1047:
1182:
life, meaning that the ptarmigan chicks go from having no thermoregulatory ability at hatch to being able to maintain their normal body temperature for hours at 10 °C when they are two weeks old. The rapid increase in pectoralis size is caused by increases in muscle fiber diameters (hypertrophy), and cold exposure is not necessary for this muscle development to occur. Ptarmigan also have thick plumage with feather barbules that contain air-filled cavities, contributing to a low heat loss, which aids in thermoregulation while the bird is roosting in burrows in the snow. Ptarmigan can withstand the severe cold because the ambient temperature in the sheltered microclimate of their snow burrows typically exceeds their lower critical temperature.
1102:
the landscape of the area. After heavy snowfalls, the birds cannot access the shorter shrubs as they are blanketed with snow, so they will eat the taller species that poke through. In one study it was found that 90% of the buds of the Alaska willow within their reach had been browsed. This will stunt the willows and create a feedback cycle extending through the entire ecosystem. However, in winters with below average snowfall, the browsing of
Ptarmigans will not have such a drastic effect as their feeding will be spread out across a range of lower plant species. It is also believed that the greening of parts of the Arctic is affecting Willow Ptarmigan populations by altering the shape and size of the shrubs they are able to feed on.
1032:
213:
31:
1173:. Fewer than 35% of chicks survive to eleven months and only a minority of these reach maturity. Despite this, in favourable seasons, many juveniles may survive and the population of willow ptarmigan is prone to wide fluctuations in size. By September, families begin to form flocks. The females and young migrate to lower altitudes and may overwinter 100 miles (160 km) from their breeding grounds in wooded valleys and hilly country. The males also congregate in small groups but do not usually travel as far as the females.
1207:
87:
1111:
427:
1066:
482:
62:
513:
501:
489:
406:. Males and females are about the same size, the adult length varying between 35 and 44 centimetres (14 and 17 in) with a wingspan ranging from 60 and 65 centimetres (24 and 26 in). The weight is 430 to 810 grams (15 to 29 oz). It is deep-chested and has a fairly long neck, a broad bill, short feathered legs and a moderately short rounded tail. In the summer, the male's
1024:
and mountain slopes. In the winter, females and sub-adults may move to lower altitudes and seek shelter in valleys or in more densely vegetated areas, but adult males usually remain in the subalpine region. The red grouse is common on heather-clad moorland across the north and west of Great
Britain
1101:
supplying the birds' main nutritional needs in winter and early spring. In the early twenty-first century, there has been an increase in shrub expansion in arctic Alaska that is thought to be greatly affecting the willow ptarmigan's winter diet. Because of the way they browse, Ptarmigan help shape
1181:
The willow ptarmigan has several behavioral and physiological adaptations that help it survive the long Arctic winter, such as large pectoral muscles that aid in the process of shivering. Researchers have found that these pectoral muscles grow quickly during the first few days of the ptarmigan's
1121:
Male willow ptarmigans are territorial birds. Males arrive in the breeding areas and set up territories in April and May, aggressively defending them against male interlopers. When the females arrive a few weeks later, the male performs courtship displays such as aerial manoeuvres, strutting and
393:
and soon leave the nest. While they are young, both parents play a part in caring for them. The chicks eat insects and young plant growth while the adults are completely herbivorous, eating leaves, flowers, buds, seeds and berries during the summer and largely subsisting on the buds and twigs of
414:
above each eye, which become red and prominent in the breeding season. The female is similar in appearance but with much smaller eye combs and has brown feathers scattered among the white feathers on her belly. During winter, the body plumage and two central tail feathers of both sexes becomes
2167:
1157:, only the female takes care of the young, but the male willow ptarmigan also helps with feeding the brood and protecting them. He may take over completely if the female dies. In particular, the male defends the young from
1122:
tail-fanning. When she has chosen a mate and a nesting site, the female lays a clutch of six to ten eggs in a shallow depression on the ground. The nest site is usually in a hidden location at the edge of a clearing.
380:
In the summer the birds are largely brown, with dappled plumage, while in the winter they are white with some black feathers in their tails. The species has remained little changed from the bird that roamed the
571:
The willow ptarmigan has 15 recognized subspecies. The taxonomy is confused, partly because of the complicated changes in plumage several times a year and the differing color and pattern of the summer plumage:
1307:
BirdLife
International and NatureServe (2014) Bird Species Distribution Maps of the World. 2012. Lagopus lagopus. In: IUCN 2015. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2015.2.
1161:
and both he and his mate can dive-bomb intruders or lure attackers away by pretending to have a broken wing. Nevertheless, the chicks face many dangers which range from attacks by
1726:
Murchie, Tyler J.; Karpinski, Emil; Eaton, Katherine; Duggan, Ana T.; Baleka, Sina; Zazula, Grant; MacPhee, Ross D.E.; Froese, Duane; Poinar, Hendrik N. (28 February 2022).
