195:
31:
240:, bathroom partitions, storefront signs, and tabletops. By the early 1920s, it was advertised as an inexpensive alternative to marble or ceramic tile. The Art Deco and Steamline Moderne architectural movements vastly increased the market for pigmented structural glass. Its first important architectural use came in 1912, when it was used for bathroom stall partitions and dados in the
185:
Pigmented structural glass could be manufactured in flat panels or curves, and in a wide range of sizes and thicknesses. Small mosaic tiles, affixed to flexible fabric, were another option for fitting the product to curved surfaces. In time, manufacturers learned that pigmented structural glass could
255:
The Great
Depression significantly reduced the demand for pigmented structural glass. American production reached only 1,000,000 square feet (93,000 m) in 1933. By the 1950s, changing architectural tastes had vastly reduced the demand for the product. The last two American manufacturers ceased
224:
for pigmented structural glass. In time, about eight
American firms made pigmented structural glass, although Carrara glass and Vitrolite dominated the market. Names used by these and other companies to market the product included "Argentine", "Glastone", "Marbrunite", "Nuralite", and "Opalite".
210:
Pigmented structural glass was originally marketed under the name "Sani Onyx" by
Marrietta Manufacturing. The company also used the name "Sani Rox", while the term "vitreous marble" was coined by the firm as a general descriptive. By 1906, the
256:
production about 1960: Libbey-Owens-Ford shut down its pigmented structural glass plant in 1958, followed by
Pittsburgh Plate Glass in the early 1960s. Production continued in the United Kingdom until 1968, and in
219:
began making a pigmented structural glass which it called "Novus
Sanitary Structural Glass". In 1916, The Vitrolite Company began manufacturing the product under the name "Vitrolite", which eventually became a
85:
buildings. It also found use as a material for signs, tables, and areas requiring a hygienic surface. Over time, the trademarked name "vitrolite" became a generic term for the glass.
248:. By 1929, 5,000,000 square feet (460,000 m) of pigmented structural glass was being manufactured in the United States. Throughout the 1930s, the product also found a use as
236:
Marrietta
Manufacturing originally marketed pigmented structural glass as a lining for refrigerators. Industrial consumers quickly found new uses for the product as countertops,
380:
instead of paint. Meyercord-Carter was founded to formalize their partnership. Meyercord-Carter was renamed The
Vitrolite Company in 1910. The Vitrolite Company was acquired by
216:
186:
be carved, cut, inlaid, laminated, sandblasted, and sculpted to create a wide range of finishes and textures. When translucent, it could be illuminated from within.
376:
signs in a metal frame on which a company logo or an advertisement were painted. Meyercord had partnered with
Opalite to manufacture vitrolite signs by using clear
325:
Pigmented structural glass is also known as "structural glass". However, the term "structural glass" can encompass a wide range of high-strength glass (such as
152:. If the product was to be affixed to another surface (such as the exterior of a building), one side of the slab was grooved before the glass hardened.
170:
Originally, only beige, black, and white colors were available. But by the 1930s, new manufacturing methods could make pigmented structure glass
252:
for storefronts, entryways, lobbies, and even as ceiling material. It was seen as an inexpensive means of making a dated building look modern.
159:, which left the product highly reflective and brilliant. Later manufacturing techniques used fine sand to polish the surface, followed by
803:
849:
Preservation Briefs 1-14: Recognizing and
Resolving Common Preservation and Repair Problems Prior to Working on Historic Buildings
1009:
976:
77:. Developed in the United States in 1900, it was widely used around the world in the first half of the 20th century in
727:
966:
937:
918:
897:
878:
857:
836:
815:
958:
The
Preservation of Historic Architecture: The U.S. Government's Official Guidelines for Preserving Historic Homes
93:
Pigmented structural glass was developed in 1900 in the United States by the Marrietta Manufacturing Company of
35:
988:
372:, founded a new firm, Meyercord-Carter, in 1908. Meyercord made "vitrolite" signs. These were curved or flat
1014:
581:
579:
577:
215:
had developed its own pigmented structural glass, which it called "Carrara glass". The same year, the
574:
17:
527:
525:
523:
521:
249:
136:
These materials were fused into glass at a temperature of 3,000 °F (1,650 °C) and then
518:
369:
145:
8:
285:
237:
744:
241:
82:
178:- and marble-like color patterns were available. Black structural glass was sometimes
962:
956:
943:
933:
914:
893:
874:
853:
832:
811:
381:
221:
137:
293:
908:
868:
847:
826:
281:
164:
156:
828:
Modernizing Main Street : architecture and consumer culture in the New Deal
348:
230:
212:
199:
1003:
947:
245:
194:
144:, often lasting three to five days. This left the glass very strong, with a
393:
One source claims production ceased in the United States in the late 1940s.
