1): 15–35.
13313:
13309:
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13283:
13276:
13268:
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13246:
13242:
13236:
13216:
13209:
13197:. Retrieved
13190:
13181:
13173:
13168:
13160:
13159:Mike Davis,
13155:
13147:
13142:
13134:
13129:
13117:. Retrieved
13113:the original
13103:
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13087:the original
13077:
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13036:the original
13026:
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13004:
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12988:the original
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12897:
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12881:
12872:
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12856:the original
12846:
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12830:the original
12820:
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12801:
12792:
12783:
12769:
12761:The Guardian
12760:
12750:
12741:
12732:
12724:the original
12713:
12705:the original
12694:
12680:
12668:. Retrieved
12642:. Retrieved
12640:. 5 May 2014
12637:
12613:. Retrieved
12609:the original
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12582:. Retrieved
12571:
12544:. Retrieved
12539:
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12518:. Retrieved
12507:
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12491:
12482:
12469:
12457:. Retrieved
12452:
12443:
12431:. Retrieved
12426:
12417:
12405:. Retrieved
12401:The Guardian
12399:
12389:
12361:. Retrieved
12356:The Guardian
12354:
12345:
12338:Human Rights
12329:
12317:
12309:the original
12304:
12294:
12285:
12276:
12268:The Guardian
12267:
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12249:The Guardian
12248:
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12175:
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12093:
12079:
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12063:the original
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12032:
12020:. Retrieved
12015:
12006:
11994:. Retrieved
11984:
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11962:
11950:. Retrieved
11940:
11931:
11911:
11904:
11896:
11879:
11871:
11862:
11861:Mungo Park,
11857:
11848:
11820:. Retrieved
11810:
11794:
11793:Ibn Warraq.
11789:
11777:. Retrieved
11767:
11755:. Retrieved
11751:the original
11741:
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11719:
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11703:
11694:
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11678:the original
11668:
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11649:the original
11636:
11627:
11617:19 September
11615:. Retrieved
11611:the original
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11585:. Retrieved
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11543:
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11529:
11522:. Retrieved
11513:
11507:
11495:. Retrieved
11485:
11465:
11458:
11446:. Retrieved
11436:
11429:Indian Ocean
11423:
11411:
11386:
11382:
11376:
11364:. Retrieved
11354:
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11338:
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11317:. Retrieved
11313:the original
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11288:
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11190:
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11173:
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11119:. Retrieved
11109:
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11083:
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11067:the original
11056:
11036:
11029:
11017:. Retrieved
11013:
11004:
10984:
10977:
10966:, retrieved
10962:
10953:
10934:
10901:
10891:
10883:Nile Scribes
10882:
10873:
10865:
10860:
10853:
10844:
10836:
10812:
10807:
10791:
10790:John Byron,
10786:
10774:
10770:
10760:
10751:
10744:. Retrieved
10729:
10721:
10712:
10703:
10695:the original
10690:
10681:
10669:. Retrieved
10665:
10644:The Guardian
10642:
10601:. Retrieved
10597:the original
10569:. Retrieved
10544:. Retrieved
10540:the original
10535:
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10507:
10501:
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10479:
10475:
10465:
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10400:
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10380:the original
10370:
10362:
10355:. Retrieved
10340:
10333:
10324:
10302:
10298:
10281:
10246:(1): 19–34.
10243:
10239:
10229:
10220:
10198:
10194:
10188:
10169:
10163:
10143:
10134:
10044:
10003:
9995:(1787–1807?)
9948:Abolitionism
9835:Blackbirding
9790:Debt bondage
9767:Child labour
9730:
9708:
9697:
9688:
9680:
9664:
9656:
9648:corporations
9630:published a
9623:
9613:
9606:
9598:
9590:
9582:
9560:
9550:
9540:
9527:
9521:
9513:
9508:
9492:
9484:
9472:
9464:
9457:
9449:
9420:
9390:
9380:
9369:adopted the
9364:
9361:
9350:
9323:
9303:World War II
9296:
9268:World War II
9257:
9246:
9231:
9212:
9209:, April 1945
9207:Nazi Germany
9153:ACT, No. XV.