1080:
for most of its life and subsists on various plant materials. As juveniles, they may feed on insects due to an inability to digest plant material caused by underdeveloped
473:
The voice is low-pitched and guttural and includes chuckles, repeated clucking sounds, and expostulations. When displaying, the male makes rattles and barking noises.
1198:. This is because, even if, as is suspected, numbers are declining slightly, it has a very wide range with a total population estimated at forty million individuals.
2060:
1808:
Wilson, Scott; Martin, Kathy (2008). "Breeding habitat selection of sympatric White-tailed, Rock and willow ptarmigan in the southern Yukon
Territory, Canada".
1046:
1663:
450:. The summer plumage is browner and in the winter, the male willow ptarmigan lacks the rock ptarmigan's black stripe between the eyes and bill. The
2444:
1017:
1678:
2509:
1031:
458:) in North America is smaller, has a white tail and finely-barred greyer plumage and lives permanently above the tree line. The distinctive
2589:
2130:
1634:"Position of the palaeontological site Aven I des Abîmes de La Fage, at Noailles (Corrèze, France), in the European Pleistocene chronology"
1507:
1557:
1558:"Tetraonidae VIGORS, 1825 (Galliformes – Aves) in the Neogene-Quaternary record of Bulgaria and the origin and evolution of the family"
2161:
1888:
Tape, K. D.; Lord, R.; Marshall, H. P.; Ruess, R. W. (2010). "Snow-mediated ptarmigan browsing and shrub expansion in Arctic Alaska".
2120:
410:
is marbled brown, with a reddish hue to the neck and breast, a black tail and white wings and underparts. It has a red semicircular
2408:
2457:
2135:
2101:
2462:
2614:
1598:
1434:
901:
about 10,000 years ago, when the species, by then all but identical with the living birds, retreated northwards with its
389:. Nesting takes place in the spring when clutches of four to ten eggs are laid in a scrape on the ground. The chicks are
1632:
Mourer-Chauviré, C.; Philippe, M.; Quinif, Y.; Chaline, J.; Debard, E.; Guérin, C.; Hugueney, M. (1 September 2003).
298:
2609:
2387:
2514:
1384:
2400:
2369:
202:
402:
The willow ptarmigan is a medium to large ground-dwelling bird and is the most numerous of the three species of
1421:
1211:
2496:
2317:
1456:
1354:
2228:
1234:
was originally going to be named "ptarmigan" in 1902, but town founders could not agree on how to spell it.
1084:. In the summer, their diet is highly varied and may consist of berries, flowers, leaves, twigs and seeds.
2257:
2291:
2296:
1980:"Thermoregulation and muscular development in cold exposed willow ptarmigan chicks (Lagopus lagopus L.)"
2619:
1470:
1190:
Widespread and not uncommon in its remote habitat, the willow ptarmigan is classified as a species of "
1281:
1218:
The willow ptarmigan was adopted as the state bird of Alaska in 1955. It is also the regional bird of
1137:
period and when the eggs are nearly ready to hatch. During this time, the greatest danger may be from
2270:
2219:
623:
366:
212:
86:
2604:
1701:
374:
2488:
1778:
1536:
Válóczi, Tibor (1999): A Vaskapu-barlang (Bükk-hegység) felső pleisztocén faunájának vizsgálata .
710:
2553:
1979:
993:
2449:
2278:
2181:
1515:
563:) 'foot', in reference to the bird's feathered feet which allow it to negotiate frozen ground.
451:
442:) by its larger size and thicker bill and by the fact that it is not generally found above the
2475:
2548:
2091:
1657:
1572:
181:
2540:
2423:
2283:
2239:
2125:
1944:
1897:
1741:
898:
832:
43:
1728:"Pleistocene mitogenomes reconstructed from the environmental DNA of permafrost sediments"
8:
1327:
1130:
1126:
925:
785:
653:
51:
2244:
1948:
1901:
1745:
1258:
2304:
2041:
1960:
1913:
1863:
1825:
945:
863:
225:
81:
30:
2535:
2330:
2097:
1999:
1995:
1759:
1633:
1450:
1417:
2322:
1964:
1917:
1846:
Stokkan, K. A. (1992). "Energetics and adaptations to cold in
Ptarmigan in winter".
