1266:
2895:"Exposing the Hidden Chapter": "Therefore, the human heart is like a bowl of water. If it is level and not stirred, then the muddy sediment will settle at the bottom and the clear water will rise to the top. Then one can see the eyebrows and observe reason. If a gentle breeze passes over it, the muddy sediment will be stirred up from the bottom, and the clear water will become turbulent at the top, and then one cannot obtain the correct form of the big picture. The heart is also like this. Therefore, take it away with reason and nourish it with clarity. Nothing can incline it, and it can be used to determine right from wrong and resolve doubts."
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1809:, but can be compared with him. While Shang Yang believed that people were selfish, Xunzi believed that humanity's inborn tendencies were evil and that ethical norms had been invented to rectify people. His variety of Confucianism therefore has a darker, more pessimistic flavor than the optimistic Confucianism of
1890:, who largely disparaged music. Mozi held that music provides no basic needs and is a waste of resources and money. Xunzi presents a comprehensive argument in opposition, stating that certain music provides joy, which is indeed essential to human wellbeing. Music and joy are respectively translated as
1849:
The chapter is called "Human Nature is Evil," but that's not the whole story. Xunzi thought that people could improve themselves by learning good habits and manners, which he called "artifice." (偽) He believed that people needed to transform their nature to become good. This could be done by learning
782:
John H. Knoblock asserts that the sources available "permit not only a reconstruction of the outlines of career but also an understanding of his intellectual development". Xunzi's writings have survived in exceptionally good condition, and while they provide biographical details, the authenticity of
1915:
Hence, when music is performed within the ancestral temple, lord and subject, high and low, listen to the music together and are united in feelings of reverence. When music is played in the private quarters of the home, father and son, elder and younger brother, listen to it together and are united
1167:
Xunzi notes that despite Qin's achievements, it is "filled with trepidation. Despite its complete and simultaneous possession of all these numerous attributes, if one weights Qin by the standard of the solid achievements of True
Kingship, then the vast degree to which it fails to reach the ideal is
739:
Xunzi's writings respond to dozens of other thinkers, whom he often directly names and criticizes. His well-known notion that "Human nature is evil" has led many commentators to place him opposite of
Mencius, who believed human nature was intrinsically good. Though like Mencius, Xunzi believed that
1845:
Even though
Mencius had already died when the book was written, the chapter is written like a conversation between the two philosophers. Xunzi's ideas about becoming a good person were more complex than Mencius's. He believed that people needed to change their nature, not just give up on it. Some
1082:
had Xunzi sacrifice wine three times, a task that was reserved for the most respected scholar available. The eminence at which he was held suggests that Xunzi became the head of the Jixia
Academy, but he is known to have taught there regardless. It was at this time that Xunzi composed much of his
1857:
Xunzi only stated that the "heart" can observe reason, that is, it can distinguish between right and wrong, good and evil, but it is not the source of value. So where does the standard come from? According to Xunzi's theory of evil human nature, morality will ultimately become a tool of external
1194:
sentiments had there. In a conversation with the Qin official Fan Sui, Xunzi praised much of the state's achievements, officials and governmental organizations. Still, Xunzi found issues with the state, primarily its lack of
Confucian scholars and the fear it inspires, which Xunzi claimed would
1954:) king and government, aided by a class of erudites (Confucian scholars), are similar to that of Mencius, but without the tolerance of feudalism since he rejected hereditary titles and believed that an individual's status in the social hierarchy should be determined only by their own merit.
740:
education and ritual were the key to self-cultivation and thus the method to circumvent one's naturally foul nature. His definition of both concepts was loose, and he encouraged lifelong education and applied ritual to every aspect of life. Other important topics include the promotion of
1074:, events which Xunzi would later recount in a conversation with Li Si. The solidity of Chu decreased so rapidly that Xunzi left around 275 BCE, returning to the more stable Qi state. He was warmly welcomed back in Qi, and held in very high-regard as an intellectual. The
1949:
Ultimately, he refused to admit theories of state and administration apart from ritual and self-cultivation, arguing for the gentleman, rather than the measurements promoted by the
Legalists, as the wellspring of objective criterion. His ideal gentleman
1853:
Even though some people doubt if the chapter is real, it's an important part of Xunzi's philosophy. People still talk about it today and think about the differences between Xunzi and
Mencius's ideas about human nature and how to become a better person.
1007:
records that in his youth Xunzi was a "flowering talent" in matters of scholarship and academics. Essentially nothing else is known of Xunzi's background or upbringing, and thus any attempts to connect his philosophy with either topic are futile.
660:
thinkers, and Xunzi is traditionally regarded as a synthesizer of these traditions with earlier
Confucian thought. The result was a thorough and cohesive revision of Confucianism, which was crucial to the philosophy's ability to flourish in the
1265:
1185:
Xunzi's writings suggest that after leaving Qi he visited Qin, possibly from 265 BCE to 260 BCE. He aimed to convert the state's leaders to follow his philosophy of leadership, a task which proved difficult because of the strong hold that
1236:
province, for the rest of his life and was buried there. The year of his death is unknown, though if he lived to see the ministership of his student Li Si, as recounted, he would have lived into his nineties, dying shortly after 219 BCE.
777:
Detailed information concerning Xunzi is largely nonexistent. Yet when compared to the scarcity of knowledge for many other ancient
Chinese philosophers, there is meaningful and significant extant information on the life of Xunzi. The
1858:
value used to maintain social stability and appeal to authoritarianism. Mencius' theory of good human nature, on the other hand, states that humans are inherently good and we have an internal value foundation (the Four
Beginnings).
1232:), which he initially refused and then accepted. However, Lord Chunshen was assassinated In 238 BCE by a court rival and Xunzi subsequently lost his position. He retired, remained in Lanling, a region in what is today's southern
694:, where he learned about every major philosophical tradition of his time. After his graduation, Xunzi traveled to Chu where he mastered poetry, and then returned to Qi as a highly regarded teacher at the academy. His students
1841:
Both Mencius and Xunzi believed in human nature and both believed it was possible to become better, but some people refused it. Mencius saw Xing as more related to an ideal state and Xunzi saw it more as a starting state
1822:
Now, since human nature is evil, it must await the instructions of a teacher and the model before it can be put aright, and it must obtain ritual principles and a sense of moral right before it can become orderly.
1199:, arguing that Qin's lack of Confucian scholars and educational encouragement would be detrimental to the state's future. The king was unconvinced by Xunzi's persuasion, and did not offer him a post in his court.
1047:
against continuing the extreme policies of Qi, though the historicity of this event is not certain. After the exchange, which is later recounted in his writings, Xunzi likely left Qi between 286 and 284 BCE.
1149:, all of whom authored important editions and commentaries on the Confucian classics. The timeline for his academy teaching is unclear, though he seemed to have considered other posts after being
867:), an era of immense disunity and warfare, had been raging for over a hundred years by the time of Xunzi's birth in the late 4th century BCE. Yet this time also saw considerable innovations in
8500:
1083:
most important philosophical works, namely the chapters "Of Honor and Disgrace", "Of Kings and the Lords-Protector", "Discourse on Nature", "Discourse on Music", and "Man's Nature is Evil".
769:. Since the 20th century, a reevaluation of Xunzi's doctrine has taken place in East Asia, leading to recognition of his profound impact and relevance to both his times and present day.
736:, whose death he died sometime after. The constant warfare of his time informed his work profoundly, as did his interactions with leaders and witnessing the downfall of various states.
1070:
residency there. Xunzi achieved considerable skill in the art, and his now-lost book of poems was well-regarded for many centuries. Chu was under especially frequent attacks from the
751:
Repeated oversimplifications and misunderstandings on Xunzi's teachings, particularly his view on human nature, led to gradual dismissal and condemnation of his thought from the
5647:
3345:
8212:
2144:, p. xiii notes that the information on Xunzi in his writings may have never been intended as biographical, and rather served as anecdotes for the sake of teaching.
1043:), a formal argument of persuasion that philosophical authorities of the time used to advise rulers. After his academy study, Xunzi unsuccessfully attempted to persuade
748:. Though he still cited the ancient sages, he differed from other Confucian philosophers by his insistence on emulating recent rulers rather than those of long ago.
1712:
1502:
1805:), was a topic which Confucius commented on somewhat ambiguously, leaving much room for later philosophers to expand upon. Xunzi does not appear to know about
7002:
1916:
in feelings of close kinship. When it is played in village meetings or clan halls, old and young listen to the music together and are joined in obedience.
1726:
1846:
people thought Xunzi's ideas were strange, but new discoveries suggest that it might have actually been Mencius who had unusual ideas about human nature.
831:
revised and expanded Sima Qian's initial biography for the preface of the first edition of Xunzi's writings. Some minor references to Xunzi also exist in
1626:
1373:
1124:
707:
675:, and survive in excellent condition. Unlike other ancient compilations, his authorship of these texts is generally secure, though it is likely that
9100:
8507:
5020:
652:, Xunzi is often ranked as the third great Confucian philosopher of antiquity. By his time, Confucianism had suffered considerable criticism from
2173:
1023:. At the academy, Xunzi would have learned about all the major philosophical schools of his time, and been in the presence of scholars such as
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8188:
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2168:
Scholars such as Wang Zhong and Hu Yuanyi later improved the outline of Xun Quang's life, culminating in a synthesis of information by the
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722:
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Province of north-central China. It is possible Xunzi was descended from the Xun family, an elite clan that had diminished following the
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1350:
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2113:
1999:
5013:
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8236:
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3249:
Manson, William C. (1987). "Incipient Chinese Bureaucracy and Its Ideological Rationale: The Confucianism of Hsün Tzŭ".
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authored important editions and commentaries on the Confucian classics. Later in his life worked in the court of
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Many commentators have noted the similarities between the reasons for Xunzi's promotion of music and those of
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3665:
3315:
1115:, each who would have important political and academic careers. Xunzi's association with Li Si, the future
950:), meaning 'Minister Xun', or 'Chamberlain Xun', after his later position. Some texts give his surname as
7900:
6334:
5548:
5498:
4936:
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1202:
In around 260 BCE, Xunzi returned to his native Zhao, where he debated military affairs with Lord Linwu (
939:), probably around 310 BCE but certainly before 279 BCE. In his time, he was probably known as Xun Qing (
849:
535:
308:
3388:
1817:. Like most Confucians, however, he believed that people could be refined through education and ritual.
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this information is sometimes questionable. In addition to these, the main source for Xunzi's life is
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1991:
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17:
1898:, and their connection in Xunzi's time may explain why both words share the same Chinese character:
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in the 10th century, Mencius gradually upended Xunzi, particularly by the choice to include the
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Sometime between age 13 and 15 (297 and 295 BCE), Xunzi traveled to the north eastern state of
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5129:
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8:
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is also sometimes questionable, especially on its coverage of philosophers such as Xunzi.
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There remains much uncertainty around the reason for variations on Xunzi's surname. See
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1226:, the prime minister of Chu, invited him to take a position as Magistrate of Lanling (
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2005:
1995:
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1019:, which was the most important philosophical center in Ancient China, established by
966:(73–48 BCE), whose given name was Xun. He is best known by his honorary title Xunzi (
344:
336:
216:
6701:
6395:
3052:. Dao Companions to Chinese Philosophy. Vol. 7. New York: Springer Publishing.
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Hutton, Eric L.; Harold, James (2016). "Xunzi on Music". In Hutton, Eric L. (ed.).
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3442:. Studies in Philosophy and the History of Philosophy. Vol. 43. Washington:
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2187:, improve the information and as recently as the late 20th century scholars from
2183:. The early 20th century saw a new generation of scholars, particularly from the
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by 283 BCE, where he probably became acquainted with the nascent forms of the
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manifest. Why is that? It is that it is dangerously lacking in Ru scholars"
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2204:, pp. 233–239 for a detailed overview and other possible explanations.
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This article is about the Chinese philosopher. For his eponymous text, see
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Human Nature, Ritual, and History: Studies in Xunzi and Chinese Philosophy
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result in the surrounding states uniting up against. Xunzi then met with
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each had important political and academic careers, though some of their
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4632:
4617:
4582:
4552:
4522:
4507:
4436:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4219:
4204:
4194:
4174:
4054:
4044:
3931:
3906:
3767:
3762:
3717:
3687:
3384:
3264:
3079:. Dao Companions to Chinese Philosophy. Vol. 7. pp. 269–289.
2226:
1806:
1719:
1187:
1154:
1150:
1135:
1028:
1012:
979:
835:'s paraphrase of Liu Xiang's preface, as well as brief mentions in the
779:
766:
718:
4747:
2665:
2060:. Vol. III: Books 17–32. Translated by Knoblock, John. Stanford:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1038:
972:
969:
945:
942:
934:
931:
683:
organized them into their present form centuries after Xunzi's death.