9148:
9146:
9137:
9102:
9069:
9059:presented a
9054:
9029:against the
9024:
8986:
8971:
8958:yellow fever
8953:
8938:
8906:
8888:Jean Boucaux
8873:
8851:
8847:Sierra Leone
8844:
8837:
8818:
8810:
8779:
8758:
8752:
8750:
8701:Frere Treaty
8683:
8675:
8663:
8654:
8646:
8634:
8626:
8618:
8611:El Almirante
8610:
8602:
8594:
8506:Abolitionism
8457:
8400:
8393:
8381:
8377:
8350:Abolitionism
8325:
8298:
8278:
8275:
8271:Christchurch
8268:
8244:
8224:
8210:
8203:Te Rauparaha
8196:
8191:
8177:
8172:, with each
8163:
8143:
8135:
8126:
8117:
8077:
8074:Blackbirding
8059:
8048:
8044:
8033:Soviet Union
8022:
7998:Soviet Union
7995:
7982:Soviet Union
7972:forced labor
7965:
7933:Arbeitslager
7931:
7928:Nazi Germany
7925:World War II
7922:
7878:of a slave.
7861:
7858:
7846:Oba of Lagos
7799:
7787:
7764:
7754:
7731:
7723:
7721:
7717:
7712:
7704:
7693:
7688:
7684:
7670:
7639:
7602:Lord Exmouth
7599:
7589:Lord Exmouth
7586:
7553:
7529:
7517:Jan Janszoon
7509:
7487:
7451:South Africa
7393:
7374:(1703) that
7371:
7360:Dutch Brazil
7331:
7323:
7320:Dutch Empire
7313:
7291:
7287:Leyes Nuevas
7260:
7239:Black ladino
7216:
7211:
7207:
7200:
7192:
7173:
7166:great plague
7155:
7151:Bandeirantes
7129:Dum Diversas
7115:
7107:
7057:established
7044:
7026:
7024:among them.
7006:Naval forces
6984:in 1685 and
6968:
6899:Anglo-Saxons
6886:
6876:
6862:
6826:Mehmed Giray
6823:
6795:Haci I Giray
6792:
6776:Mamluk Egypt
6760:Golden Horde
6745:
6722:
6710:
6677:
6627:In the late
6626:
6593:
6553:
6535:
6519:debt slavery
6516:
6490:
6462:
6439:
6359:
6324:
6293:
6287:
6268:
6234:
6193:Rome's farms
6178:
6152:
6142:
6115:
6090:
6066:Persian Gulf
6059:
6037:
6026:
6021:practice of
6008:
5990:
5975:Sexual jihad
5937:. Slaves in
5912:
5876:Khmer Empire
5873:
5827:
5796:
5774:
5743:
5724:
5696:
5678:
5676:
5631:
5613:
5609:
5574:
5543:Tang dynasty
5540:
5533:
5500:
5474:
5451:
5445:
5431:
5425:
5415:
5386:Ronald Segal
5383:
5376:
5350:
5342:Ottoman army
5331:
5317:
5315:
5283:
5281:
5254:
5221:
5206:
5198:
5164:
5153:
5014:
5005:Tang dynasty
4990:
4920:
4908:
4872:
4853:
4785:
4739:
4684:
4645:
4601:
4596:
4591:' colleague
4582:
4576:
4566:
4544:(1739); and
4531:
4508:
4496:
4421:Rhode Island
4364:
4345:
4338:
4333:
4326:
4304:
4302:
4299:Early events
4258:in Ecuador,
4252:
4219:to escape a
4190:
4184:
4183:passed the
4181:Upper Canada
4173:Lower Canada
4162:
4150:British rule
4143:
4125:
4089:
4085:emancipation
4080:
4066:
4059:
4003:human rights
3992:
3986:
3983:
3978:
3969:
3965:
3951:
3941:
3933:
3894:
3860:
3854:
3838:
3824:Clapham Sect
3821:
3815:
3776:
3743:Amazon Basin
3738:
3735:Amazon River
3727:Bandeirantes
3720:
3681:
3644:Bandeirantes
3567:
3552:
3546:
3531:Maya society
3516:
3482:
3451:
3427:
3421:and sold to
3408:some of the
3399:
3369:
3347:2,000 each (
3326:area of the
3313:
3309:child labour
3294:
3283:
3264:
3260:forced labor
3257:
3238:
3227:
3219:bonded labor
3204:
3189:
3187:
3182:
3178:
3148:
3131:Modern times
3094:
3058:North Africa
3050:
3048:
3003:
2998:
2986:
2966:
2950:
2942:malnutrition
2937:
2930:
2926:
2879:In 1807 the
2878:
2862:
2854:
2813:war captives
2806:
2787:
2756:
2728:
2716:
2708:
2704:
2692:
2603:
2593:, Lisbon or
2575:the Americas
2564:
2561:(1580–1640).