1829:
1631:
1478:
897:. Pleistocene willow ptarmigan are recorded from diverse sites until the end of the
2594:
2335:
2033:
1991:
1952:
1905:
1855:
1817:
1749:
1693:
1645:
1474:
1276:
1219:
1115:
612:
269:
2093:
Alaska
Curiosities: Quirky Characters, Roadside Oddities & Other Offbeat Stuff
1206:
908:. Additionally, mitochondrial DNA of the willow ptarmigan has been recovered from
2599:
2566:
2522:
2374:
2309:
1931:
Martin, Kathy (1984). "Reproductive defence priorities of male willow ptarmigan (
1732:
1231:
1093:
913:
867:
800:
740:
664:
638:
634:
525:
2501:
1607:
2395:
2382:
1697:
1138:
1134:
1133:. They are assiduous at guarding both nest and mate, particularly early in the
985:
953:
848:
435:
420:
416:
411:
1887:
1821:
1754:
1727:
2583:
2470:
2204:
2155:
2061:"A pressure cooker, a couple of willow ptarmigan and voila! Dinner is served"
1267:
1191:
1166:
1069:
1053:
933:
881:
might be the correct one). These marginally different birds are said to have
840:
751:
683:
533:
463:
334:
198:
71:
66:
1110:
1763:
1649:
1065:
824:
816:
581:
426:
337:
was formerly considered to be a subspecies. The willow ptarmigan breeds in
1679:"Weichselian and Holocene bird remains from Komarowa Cave, Central Poland"
2527:
2483:
2431:
2213:
2077:
1170:
859:
687:
386:
350:
318:
314:
148:
138:
2561:
2413:
2045:
2021:
2003:
1956:
1867:
1544:
1087:
In Alaska, the main dietary item of the adults at all times of year is
949:
909:
882:
725:
481:
459:
326:
1909:
2356:
1158:
1142:
1077:
997:
977:
804:
443:
390:
98:
2175:
2037:
1859:
1169:, to getting separated from the rest of the brood, bad weather, and
512:
2436:
2361:
2348:
2198:
941:
886:
766:
668:
467:
434:
The willow ptarmigan can be distinguished from the closely related
342:
118:
2265:
2151:
2147:
2139:
1325:
1150:
1076:
The willow ptarmigan has a varied and seasonal diet. The bird is
989:
981:
969:
957:
905:
770:
729:
691:
672:
649:
447:
423:
remain white all year round. Immature birds resemble the adults.
407:
403:
354:
158:
2252:
2143:
1676:
1413:
1154:
1146:
1098:
1088:
1081:
1038:
1021:
1009:
973:
965:
961:
929:
902:
808:
789:
755:
706:
695:
608:
596:
585:
382:
370:
362:
358:
346:
310:
108:
1252:
1250:
1248:
290:
2343:
1935:): enhancing mate survival or extending paternity options?".
1308:
1013:
1005:
937:
774:
558:
552:
542:
536:
500:
488:
338:
278:
2022:"Energetics and Adaptations to Cold in Ptarmigan in Winter"
1725:
1245:
1195:
1001:
548:
470:
bird is reddish brown all over, except for its white feet.
394:
willow and other dwarf shrubs and trees during the winter.
128:
1984:
1807:
1162:
287:
284:
1097:, with leaves being eaten in summer and buds, twigs and
1437:. MyEtymology. Archived from the original on 8 May 2014
446:
while the rock ptarmigan prefers more elevated, barren
2121:
1256:
299:
1469:
275:
281:
272:
1282:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22679460A89520690.en
2581:
1978:Aulie, Arnfinn; Steen, Johan B. (January 1976).
496:, plumage shows less white than other subspecies
1596:
1326:Braun, C. E.; Martin, K.; Robb, L. A. (1993) .
1321:
1319:
1317:
815:The willow ptarmigan often hybridises with the
1845:
1662:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of August 2024 (
1555:
1125:A small minority of male willow ptarmigan are
2131:Video clip of male Willow Ptarmigan in winter
2058:
1930:
466:was once considered to be a subspecies. This
415:completely white, except for the black outer
1600:Cenozoic Birds of the World (Part 1: Europe)
1314:
919:
476:
1977:
1841:
1839:
1776:
1677:Tomek, Teresa; Bocheński, Zygmunt (2005).
1538:Folia Historico Naturalia Musei Matraensis
1514:. Internet Bird Collection. Archived from
1303:
1301:
1299:
862:, the willow ptarmigan widely occurred in
211:
60:
29:
2089:
1753:
1590:
1408:
1406:
1280:
2096:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 72.
1571:(Special Issue): 263–282. Archived from
1412:Ridpath, S. M.; Thirgood, S. J. (1997).
1349:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1205:
1109:
1064:
511:
499:
487:
480:
425:
2019:
1883:
1881:
1879:
1877:
1836:
1530:
1435:"Etymology of the Latin word "Lagopus""
1296:
1145:, the newly hatched young also feed on
1141:. Although adult willow ptarmigans are
2582:
2059:Schandelmeier, John (4 January 2020).
1625:
1403:
2180:
2179:
2015:
2013:
1670:
1502:
1500:
1485:. International Ornithologists' Union
1338:
2401:42875345-52b1-432f-9cec-d53af6572b22
1874:
1549:
1391:. Alaska Department of Fish and Game
1365:. Alaska Department of Fish and Game
1072:with twigs, leaves, buds and catkins
365:, in particular in the provinces of
2590:IUCN Red List least concern species
1937:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
1770:
1479:"Pheasants, partridges, francolins"
1268:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1176:
1025:and in localised areas of Ireland.