628:
625:
584:
581:
65:
62:
49:
46:
8815:
8742:
8547:
8332:
8244:
7976:
7956:
7855:
7765:
7738:
7718:
7663:
7532:
7341:
7202:
7152:
6916:
6791:
6518:
6289:
6213:
6120:
6094:
6014:
5819:
5528:
5468:
5347:
5327:
5079:
5074:
5054:
4897:
4672:
4597:
4572:
4557:
4527:
4502:
4431:
4376:
4288:
4278:
4268:
4253:
4214:
4179:
4154:
3999:
3901:
3812:
3792:
3747:
3702:
3692:
3501:
2222:
2214:
1469:
1287:
1004:
900:
899:. Xunzi was a philosopher in the tradition of Confucianism, begun by
837:
832:
784:
666:
645:
353:
224:
78:
5853:
2047:. Vol. II: Books 7–16. Translated by Knoblock, John. Stanford:
706:
sentiments were at odds with his philosophy. Other students such as
9019:
8984:
8825:
8689:
8362:
8327:
7961:
7946:
7870:
7865:
7830:
7820:
7733:
7668:
7642:
7127:
6603:
6329:
6299:
6258:
6253:
6019:
5994:
5792:
5483:
5104:
5064:
4785:
4761:
4602:
4567:
4537:
4441:
4411:
4391:
4366:
4361:
4313:
4184:
4118:
4024:
3984:
3886:
3866:
3807:
3772:
3682:
1738:
1590:
1233:
1123:
would later tarnish his reputation. Other students of his included
374:
3208:
Knoblock, John H. (1982–1983). "The Chronology of Xunzi's Works".
2034:. Vol. I: Books 1–6. Translated by Knoblock, John. Stanford:
8994:
8955:
8943:
8923:
8643:
8557:
7986:
7875:
7840:
7795:
7790:
7785:
7698:
7688:
6365:
6228:
6009:
5967:
5950:
5503:
5059:
4562:
4547:
4406:
4273:
4189:
4169:
4059:
4049:
4034:
4019:
4004:
3994:
3941:
3926:
3837:
3782:
3752:
3727:
3722:
3697:
3634:
3626:
1810:
1565:
1301:
1108:
1067:
1024:
984:
695:
649:
438:
196:
1886:). Much of the Xunzi's sentiments on music are directed towards
1160:
8967:
8808:
7971:
7912:
7845:
7770:
7647:
7257:
7147:
6238:
6208:
6060:
5972:
5903:
5648:
An Essay Towards a Real Character, and a Philosophical Language
5583:
4941:
4849:
4627:
4451:
4401:
4224:
4209:
4108:
4093:
4009:
3911:
3891:
3881:
3827:
3777:
3613:
3588:
3469:
1527:
992:
888:
880:
657:
653:
232:
212:
117:
2903:
2901:
2578:
2576:
2574:
2572:
2570:
2543:
2454:
2452:
2450:
2448:
2446:
2444:
2412:
1086:
In his time, Xunzi was called "the most revered of teachers" (
8972:
7951:
7941:
6248:
6243:
6223:
6031:
5069:
4904:
4542:
4328:
4088:
3787:
3742:
3732:
3707:
3026:
Disputers of the Tao: Philosophical Argument in Ancient China
2155:
1951:
1904:. Xunzi also points out the use of music for social harmony:
1869:
1112:
808:
789:
741:
699:
417:
228:
200:
2744:
2742:
2500:
1911:故樂在宗廟之中，君臣上下同聽之，則莫不和敬；閨門之內，父子兄弟同聽之，則莫不和親；鄉里族長之中，長少同聽之，則莫不和順。
1051:
8918:
8530:
8213:
An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation
7991:
7907:
7753:
7748:
7708:
6233:
4837:
3832:
3757:
2898:
2790:
2567:
2441:
2400:
1887:
1657:
1344:
807:, 74.12–14) and mentions of him in the biographies of both
2488:
2476:
2431:
2429:
2427:
7917:
7226:
4727:
3482:
2778:
2739:
2717:
2715:
2687:
2685:
2636:
2634:
2632:
459:
393:
379:
365:
236:
2595:
2593:
2591:
2533:
2531:
2529:
2527:
2390:
2388:
2386:
1876:, particularly in chapter 20, the "Discourse on Music" (
4791:
2555:
2512:
2424:
2373:
2371:
2369:
2367:
2292:
2290:
2288:
2233:, pp. 33–34 for further information on this matter
2942:
2940:
2766:
2754:
2727:
2712:
2682:
2646:
2629:
8439:
7003:
The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction
2967:
2879:
2877:
2875:
2873:
2871:
2802:
2617:
2605:
2588:
2524:
2383:
1922:
1829:
1173:
1153:. He left Qi in around 265 BCE, around the time when
554:
540:
526:
341:
327:
313:
299:
3107:
Xunzi: A Translation and Study of the Complete Works
2364:
2285:
2058:
Xunzi: A Translation and Study of the Complete Works
2045:
Xunzi: A Translation and Study of the Complete Works
2032:
Xunzi: A Translation and Study of the Complete Works
2019:
Xunzi: A Translation and Study of the Complete Works
911:
2937:
2925:
2225:states that Xunzi was 48 to 50 when he traveled to
2153:It is worth noting that historical accuracy in the
27:
Chinese Confucian philosopher (c.310–after 238 BCE)
3308:
3158:Cook, Scott (1997). "Xun Zi on Ritual and Music".
3127:
2913:
2868:
2841:
1161:Travels and later career (c. 265 – after 238)
2958:
2859:
2814:
2703:
2464:
2055:
2042:
1850:from a teacher and following rituals and morals.
1066:poetry style, particularly because of the poet's
9042:
3428:, pp. 308–322 for extensive bibliographies
987:for important philosophers. His birthplace was
8501:
7242:
5869:
5014:
3517:
3493:
3207:
2796:
2582:
2549:
2458:
2418:
2406:
2230:
1909:
1899:
1881:
1800:
1787:The best known and most cited section of the
1760:
1227:
1203:
1180:, chp. 16: "On Strengthening the State", 16.6
1091:
1036:
967:
940:
929:
794:
496:
482:
269:
60:
44:
8189:Fifteen Sermons Preached at the Rolls Chapel
6111:
6065:
6051:
3074:
2995:Goldin, Paul Rakita (1999). "Introduction".
2907:
2229:. Most scholars disregard this account. See
2998:Rituals of the Way: The Philosophy of Xunzi
669:. His works were compiled in the eponymous
589:
8515:
8508:
8494:
7249:
7235:
5876:
5862:
5738:Wittgenstein on Rules and Private Language
5028:
5021:
5007:
3524:
3510:
3365:
2355:
2323:
2253:
2021:. Translated by Knoblock, John. Stanford:
1767:
1753:
1720:Universal Church of the Way and its Virtue
77:
2341:, §9 "Xunzi’s Reception after His Death".
2075:. Translated by Hutton, Eric. Princeton:
1052:Stay in Chu and return to Qi (c. 283–265)
903:who lived over two centuries before him.
3470:"Xunzi (Hsün Tzu, c. 310—c. 220 B.C.E.)"
3425:
3103:
3077:Dao Companion to the Philosophy of Xunzi
3050:Dao Companion to the Philosophy of Xunzi
2784:
2772:
2760:
2748:
2733:
2721:
2691:
2652:
2640:
2623:
2611:
2599:
2561:
2537:
2518:
2506:
2435:
2377:
2201:
1813:, who tended to view humans as innately
915:
803:), which includes a biography of Xunzi (
9101:Relationship between Heaven and Mankind
8624:Interactions Between Heaven and Mankind
8221:Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals
2102:Good Beyond Evil: Xunzi on Human Nature
1791:is chapter 23, "Human Nature is Evil".
999:, though this is only speculation. The
14:
9043:
3531:
3343:(2009). "Mozi Versus Xunzi on Music".
3287:
3248:
3188:
3047:
3019:
2994:
2973:
2883:
2847:
2835:
2808:
2494:
2482:
2394:
2338:
2296:
2275:
2141:
1779:
1031:. Xunzi would have learned the art of
772:
395:
343:
8489:
7230:
5883:
5857:
5002:
3505:
3492:
3383:
3125:
2820:
2470:
2311:
2191:have improved these outlines further.
1836:, chapter 23b: "Human Nature is Evil"
958:, though this may have been to avoid
3444:Catholic University of America Press
3421:
3339:
3306:
3157:
2946:
2931:
2919:
2108:. London and Paris: Hermits United.
1941:
665:and throughout the later history of
9061:3rd-century BC Chinese philosophers
8237:Elements of the Philosophy of Right
3475:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
3467:
3398:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
3295:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
3196:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1978:Reprinted (1966), Taipei: Chengwen.
977:) translated to 'Master Xun', with
690:, Xunzi studied at the prestigious
24:
3414:
3367:"Xunzi | Chinese philosopher"
2658:
1957:
1929:, chapter 20: "Discourse on Music"
906:
25:
9117:
3461:
3120:Journal and encyclopedia articles
2838:, §2 "The Way of the Sage Kings".
912:Youth and time in Qi (c. 310–284)
8779:Confucian royal ancestral shrine
8473:
8461:
8449:
8418:
8417:
7073:The Closing of the American Mind
6993:Civilization and Its Discontents
6973:A Vindication of Natural Society
3389:"Legalism in Chinese Philosophy"
3359:10.1111/j.1540-6253.2009.01548.x
3288:Robins, Dan (13 February 2007).
1684:Confucian royal ancestral shrine
1264:
3433:
3189:Goldin, Paul R. (6 July 2018).
3134:Berkshire Encyclopedia of China
2889:
2207:
2194:
2162:
2147:
2135:
1107:). His most famous pupils were
460:
439:
418:
394:
380:
366:
8205:The Theory of Moral Sentiments
7575:Value monism – Value pluralism
5678:Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus
3330:10.1093/OBO/9780199920082-0124
3307:Sung, Winnie (27 June 2018) .
3174:10.1080/02549948.1997.11731299
2314:, § "Confucius and Disciples".
1900:
1882:
1861:
1801:
1228:
1204:
1092:
1037:
968:
941:
930:
801:Records of the Grand Historian
795:
555:
541:
527:
497:
483:
342:
328:
314:
300:
270:
61:
45:
13:
1:
6963:Oration on the Dignity of Man
5559:Principle of compositionality
3377:Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
3346:Journal of Chinese Philosophy
3048:Hutton, Eric L., ed. (2016).
3031:Open Court Publishing Company
3003:Open Court Publishing Company
2123:
1240:
1213:
928:Xunzi was born as Xun Kuang (
861:
605:
130:
99:
83:Imaginary portrait of Xunzi,
9106:3rd-century BC Confucianists
8898:Four Books and Five Classics
8634:Ancestor veneration in China
8619:Unity of Heaven and humanity
8269:On the Genealogy of Morality
8229:Critique of Practical Reason
7033:The Society of the Spectacle
5708:Philosophical Investigations
3129:"Hundred Schools of Thought"
2240:
2017:—— (1988–1994).
1872:is discussed throughout the
1212:. He remained in Zhao until
991:, a state in the modern-day
746:careful application of names
7:
5549:Modality (natural language)
3085:10.1007/978-94-017-7745-2_9
1923:
1830:
1713:Indonesian Confucian Church
1174:
1119:(or Prime Minister) of the
875:. The primary schools were
10:
9122:
8197:A Treatise of Human Nature
7256:
5688:Language, Truth, and Logic
5428:Theological noncognitivism
5313:Contrast theory of meaning
5308:Causal theory of reference
5039:Index of language articles
3654:Hundred Schools of Thought
3218:Cambridge University Press
3138:Berkshire Publishing Group
2983:
2670:World History Encyclopedia
2077:Princeton University Press
1964:Xunzi (Xun Kuang) (1927).