2543:
2492:
2480:
2466:
2393:
2382:
2368:
2347:in northern
2337:Fulani jihad
2315:. Among the
2285:Sierra Leone
2263:(750–1076),
2259:, including
2250:
2242:Sierra Leone
2218:
2099:Tell Atchana
2075:debt-slavery
2047:Roman Empire
2008:
2001:
1978:prison labor
1970:forced labor
1959:
1936:
1908:West African
1880:16th century
1877:
1822:
1815:
1813:Mesopotamian
1786:
1753:
1751:
1648:Slave patrol
1485:Freedom suit
1461:Sierra Leone
1451:Colonization
1367:Abolitionism
1347:Baháʼí Faith
1320:Christianity
1270:Saudi Arabia
1126:Penal Labour
1091:Blackbirding
997:Debt bondage
985:penal system
811:Contemporary
801:Field slaves
789:U.S. Natives
748:South Africa
619:Galley slave
592:Slave market
582:House slaves
555:Blackbirding
533:Conscription
457:21st century
420:Umm al-walad
264:Muslim world
233:Emancipation
149:
137:Wage slavery
117:Penal labour
95:Wife selling
85:Bride buying
70:Conscription
60:Child Labour
53:Contemporary
15:
22225: 1861
22218: 1853
21922:Moses Roper
21906:John Parker
21892:(1790–1880)
21870:Boston King
21861:(1799–1874)
21690:Polly Berry
21633:Mary Prince
21547:(1783–1845)
21541:(1684-1777)
21523:(1698–1733)
21506:(1684–1736)
21489:(1644–1744)
21483:(1660–1736)
21477:(1632–1702)
21471:(1598–1682)
21463: 1735
21446:(1708–1754)
21438:Mende Nazer
21428:(1735–1785)
21416:(1564–1639)
21410:(1767–1843)
21404:(1747–1815)
21398:(1620–1702)
21390:Francis Bok
21386:(1714-1761)
21384:Marcus Berg
21380:(c. 1790–?)
21360:Individuals
20852:Ward, J.R.
20318:15 November
20290:15 November
19986:Marist Poll
19476:20 December
19394:20 December
18617:. Pdavis.nl
18366:|work=
18348:25 November
18314:25 November
18232:10 November
16646:23 February
16548:"Slavery,"
15494:14 February
15423:14 February
15330:14 February
14929:"Janissary"
14696:Alice Rio,
14477:1 September
14334:Jim Downs,
13814:|work=
13665:archive.org
13249:(1): 7–10.
12605:Daily Trust
12540:The Rainbow
12516:. CSMonitor
12182:8 September
11180:18 November
10089:Sante Kimes
9659:Marist Poll
9657:A national
9652:slave labor
9616:Steven Hahn
9473:Historians
9367:Arab League
8997:Louis XVIII
8974:Lower Egypt
8676:Mary Carver
8595:Providentia
8253:became the
8247:Polynesians
8207:Musket Wars
8192:taurekareka
8160:New Zealand
8084:sex workers
7902:Polish Jews
7844:, the 11th
7805:English law
7775:West Indian
7759:Amelia Opie
7595:Thomas Luny
7430:Jan Pranger
7340:Slave Coast
7316:Netherlands
7304:Netherlands
7298:Puerto Rico
7142:colonialism
7131:, granting
7124:issued the
7077:during the
7014:Turgut Reis
6901:, and both
6817:raids into
6788:Kazan Khans
6684:Roma people
6629:Middle Ages
6434: 1888
6331:Charlemagne
6275:St. Patrick
6209:plantations
6185:Phoenicians
6116:Records of
5941:society in
5913:Slavery in
5846:nobi system
5834:Gabo Reform
5804:Pacific War
5528:government.