765:(Domaniewski, 1933) - Northeastern
595:(Gmelin & JF, 1789) - Northern
13:
2010:
1497:
1463:
14:
2631:
2114:
1334:. The Cornell Lab of Ornithology.
2090:Mackenzie, B. B. (5 June 2012).
2020:Stokkan, Karl-Arne (July 1992).
1483:IOC World Bird List Version 14.2
1045:
1030:
705:(Taverner, 1932) - Northernmost
430:Female in summer plumage, Alaska
268:
85:
38:Adult Alaskan willow ptarmigan (
2164:on the Internet Bird Collection
2083:
2071:
2052:
1971:
1924:
1801:
1719:
1257:BirdLife International (2016).
2168:Willow Ptarmigan photo gallery
1545:Page with link to PDF fulltext
1427:
1377:
1212:Kenai National Wildlife Refuge
928:distribution. It is native to
397:
1:
1238:
1201:
893:into the present-day species
648:(Thayer & Bangs, 1914) -
566:
1996:10.1016/0300-9629(76)90146-8
1783:: willow grouse; red grouse"
1416:. London: Stationery Office
1414:Birds of prey and red grouse
1363:Small Game Hunting in Alaska
1311:. Downloaded on 8 July 2015.
872:Pleistocene willow ptarmigan
831:) and occasionally with the
553:
537:
7:
2615:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
2080:– LuontoPortti (in Finnish)
1686:Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia
1565:Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia
1225:
1105:
924:The willow ptarmigan has a
10:
2636:
1698:10.3409/173491505783995743
1652:(inactive 22 August 2024).
1543:: 79–96 ISSN 0134-1243 .
1309:http://www.iucnredlist.org
1091:such as the Alaska willow
559:
543:
321:. It is also known as the
40:L. l. alascensis
2188:
2158:) with worldwide RangeMap
1822:10.1007/s10336-008-0308-8
1755:10.1016/j.cub.2021.12.023
1455:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1385:"White-Tailed Ptarmigan (
1185:
367:Newfoundland and Labrador
231:
224:
219:
210:
187:
180:
82:Scientific classification
80:
58:
49:
37:
28:
23:
2136:Stamps: Willow Ptarmigan
1789:. University of Michigan
1597:Mlíkovský, Jirí (2002).
1275:: e.T22679460A89520690.
1000:habitats such as sparse
992:. It primarily occupies
920:Distribution and habitat
866:. Authors who recognize
477:Taxonomy and systematics
345:in northern Europe, the
2610:Birds described in 1758
2162:Willow Ptarmigan videos
2078:Riekko, Lagopus lagopus
1556:Boev, Zlatozar (2002).
1060:
1008:forests, thickets with
877:(though the older name
788:, 1911) - Northeastern
524:The willow ptarmigan's
317:of the pheasant family
1810:Journal of Ornithology
1650:10.1080/03009480301811
1477:, eds. (August 2024).
1215:
1118:
1073:
845:Falcipennis canadensis
750:(Serebrovski, 1926) -
521:
509:
497:
485:
452:white-tailed ptarmigan
431:
341:and other forests and
2549:Paleobiology Database
1209:
1113:
1068:
515:
503:
491:
484:
429:
42:) in summer plumage,
2396:Fauna Europaea (new)
2126:RSPB Red Grouse Page
2065:Anchorage Daily News
1787:Animal Diversity Web
1578:on 16 September 2011
899:Vistulian glaciation
833:western capercaillie
622:(Stejneger, 1884) -
220:Willow Grouse range
44:Denali National Park
1949:1984BEcoS..16...57M
1902:2010Ecosc..17..186T
1746:2022CBio...32E.851M
1355:"Willow Ptarmigan (
739:(Momiyama, 1928) -
667:, 1931) - northern
654:Kamchatka peninsula
607:Grinnell, 1909) -
309:) is a bird in the
52:Conservation status
2026:Ornis Scandinavica
1957:10.1007/BF00293104
1848:Ornis Scandinavica
1473:; Donsker, David;
1328:"Willow Ptarmigan"
1216:
1119:
1074:
946:Russian Federation
885:from the earlier (
864:continental Europe
762:L. l. sserebrowsky
630:L. l. brevirostris
522:
510:
498:
486:
432:
2620:Symbols of Alaska
2577:
2576:
2536:Open Tree of Life
2182:Taxon identifiers
2103:978-0-7627-9460-7
1910:10.2980/17-2-3323
1740:(4): 851–860.e7.