1936:ancient Greek philosophers
873:Hundred Schools of Thought
159:Hundred Schools of Thought
29:
9096:Zhou dynasty philosophers
9007:
8911:
8890:
8854:
8766:
8730:
8662:
8609:Confucian ritual religion
8586:
8523:
8413:
8320:
8165:
7931:
7656:
7585:
7447:
7322:
7264:
7211:
7115:
7103:Intellectuals and Society
7053:The Culture of Narcissism
6944:
6612:
6404:
6353:
6282:
6196:
6189:
6129:
5891:
5828:
5773:Philosophy of information
5760:
5609:
5461:
5373:Mediated reference theory
5298:
5045:
5036:
4914:
4720:
4480:
4342:
4233:
4137:
4068:
3955:
3846:
3673:
3664:
3539:
3499:
3494:Links to related articles
3226:10.1017/S0362502800005435
3112:Stanford University Press
3110:. Vol. 1. Stanford:
3058:10.1007/978-94-017-7745-2
2185:Doubting Antiquity School
2062:Stanford University Press
2049:Stanford University Press
2036:Stanford University Press
2023:Stanford University Press
1992:Columbia University Press
1910:
1677:Confucian ritual religion
644:. After his predecessors
624:
580:
566:
548:
534:
520:
513:
508:
504:
490:
476:
471:
453:
446:
432:
425:
411:
404:
387:
373:
359:
352:
335:
321:
307:
293:
286:
281:
277:
263:
259:
254:
246:
206:
192:
180:
170:
154:
150:
125:
95:
76:
39:
9081:Philosophers of language
9076:Philosophers from Shanxi
7548:Universal prescriptivism
7093:The Malaise of Modernity
7043:The History of Sexuality
6142:Catholic social teaching
5698:Two Dogmas of Empiricism
3395:; Nodelman, Uri (eds.).
3252:Dialectical Anthropology
2908:Hutton & Harold 2016
2128:
2073:Xunzi: The Complete Text
1984:Hsün Tzu: Basic Writings
1575:Spring and Autumn Annals
1455:Progressive Confucianism
1281:Spring and Autumn period
1015:. There he attended the
920:Map of China during the
755:onwards. By the rise of
478:Traditional Chinese
472:Alternative Chinese name
8553:Ritual and music system
7337:Artificial intelligence
7173:Philosophy of education
5499:Use–mention distinction
5343:Direct reference theory
3649:Nine Schools of Thought
3372:Encyclopædia Britannica
3335:(subscription required)
3322:Oxford University Press
3153:(subscription required)
3126:Cheng, Linsun (2016) .
3104:Knoblock, John (1988).
2213:Unlike the accounts of
2100:—— (2023).
2099:
2071:—— (2014).
2070:
2056:—— (1994).
2043:—— (1990).
2030:—— (1988).
2029:
2016:
1982:—— (1963).
1981:
1963:
1651:Classic of Filial Piety
1487:Confucianism by country
492:Simplified Chinese
9091:Zhou dynasty essayists
8517:Religious Confucianism
6112:
6066:
6052:
5433:Theory of descriptions
5368:Linguistic determinism
5030:Philosophy of language
4952:State consequentialism
3483:Full text of the Xunzi
3401:(Summer 2023 ed.)
1932:
1839:
1210:King Xiaocheng of Zhao
1170:
1056:Xunzi traveled to the
925:
241:Rectification of names
9066:Chinese Confucianists
9056:3rd-century BC deaths
8844:Temple of Agriculture
8789:Religious goods store
8675:Holy Confucian Church
8629:Chinese folk religion
8578:Worship of the living
8261:The Methods of Ethics
7499:Divine command theory
7494:Ideal observer theory
7178:Philosophy of history
7168:Philosophy of culture
7063:A Conflict of Visions
5544:Mental representation
5479:Linguistic relativity
5363:Inquisitive semantics
3969:Northern and Southern
3316:Oxford Bibliographies
1906:
1819:
1706:Holy Confucian Church
1295:Warring States period
1165:
922:Warring States period
919:
871:, referred to as the
858:Warring States period
642:Warring States period
8877:Confucian coin charm
8378:Political philosophy
7183:Political philosophy
6983:Democracy in America
5728:Naming and Necessity
5638:De Arte Combinatoria
5437:Definite description
5398:Semantic externalism
3136:. Great Barrington:
2509:, pp. 233, 239.
2497:, pp. xiii–xiv.
2485:, pp. xii–xiii.
1966:The Works of Hsüntze
1780:Human nature –
1607:Doctrine of the Mean
1441:Lingnan Confucianism
1338:Fundamental concepts
962:during the reign of
455:Baxter–Sagart (2014)
9086:Writers from Shanxi
8774:Temple of Confucius
8536:Sacrifice to Heaven
8348:Evolutionary ethics
8309:Reasons and Persons
8285:A Theory of Justice
7439:Uncertain sentience
7023:One-Dimensional Man
5778:Philosophical logic
5768:Analytic philosophy
5574:Sense and reference
5453:Verification theory
5408:Situation semantics
3599:School of Diplomacy
3300:Stanford University
3201:Stanford University
2085:10.2307/j.ctt6wq19b
1691:Temple of Confucius
1463:Hermeneutic schools
1001:Eastern Han dynasty
964:Emperor Xuan of Han
825:Western Han dynasty
823:, 87.1–2, 14). The
773:Sources and context
677:Western Han dynasty
634:Chinese philosopher
8343:Ethics in religion
8338:Descriptive ethics
8173:Nicomachean Ethics
7143:Cultural pessimism
7138:Cultural criticism
6037:National character
5628:Port-Royal Grammar
5524:Family resemblance
5443:Theory of language
5418:Supposition theory
3533:Chinese philosophy
3265:10.1007/BF00252112
2989:Books and chapters
2797:Knoblock 1982–1983
2583:Knoblock 1982–1983
2550:Knoblock 1982–1983
2459:Knoblock 1982–1983
2419:Knoblock 1982–1983
2407:Knoblock 1982–1983
2231:Knoblock 1982–1983
2221:, the record from
2189:Beijing University
1698:Confucian churches
1627:Three Commentaries
1208:) in the court of
926:
869:Chinese philosophy
865: 475–221 BCE
175:Chinese philosophy
164:Ancient philosophy
136:BCE (aged mid 70s)
9071:Chinese ethicists
9038:
9037:
8968:Bluegreen Emperor
8903:Thirteen Classics
8695:Confucian Academy
8680:Xuanyuan teaching
8604:Mandate of Heaven
8437:
8436:
8431:
8430:
8398:Social philosophy
8383:Population ethics
8373:Philosophy of law
8353:History of ethics
7836:Political freedom
7513:Euthyphro dilemma
7304:Suffering-focused
7224:
7223:
6940:
6939:
6085:Spontaneous order
6075:Social alienation
5924:Cultural heritage
5885:Social philosophy
5851:
5850:
5353:Dynamic semantics
4996:
4995:
4844:Mandate of Heaven
4716:
4715:
3453:978-0-8132-1385-9
3318:: Chinese Studies
3147:978-0-9770159-4-8
3094:978-94-017-7743-8
3067:978-94-017-7745-2
3040:978-0-8126-9942-5
3012:978-0-8126-9400-0
2787:, pp. 31–35.
2751:, pp. 20–21.
2552:, pp. 30–31.
2421:, pp. 29–30.
2115:978-1-7391156-2-3
2001:978-0-231-12965-7
1974:Arthur Probsthain
1942:Gentleman –
1777:
1776:
1550:Book of Documents
1543:Classic of Poetry
1157:succeeded Xiang.
1027:, Tian Pian, and
570:
569:
562:
561:
515:Standard Mandarin
467:
466:
361:Yale Romanization
288:Standard Mandarin
250:
249:
16:(Redirected from
9113:
9008:Tutelary deities
8839:Beijing Shejitan
8834:Temple of Heaven
8830:Beijing Temples
8784:Ancestral shrine
8700:Confucian Shinto
8670:Confucian church
8599:Chinese theology
8510:
8503:
8496:
8487:
8486:
8478:
8477:
8476:
8466:
8465:
8464:
8454:
8453:
8452:
8445:
8421:
8420:
8368:Moral psychology
8313:
8305:
8297:
8293:Practical Ethics
8289:
8281:
8277:Principia Ethica
8273:
8265:
8257:
8249:
8241:
8233:
8225:
8217:
8209:
8201:
8193:
8185:
8181:Ethics (Spinoza)
8177:
7816:Moral imperative
7274:Consequentialism
7251:
7244:
7237:
7228:
7227:
7188:Social criticism
7108:
7098:
7088:
7078:
7068:
7058:
7048:
7038:
7028:
7018:
7008:
6998:
6988:
6978:
6968:
6958:
6194:
6193:
6176:Frankfurt School
6154:Communitarianism
6117:
6071:
6057:
5878:
5871:
5864:
5855:
5854:
5813:Formal semantics
5761:Related articles
5753:
5743:
5733:
5723:
5713:
5703:
5693:
5683:
5673:
5663:
5653:
5643:
5633:
5623:
5393:Relevance theory
5388:Phallogocentrism
5023:
5016:
5009:
5000:
4999:
4873:Self-cultivation
4778:Neo-Confucianism
4513:Chung-ying Cheng
3671:
3670:
3572:New Confucianism
3567:Neo-Confucianism
3526:
3519:
3512:
3503:
3502:
3490:
3489:
3479:
3468:Elstein, David.
3457:
3410:
3408:
3406:
3393:Zalta, Edward N.
3380:
3362:
3336:
3333:
3312:
3303:
3284:
3245:
3204:
3185:
3161:Monumenta Serica
3154:
3151:
3131:
3115:
3098:
3071:
3044:
3016:
2977:
2971:
2965:
2962:in Knoblock 1994
2956:
2950:
2944:
2935:
2929:
2923:
2917:
2911:
2905:
2896:
2893:
2887:
2881:
2866:
2863:in Knoblock 1994
2857:
2851:
2845:
2839:
2833:
2824:
2818:
2812:
2806:
2800:
2794:
2788:
2782:
2776:
2770:
2764:
2758:
2752:
2746:
2737:
2731:
2725:
2719:
2710:
2707:in Knoblock 1990
2701:
2695:
2689:
2680:
2679:
2677:
2676:
2662:
2656:
2650:
2644:
2638:
2627:
2621:
2615:
2609:
2603:
2597:
2586:
2580:
2565:
2559:
2553:
2547:
2541:
2535:
2522:
2516:
2510:
2504:
2498:
2492:
2486:
2480:
2474:
2468:
2462:
2456:
2439:
2433:
2422:
2416:
2410:
2404:
2398:
2392:
2381:
2375:
2362:
2353:
2342:
2336:
2330:
2321:
2315:
2309:
2300:
2294:
2283:
2278:, §1 "Xunzi and
2273:
2260:
2251:
2234:
2211:
2205:
2198:
2192:
2182:
2166:
2160:
2151:
2145:
2139:
2119:
2104:. Translated by
2096:
2065:
2052:
2039:
2026:
2013:
1986:. Translated by
1977:
1968:. Translated by
1930:
1928:
1913:
1912:
1903:
1902:
1885:
1884:
1837:
1835:
1804:
1803:
1769:
1762:
1755:
1727:Phoenix churches
1642:Ceremonial Rites
1448:New Confucianism
1424:Neo-Confucianism
1268:
1245:
1244:
1231:
1230:
1218:
1215:
1207:
1206:
1181:
1179:
1148:
1133:
1106:
1105:
1080:King Xiang of Qi
1042:
1041:
997:Partition of Jin
976:
975:
949:
948:
938:
937:
866:
863:
817:Lord of Chunshen
798:
797:
757:Neo-Confucianism
731:
716:
640:during the late
631:
614:
613: after 238
610:
607:
603:
600:
597:
594:
591:
587:
558:
557:
544:
543:
530:
529:
506:
505:
500:
499:
486:
485:
463:
462:
442:
441:
421:
420:
400:
399:
398:
383:
382:
369:
368:
348:
347:
346:
331:
330:
317:
316:
303:
302:
279:
278:
273:
272:
252:
251:
193:Notable students
135:
132:
104:
101:
81:
71:
69:
68:
55:
53:
52:
37:
36:
21:
9121:
9120:
9116:
9115:
9114:
9112:
9111:
9110:
9041:
9040:
9039:
9034:
9003:
8907:
8886:
8867:Tiangong censer
8850:
8762:
8726:
8658:
8649:Yan Huang Zisun
8594:Shendao shejiao
8582:
8519:
8514:
8484:
8474:
8472:
8462:
8460:
8450:
8448:
8440:
8438:
8433:
8432:
8427:
8409:
8316:
8311:
8303:
8295:
8287:
8279:
8271:
8263:
8255:
8247:
8239:
8231:
8223:
8215:
8207:
8199:
8191:
8183:
8175:
8161:
7934:
7927:
7851:Self-discipline
7811:Moral hierarchy
7759:Problem of evil
7704:Double standard
7694:Culture of life
7652:
7581:
7528:Non-cognitivism
7443:
7318:
7260:
7255:
7225:
7220:
7207:
7133:Critical theory
7111:
7106:
7096:
7086:
7076:
7066:
7056:
7046:
7036:
7026:
7016:
7006:
6996:
6986:
6976:
6966:
6956:
6936:
6614:
6608:
6406:
6400:
6349:
6278:
6185:
6137:Budapest School
6125:
5914:Cosmopolitanism
5887:
5882:
5852:
5847:
5824:
5803:School of Names
5756:
5751:
5741:
5731:
5721:
5718:Of Grammatology
5711:
5701:
5691:
5681:
5671:
5661:
5651:
5641:
5631:
5621:
5605:
5457:
5403:Semantic holism
5383:Non-cognitivism
5323:Conventionalism
5294:
5041:
5032:
5027:
4997:
4992:
4910:
4811:Three teachings
4712:
4663:Tsang Lap Chuen
4476:
4338:
4247:
4229:
4145:
4141:
4133:
4082:
4064:
3973:
3967:
3951:
3860:
3842:
3660:
3658:
3604:School of Names
3547:Agriculturalism
3535:
3530:
3495:
3464:
3454:
3435:Cua, Antonio S.