5518:Han dynasty
5507:Emperor Gao
5476:Qin dynasty
5433:Manu Smriti
5369:World War I
5338:Janissaries
5298:janissaries
5296:guards and
5207:During the
5171:Manumission
5109:Philistines
5085:Phoenicians
4987:Boxer Codex
4927:White House
4918:, 1863–77.
4830:King Cotton
4754:Slave Power
4664:War of 1812
4656:the Canadas
4567:Within the
4523:King Cotton
4504:plantations
4441:by statute.
4410:Connecticut
4256:rubber boom
4221:slave state
4205:War of 1812
4177:Nova Scotia
4169:manumission
4165:the Canadas
3907:islands of
3857:Grande Seca
3828:evangelical
3811:plantations
3791:Puerto Rico
3767:Amerindians
3700:Tupi people
3543:Inca Empire
3410:Sub-Saharan
3400:During the
3341:bride price
3311:" in 2002.
3305:Ivory Coast
3228:During the
3205:During the
2913:West Africa
2848:ships. The
2829:slave trade
2811:sold their
2775:slave raids
2695:East Africa
2623:Kong Empire
2476:Omani Arabs
1934:in Africa.
1882:, European
1809:Mesopotamia
1774:present day
1756:spans many
1663:court cases
1540: [
1490:Slave Power
1478:Manumission
1325:Catholicism
1200:Afghanistan
941:Puerto Rico
853:The Bahamas
831:Slave codes
634:Shanghaiing
624:Impressment
516:Slave Coast
396:Qajar harem
356:Concubinage
329:slave trade
22630:Categories
22403:Copper Sun
22352:Unburnable
22288:Dessa Rose
22015:Osifekunde
21947:Venerable
21890:James Mars
21803:Lear Green
21787:Monticello
21747:Noah Davis
21716:John Brown
21695:Henry Bibb
21638:Venerable
21444:Hark Olufs
21183:Starvation
20901:. Norton.
20636:0333719662
20363:Volume 4:
20356:Volume 3:
20349:Volume 2:
20342:Volume 1:
19613:14 October
19578:2262017727
19451:4 December
19425:4 December
19406:required.)
19356:4 December
19226:4 December
19204:4 December
19160:. Viking.
18937:4 December
18898:14 October
18771:(offprint)
18621:4 December
18556:4 December
18502:(1): 1–31.
18469:14 October
18192:June 2003
17982:4 December
17956:14 October
17788:4 February
17749:1040594362
17700:4 December
17653:4 December
17627:4 December
17605:4 December
17579:4 December
17520:4 December
17464:4 December
17385:0930888006
17358:0817966633
17320:14 October
17290:0817966633
17264:4 December
17237:4 December
17211:4 December
17189:4 December
17163:4 December
17114:1403945519
17064:0521565030
16921:4 December
16895:4 December
16820:4 December
16771:4 December
16501:4 December
16445:Indiatimes
16267:-Australia
16160:4 December
16062:4 December
16004:4 December
15979:4 December
15852:, BBC News
15835:4 December
15809:4 December
15739:pp. 57–58.
15226:11 January
15201:11 January
15176:11 January
15151:11 January
15117:11 January
15062:1405195096
14873:19 January
14281:4 December
14181:14 October
13434:4 December
13401:4 December
13269:Queen Anne
13199:4 December
13119:4 December
13093:4 December
13067:4 December
13058:"Bandeira"
13042:4 December
12994:14 October
12934:4 December
12909:4 December
12887:4 December
12862:4 December
12497:21 October
12022:4 December
11996:4 December
11822:4 December
11779:4 December
11757:4 December
11731:4 December
11709:4 December
11684:4 December
11658:14 October
11497:4 December
11416:Allen 2017
11366:4 December
11344:4 December
11278:4 December
11226:4 December
11153:4 December
11121:4 December
11099:4 December
11073:4 December
11019:4 December
10968:26 January
10821:080284278X
10800:3161480791
10746:21 October
10603:4 December
10546:17 October
10305:: 76–100.
