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infrastructures. Unlike the views that advocate raising water prices, there are two distinct views: The first declares that agricultural water should be free of charge to the farmers because it returns to the hydrological cycle. The second view stipulates that instead of raising water prices in agriculture sector, the cost of water supply for agriculture should be reduced by new technologies. It is advised that before adjusting agricultural water price, institutional reforms are required based on the experiences of other countries and establishing local water distribution cooperatives.
154:. However, some countries do levy volumetric charges or fees for water abstraction rights. These charges are typically levied on industries, utilities and farmers. Fees for water abstraction and discharge exist for example in France, where revenues are significant and are re-invested in the water sector by water agencies established in major basins. In Germany abstraction fees exist only for groundwater and only in some states, and their proceeds go into the general state budget.
52:), there is an almost infinite number of possible pricing combinations. Within this choice set, the preferred water tariff depends on multiple factors including: the goals of water pricing; the capacity of a water services supplier to allocate its costs, to price water, and to collect revenues from its customers; the price responsiveness of water consumers; and what is considered to be a fair or just water tariff.
166:, or enforcement is partial, such as for groundwater abstraction fees in Jordan. In almost all countries that have introduced abstraction fees agriculture, the major water user worldwide, is exempted from abstraction fees. Some countries allow water rights to be traded, so that the price for water itself is formed in the market. Such
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One may realize that the whole problem in agricultural water consumption can be hardly attributed to the low price of agricultural water and raising agricultural water price would never be effective for reducing water consumption unless price adjustment accompanies developing necessary
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are set in the market, but must be seen not as much as a price of water, than the price of the convenience, bottle and transportation. It is comparable to other bottled cheap beverages (soda, beer, ...). Retail prices vary widely between countries, brands, bottle sizes (0.33 liter to 20
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Tariffs can be paid in the form of labor, which holds mainly in communal types of management in traditional irrigation systems, or in cash. Tariffs can also vary between seasons, with higher tariffs charged during the dry season.
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of supplying water services; and (iii) the multiple options to determine an appropriate water tariff. Within the four dimensions of water pricing (uniform versus variable tariff and flat charge versus
189:"Comparative analysis of agricultural water pricing between Azarbaijan Provinces in Iran and the state of California in the US: A hydro-economic approach"
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69:) and place of sale (supermarket, fair, restaurant etc.). They range from US$ 0.05 to US$ 6 per liter, equivalent to US$ 50 to US$ 6,000 per
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Key to effective and efficient water pricing is a systematic process to understand: (i) the value of water in alternative uses; (ii) the
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Prices for piped water supply provided by utilities, be they publicly or privately managed, are determined administratively (see
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countries few countries charge water abstraction fees. Where they are applied the level of fees tends to be nominal, such as in
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Momeni, Marzieh; Zakeri, Zahra; Esfandiari, Mojtaba; Behzadian, Kourosh; Zahedi, Sina; Razavi, Vahid (2019-08-20).
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water that is being provided by a public agency are also typically determined administratively, usually using a
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also charges for water abstraction and returns proceeds to utilities, but not to industries. Outside the
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304:, Agriculture and Rural Development Discussion Paper 26, 2005, p. 15-19, accessed on February 7, 2010
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