1707:on 3 October 2011
1475:Rasmussen, Pamela
883:gradually changed
875:L. l. noaillensis
829:Tetrastes bonasia
811:
792:
777:
773:and northeastern
758:
743:
732:
721:
713:
698:
675:
656:
641:
626:
615:
599:
588:
520:in summer plumage
508:in winter plumage
260:
259:
75:
24:Willow ptarmigan
2627:
2570:
2569:
2557:
2556:
2544:
2543:
2531:
2530:
2518:
2517:
2505:
2504:
2502:NHMSYS0000530420
2492:
2491:
2479:
2478:
2466:
2465:
2453:
2452:
2440:
2439:
2427:
2426:
2424:willow-ptarmigan
2417:
2416:
2404:
2403:
2391:
2390:
2378:
2377:
2365:
2364:
2352:
2351:
2339:
2338:
2326:
2325:
2313:
2312:
2300:
2299:
2287:
2286:
2274:
2273:
2271:FC3D07C64FF2C915
2261:
2260:
2248:
2247:
2235:
2234:
2224:
2223:
2222:
2209:
2208:
2207:
2177:
2176:
2108:
2107:
2087:
2081:
2075:
2069:
2068:
2056:
2050:
2049:
2017:
2008:
2007:
1975:
1969:
1968:
1928:
1922:
1921:
1885:
1872:
1871:
1843:
1834:
1833:
1805:
1799:
1798:
1796:
1794:
1777:Morland, Sarah.
1774:
1768:
1767:
1757:
1723:
1717:
1716:
1714:
1712:
1706:
1700:. Archived from
1683:
1674:
1668:
1667:
1661:
1653:
1629:
1623:
1622:
1620:
1618:
1612:
1606:. Archived from
1605:
1594:
1588:
1587:
1585:
1583:
1577:
1562:
1553:
1547:
1534:
1528:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1508:"Willow Grouse (
1504:
1495:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1467:
1461:
1460:
1454:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1431:
1425:
1410:
1401:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1387:Lagopus leucurus
1381:
1375:
1374:
1372:
1370:
1351:
1336:
1335:
1323:
1312:
1305:
1294:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1284:
1254:
1220:Southern Lapland
1210:Winter plumage,
1177:Cold adaptations
1149:. In most other
1116:Museum Wiesbaden
1114:Egg, Collection
1052:Distribution in
1049:
1037:Distribution in
1034:
837:Tetrao urogallus
798:
783:
764:
749:
738:
723:
720:(Lorenz T, 1904)
719:
704:
702:L. l. leucoptera
681:
662:
647:
633:(Hesse, 1912) -
632:
621:
613:British Columbia
606:
603:L. l. alexandrae
594:
579:
577:L. l. alascensis
562:
561:
556:
546:
545:
540:
532:is derived from
506:L. l. alascensis
297:
296:
293:
292:
289:
286:
283:
280:
277:
274:
264:willow ptarmigan
253:
245:
215:
193:
90:
89:
69:
64:
63:
33:
21:
20:
2635:
2634:
2630:
2629:
2628:
2626:
2625:
2624:
2605:Holarctic birds
2580:
2579:
2578:
2573:
2567:Lagopus-lagopus
2565:
2560:
2552:
2547:
2539:
2534:
2526:
2523:Observation.org
2521:
2513:
2508:
2500:
2495:
2487:
2482:
2474:
2469:
2461:
2456:
2448:
2443:
2435:
2430:
2422:
2420:
2412:
2407:
2399:
2394:
2386:
2381:
2373:
2368:
2360:
2355:
2347:
2342:
2334:
2329:
2321:
2316:
2308:
2303:
2295:
2290:
2282:
2277:
2269:
2264:
2258:lagopus-lagopus
2256:
2251:
2245:Lagopus_lagopus
2243:
2238:
2232:
2227:
2220:Lagopus lagopus
2218:
2217:
2212:
2203:
2202:
2197:
2190:Lagopus lagopus
2184:
2117:
2112:
2111:
2104:
2088:
2084:
2076:
2072:
2057:
2053:
2038:10.2307/3676662
2018:
2011:
1976:
1972:
1933:Lagopus lagopus
1929:
1925:
1886:
1875:
1860:10.2307/3676662
1844:
1837:
1806:
1802:
1792:
1790:
1781:Lagopus lagopus
1775:
1771:
1733:Current Biology
1724:
1720:
1710:
1708:
1704:
1681:
1675:
1671:
1655:
1654:
1630:
1626:
1616:
1614:
1610:
1603:
1595:
1591:
1581:
1579:
1575:
1560:
1554:
1550:
1535:
1531:
1521:
1519:
1518:on 15 July 2013
1510:Lagopus lagopus
1506:
1505:
1498:
1488:
1486:
1468:
1464:
1448:
1447:
1440:
1438:
1433:
1432:
1428:
1411:
1404:
1394:
1392:
1383:
1382:
1378:
1368:
1366:
1357:Lagopus lagopus
1353:
1352:
1339:
1332:All about birds
1324:
1315:
1306:
1297:
1287:
1285:
1261:Lagopus lagopus
1255:
1246:
1241:
1232:Chicken, Alaska
1228:
1204:
1188:
1179:
1108:
1094:Salix alaxensis
1063:
1056:
1050:
1041:
1035:
922:
914:Yukon Territory
870:have named the
868:paleosubspecies
796:L. l. variegata
741:Sakhalin Island
694:, and northern
639:Sayan Mountains
635:Altai Mountains
569:
530:Lagopus lagopus
526:scientific name
479:
456:Lagopus leucura
400:
331:Lagopus scotica
306:Lagopus lagopus
271:
267:
256:
251:
243:
206:
195:
191:Lagopus lagopus
189:
176:
173:L. lagopus
84:
76:
65:
61:
54:
17:
16:Species of bird
12:
11:
5:
2633:
2623:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2575:
2574:
2572:
2571:
2558:
2545:
2532:
2519:
2506:
2493:
2480:
2467:
2454:
2441:
2428:
2418:
2405:
2392:
2383:Fauna Europaea
2379:
2366:
2353:
2340:
2327:
2314:
2301:
2288:
2275:
2262:
2249:
2236:
2225:
2210:
2194:
2192:
2186:
2185:
2172:
2171:
2165:
2159:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2116:
2115:External links
2113:
2110:
2109:
2102:
2082:
2070:
2051:
2032:(3): 366–370.