10201:: 76–100.
10155:References
9566:) and the
9503:Eric Foner
9171:See also:
9129:John Brown
9093:Henry Clay
9057:Germantown
9027:revolution
8802:Parliament
8655:La Amistad
8619:Marinerito
8603:Presidente
8385:Royal Navy
8372:Guadeloupe
8330:Rongorongo
8199:Hongi Hika
8110:industry.
8072:See also:
7986:See also:
7960:See also:
7891:See also:
7385:Grand-Popo
7381:Benin City
7332:Slavenkust
7275:Hispaniola
7225:See also:
7180:Mauritania
7146:Protestant
7126:papal bull
7118:Portuguese
7089:See also:
6978:revocation
6919:Varangians
6915:Ibn Rustah
6764:Tokhtamysh
6599:Radhanites
6497:enserfment
6423:Circassian
6373:Al-Andalus
6205:sex slaves
6201:gladiators
6173:See also:
6110:See also:
6076:See also:
6062:cigarettes
5965:See also:
5880:Angkor Wat
5746:Shah Jahan
5725:The first
5640:conquered
5482:castration
5467:See also:
5410:See also:
5395:concubines
5265:Caucasians
5105:Byzantines
5077:Israelites
5073:Canaanites
5021:Asia Minor
4900:Union Army
4826:Deep South
4818:Presidency
4793:Whig Party
4740:Dred Scott
4695:John Brown
4658:after the
4628:slave ship
4620:Ohio River
4589:John Adams
4527:Deep South
4464:New Jersey
4451:legalizes
4432:John Casor
4412:legalizes
4401:legalizes
4392:John Punch
4327:White Lion
4306:White Lion
4292:See also:
4138:and later
4120:See also:
4104:Martinique
4100:Guadeloupe
3999:slave code
3958:Queen Anne
3925:Guadeloupe
3921:Martinique
3885:sugar cane
3731:Portuguese
3704:Portuguese
3642:See also:
3432:in Libya.
3430:child rape
3419:sex slaves
3394:See also:
3372:Boko Haram
3332:Boko Haram
3253:US$ 20,000
3215:Mauritania
3135:See also:
3105:Christians
3051:tumbeiros,
3036:slave ship
3024:See also:
2989:Mungo Park
2978:Mozambique
2961:slave ship
2889:Royal Navy
2846:Portuguese
2794:Portuguese
2739:See also:
2718:recovered.
2615:Oyo empire
2611:Bono State
2513:bound for
2474:and under
2364:Madagascar
2253:Senegambia
2226:Arab world
2153:), 200 AD.
2147:Roman rule
2103:Kizzuwatna
2059:Sultanates
2055:Caliphates
1920:abolishing
1829:Christians
1678:J.Q. Adams
1668:Washington
1638:Slave name
1587:convention
1562:Common law
935:Encomienda
731:Seychelles
716:Mauritania
639:Slave ship
506:Panyarring
501:New France
150:Historical
22128:(1936–38)
21614:Caribbean
21440:(b. 1982)
21392:(b. 1979)
21188:War crime
20229:154620412
20186:154620412
20042:214050925
19918:Cavaliers
19747:6 October
19741:BBC.co.uk
19580:), p. 256
19513:144324974
18972:31 August
18894:. Memo.ru
18855:143467546
18738:145344942
18368:ignored (
18358:cite book
17757:cite book
17561:: 126–48.
17425:0030-5472
17310:roxie.org
16598:11 August
15995:"Slavery"
15460:9 January
15266:cite book
15053:, p. 212
14651:. Hurst.
14605:240619349
14022:140979420
13927:About.com
13816:ignored (
13806:cite book
13748:11 August
13536:"Slavery"
12972:"Warfare"
12156:29 August
12131:29 August
12105:29 August
11805:. p. 114.
10767:"Slavery"
10764:Compare:
10725:Compare:
10709:"Slavery"
10476:Religions
10260:0011-3204
9924:Janissary
9348:in 1970.