3417:
3415:Further reading
3404:
3402:
3334:
3152:
3148:
3095:
3068:
3041:
3013:
2986:
2981:
2980:
2972:
2968:
2957:
2953:
2945:
2938:
2930:
2926:
2918:
2914:
2906:
2899:
2894:
2890:
2882:
2869:
2858:
2854:
2846:
2842:
2834:
2827:
2819:
2815:
2807:
2803:
2795:
2791:
2783:
2779:
2771:
2767:
2759:
2755:
2747:
2740:
2732:
2728:
2720:
2713:
2702:
2698:
2690:
2683:
2674:
2672:
2664:
2663:
2659:
2651:
2647:
2639:
2630:
2622:
2618:
2610:
2606:
2598:
2589:
2581:
2568:
2564:, pp. 4–5.
2560:
2556:
2548:
2544:
2536:
2525:
2521:, pp. 3–4.
2517:
2513:
2505:
2501:
2493:
2489:
2481:
2477:
2469:
2465:
2457:
2442:
2434:
2425:
2417:
2413:
2405:
2401:
2397:, p. xiii.
2393:
2384:
2376:
2365:
2354:
2345:
2337:
2333:
2322:
2318:
2310:
2303:
2295:
2286:
2274:
2263:
2252:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2237:
2212:
2208:
2199:
2195:
2176:
2167:
2163:
2152:
2148:
2140:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2116:
2002:
1960:
1958:Modern editions
1947:
1931:
1921:
1918:
1914:
1867:
1838:
1828:
1825:
1785:
1773:
1744:
1743:
1672:
1664:
1663:
1566:Book of Changes
1523:
1521:Confucian texts
1513:
1512:
1488:
1480:
1479:
1459:
1419:
1411:
1410:
1375:Sangang Wuchang
1339:
1331:
1330:
1276:
1243:
1216:
1183:
1172:
1163:
1142:
1127:
1054:
983:being a common
954:(孫) instead of
914:
909:
907:Life and career
897:Yin–Yang School
893:School of Names
864:
775:
725:
710:
612:
608:
601:
598:
595:
592:
536:Gwoyeu Romatzyh
461:*s-N-qʷin ang-s
309:Gwoyeu Romatzyh
209:
161:
146:
137:
133:
121:
115:
106:
102:
91:
72:
58:
56:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
9119:
9109:
9108:
9103:
9098:
9093:
9088:
9083:
9078:
9073:
9068:
9063:
9058:
9053:
9051:310s BC births
9036:
9035:
9033:
9032:
9027:
9022:
9017:
9015:Landlord deity
9011:
9009:
9005:
9004:
9002:
9001:
9000:
8999:
8998:
8997:
8992:
8987:
8977:
8976:
8975:
8965:
8964:
8963:
8958:
8948:
8947:
8946:
8936:
8934:Yellow Emperor
8929:Wufang Shangdi
8926:
8921:
8915:
8913:
8909:
8908:
8906:
8905:
8900:
8894:
8892:
8888:
8887:
8885:
8884:
8879:
8874:
8869:
8864:
8858:
8856:
8852:
8851:
8849:
8848:
8847:
8846:
8841:
8836:
8828:
8823:
8818:
8813:
8812:
8811:
8806:
8796:
8791:
8786:
8781:
8776:
8770:
8768:
8764:
8763:
8761:
8760:
8758:Yamazaki Ansai
8755:
8750:
8745:
8740:
8738:Yellow Emperor
8734:
8732:
8728:
8727:
8725:
8724:
8723:
8722:
8717:
8712:
8707:
8697:
8692:
8687:
8682:
8677:
8672:
8666:
8664:
8660:
8659:
8657:
8656:
8654:Soil and grain
8651:
8646:
8641:
8636:
8631:
8626:
8621:
8616:
8611:
8606:
8601:
8596:
8590:
8588:
8584:
8583:
8581:
8580:
8575:
8573:Ghost marriage
8570:
8565:
8560:
8555:
8550:
8545:
8544:
8543:
8533:
8527:
8525:
8521:
8520:
8513:
8512:
8505:
8498:
8490:
8483:
8482:
8470:
8458:
8435:
8434:
8429:
8428:
8426:
8425:
8414:
8411:
8410:
8408:
8407:
8400:
8395:
8393:Secular ethics
8390:
8388:Rehabilitation
8385:
8380:
8375:
8370:
8365:
8360:
8355:
8350:
8345:
8340:
8335:
8330:
8324:
8322:
8318:
8317:
8315:
8314:
8306:
8298:
8290:
8282:
8274:
8266:
8258:
8253:Utilitarianism
8250:
8242:
8234:
8226:
8218:
8210:
8202:
8194:
8186:
8178:
8169:
8167:
8163:
8162:
8160:
8159:
8154:
8149:
8144:
8139:
8134:
8129:
8124:
8119:
8114:
8109:
8104:
8099:
8094:
8089:
8084:
8079:
8074:
8069:
8064:
8059:
8054:
8049:
8044:
8039:
8034:
8029:
8024:
8019:
8014:
8009:
8004:
7999:
7994:
7989:
7984:
7979:
7974:
7969:
7964:
7959:
7954:
7949:
7944:
7938:
7936:
7929:
7928:
7926:
7925:
7920:
7915:
7910:
7905:
7904:
7903:
7898:
7893:
7883:
7878:
7873:
7868:
7863:
7858:
7853:
7848:
7843:
7838:
7833:
7828:
7823:
7818:
7813:
7808:
7803:
7798:
7793:
7788:
7783:
7778:
7773:
7768:
7763:
7762:
7761:
7756:
7751:
7741:
7736:
7731:
7726:
7721:
7716:
7711:
7706:
7701:
7696:
7691:
7686:
7681:
7676:
7671:
7666:
7660:
7658:
7654:
7653:
7651:
7650:
7645:
7640:
7635:
7630:
7625:
7620:
7615:
7613:Existentialist
7610:
7605:
7600:
7595:
7589:
7587:
7583:
7582:
7580:
7579:
7578:
7577:
7567:
7562:
7557:
7552:
7551:
7550:
7545:
7540:
7535:
7525:
7520:
7515:
7510:
7508:Constructivism
7505:
7504:
7503:
7502:
7501:
7496:
7486:
7485:
7484:
7482:Non-naturalism
7479:
7464:
7459:
7453:
7451:
7445:
7444:
7442:
7441:
7436:
7431:
7426:
7421:
7416:
7411:
7406:
7401:
7396:
7391:
7386:
7381:
7376:
7375:
7374:
7364:
7359:
7354:
7349:
7344:
7339:
7334:
7328:
7326:
7320:
7319:
7317:
7316:
7311:
7309:Utilitarianism
7306:
7301:
7296:
7291:
7286:
7281:
7276:
7270:
7268:
7262:
7261:
7254:
7253:
7246:
7239:
7231:
7222:
7221:
7219:
7218:
7212:
7209:
7208:
7206:
7205:
7200:
7195:
7193:Social science
7190:
7185:
7180:
7175:
7170:
7165:
7160:
7155:
7150:
7145:
7140:
7135:
7130:
7125:
7119:
7117:
7113:
7112:
7110:
7109:
7099:
7089:
7083:Gender Trouble
7079:
7069:
7059:
7049:
7039:
7029:
7019:
7013:The Second Sex
7009:
6999:
6989:
6979:
6969:
6959:
6948:
6946:
6942:
6941:
6938:
6937:
6935:
6934:
6929:
6924:
6919:
6914:
6909:
6904:
6899:
6894:
6889:
6884:
6879:
6874:
6869:
6864:
6859:
6854:
6849:
6844:
6839:
6834:
6829:
6824:
6819:
6814:
6809:
6804:
6799:
6794:
6789:
6784:
6779:
6774:
6769:
6764:
6759:
6754:
6749:
6744:
6739:
6734:
6729:
6724:
6719:
6714:
6709:
6704:
6699:
6694:
6689:
6684:
6679:
6674:
6669:
6664:
6659:
6654:
6649:
6644:
6639:
6634:
6629:
6624:
6618:
6616:
6610:
6609:
6607:
6606:
6601:
6596:
6591:
6586:
6581:
6576:
6571:
6566:
6561:
6556:
6551:
6546:
6541:
6536:
6531:
6526:
6521:
6516:
6511:
6506:
6501:
6496:
6491:
6486:
6481:
6476:
6471:
6466:
6461:
6456:
6451:
6446:
6441:
6436:
6431:
6426:
6421:
6416:
6410:
6408:
6402:
6401:
6399:
6398:
6393:
6388:
6383:
6378:
6373:
6368:
6363:
6357:
6355:
6351:
6350:
6348:
6347:
6342:
6337:
6332:
6327:
6322:
6317:
6312:
6307:
6302:
6297:
6292:
6286:
6284:
6280:
6279:
6277:
6276:
6271:
6266:
6261:
6256:
6251:
6246:
6241:
6236:
6231:
6226:
6221:
6216:
6211:
6206:
6200:
6198:
6191:
6187:
6186:
6184:
6183:
6178:
6173:
6172:
6171:
6161:
6156:
6151:
6150:
6149:
6139:
6133:
6131:
6127:
6126:
6124:
6123:
6118:
6109:
6108:
6107:
6097:
6092:
6087:
6082:
6077:
6072:
6063:
6058:
6049:
6044:
6039:
6034:
6029:
6028:
6027:
6017:
6012:
6007:
6005:Invisible hand
6002:
5997:
5992:
5991:
5990:
5980:
5975:
5970:
5965:
5960:
5959:
5958:
5948:
5947:
5946:
5941:
5936:
5926:
5921:
5916:
5911:
5906:
5901:
5895:
5893:
5889:
5888:
5881:
5880:
5873:
5866:
5858:
5849:
5848:
5846:
5845:
5840:
5835:
5829:
5826:
5825:
5823:
5822:
5817:
5816:
5815:
5805:
5800:
5795:
5790:
5785:
5780:
5775:
5770:
5764:
5762:
5758:
5757:
5755:
5754:
5744:
5734:
5724:
5714:
5704:
5694:
5684:
5674:
5664:
5654:
5644:
5634:
5624:
5613:
5611:
5607:
5606:
5604:
5603:
5596:
5591:
5586:
5581:
5576:
5571:
5566:
5561:
5556:
5554:Presupposition
5551:
5546:
5541:
5536:
5531:
5526:
5521:
5516:
5511:
5506:
5501:
5496:
5491:
5486:
5481:
5476:
5471:
5465:
5463:
5459:
5458:
5456:
5455:
5450:
5445:
5440:
5430:
5425:
5420:
5415:
5410:
5405:
5400:
5395:
5390:
5385:
5380:
5375:
5370:
5365:
5360:
5355:
5350:
5345:
5340:
5335:
5333:Deconstruction
5330:
5325:
5320:
5315:
5310:
5304:
5302:
5296:
5295:
5293:
5292:
5287:
5282:
5277:
5272:
5267:
5262:
5257:
5252:
5247:
5242:
5237:
5232:
5227:
5222:
5217:
5212:
5207:
5202:
5197:
5192:
5187:
5182:
5177:
5172:
5167:
5162:
5157:
5152:
5147:
5142:
5137:
5132:
5127:
5122:
5117:
5112:
5107:
5102:
5097:
5092:
5087:
5082:
5077:
5072:
5067:
5062:
5057:
5051:
5049:
5043:
5042:
5037:
5034:
5033:
5026:
5025:
5018:
5011:
5003:
4994:
4993:
4991:
4990:
4989:
4988:
4981:Metaphilosophy
4978:
4973:
4968:
4961:
4956:
4955:
4954:
4949:
4939:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4918:
4916:
4912:
4911:
4909:
4908:
4901:
4894:
4887:
4882:
4875:
4870:
4865:
4858:
4853:
4846:
4841:
4834:
4827:
4820:
4813:
4808:
4801:
4794:
4789:
4782:
4781:
4780:
4775:
4765:
4758:
4751:
4744:
4737:
4730:
4724:
4722:
4718:
4717:
4714:
4713:
4711:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4625:
4620:
4615:
4610:
4605:
4600:
4595:
4593:Lee Shui-chuen
4590:
4585:
4580:
4575:
4570:
4565:
4560:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4484:
4482:
4478:
4477:
4475:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4462:Zhang Xuecheng
4459:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4348:
4346:
4340:
4339:
4337:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4250:
4248:
4246:
4245:
4240:
4234:
4231:
4230:
4228:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4200:Wang Chongyang
4197:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4151:
4149:
4139:Five Dynasties
4135:
4134:
4132:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4085:
4083:
4081:
4080:
4075:
4069:
4066:
4065:
4063:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3976:
3974:
3972:
3971:
3962:
3960:Three Kingdoms
3956:
3953:
3952:
3950:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3863:
3861:
3859:
3858:
3853:
3847:
3844:
3843:
3841:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3679:
3677:
3668:
3662:
3661:
3657:
3656:
3651:
3645:
3643:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3631:
3630:
3623:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3575:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3554:
3549:
3543:
3541:
3537:
3536:
3529:
3528:
3521:
3514:
3506:
3500:
3497:
3496:
3487:
3486:
3480:
3463:
3462:External links
3460:
3459:
3458:
3452:
3416:
3413:
3412:
3411:
3381:
3363:
3353:(4): 653–665.