2009:
1990:(3): 291–295.
1970:
1923:
1896:(2): 186–193.
1873:
1854:(3): 366–370.
1835:
1816:(4): 629–637.
1800:
1769:
1718:
1692:(1–2): 43–65.
1669:
1644:(3): 521–531.
1624:
1613:on 20 May 2011
1589:
1548:
1529:
1496:
1462:
1426:
1402:
1376:
1337:
1313:
1295:
1243:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1236:
1235:
1227:
1224:
1203:
1200:
1187:
1184:
1178:
1175:
1107:
1104:
1062:
1059:
1058:
1057:
1051:
1044:
1042:
1036:
1029:
986:United Kingdom
954:Czech Republic
921:
918:
891:Lagopus atavus
849:rock ptarmigan
813:
812:
793:
778:
759:
744:
733:
728:and southwest
714:
711:Arctic islands
699:
676:
660:L. l. kozlowae
657:
642:
627:
616:
600:
589:
568:
565:
494:L. l. scoticus
478:
475:
436:rock ptarmigan
399:
396:
258:
257:
255:
254:
252:Linnaeus, 1758
249:Tetrao lagopus
246:
244:Woldřich, 1893
241:Lagopus medius
238:
232:
229:
228:
222:
221:
217:
216:
208:
207:
196:
185:
184:
178:
177:
170:
168:
164:
163:
156:
152:
151:
146:
142:
141:
136:
132:
131:
126:
122:
121:
116:
112:
111:
106:
102:
101:
96:
92:
91:
78:
77:
59:
56:
55:
50:
47:
46:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2632:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2587:
2585:
2568:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2419:
2415:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2241:
2237:
2230:
2226:
2221:
2215:
2211:
2206:
2200:
2196:
2195:
2193:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2178:
2174:
2169:
2166:
2163:
2160:
2157:
2156:United States
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2118:
2105:
2099:
2095:
2094:
2086:
2079:
2074:
2066:
2062:
2055:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2016:
2014:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1974:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1927:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1884:
1882:
1880:
1878:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1842:
1840:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1804:
1788:
1784:
1782:
1773:
1765:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1734:
1729:
1722:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1680:
1673:
1665:
1659:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1628:
1609:
1602:
1601:
1593:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1559:
1552:
1546:
1542:
1539:
1533:
1517:
1513:
1511:
1503:
1501:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1466:
1458:
1452:
1436:
1430:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1409:
1407:
1390:
1388:
1380:
1364:
1360:
1358:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1342:
1333:
1329:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1310:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1283:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1269:
1264:
1262:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1244:
1233:
1230:
1229:
1223:
1221:
1213:
1208:
1199:
1197:
1193:
1192:Least Concern
1183:
1174:
1172:
1168:
1167:birds of prey
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1129:but most are
1128:
1123:
1117:
1112:
1103:
1100:
1096:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1083:
1079:
1071:
1070:Alaska willow
1067:
1055:
1054:North America
1048:
1043:
1040:
1033:
1028:
1027:
1026:
1023:
1019:
1018:heather moors
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
934:United States
931:
927:
926:circum-boreal
917:
915:
911:
907:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
873:
869:
865:
861:
856:
854:
850:
846:
842:
841:spruce grouse
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
821:Tetrao tetrix
818:
810:
806:
802:
797:
794:
791:
787:
782:
781:L. l. ungavus
779:
776:
772:
769:to southeast
768:
763:
760:
757:
753:
752:Baltic states
748:
747:L. l. rossica
745:
742:
737:
734:
731:
727:
718:
715:
712:
708:
703:
700:
697:
693:
689:
685:
680:
679:L. l. lagopus
677:
674:
671:and southern
670:
666:
661:
658:
655:
651:
646:
643:
640:
636:
631:
628:
625:
620:
617:
614:
610:
604:
601:
598:
593:
590:
587:
583:
578:
575:
574:
573:
564:
555:
550:
539:
535:
534:Ancient Greek
531:
527:
519:
518:L. l. lagopus
514:
507:
502:
495:
490:
483:
474:
471:
469:
465:
464:British Isles
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
428:
424:
422:
421:wing feathers
418:
413:
409:
405:
395:
392:
388:
384:
378:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
335:British Isles
332:
328:
324:
323:willow grouse
320:
316:
312:
308:
307:
302:
301:
295:
265:
250:
247:
242:
239:
237:
236:Lagopus albus
234:
233:
230:
227:
223:
218:
214:
209:
204:
200:
194:
192:
186:
183:
182:Binomial name
179:
175:
174:
169:
166:
165:
162:
161:
157:
154:
153:
150:
147:
144:
143:
140:
137:
134:
133:
130:
127:
124:
123:
120:
117:
114:
113:
110:
107:
104:
103:
100:
97:
94:
93:
88:
83:
79:
73:
68:
67:Least Concern
57:
53:
48:
45:
41:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
2189:
2173:
2092:
2085:
2073:
2064:
2054:
2029:
2025:
1987:
1983:
1973:
1943:(1): 57–63.