9344:1963 and
9340:in 1962,
9157:Final Act
8976:in 1798,
8903:Abolition
8893:Caribbean
8635:Brillante
8396:mulattoes
8326:ariki-mau
8313:genocidal
8215:sex trade
8080:Polynesia
8025:Stalinism
7862:In 1811,
7505:centuries
7493:Algerians
7366:in 1660.
7283:Charles V
7267:New World
7263:Spaniards
7182:. Prince
7002:slaughter
6998:shipwreck
6990:Huguenots
6883:Old Norse
6819:Muscovite
6805:with the
6784:Astrakhan
6729:Karakorum
6653:Georgians
6641:Black Sea
6493:Lithuania
6300:Byzantine
6241:Britannia
6225:Spartacus
6187:. As the
6159:Herodotus
6001:Christian
5955:abolished
5943:Indonesia
5654:Hindustan
5552:Guangdong
5149:Armenians
5145:Chaldeans
5141:Colchians
5137:Urartians
5133:Parthians
5117:Phrygians
5093:Ammonites
5049:Babylonia
5017:Near East
4929:in 1877,
4925:left the
4816:into the
4356:Caribbean
4348:New World
4311:privateer
4061:Whitehall
4029:(Haiti),
3994:Code Noir
3989:Louis XIV
3929:Caribbean
3913:St. Kitts
3897:Caribbean
3862:Lei Áurea
3807:quilombos
3803:palenques
3723:São Paulo
3692:sugarcane
3582:Tupinambá
3570:Tehuelche
3535:sacrifice
3406:capturing
3292:article.
3234:Janjaweed
3163:sex slave
3109:Europeans
2995:country:
2953:cannibals
2946:Dysentery
2771:Europeans
2672:New World
2599:shipworms
2595:Amsterdam
2587:Liverpool
2583:Caribbean
2497:from the
2279:state of
2234:Cape Town
2027:Babylonia
1884:merchants
1766:religions
1673:Jefferson
1330:Mormonism
1265:Palestine
1079:Australia
1009:Indonesia
900:Lei Áurea
883:Code Noir
863:Caribbean
836:Treatment
575:Treatment
548:Devshirme
410:Odalisque
228:In Russia
169:Babylonia
157:Antiquity
22424:" (1848)
22170:Oroonoko
21854:John Jea
21458:(1663 –
21452:(1705–?)
21434:(1704–?)
21156:Genocide
20950:(1918).
20931:(2014).
20919:(1974).
20893:(1989).
20775:Resendez
20700:(1973).
20312:BBC News
20102:Archived
19595:fcnl.org
19141:12 March
19110:12 March
18490:(2007).
18428:(2007).
18397:(1911).
18283:15 April
18197:Archived
18023:29 April
17433:25818051
17085:26 March
17013:30141458
16968:(2003),
16841:Med Hist
16246:Newsweek
16136:"Stamps"
16072:cite web
15829:BBC News
15625:21741027
15441:(2004).
15029:Archived
14771:6 August
14765:Archived
13919:Archived
12980:Gatineau
12812:BBC News
12742:BBC News
12638:BBC News
12578:Archived
12492:ABC news
12407:23 April
12363:23 April
12176:BBC News
12151:BBC News
12126:BBC News
12045:Archived
12016:BBC News
11974:20 March
11587:25 April
11560:25 April
11524:25 April
11319:27 April
11245:Archived
10613:cite web
10571:20 March
10357:17 March
10278:21151711
9934:Saqaliba
9752:See also
9640:Delaware
9505:states:
9384:—
9280:in Yemen
9270:, legal
9010:(France)
9008:Houilles
8940:Napoleon
8884:Bordeaux
8686:Incident
8664:Emanuela
8657:Incident
8338:smallpox
8318:Peruvian
8301:Rapa Nui
8264:pacifism
8262:. Their
8184:Aotearoa
8170:polities
8100:Peruvian
8086:for the
8043:, abbr.
7874:for the
7714:slavery.