3337:
3304:
3285:
3259:(3): 271–284.
3246:
3205:
3186:
3155:
3146:
3117:
3116:
3101:
3100:
3099:
3093:
3066:
3045:
3039:
3017:
3011:
2985:
2982:
2979:
2978:
2976:, p. 260.
2966:
2951:
2949:, p. 657.
2936:
2934:, p. 654.
2924:
2912:
2910:, p. 269.
2897:
2888:
2867:
2865:, p. 151.
2852:
2840:
2825:
2813:
2811:, p. 268.
2801:
2789:
2777:
2765:
2753:
2738:
2726:
2711:
2709:, p. 247.
2696:
2681:
2657:
2645:
2628:
2616:
2604:
2587:
2566:
2554:
2542:
2523:
2511:
2499:
2487:
2475:
2463:
2440:
2438:, p. 256.
2423:
2411:
2399:
2382:
2363:
2343:
2331:
2316:
2301:
2299:, p. xii.
2284:
2261:
2245:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2236:
2235:
2206:
2193:
2161:
2146:
2133:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2121:
2120:
2114:
2097:
2068:
2067:
2066:
2053:
2040:
2014:
2000:
1988:Watson, Burton
1979:
1959:
1956:
1946:
1940:
1919:
1907:
1866:
1860:
1826:
1820:
1784:
1778:
1775:
1774:
1772:
1771:
1764:
1757:
1749:
1746:
1745:
1742:
1741:
1735:
1734:
1729:
1723:
1722:
1716:
1715:
1709:
1708:
1702:
1701:
1694:
1693:
1687:
1686:
1680:
1679:
1673:
1670:
1669:
1666:
1665:
1662:
1661:
1654:
1646:
1645:
1638:
1630:
1629:
1623:
1622:
1618:
1617:
1614:Great Learning
1610:
1602:
1601:
1594:
1586:
1585:
1579:
1578:
1570:
1569:
1562:
1554:
1553:
1546:
1538:
1537:
1531:
1530:
1524:
1519:
1518:
1515:
1514:
1511:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1489:
1486:
1485:
1482:
1481:
1478:
1477:
1472:
1466:
1465:
1458:
1457:
1451:
1450:
1444:
1443:
1438:
1432:
1431:
1426:
1420:
1417:
1416:
1413:
1412:
1409:
1408:
1401:
1394:
1387:
1379:
1378:
1370:
1369:
1362:
1355:
1348:
1340:
1337:
1336:
1333:
1332:
1329:
1328:
1323:
1317:
1316:
1310:
1309:
1304:
1298:
1297:
1291:
1290:
1284:
1283:
1277:
1274:
1273:
1270:
1269:
1261:
1260:
1254:
1253:
1242:
1239:
1197:King Zhaoxiang
1164:
1162:
1159:
1088:zui wei laoshi
1053:
1050:
1045:Lord Mengchang
913:
910:
908:
905:
774:
771:
568:
567:
564:
563:
560:
559:
552:
546:
545:
538:
532:
531:
524:
518:
517:
511:
510:
509:Transcriptions
502:
501:
494:
488:
487:
480:
474:
473:
469:
468:
465:
464:
457:
451:
450:
444:
443:
436:
434:Middle Chinese
430:
429:
427:Middle Chinese
423:
422:
415:
409:
408:
402:
401:
391:
385:
384:
377:
371:
370:
363:
357:
356:
354:Yue: Cantonese
350:
349:
339:
333:
332:
325:
319:
318:
311:
305:
304:
297:
291:
290:
284:
283:
282:Transcriptions
275:
274:
267:
261:
260:
257:
256:
248:
247:
244:
243:
210:
208:Main interests
207:
204:
203:
194:
190:
189:
184:
178:
177:
172:
168:
167:
156:
152:
151:
148:
147:
138:
127:
123:
122:
107:
97:
93:
92:
82:
74:
73:
40:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9118:
9107:
9104:
9102:
9099:
9097:
9094:
9092:
9089:
9087:
9084:
9082:
9079:
9077:
9074:
9072:
9069:
9067:
9064:
9062:
9059:
9057:
9054:
9052:
9049:
9048:
9046:
9031:
9028:
9026:
9023:
9021:
9018:
9016:
9013:
9012:
9010:
9006:
8996:
8993:
8991:
8990:Flame Emperor
8988:
8986:
8983:
8982:
8981:
8978:
8974:
8971:
8970:
8969:
8966:
8962:
8959:
8957:
8954:
8953:
8952:
8951:Black Emperor
8949:
8945:
8942:
8941:
8940:
8939:White Emperor
8937:
8935:
8932:
8931:
8930:
8927:
8925:
8922:
8920:
8917:
8916:
8914:
8910:
8904:
8901:
8899:
8896:
8895:
8893:
8889:
8883:
8880:
8878:
8875:
8873:
8870:
8868:
8865:
8863:
8862:Spirit tablet
8860:
8859:
8857:
8853:
8845:
8842:
8840:
8837:
8835:
8832:
8831:
8829:
8827:
8824:
8822:
8819:
8817:
8814:
8810:
8807:
8805:
8802:
8801:
8800:
8797:
8795:
8792:
8790:
8787:
8785:
8782:
8780:
8777:
8775:
8772:
8771:
8769:
8765:
8759:
8756:
8754:
8751:
8749:
8746:
8744:
8741:
8739:
8736:
8735:
8733:
8729:
8721:
8718:
8716:
8713:
8711:
8708:
8706:
8703:
8702:
8701:
8698:
8696:
8693:
8691:
8688:
8686:
8683:
8681:
8678:
8676:
8673:
8671:
8668:
8667:
8665:
8663:Organizations
8661:
8655:
8652:
8650:
8647:
8645:
8642:
8640:
8639:Son of Heaven
8637:
8635:
8632:
8630:
8627:
8625:
8622:
8620:
8617:
8615:
8612:
8610:
8607:
8605:
8602:
8600:
8597:
8595:
8592:
8591:
8589:
8585:
8579:
8576:
8574:
8571:
8569:
8566:
8564:
8561:
8559:
8556:
8554:
8551:
8549:
8546:
8542:
8539:
8538:
8537:
8534:
8532:
8529:
8528:
8526:
8522:
8518:
8511:
8506:
8504:
8499:
8497:
8492:
8491:
8488:
8481:
8471:
8469:
8459:
8457:
8447:
8446:
8443:
8424:
8416:
8415:
8412:
8406:
8405:
8401:
8399:
8396:
8394:
8391:
8389:
8386:
8384:
8381:
8379:
8376:
8374:
8371:
8369:
8366:
8364:
8361:
8359:
8356:
8354:
8351:
8349:
8346:
8344:
8341:
8339:
8336:
8334:
8331:
8329:
8326:
8325:
8323:
8319:
8310:
8307:
8302:
8299:
8294:
8291:
8286:
8283:
8278:
8275:
8270:
8267:
8262:
8259:
8254:
8251:
8246:
8243:
8238:
8235:
8230:
8227:
8222:
8219:
8214:
8211:
8206:
8203:
8198:
8195:
8190:
8187:
8182:
8179:
8174:
8171:
8170:
8168:
8164:
8158:
8155:
8153:
8150:
8148:
8145:
8143:
8140:
8138:
8135:
8133:
8130:
8128:
8125:
8123:
8120:
8118:
8115:
8113:
8110:
8108:
8105:
8103:
8100:
8098:
8095:
8093:
8090:
8088:
8085:
8083:
8080:
8078:
8075:
8073:
8070:
8068:
8065:
8063:
8060:
8058:
8055:
8053:
8050:
8048:
8045:
8043:
8040:
8038:
8035:
8033:
8030:
8028:
8025:
8023:
8020:
8018:
8015:
8013:
8010:
8008:
8005:
8003:
8000:
7998:
7995:
7993:
7990:
7988:
7985:
7983:
7980:
7978:
7975:
7973:
7970:
7968:
7965:
7963:
7960:
7958:
7955:
7953:
7950:
7948:
7945:
7943:
7940:
7939:
7937:
7935:
7930:
7924:
7921:
7919:
7916:
7914:
7911:
7909:
7906:
7902:
7899:
7897:
7894:
7892:
7889:
7888:
7887:
7884:
7882:
7879:
7877:
7874:
7872:
7869:
7867:
7864:
7862:
7859:
7857:
7854:
7852:
7849:
7847:
7844:
7842:
7839:
7837:
7834:
7832:
7829:
7827:
7824:
7822:
7819:
7817:
7814:
7812:
7809:
7807:
7806:Moral courage
7804:
7802:
7799:
7797:
7794:
7792:
7789:
7787:
7784:
7782:
7779:
7777:
7774:
7772:
7769:
7767:
7764:
7760:
7757:
7755:
7752:
7750:
7747:
7746:
7745:
7744:Good and evil
7742:
7740:
7737:
7735:
7732:
7730:
7729:Family values
7727:
7725:
7722:
7720:
7717:
7715:
7712:
7710:
7707:
7705:
7702:
7700:
7697:
7695:
7692:
7690:
7687:
7685:
7682:
7680:
7677:
7675:
7672:
7670:
7667:
7665:
7662:
7661:
7659:
7655:
7649:
7646:
7644:
7641:
7639:
7636:
7634:
7631:
7629:
7626:
7624:
7621:
7619:
7616:
7614:
7611:
7609:
7606:
7604:
7601:
7599:
7596:
7594:
7591:
7590:
7588:
7584:
7576:
7573:
7572:
7571:
7568:
7566:
7563:
7561:
7558:
7556:
7553:
7549:
7546:
7544:
7543:Quasi-realism
7541:
7539:
7536:
7534:
7531:
7530:
7529:
7526:
7524:
7521:
7519:
7516:
7514:
7511:
7509:
7506:
7500:
7497:
7495:
7492:
7491:
7490:
7487:
7483:
7480:
7478:
7475:
7474:
7473:
7470:
7469:
7468:
7465:
7463:
7460:
7458:
7455:
7454:
7452:
7450:
7446:
7440:
7437:
7435:
7432:
7430:
7427:
7425:
7422:
7420:
7417:
7415:
7412:
7410:
7407:
7405:
7402:
7400:
7397:
7395:
7392:
7390:
7387:
7385:
7382:
7380:
7377:
7373:
7370:
7369:
7368:
7367:Environmental
7365:
7363:
7360:
7358:
7355:
7353:
7350:
7348:
7345:
7343:
7340:
7338:
7335:
7333:
7330:
7329:
7327:
7325:
7321:
7315:
7312:
7310:
7307:
7305:
7302:
7300:
7297:
7295:
7292:
7290:
7289:Particularism
7287:
7285:
7282:
7280:
7277:
7275:
7272:
7271:
7269:
7267:
7263:
7259:
7252:
7247:
7245:
7240:
7238:
7233:
7232:
7229:
7217:
7214:
7213:
7210:
7204:
7201:
7199:
7198:Social theory
7196:
7194:
7191:
7189:
7186:
7184:
7181:
7179:
7176:
7174:
7171:
7169:
7166:
7164:
7161:
7159:
7156:
7154:
7151:
7149:
7146:
7144:
7141:
7139:
7136:
7134:
7131:
7129:
7126:
7124:
7121:
7120:
7118:
7114:
7105:
7104:
7100:
7095:
7094:
7090:
7085:
7084:
7080:
7075:
7074:
7070:
7065:
7064:
7060:
7055:
7054:
7050:
7045:
7044:
7040:
7035:
7034:
7030:
7025:
7024:
7020:
7015:
7014:
7010:
7005:
7004:
7000:
6995:
6994:
6990:
6985:
6984:
6980:
6975:
6974:
6970:
6965:
6964:
6960:
6955:
6954:
6950:
6949:
6947:
6943:
6933:
6930:
6928:
6925:
6923:
6920:
6918:
6915:
6913:
6910:
6908:
6905:
6903:
6900:
6898:
6895:
6893:
6890:
6888:
6885:
6883:
6880:
6878:
6875:
6873:
6870:
6868:
6865:
6863:
6860:
6858:
6855:
6853:
6852:Radhakrishnan
6850:
6848:
6845:
6843:
6840:
6838:
6835:
6833:
6830:
6828:
6825:
6823:
6820:
6818:
6815:
6813:
6810:
6808:
6805:
6803:
6800:
6798:
6795:
6793:
6790:
6788:
6785:
6783:
6780:
6778:
6775:
6773:
6770:
6768:
6765:
6763:
6760:
6758:
6755:
6753:
6750:
6748:
6745:
6743:
6740:
6738:
6735:
6733:
6730:
6728:
6725:
6723:
6720:
6718:
6715:
6713:
6710:
6708:
6705:
6703:
6700:
6698:
6695:
6693:
6690:
6688:
6685:
6683:
6680:
6678:
6675:
6673:
6670:
6668:
6665:
6663:
6660:
6658:
6655:
6653:
6650:
6648:
6645:
6643:
6640:
6638:
6635:
6633:
6630:
6628:
6625:
6623:
6620:
6619:
6617:
6613:20th and 21st
6611:
6605:
6602:
6600:
6597:
6595:
6592:
6590:
6587:
6585:
6582:
6580:
6577:
6575:
6572:
6570:
6567:
6565:
6562:
6560:
6557:
6555:
6552:
6550:
6547:
6545:
6542:
6540:
6537:
6535:
6532:
6530:
6527:
6525:
6522:
6520:
6517:
6515:
6512:
6510:
6507:
6505:
6502:
6500:
6497:
6495:
6492:
6490:
6487:
6485:
6482:
6480:
6477:
6475:
6472:
6470:
6467:
6465:
6462:
6460:
6457:
6455:
6452:
6450:
6447:
6445:
6442:
6440:
6437:
6435:
6432:
6430:
6427:
6425:
6422:
6420:
6417:
6415:
6412:
6411:
6409:
6405:18th and 19th
6403:
6397:
6394:
6392:
6389:
6387:
6384:
6382:
6379:
6377:
6374:
6372:
6369:
6367:
6364:
6362:
6359:
6358:
6356:
6352:
6346:
6343:
6341:
6338:
6336:
6333:
6331:
6328:
6326:
6323:
6321:
6318:
6316:
6313:
6311:
6308:
6306:
6303:
6301:
6298:
6296:
6293:
6291:
6288:
6287:
6285:
6281:
6275:
6272:
6270:
6267:
6265:
6262:
6260:
6257:
6255:
6252:
6250:
6247:
6245:
6242:
6240:
6237:
6235:
6232:
6230:
6227:
6225:
6222:
6220:
6217:
6215:
6212:
6210:
6207:
6205:
6202:
6201:
6199:
6195:
6192:
6188:
6182:
6179:
6177:
6174:
6170:
6167:
6166:
6165:
6162:
6160:
6157:
6155:
6152:
6148:
6145:
6144:
6143:
6140:
6138:
6135:
6134:
6132:
6128:
6122:
6119:
6116:
6115:
6110:
6106:
6103:
6102:
6101:
6098:
6096:
6093:
6091:
6088:
6086:
6083:
6081:
6078:
6076:
6073:
6070:
6069:
6064:
6062:
6059:
6056:
6055:
6050:
6048:
6045:
6043:
6040:
6038:
6035:
6033:
6030:
6026:
6023:
6022:
6021:
6018:
6016:
6013:
6011:
6008:
6006:
6003:
6001:
5998:
5996:
5993:
5989:
5986:
5985:
5984:
5981:
5979:
5976:
5974:
5971:
5969:
5966:
5964:
5961:
5957:
5954:
5953:
5952:
5949:
5945:
5942:
5940:
5937:
5935:
5932:
5931:
5930:
5927:
5925:
5922:
5920:
5917:
5915:
5912:
5910:
5907:
5905:
5902:
5900:
5897:
5896:
5894:
5890:
5886:
5879:
5874:
5872:
5867:
5865:
5860:
5859:
5856:
5844:
5841:
5839:
5836:
5834:
5831:
5830:
5827:
5821:
5818:
5814:
5811:
5810:
5809:
5806:
5804:
5801:
5799:
5798:Scholasticism
5796:
5794:
5791:
5789:
5786:
5784:
5781:
5779:
5776:
5774:
5771:
5769:
5766:
5765:
5763:
5759:
5750:
5749:
5745:
5740:
5739:
5735:
5730:
5729:
5725:
5720:
5719:
5715:
5710:
5709:
5705:
5700:
5699:
5695:
5690:
5689:
5685:
5680:
5679:
5675:
5669:
5665:
5660:
5659:
5655:
5650:
5649:
5645:
5640:
5639:
5635:
5630:
5629:
5625:
5620:
5619:
5615:
5614:
5612:
5608:
5602:
5601:
5597:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5580:
5577:
5575:
5572:
5570:
5567:
5565:
5562:
5560:
5557:
5555:
5552:
5550:
5547:
5545:
5542:
5540:
5537:
5535:
5532:
5530:
5527:
5525:
5522:
5520:
5517:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5492:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5475:
5472:
5470:
5467:
5466:
5464:
5460:
5454:
5451:
5449:
5446:
5444:
5441:
5438:
5434:
5431:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5421:
5419:
5416:
5414:
5413:Structuralism
5411:
5409:
5406:
5404:
5401:
5399:
5396:
5394:
5391:
5389:
5386:
5384:
5381:
5379:
5376:
5374:
5371:
5369:
5366:
5364:
5361:
5359:
5356:
5354:
5351:
5349:
5346:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5338:Descriptivism
5336:
5334:
5331:
5329:
5326:
5324:
5321:
5319:
5318:Contrastivism
5316:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5306:
5305:
5303:
5301:
5297:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5268:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5243:
5241:
5238:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5223:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5052:
5050:
5048:
5044:
5040:
5035:
5031:
5024:
5019:
5017:
5012:
5010:
5005:
5004:
5001:
4987:
4984:
4983:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4966:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4944:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4919:
4917:
4913:
4907:
4906:
4902:
4900:
4899:
4895:
4893:
4892:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4880:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4863:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4851:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4839:
4835:
4833:
4832:
4828:
4826:
4825:
4821:
4819:
4818:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4806:
4802:
4800:
4799:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4787:
4783:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4770:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4763:
4759:
4757:
4756:
4752:
4750:
4749:
4745:
4743:
4742:
4738:
4736:
4735:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4725:
4723:
4719:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4693:Zhang Dongsun
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4613:Liang Shuming
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4485:
4483:
4479:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4349:
4347:
4345:
4341:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4319:Wang Yangming
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4251:
4249:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4235:
4232:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4152:
4150:
4148:
4144:
4140:
4136:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4086:
4084:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4070:
4067:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3977:
3975:
3970:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3957:
3954:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3877:Dongfang Shuo
3875:
3873:
3872:Dong Zhongshu
3870:
3868:
3865:
3864:
3862:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3848:
3845:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3680:
3678:
3676:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3663:
3659:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3646:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3629:
3628:
3624:
3622:
3621:
3617:
3616:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3559:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3544:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3527:
3522:
3520:
3515:
3513:
3508:
3507:
3504:
3498:
3491:
3484:
3481:
3477:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3465:
3455:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3431:
3430:
3429:
3427:
3426:Knoblock 1988
3423:
3400:
3399:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3373:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3348:
3347:
3342:
3338:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3317:
3311:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3254:
3253:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3162:
3156:
3149:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3130:
3124:
3123:
3122:
3121:
3113:
3109:
3108:
3102:
3096:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3073:
3072:
3069:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3046:
3042:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3027:
3022:
3021:Graham, A. C.
3018:
3014:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2999:
2993:
2992:
2991:
2990:
2975:
2970:
2964:, p. 81.
2963:
2961:
2955:
2948:
2943:
2941:
2933:
2928:
2922:, p. 21.
2921:
2916:
2909:
2904:
2902:
2892:
2885:
2880:
2878:
2876:
2874:
2872:
2864:
2862:
2856:
2849:
2844:
2837:
2832:
2830:
2822:
2817:
2810:
2805:
2799:, p. 85.
2798:
2793:
2786:
2785:Knoblock 1988
2781:
2775:, p. 24.
2774:
2773:Knoblock 1988
2769:
2763:, p. 22.
2762:
2761:Knoblock 1988
2757:
2750:
2749:Knoblock 1988
2745:
2743:
2736:, p. 20.
2735:
2734:Knoblock 1988
2730:
2724:, p. 17.
2723:
2722:Knoblock 1988
2718:
2716:
2708:
2706:
2700:
2694:, p. 16.
2693:
2692:Knoblock 1988
2688:
2686:
2671:
2667:
2661:
2655:, p. 15.
2654:
2653:Knoblock 1988
2649:
2643:, p. 11.
2642:
2641:Knoblock 1988
2637:
2635:
2633:
2625:
2624:Knoblock 1988
2620:
2613:
2612:Knoblock 1988
2608:
2601:
2600:Knoblock 1988
2596:
2594:
2592:
2585:, p. 34.
2584:
2579:
2577:
2575:
2573:
2571:
2563:
2562:Knoblock 1988
2558:
2551:
2546:
2539:
2538:Knoblock 1988
2534:
2532:
2530:
2528:
2520:
2519:Knoblock 1988
2515:
2508:
2507:Knoblock 1988
2503:
2496:
2491:
2484:
2479:
2472:
2467:
2461:, p. 30.
2460:
2455:
2453:
2451:
2449:
2447:
2445:
2437:
2436:Knoblock 1988
2432:
2430:
2428:
2420:
2415:
2409:, p. 29.
2408:
2403:
2396:
2391:
2389:
2387:
2379:
2378:Knoblock 1988
2374:
2372:
2370:
2368:
2360:
2358:
2352:
2350:
2348:
2340:
2335:
2329:, § para. 13.