1940:
1936:
1932:
1926:
1893:
1889:
1851:
1847:
1813:
1809:
1803:
1791:. Retrieved
1786:
1780:
1772:
1737:
1731:
1721:
1709:. Retrieved
1702:the original
1689:
1685:
1672:
1658:cite journal
1641:
1637:
1627:
1615:. Retrieved
1608:the original
1599:
1592:
1580:. Retrieved
1573:the original
1568:
1564:
1551:
1540:
1537:
1532:
1520:. Retrieved
1516:the original
1509:
1487:. Retrieved
1482:
1465:
1439:. Retrieved
1429:
1393:. Retrieved
1386:
1379:
1367:. Retrieved
1362:
1356:
1331:
1286:. Retrieved
1272:
1266:
1260:
1217:
1189:
1180:
1139:conspecifics
1124:
1120:
1092:
1086:
1075:
923:
894:
890:
878:
874:
871:
857:
853:Lagopus muta
852:
844:
836:
828:
825:hazel grouse
820:
817:black grouse
814:
795:
780:
761:
754:and central
746:
736:L. l. okadai
735:
716:
701:
678:
659:
645:L. l. koreni
644:
629:
624:Newfoundland
619:L. l. alleni
618:
602:
591:
576:
570:
529:
523:
517:
505:
493:
492:Red grouse,
472:
455:
440:Lagopus muta
439:
433:
401:
379:
373:. It is the
330:
322:
305:
304:
263:
261:
248:
240:
235:
190:
188:
172:
171:
159:
39:
18:
2484:NatureServe
2432:iNaturalist
2214:Wikispecies
1793:1 September
1471:Gill, Frank
1288:12 November
1171:coccidiosis
1078:herbivorous
860:Pleistocene
858:During the
717:L. l. maior
688:Scandinavia
398:Description
387:Pleistocene
385:during the
377:of Alaska.
351:Scandinavia
319:Phasianidae
315:Tetraoninae
149:Phasianidae
139:Galliformes
2584:Categories
2562:Xeno-canto
1890:Écoscience
1422:0117021768
1395:7 February
1369:5 February
1239:References
1202:Title bird
1143:herbivores
1135:incubation
1131:monogamous
1127:polygynous
950:Kazakhstan
910:permafrost
895:L. lagopus
847:) and the
823:) and the
803:, 1936) -
801:Salomonsen
726:Kazakhstan
686:, 1758) -
592:L. l. alba
584:, 1926) -
567:Subspecies
460:red grouse
375:state bird
327:red grouse
313:subfamily
300:TAR-mi-gun
1489:29 August
1194:" by the
1159:predators
998:subarctic
994:subalpine
978:Lithuania
805:Trondheim
444:tree line
417:rectrices
404:ptarmigan
391:precocial
343:moorlands
333:) of the
167:Species:
105:Kingdom:
99:Eukaryota
2489:2.104935
2476:22679460
2450:10195588
2284:22679460
2279:BirdLife
2199:Wikidata
1965:42638022
1918:46025343
1830:21970775
1764:35016010
1451:cite web
1226:See also
1214:, Alaska
1106:Behavior
942:Mongolia
932:and the
887:Pliocene
767:Mongolia
709:and its
684:Linnaeus
669:Mongolia
665:Portenko
468:moorland
419:. Their
226:Synonyms
199:Linnaeus
145:Family:
119:Chordata
115:Phylum:
109:Animalia
95:Domain:
72:IUCN 3.1
2595:Lagopus
2414:2473421
2323:bob3292
2266:Avibase
2205:Q178702
2152:Ireland
2148:Finland
2140:Belarus
2046:3676662
1945:Bibcode
1898:Bibcode
1868:3676662
1742:Bibcode
1711:4 March
1617:4 March
1582:4 March
1522:4 March
1441:4 March
1151:species
1147:insects
1099:catkins
1089:willows
1016:trees,
990:Ireland
982:Germany
970:Estonia
958:Finland
912:in the
906:habitat
839:), the
771:Siberia
730:Siberia
692:Finland
673:Siberia
650:Siberia