7709:writes:
7622:Sardinia
7572:Sardinia
7532:Janszoon
7210:and the
7085:Portugal
7071:planters
7016:and the
6937:and the
6933:via the
6895:Frisians
6793:In 1441
6752:Venetian
6741:Novgorod
6663:via the
6661:Caucasus
6560:emirates
6527:Cornwall
6444:and the
6365:Portugal
6320:saqaliba
6302:via the
6183:and the
6149:Spartans
6134:citizens
5933:and the
5884:Thailand
5802:and the
5735:Carnatic
5729:sultan,
5707:Jahangir
5690:—
5687:century.
5642:Peshawar
5625:—
5525:Legalist
5455:—
5422:Sanskrit
5361:Armenian
5357:Assyrian
5333:kapıkulu
5328:Anatolia
5319:devşirme
5309:such as
5273:Istanbul
5129:Kassites
5101:Moabites
5097:Edomites
5089:Arameans
5081:Amorites
5061:Hurrians
5057:Hittites
5053:Hattians
4935:Redeemer
4887:Delaware
4883:Kentucky
4742:decision
4727:Buchanan
4711:Missouri
4483:Barbados
4473:(later,
4471:Carolina
4460:New York
4449:Maryland
4388:Virginia
4350:came to
4247:Suriname
4081:de facto
4073:Trinidad
4023:Napoleon
3966:Asiento.
3909:Barbados
3787:Suriname
3755:Paraguay
3574:Comanche
3436:Americas
3423:brothels
3361:Cameroon
3183:voodoosi
3044:Americas
2993:Mandinka
2905:Portugal
2802:João III
2571:Atlantic
2533:forces.
2487:Zanzibar
2468:Zanzibar
2360:Zanzibar
2293:Cameroon
2238:Freetown
2209:kingdoms
2053:Islamic
1916:manillas
1888:Portugal
1871:and the
1851:and the
1778:economic
1758:cultures
1705:Iron bit
1695:40 acres
1658:breeding
1473:Freedman
1308:Religion
1168:Portugal
1053:Thailand
1043:Maldives
1038:Malaysia
1031:Kwalliso
975:Booi Aha
927:Restavek
907:Colombia
878:Trinidad
868:Barbados
758:Zanzibar
706:Ethiopia
587:Saqaliba
481:Database
432:Saqaliba
193:Ancillae
23:a series
21:Part of
22502:Related
22296:Beloved
22280:Kindred
22248:Jubilee
22240:Our Nig
21066:Sources
20739:(2013)
20662:(ed.).
20549:2708589
20416:(1984).
20401:30 June
20264:2590147
20221:3113341
20178:3113341
20120:(1977).
19988:(2015)
19835:(1986).
19799:21 July
19769:21 July
19241:Moriori
19185:M. King
19181:Moriori
19099:Moriori
18659:, p. 48
18407:(ed.).
18158:6 April
18110:6 April
18083:6 April
17495:8 March
17438:8 March
17396:8 March
17076:"slave"
16871:4875614
16862:1033829
16621:(ed.).
16479:2708589
16238:Reuters
15938:1 March
15616:3135801
14958:24 July
14509:, p. 67
14325:(1998).
14312:(2010),
14299:(1971).
14203:24 June
14088:24 July
14014:2784871
13982:, p. 13
13777:4249092
13667:. 1920.
13330:1856592
13176:(1972).
13163:, 88–90
12836:11 June
12336:, 2005
11952:31 July
11403:4283940
10868:, 1999.
10823:, p. 80
10802:, p. 40
10269:2999363
10019:Fazenda
9987:Quakers
9785:Coolies
9758:General
9636:slavery
9601:), and
9309:of the
9288:in Oman
9159:of the
9155:of the
9076:Liberia
8767:slavery
8415:Britain
8379:trade.
8370:in the
8309:Rapanui
8289:tikanga
8255:Moriori
8233:in the
8217:in the
8190:became
8176:tribe (
8150:ʻAi Noa
8137:luakini
8134:at the
8092:sealing
8088:whaling
8068:Oceania
8037:Russian
8002:katorga
7946:Łapanka
7923:During
7887:Germany
7842:Akitoye
7681:Muscovy
7614:Algiers
7606:Tripoli
7564:Barbary
7546:. They
7536:Algiers
7458:in the
7356:Nigeria
7338:on the
7243:Asiento
7036:Iceland
6980:of the
6974:galleys
6959:Livorno
6911:Iceland
6878:thralls
6863:In the
6756:Genoese
6737:Eurasia
6698:Mongols
6688:Romania
6671:by the
6568:eunuchs
6397:Córdoba
6387:caliph
6385:Almohad
6369:warfare
6357:waned.