2328:
2326:
2320:
2313:
2308:
2306:
2298:
2293:
2291:
2289:
2281:
2277:
2272:
2270:
2268:
2266:
2258:
2256:
2250:
2246:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2210:
2203:
2202:Knoblock 1988
2197:
2190:
2186:
2180:
2175:
2174:Wang Xianqian
2171:
2165:
2158:
2157:
2150:
2143:
2138:
2134:
2117:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
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2078:
2074:
2069:
2063:
2059:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2028:
2027:
2024:
2020:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1962:
1961:
1955:
1953:
1945:
1939:
1937:
1927:
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1660:
1659:
1655:
1653:
1652:
1648:
1647:
1644:
1643:
1639:
1637:
1636:
1635:Rites of Zhou
1632:
1631:
1628:
1625:
1624:
1620:
1619:
1616:
1615:
1611:
1609:
1608:
1604:
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1577:
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1572:
1571:
1568:
1567:
1563:
1561:
1560:
1559:Book of Rites
1556:
1555:
1552:
1551:
1547:
1545:
1544:
1540:
1539:
1536:
1535:Five Classics
1533:
1532:
1529:
1526:
1525:
1522:
1517:
1516:
1509:
1508:United States
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1490:
1484:
1483:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1467:
1464:
1461:
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1456:
1453:
1452:
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1437:
1434:
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1427:
1425:
1422:
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1415:
1414:
1407:
1406:
1402:
1400:
1399:
1395:
1393:
1392:
1388:
1386:
1385:
1381:
1380:
1377:
1376:
1372:
1371:
1368:
1367:
1363:
1361:
1360:
1356:
1354:
1353:
1349:
1347:
1346:
1342:
1341:
1335:
1334:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1321:Dong Zhongshu
1319:
1318:
1315:
1312:
1311:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1299:
1296:
1293:
1292:
1289:
1286:
1285:
1282:
1279:
1278:
1275:Early history
1272:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1262:
1259:
1256:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1246:
1238:
1235:
1225:
1224:Lord Chunshen
1220:
1211:
1200:
1198:
1193:
1189:
1182:
1178:
1177:
1169:
1158:
1156:
1152:
1146:
1141:
1137:
1131:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1104:
1101:
1098:
1095:
1089:
1084:
1081:
1078:records that
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1064:
1059:
1049:
1046:
1040:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1017:Jixia Academy
1014:
1009:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
981:
974:
971:
965:
961:
957:
953:
947:
944:
936:
933:
923:
918:
904:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
859:
854:
852:
851:
846:
845:
840:
839:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
815:, 78.15) and
814:
810:
806:
802:
792:
791:
786:
781:
770:
768:
764:
763:
758:
754:
749:
747:
743:
737:
735:
734:Lord Chunshen
729:
724:
720:
714:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
692:Jixia Academy
689:
688:State of Zhao
684:
682:
678:
674:
673:
668:
664:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
630:
627:
622:
618:
586:
583:
578:
574:
565:
553:
551:
547:
539:
537:
533:
525:
523:
519:
516:
512:
507:
503:
495:
493:
489:
481:
479:
475:
470:
458:
456:
452:
449:
445:
437:
435:
431:
428:
424:
416:
414:
410:
407:
403:
397:
392:
390:
386:
378:
376:
372:
364:
362:
358:
355:
351:
345:
340:
338:
334:
326:
324:
320:
312:
310:
306:
298:
296:
292:
289:
285:
280:
276:
268:
266:
262:
258:
253:
245:
242:
238:
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230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
211:
205:
202:
198:
195:
191:
188:
185:
183:
179:
176:
173:
169:
165:
160:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
128:
124:
119:
114:
110:
109:State of Zhao
98:
94:
90:
89:Palace Museum
87:(1636–1912),
86:
80:
75:
67:
64:
51:
48:
38:
33:
19:
9030:Mountain God
8747:
8715:Suika Shinto
8685:Taigu school
8614:Filial piety
8541:Festival Huế
8402:
8358:Human rights
8301:After Virtue
8027:Schopenhauer
7996:
7801:Moral agency
7674:Common sense
7570:Universalism
7538:Expressivism
7518:Intuitionism
7489:Subjectivism
7434:Terraforming
7409:Professional
7101:
7091:
7081:
7071:
7061:
7051:
7041:
7031:
7021:
7011:
7001:
6991:
6981:
6971:
6961:
6951:
6371:Guicciardini
6354:Early modern
6273:
6190:Philosophers
6164:Conservatism
6159:Confucianism
6147:Distributism
6080:Social norms
6068:Sittlichkeit
6054:Ressentiment
6000:Institutions
5978:Human nature
5746:
5736:
5726:
5716:
5706:
5696:
5686:
5676:
5656:
5646:
5636:
5626:
5616:
5598:
5539:Metalanguage
5534:Logical form
5489:Truth-bearer
5448:Unilalianism
5358:Expressivism
5185:Wittgenstein
5130:von Humboldt
5099:
5047:Philosophers
4976:Epistemology
4963:
4903:
4896:
4889:
4885:Yin and yang
4877:
4868:Human nature
4860:
4856:Filial piety
4848:
4836:
4829:
4822:
4815:
4803:
4796:
4784:
4773:Confucianism
4767:
4760:
4753:
4746:
4739:
4732:
4703:Zhou Guoping
4698:Zhang Shenfu
4683:Yin Haiguang
4678:Yang Changji
4623:Liu Xiaofeng
4608:Liang Qichao
4493:Carsun Chang
4481:20th century
4467:Zhuang Cunyu
4397:Hong Liangji
4357:Chen Menglei
4352:Chen Hongmou
4334:Zhan Ruoshui
4294:Liu Zongzhou
4264:Hong Zicheng
4259:Huang Zongxi
4165:Fan Zhongyan
4143:Ten Kingdoms
4129:Linji Yixuan
4124:Liu Zongyuan
3802:
3713:Gongsun Long
3675:Eastern Zhou
3666:Philosophers
3644:
3640:Mixed School
3625:
3618:
3562:Han learning
3557:Confucianism
3485:(in Chinese)
3473:
3438:
3419:
3418:
3403:. Retrieved
3396:
3379:9 June 2017.
3370:
3350:
3344:
3314:
3298:. Stanford:
3293:
3256:
3250:
3213:
3209:
3199:. Stanford:
3194:
3165:
3159:
3133:
3119:
3118:
3106:
3076:
3049:
3025:
2997:
2988:
2987:
2969:
2959:
2954:
2927:
2915:
2891:
2860:
2855:
2843:
2816:
2804:
2792:
2780:
2768:
2756:
2729:
2704:
2699:
2673:. Retrieved
2669:
2660:
2648:
2626:, p. 9.
2619:
2614:, p. 8.
2607:
2602:, p. 7.
2557:
2545:
2540:, p. 4.
2514:
2502:
2490:
2478:
2466:
2414:
2402:
2380:, p. 3.
2361:, § para. 2.
2356:
2334:
2324:
2319:
2279:
2259:, § para. 1.
2254:
2249:
2209:
2196:
2170:Qing dynasty
2164:
2154:
2149:
2137:
2106:Hu, Mingyuan
2101:
2072:
2057:
2044:
2031:
2018:
1990:. New York:
1983:
1965:
1948:
1943:
1933:
1908:
1895:
1891:
1877:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1821:
1796:
1793:Human nature
1788:
1786:
1781:
1671:Organization
1656:
1649:
1640:
1633:
1612:
1605:
1596:
1589:
1573:
1564:
1557:
1548:
1541:
1462:
1436:Taigu school
1429:Han Learning
1404:
1397:
1390:
1383:
1374:
1365:
1358:
1351:
1343:
1326:Gongsun Hong
1306:
1258:Confucianism
1221:
1201:
1184:
1171:
1166:
1087:
1085:
1075:
1061:
1058:state of Chu
1055:
1032:
1010:
978:
960:naming taboo
927:
877:Confucianism
855:
848:
842:
836:
820:
812:
804:
800:
788:
776:
760:
753:Tang dynasty
750:
738:
686:Born in the
685:
670:
638:Confucianism
616:
572:
571:
522:Hanyu Pinyin
406:Southern Min
295:Hanyu Pinyin
221:Human nature
187:Confucianism
144:Zhou dynasty
140:State of Chu
113:Zhou dynasty
85:Qing dynasty
32:Xunzi (book)
8980:Red Emperor
8821:Miao shrine
8794:Hero shrine
8753:Kang Youwei
8176:(c. 322 BC)
8042:Kierkegaard
7861:Stewardship
7638:Rousseauian
7555:Rationalism
7467:Cognitivism
7414:Programming
7389:Meat eating
7362:Engineering
7158:Historicism
6987:(1835–1840)
6953:De Officiis
6677:de Beauvoir
6647:Baudrillard
6599:Vivekananda
6589:Tocqueville
6504:Kierkegaard
6320:Ibn Khaldun
6290:Alpharabius
6181:Personalism
6090:Stewardship
6047:Reification
6042:Natural law
5963:Familialism
5929:Culturalism
5783:Linguistics
5748:Limited Inc
5668:On Denoting
5494:Proposition
5145:de Saussure
5110:Ibn Khaldun
4947:Role ethics
4932:Metaphysics
4708:Zhou Zuoren
4668:Xiong Shili
4653:Tang Chun-i
4648:Sun Yat-sen
4643:Qiu Renzong
4638:Mou Zongsan
4588:Kang Youwei
4533:Feng Youlan
4498:P. C. Chang
4488:Cai Yuanpei
4472:Zeng Guofan
4457:Yu Zhengxie
4387:Gong Zizhen
4382:Feng Guifen
4372:Fang Lanfen
4304:Qian Dehong
4104:Zhang Zhihe
4040:Xiahou Xuan
3980:Bao Jingyan
3823:Zhuang Zhou
3405:19 February
3385:Pines, Yuri
3375:. Chicago:
3341:Wang Keping
3210:Early China
3029:. Chicago:
3001:. Chicago:
2974:Graham 2015
2884:Goldin 2018
2848:Manson 1987
2836:Robins 2007
2809:Graham 2015
2495:Goldin 1999
2483:Goldin 1999
2395:Goldin 1999
2339:Goldin 2018
2297:Goldin 1999
2276:Goldin 2018
2177: [
2142:Goldin 1999
1970:Dubs, Homer
1795:, known as
1732:Xuanyuanism
1621:Other texts
1314:Western Han
1222:In 240 BCE
1143: [
1128: [
1121:Qin dynasty
844:Zhan Guo Ce
726: [
711: [
663:Han dynasty
615:BCE), born
448:Old Chinese
329:Hsün K'uang
315:Shyun Kuanq
116:Modern-day
9045:Categories
8882:Joss paper
8872:Hell money
8799:Myo shrine
8480:Philosophy
8072:Bonhoeffer
7781:Immorality
7724:Eudaimonia
7684:Conscience
7679:Compassion
7565:Skepticism
7560:Relativism
7477:Naturalism
7457:Absolutism
7429:Technology
7279:Deontology
7163:Humanities
7123:Agnotology
6782:Kołakowski
6345:Ibn Tufayl
6325:Maimonides
6269:Thucydides
6264:Tertullian
6219:Lactantius
6114:Volksgeist
6095:Traditions
5909:Convention
5843:Discussion
5838:Task Force
5788:Pragmatics
5579:Speech act
5509:Categories
5423:Symbiosism
5378:Nominalism
5290:Watzlawick
5170:Bloomfield
5090:Chrysippus
4986:Legitimacy
4688:Yu Dunkang
4658:Tang Yijie
4633:Mao Zedong
4618:Lin Yutang
4583:Jin Yuelin
4578:Jiang Qing
4553:He Guanghu
4523:Chu Anping
4508:Chen Duxiu
4437:Wang Fuzhi
4427:Tan Sitong
4422:Pan Pingge
4417:Liu Yiming
4299:Luo Rufang
4220:Zhou Dunyi
4205:Wang Chuyi
4195:Wang Anshi
4175:Lu Jiuyuan
4055:Yan Zhitui
4045:Xie Daoyun
3947:Yang Xiong
3932:Wang Chong
3907:Kong Anguo
3768:Shen Buhai
3763:Shang Yang
3718:Guan Zhong
3688:Chunyu Kun
3609:Naturalism
3320:. Oxford:
2821:Pines 2023
2675:2022-05-27
2471:Cheng 2016
2357:Britannica
2325:Britannica
2312:Cheng 2016
2255:Britannica
2172:historian
2124:References
1972:. London:
1807:Shang Yang
1583:Four Books
1241:Philosophy
1217: 255
1188:Shang Yang
1136:Zhang Cang
1117:Chancellor
1029:Chunyu Kun
1003:historian
895:, and the
850:Yantie Lun
827:historian
780:sinologist
767:Four Books
719:Zhang Cang
679:historian
611: – c.
609: 310
599:Master Xun
550:Wade–Giles
440:Zwin Xüàng
367:Sèuhn Fong
323:Wade–Giles
134: 238
103: 310
57:Xun Kuang
8816:Ci shrine
8767:Buildings
8743:Confucius
8705:Taiseikyo
8548:Feng Shan
8456:Biography
8333:Casuistry
8245:Either/Or
8152:Korsgaard
8147:Azurmendi
8112:MacIntyre
8052:Nietzsche
7982:Augustine
7977:Confucius
7957:Aristotle
7933:Ethicists
7891:Intrinsic
7856:Suffering
7766:Happiness
7739:Free will
7719:Etiquette
7664:Authority
7608:Epicurean
7603:Confucian
7598:Christian
7533:Emotivism
7357:Discourse
7294:Pragmatic
7266:Normative
7203:Sociology
7153:Historism
6862:Santayana
6832:Oakeshott
6802:MacIntyre
6787:Kropotkin
6762:Heidegger
6615:centuries
6529:Nietzsche
6494:Jefferson
6479:Helvétius
6444:Condorcet
6407:centuries
6391:Montaigne
6214:Confucius
6204:Augustine
6121:Worldview
6015:Modernity
5988:Formation
5820:Semiotics
5808:Semantics
5658:Alciphron
5594:Statement
5529:Intension
5469:Ambiguity
5348:Dramatism
5328:Cratylism
5080:Eubulides
5075:Aristotle
5055:Confucius
4965:Shan shui
4898:Zhengming
4673:Xu Fuguan
4598:Li Shicen
4573:Ray Huang
4558:Hu Qiaomu
4528:Fang Keli
4518:Ch'ien Mu
4503:Chen Daqi
4432:Tang Zhen
4377:Fang Quan
4289:Liu Bowen
4279:Lai Zhide
4269:Jiao Hong
4254:Chen Jiru
4215:Zhang Zai
4180:Shao Yong
4155:Cheng Hao
4099:Wang Tong
4000:Guo Xiang
3922:Liu Xiang
3902:Jing Fang
3813:Yuan Xian
3793:Ximen Bao
3748:Lie Yukou
3703:Duanmu Ci
3693:Confucius
3579:Huang–Lao
3422:Sung 2018
3281:143724631
3242:170890374
3220:: 29–52.
3023:(2015) .