516:Female
462:of the
448:habitat
408:plumage
355:Siberia
160:Lagopus
155:Genus:
135:Order:
125:Class:
70: (
2600:Grouse
2554:368615
2541:444614
2463:175804
2421:GNAB:
2370:EURING
2362:LAGPLA
2349:wilpta
2310:wilpta
2253:ARKive
2233:wilpta
2144:Canada
2100:
2044:
2002:
1963:
1916:
1866:
1828:
1762:
1638:Boreas
1420:
1186:Status
1155:grouse
1082:cecums
1039:Europe
1022:tundra
1010:willow
984:, the
974:Latvia
966:Sweden
962:Norway
952:, the
944:, the
930:Canada
903:tundra
879:medius
809:Norway
790:Canada
756:Russia
724:north
707:Canada
696:Russia
609:Alaska
597:Canada
586:Alaska
582:Swarth
383:tundra
371:Quebec
363:Canada
359:Alaska
347:tundra
325:. The
311:grouse
2528:70400
2515:52650
2445:IRMNG
2388:96456
2344:eBird
2336:3RXR6
2297:10358
2170:VIREO
2138:(for
2042:JSTOR
1961:S2CID
1914:S2CID
1864:JSTOR
1826:S2CID
1705:(PDF)
1682:(PDF)
1611:(PDF)
1604:(PDF)
1576:(PDF)
1561:(PDF)
1163:foxes
1014:alder
1006:birch
938:China
786:Riley
775:China
544:λαγως
538:lagos
504:Male
339:birch
2510:NCBI
2471:IUCN
2458:ITIS
2409:GBIF
2375:3290
2357:EPPO
2292:BOLD
2098:ISBN
2004:9239
2000:PMID
1795:2013
1760:PMID
1713:2023
1664:link
1619:2023
1584:2023
1524:2023
1491:2024
1457:link
1443:2023
1418:ISBN
1397:2013
1371:2013
1290:2021
1273:2016
1196:IUCN
1061:Diet
1012:and
1004:and
1002:pine
996:and
988:and
637:and
611:and
560:πους
554:pous
551:' +
549:hare
412:comb
369:and
361:and
262:The
203:1758
129:Aves
2497:NBN
2437:931
2331:CoL
2318:BTO
2305:BOW
2240:ADW
2229:ABA
2034:doi
1992:doi
1953:doi
1906:doi
1856:doi
1818:doi
1814:149
1750:doi
1694:doi
1690:48A
1646:doi
1277:doi
1165:or
1153:of
855:).
652:to
547:) '
349:of
303:);
279:ɑːr
2586::
2564::
2551::
2538::
2525::
2512::
2499::
2486::
2473::
2460::
2447::
2434::
2411::
2398::
2385::
2372::
2359::
2346::
2333::
2320::
2307::
2294::
2281::
2268::
2255::
2242::
2231::
2216::
2201::
2154:,
2150:,
2146:,
2142:,
2063:.
2040:.
2030:23
2028:.
2024:.
2012:^
1998:.
1988:55
1986:.
1982:.
1959:.
1951:.
1941:16
1939:.
1912:.
1904:.
1894:17
1892:.
1876:^
1862:.
1852:23
1850:.
1838:^
1824:.
1812:.
1785:.
1758:.
1748:.
1738:32
1736:.
1730:.
1688:.
1684:.
1660:}}
1656:{{
1642:32
1640:.
1636:.
1569:45
1567:.
1563:.
1541:23
1512:)"
1499:^
1481:.
1453:}}
1449:{{
1405:^
1389:)"
1361:.
1359:)"
1340:^
1330:.
1316:^
1298:^
1271:.
1265:.
1247:^
1222:.
1020:,
980:,
976:,
972:,
968:,
964:,
960:,
956:,
948:,
940:,
936:,
916:.
889:)
807:,
722:-
690:,
528:,
357:,
353:,
291:ən
201:,
2106:.
2067:.
2048:.
2036::
2006:.
1994::
1967:.
1955::
1947::
1920:.
1908::
1900::
1870:.
1858::
1832:.
1820::
1797:.
1779:"
1766:.
1752::
1744::
1715:.
1696::
1666:)
1648::
1621:.
1586:.
1526:.
1493:.
1459:)
1445:.
1424:.
1399:.
1373:.
1292:.
1279::
1263:"
1259:"
851:(
843:(
835:(
827:(
819:(
799:(
784:(
682:(
663:(
605:(
580:(
557:(
541:(
454:(
438:(
329:(
294:/
288:ɡ
285:ɪ
282:m
276:t
273:ˈ
270:/
266:(
205:)
197:(
74:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
.jpg)