94:
39:
326:
171:
954:
750:
373:
297:
226:
141:
284:. Since it is a glass, it is impervious to moisture. It cannot absorb
179:
114:
110:
639:
365:
130:
126:
122:
106:
78:
30:
351:, for which pigmented structural glass was a low-cost alternative.
975:
585:
448:
446:
444:
361:
301:
277:
273:
261:
257:
203:
98:
442:
440:
438:
436:
434:
432:
430:
428:
426:
424:
329:), and is not the preferred term for pigmented structural glass.
280:, swell, or warp. It is highly burn and stain resistant, and is
695:
149:
118:
43:
808:
Twentieth-Century Building Materials: History and Conservation
338:
Fluorspar was eventually replaced by other kinds of fluorides.
562:
421:
377:
289:
175:
102:
74:
987:
531:
160:
668:
411:
409:
780:
685:
683:
658:
656:
654:
140:. The annealing process took much longer than it did for
995:. Chicago: The Modern Hospital Publishing Company. 1919.
174:, and more than 30 colors were available. In time, even
928:
Piazza, Gregory; Machielse, Allan; Austin, Dan (2015).
508:
506:
406:
707:
680:
651:
504:
502:
500:
498:
496:
494:
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490:
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473:
471:
469:
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461:
927:
852:. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
645:
347:"Carrara glass" was named for the white or blue-grey
768:
756:
627:
604:"Why Vitrolite for the Next Bathrooms You Design?".
225:
Pigmented structural glass was also manufactured by
483:
458:
981:Sweet's Architectural Catalog. 15th Annual Edition
977:"The Vitrolite Company: Sanitary Structural Slabs"
910:Practical Building Conservation: Glass and Glazing
554:"Composition, Manufacture and Uses of Vitrolite".
955:United States Department of the Interior (2004).
1001:
906:
599:
597:
568:
452:
890:Simplified Mechanics and Strength of Materials
751:United States Department of the Interior 2004
729:Pigmented Structural Glass and the Storefront
983:. New York: Sweet's Catalogue Service. 1920.
866:
732:(MA). University of Pennsylvania. p. 20
674:
594:
73:, among others, is a high-strength, colored
887:
786:
907:Pender, Robyn; Godfraind, Sophie (2011).
888:Parker, Harry; Hauf, Harold Dana (1977).
831:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
193:
189:
155:The exposed side(s) of the material was
29:
932:. Charleston, S.C.: The History Press.
824:
713:
701:
689:
662:
549:
547:
545:
543:
14:
1002:
870:Breweriana: American Beer Collectibles
867:Kious, Kevin; Roussin, Donald (2012).
845:
762:
633:
477:
276:, pigmented structural glass does not
913:. Farnham, Surrey, England: Ashgate.
801:
774:
512:
415:
264:, until the end of the 20th century.
540:
101:. The product was made by combining
725:
646:Piazza, Machielse & Austin 2015
606:American Architect and Architecture
558:. December 6, 1926. pp. 47–48.
24:
930:A History of Detroit's Palmer Park
368:, and the Opalite Tile Company of
267:
182:, to give it a reflective finish.
25:
1026:
34:Black Vitrolite panelling on the
961:. Guilford, Conn.: Lyons Press.
795:
719:
612:
387:
354:
341:
61:, and marketed under the names
825:Esperdy, Gabrielle M. (2008).
806:. In Jester, Thomas C. (ed.).
623:. April 11, 1946. p. 246.
332:
319:
213:Pittsburgh Plate Glass Company
148:about 40 percent greater than
13:
1:
587:Sweet's Architectural Catalog
307:
53:, also known generically as
993:The Modern Hospital Yearbook
533:The Modern Hospital Yearbook
27:High-strength, colored glass
7:
1010:Glass trademarks and brands
569:Pender & Godfraind 2011
453:Pender & Godfraind 2011
217:Penn-American Plate Company
88:
10:
1031:
51:Pigmented structural glass
810:. New York: McGraw-Hill.
608:. March 1934. p. 91.
360:The Meyercord Company of
802:Dyson, Carol J. (1995).
675:Kious & Roussin 2012
300:, and is easy to render
846:Kappos, Ludwig (1987).
726:Elk, Sara Jane (1985).
704:, p. 108, 117-119.
621:The Architects' Journal
133:made the glass opaque.
787:Parker & Hauf 1977
207:
47:
36:Daily Express Building
873:. Oxford, UK: Shire.
197:
190:Manufacturing history
33:
370:Monaca, Pennsylvania
198:Vitrolite tiling at
146:compressive strength
989:"The Vitrolite Co."