6349:to the
6295:thralls
6290:Vikings
6243:, From
6223:led by
6215:led to
6213:ranches
6154:helotry
6019:shariah
5908:Myanmar
5727:Bahmani
5711:Gujarat
5646:Waihand
5634:Al-Utbi
5560:Guizhou
5556:Guangxi
5505:One of
5484:became
5324:Balkans
5311:Enderun
5290:Turkish
5156:slavery
5125:Mitanni
5121:Lydians
5069:Luwians
5041:Assyria
4947:poverty
4893:was an
4746:chattel
4737:in the
4517:in the
4453:slavery
4439:slavery
4414:slavery
4403:slavery
3979:Asiento
3970:Asiento
3942:In the
3917:Antigua
3889:Antigua
3799:Jamaica
3759:Jesuits
3747:Guarani
3669:Guaraní
3610:Tlingit
3598:Klamath
3563:Spanish
3471:British
3448:, 1860.
3374:leader
3324:Konduga
3269:in the
3267:pygmies
3179:trokosi
3151:Nigeria
3117:British
3097:Algiers
3012:in the
2970:cassava
2921:Nigeria
2909:Holland
2857:Dahomey
2809:Dahomey
2767:Berbers
2667:disease
2663:Dahomey
2531:Mahdist
2515:Tripoli
2405:Red Sea
2357:Swahili
2349:Nigeria
2317:Ashanti
2291:of the
2281:Bonoman
2273:Songhai
2213:empires
2023:Assyria
1906:) from
1833:Muslims
1782:slavery
1772:to the
1683:Lincoln
1556:Related
1456:Liberia
1342:Judaism
1280:Tunisia
1255:Morocco
1245:Lebanon
1210:Bahrain
1205:Algeria
1173:Romania
1138:Denmark
1131:Slavery
1065:Vietnam
736:Somalia
726:Nigeria
701:Comoros
629:Pirates
538:Ghilman
471:Bristol
361:history
334:pirates
223:History
112:Peonage
35:slavery
22616:(2008)
22608:(2002)
22600:(1867)
22592:(2008)
22584:(1931)
22576:(1847)
22568:(1783)
22494:(2008)
22486:(2003)
22467:(2022)
22459:(1859)
22451:(1858)
22432:(1853)
22414:Essays
22406:(2006)
22398:(1965)
22390:(1951)
22371:(2016)
22363:(2007)
22355:(2006)
22347:(2003)
22339:(2002)
22331:(2001)
22323:(1996)
22315:(1993)
22307:(1990)
22299:(1987)
22291:(1986)
22283:(1979)
22275:(1977)
22267:(1976)
22259:(1967)
22251:(1966)
22243:(1859)
22235:(1856)
22205:(1853)
22202:Clotel
22197:(1852)
22189:(1852)
22181:(1841)
22173:(1688)
22152:(2018)
22144:(1972)
22136:(1956)
22120:(1901)
22112:(1881)
22104:(1872)
22096:(1861)
22088:(1855)
22080:(1853)
22072:(1849)
22064:(1845)
22056:(1839)
22048:(1816)
22040:(1789)
21789:–1901)
21785:(1815
21707:(1834)
21589:Canada
21514:Europe
21371:Africa
21173:Piracy
20943:(1988)
20905:
20865:online
20787:
20770:(2008)
20756:(1970)
20741:online
20708:
20690:
20672:
20634:
20608:online
20557:(1960)
20547:
20536:(1994)
20505:(1984)
20498:(1989)
20464:
20432:(2006)
20423:(1966)
20262:
20227:
20219:
20184:
20176:
20099:online
20040:
19940:
19895:
19868:
19719:
19662:p. 200
19635:
19576:
19549:
19511:
19400:
19315:
19164:
19061:
19038:480764
19036:
18997:
18876:2 June
18853:
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