892:. New York: Wiley.
418:, pp. 169–170.
286:pathogenic bacteria
227:Pilkington Brothers
1015:Building materials
804:"Structural Glass"
242:Woolworth Building
208:
83:Streamline Moderne
48:
382:Libbey-Owens-Ford
16:(Redirected from
1022:
996:
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294:pathogenic fungi
200:Eglinton station
55:structural glass
21:
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591:, p. 1304.
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324:
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310:
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268:Characteristics
192:
165:iron(III) oxide
91:
59:vitreous marble
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1028:
1018:
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1012:
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997:
985:
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952:
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898:
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879:
864:
858:
843:
837:
822:
816:
797:
794:
792:
791:
789:, p. 309.
779:
777:, p. 170.
767:
755:
753:, p. 119.
743:
718:
716:, p. 107.
706:
694:
692:, p. 117.
679:
667:
665:, p. 106.
650:
648:, p. 110.
638:
626:
611:
593:
573:
571:, p. 468.
561:
539:
537:, p. 692.
517:
515:, p. 169.
482:
457:
455:, p. 432.
420:
404:
403:
402:
396:
395:
386:
353:
349:Carrara marble
340:
331:
317:
316:
315:
314:
309:
306:
269:
266:
231:United Kingdom
191:
188:
157:flame polished
90:
87:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1027:
1016:
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1007:
1005:
994:
990:
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978:
974:
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968:9781592281268
964:
960:
959:
953:
949:
945:
941:
939:9781626197848
935:
931:
926:
922:
920:9780754645573
916:
912:
911:
905:
901:
899:9780471665625
895:
891:
886:
882:
880:9780747810445
876:
872:
871:
865:
861:
859:9780160035487
855:
851:
850:
844:
840:
838:9780226218021
834:
830:
829:
823:
819:
817:9780070325739
813:
809:
805:
800:
799:
788:
783:
776:
771:
765:, p. 99.
764:
759:
752:
747:
731:
730:
722:
715:
710:
703:
698:
691:
686:
684:
677:, p. 21.
676:
671:
664:
659:
657:
655:
647:
642:
636:, p. 98.
635:
630:
622:
619:"Vitrolite".
615:
607:
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598:
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588:
582:
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578:
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487:
480:, p. 97.
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246:New York City
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68:
64:
63:Carrara glass
60:
56:
52:
45:
41:
37:
32:
19:
992:
980:
957:
929:
909:
889:
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848:
827:
807:
796:Bibliography
782:
770:
758:
746:
736:February 21,
734:. Retrieved
728:
721:
714:Esperdy 2008
709:
702:Esperdy 2008
697:
690:Esperdy 2008
670:
663:Esperdy 2008
641:
629:
620:
614:
605:
586:
564:
555:
532:
389:
356:
343:
334:
321:
271:
254:
235:
222:generic name
209:
184:
169:
154:
135:
95:Indianapolis
92:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
49:
40:Fleet Street
763:Kappos 1987
634:Kappos 1987
478:Kappos 1987
327:glass brick
172:translucent
163:blocks and
142:plate glass
1004:Categories
775:Dyson 1995
513:Dyson 1995
416:Dyson 1995
374:opal glass
308:References
948:907885624
556:Buildings
401:Citations
298:parasites
282:colorfast
131:fluorides
127:fluorspar
115:manganese
111:kaolinite
71:Vitrolite
67:Sani Onyx
18:Vitrolite
384:in 1935.
366:Illinois
250:cladding
180:silvered
167:powder.
138:annealed
123:feldspar
107:cryolite
89:Overview
79:Art Deco
362:Chicago
302:aseptic
290:viruses
274:masonry
272:Unlike
262:Germany
258:Bavaria
229:in the
204:Toronto
99:Indiana
57:and as
965:
946:
936:
917:
896:
877:
856:
835:
814:
378:decals
150:marble
129:. The
125:, and
119:silica
69:, and
44:London
313:Notes
296:, or
278:craze
238:dados
176:agate
103:borax
75:glass
963:ISBN
944:OCLC
934:ISBN
915:ISBN
894:ISBN
875:ISBN
854:ISBN
833:ISBN
812:ISBN
738:2017
589:1920
535:1919
161:felt
81:and
244:in
202:in
38:in
1006::
991:.
979:.
942:.
682:^
653:^
596:^
576:^
542:^
520:^
485:^
460:^
423:^
408:^
364:,
304:.
292:,
288:,
260:,
233:.
121:,
117:,
113:,
109:,
105:,
97:,
65:,
42:,
971:.
950:.
923:.
902:.
883:.
862:.
841:.
820:.
740:.
206:.
46:.
20:)
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