2947:Wang 2009
2932:Wang 2009
2920:Cook 1997
2241:Citations
2223:Ying Shao
2219:Liu Xiang
2215:Sima Qian
2093:246223800
1700:and sects
1503:Indonesia
1359:Zhengming
1288:Confucius
1155:King Jian
1151:slandered
1072:Qin state
1021:King Xuan
1005:Ying Shao
924:, 260 BCE
901:Confucius
838:Han Feizi
833:Ying Shao
829:Liu Xiang
785:Sima Qian
681:Liu Xiang
667:East Asia
646:Confucius
632:), was a
617:Xun Kuang
542:Shyuntzyy
381:Seon Fong
301:Xún Kuàng
225:Education
18:Xun Kuang
9025:City God
9020:Tudigong
8985:Shennong
8826:Yin miao
8690:Shengdao
8587:Concepts
8568:Marriage
8423:Category
8363:Ideology
8328:Axiology
8157:Nussbaum
8107:Frankena
8102:Anscombe
8092:Williams
8047:Sidgwick
7967:Valluvar
7962:Diogenes
7947:Socrates
7871:Theodicy
7866:Sympathy
7831:Pacifism
7821:Morality
7734:Fidelity
7714:Equality
7669:Autonomy
7657:Concepts
7618:Feminist
7593:Buddhist
7523:Nihilism
7462:Axiology
7419:Research
7352:Computer
7347:Business
7216:Category
7128:Axiology
7116:See also
6907:Voegelin
6897:Spengler
6872:Shariati
6827:Nussbaum
6812:Maritain
6772:Irigaray
6752:Habermas
6717:Foucault
6702:Durkheim
6604:Voltaire
6569:de Staël
6544:Rousseau
6469:Franklin
6330:Muhammad
6315:Gelasius
6300:Avempace
6283:Medieval
6259:Polybius
6254:Plutarch
6020:Morality
5995:Ideology
5983:Identity
5892:Concepts
5833:Category
5793:Rhetoric
5618:Cratylus
5589:Sentence
5564:Property
5484:Language
5462:Concepts
5300:Theories
5265:Strawson
5250:Davidson
5240:Hintikka
5235:Anscombe
5180:Vygotsky
5135:Mauthner
5105:Averroes
5095:Zhuangzi
5085:Diodorus
5065:Cratylus
4959:Ink wash
4937:Politics
4927:Theology
4786:Ming yun
4762:Jing zuo
4721:Concepts
4603:Li Zehou
4568:Hua Gang
4538:Gan Yang
4447:Yan Yuan
4442:Wei Yuan
4412:Lin Zexu
4392:Gu Yanwu
4367:Fang Bao
4362:Dai Zhen
4324:Wu Cheng
4314:Wang Gen
4185:Shen Kuo
4160:Cheng Yi
4119:Liu Yuxi
4025:Sengzhao
3985:Fan Zhen
3887:Huan Tan
3867:Ban Zhao
3818:Zhang Yi
3808:Yang Zhu
3773:Shen Dao
3683:Bu Shang
3584:Legalism
3552:Buddhism
3387:(2023).
3273:29790241
3234:23351544
3182:40727390
3168:: 1–38.
2010:50803310
1920:—
1862:Music –
1827:—
1739:Shengdao
1591:Analects
1475:New Text
1470:Old Text
1250:a series
1248:Part of
1234:Shandong
1192:Legalist
1140:Mao Heng
1125:Fuqiu Bo
885:Legalism
744:and the
723:Mao Heng
708:Fuqiu Bo
704:Legalist
556:Hsun Tzu
419:Sûn Hóng
375:Jyutping
8995:Zhurong
8956:Zhuanxu
8944:Shaohao
8924:Shangdi
8912:Deities
8855:Objects
8804:Jongmyo
8720:Onmyōdō
8644:Tianxia
8558:Guan Li
8524:Rituals
8442:Portals
8321:Related
8067:Tillich
8032:Bentham
8007:Spinoza
8002:Aquinas
7987:Mencius
7901:Western
7876:Torture
7841:Precept
7796:Loyalty
7791:Liberty
7786:Justice
7699:Dignity
7689:Consent
7633:Kantian
7623:Islamic
7586:Schools
7472:Realism
7404:Nursing
7399:Medical
7384:Machine
7324:Applied
6957:(44 BC)
6887:Sombart
6882:Skinner
6867:Scruton
6847:Polanyi
6822:Niebuhr
6807:Marcuse
6742:Gramsci
6737:Gentile
6697:Du Bois
6687:Deleuze
6657:Benoist
6627:Agamben
6584:Thoreau
6574:Stirner
6564:Spencer
6514:Le Play
6464:Fourier
6449:Emerson
6434:Carlyle
6419:Bentham
6396:Müntzer
6366:Erasmus
6340:Plethon
6335:Photios
6295:Aquinas
6229:Mencius
6197:Ancient
6130:Schools
6010:Loyalty
5968:History
5956:Counter
5951:Culture
5919:Customs
5600:more...
5504:Concept
5245:Dummett
5220:Gadamer
5215:Chomsky
5200:Derrida
5190:Russell
5175:Bergson
5160:Tillich
5120:Leibniz
5060:Gorgias
4971:Society
4748:Jian'ai
4563:Hu Shih
4548:Gu Zhun
4407:Ma Qixi
4309:Wang Ji
4274:Jiao Yu
4190:Su Song
4170:Hu Hong
4060:Zhi Dun
4050:Xun Can
4035:Wang Bi
4030:Wang Su
4020:Ji Kang
4015:Huiyuan
4005:Fu Xuan
3995:Ge Hong
3942:Xun Yue
3937:Wang Fu
3927:Ma Rong
3897:Jia Kui
3838:Zou Yan
3798:Xu Xing
3783:Sun Tzu
3753:Mencius
3728:Hui Shi
3723:Han Fei
3698:Deng Xi
3635:Yangism
3627:Xuanxue
3594:Marxism
3540:Schools
3310:"Xunzi"
3290:"Xunzi"
3191:"Xunzi"
2984:Sources
2666:"Xunzi"
1811:Mencius
1598:Mencius
1418:Schools
1352:Ganying
1302:Mencius
1109:Han Fei
1068:Qu Yuan
1025:Zou Yan
985:epithet
765:in the
762:Mencius
696:Han Fei
650:Mencius
621:Chinese
593:
577:Chinese
265:Chinese
197:Han Fei
120:, China
8961:Xuanwu
8809:Munmyo
8731:People
8710:Shusei
8312:(1984)
8304:(1981)
8296:(1979)
8288:(1971)
8280:(1903)
8272:(1887)
8264:(1874)
8256:(1861)
8248:(1843)
8240:(1820)
8232:(1788)
8224:(1785)
8216:(1780)
8208:(1759)
8200:(1740)
8192:(1726)
8184:(1677)
8142:Taylor
8127:Parfit
8122:Singer
8097:Mackie
7972:Cicero
7913:Virtue
7846:Rights
7771:Honour
7628:Jewish
7424:Sexual
7332:Animal
7314:Virtue
7258:Ethics
7148:Ethics
7107:(2010)
7097:(1991)
7087:(1990)
7077:(1987)
7067:(1987)
7057:(1979)
7047:(1976)
7037:(1967)
7027:(1964)
7017:(1949)
7007:(1935)
6997:(1930)
6977:(1756)
6967:(1486)
6912:Walzer
6902:Taylor
6892:Sowell
6877:Simmel
6842:Pareto
6837:Ortega
6747:Guénon
6732:Gehlen
6727:Gandhi
6682:Debord
6667:Butler
6662:Berlin
6652:Bauman
6642:Badiou
6632:Arendt
6622:Adorno
6554:Ruskin
6509:Le Bon
6484:Herder
6459:Fichte
6454:Engels
6424:Bonald
6414:Arnold
6386:Milton
6381:Luther
6361:Calvin
6239:Origen
6209:Cicero
6169:Social
6105:Family
6100:Values
6061:Rights
6025:Public
5973:Honour
5904:Anomie
5899:Agency
5752:(1988)
5742:(1982)
5732:(1980)
5722:(1967)
5712:(1953)
5702:(1951)
5692:(1936)
5682:(1921)
5672:(1905)
5662:(1732)
5652:(1668)
5642:(1666)
5632:(1660)
5622:(n.d.)
5584:Symbol
5285:Searle
5275:Putnam
5225:Kripke
5210:Austin
5195:Carnap
5140:Ricœur
5125:Herder
5115:Hobbes
4942:Ethics
4915:Topics
4850:Wu wei
4628:Lu Xun
4452:Yu Yue
4402:Ji Yun
4284:Li Zhi
4225:Zhu Xi
4210:Ye Shi
4109:Han Yu
4094:Jizang
4010:He Yan
3990:Fan Ye
3917:Lu Jia
3912:Liu An
3892:Jia Yi
3882:Dou Wu
3828:Zichan
3778:Su Qin
3738:Li Kui
3620:Daoxue
3614:Taoism
3589:Mohism
3450:
3279:
3271:
3240:
3232:
3180:
3144:
3091:
3064:
3037:
3009:
2112:
2091:
2008:
1998:
1878:Yuelun
1528:Ruzang
993:Shanxi
891:, the
889:Mohism
881:Daoism
658:Mohist
654:Daoist
623::
579::
413:Tâi-lô
233:Heaven
213:Ritual
182:School
171:Region
129:After
118:Shanxi
41:Xunzi
8973:Fu Xi
8891:Books
8748:Xunzi
8563:Ji Li
8468:China
8404:Index
8166:Works
8137:Adams
8132:Nagel
8087:Dewey
8082:Rawls
8062:Barth
8057:Moore
8022:Hegel
7997:Xunzi
7952:Plato
7942:Laozi
7923:Wrong
7896:Japan
7886:Value
7881:Trust
7776:Ideal
7643:Stoic
7394:Media
7379:Legal
6945:Works
6932:Žižek
6917:Weber
6857:Röpke
6817:Negri
6797:Lasch
6767:Hoppe
6722:Fromm
6712:Evola
6692:Dewey
6672:Camus
6579:Taine
6559:Smith
6549:Royce
6539:Renan
6474:Hegel
6439:Comte
6429:Burke
6376:Locke
6310:Dante
6305:Bruni
6274:Xunzi
6249:Plato
6244:Philo
6224:Laozi
6032:Mores
5944:Multi
5934:Inter
5610:Works
5519:Class
5280:Lewis
5270:Quine
5255:Grice
5205:Whorf
5165:Sapir
5150:Frege
5100:Xunzi
5070:Plato
4922:Logic
4905:Ziran
4543:Gu Su
4329:Xu Ai
4114:Li Ao
4089:Fu Yi
3803:Xunzi
3788:Wu Qi
3743:Li Si
3733:Laozi
3708:Gaozi
3391:. In
3277:S2CID
3269:JSTOR
3238:S2CID
3230:JSTOR
3178:JSTOR
2960:Xunzi
2861:Xunzi
2705:Xunzi
2280:Xunzi
2181:]
2156:Shiji
2129:Notes
2089:S2CID
1952:junzi
1944:junzi
1925:Xunzi
1874:Xunzi
1870:Music
1832:Xunzi
1789:Xunzi
1498:Japan
1493:Korea
1307:Xunzi
1219:BCE.
1176:Xunzi
1147:]
1132:]
1113:Li Si
1076:Shiji
809:Li Si
790:Shiji
742:music
730:]
715:]
700:Li Si
672:Xunzi
573:Xunzi
528:Xúnzǐ
255:Xunzi
229:Music
201:Li Si
8919:Tian
8531:Jesa
8117:Hare
8077:Foot
8037:Mill
8017:Kant
8012:Hume
7992:Mozi
7908:Vice
7826:Norm
7754:Evil
7749:Good
7709:Duty
7449:Meta
7372:Land
7299:Role
7284:Care
6927:Zinn
6922:Weil
6792:Land
6777:Kirk
6637:Aron
6594:Vico
6534:Owen
6524:Mill
6519:Marx
6499:Kant
6489:Hume
6234:Mozi
5939:Mono
5569:Sign
5474:Cant
5260:Ryle
5230:Ayer
5155:Boas
4891:Yong
4838:Tian
4817:Shen
4798:Qing
4755:Jing
4344:Qing
4243:Ming
4238:Yuan
4147:Song
4078:Tang
3833:Zisi
3758:Mozi
3448:ISBN
3424:and
3420:See
3407:2024
3142:ISBN
3089:ISBN
3062:ISBN
3035:ISBN
3007:ISBN
2359:2017
2327:2017
2257:2017
2217:and
2110:ISBN
2006:OCLC
1996:ISBN
1894:and
1888:Mozi
1815:good
1797:xing
1782:xing
1658:Erya
1366:Xiao
1345:Tian
1138:and
1111:and
1033:shuo
989:Zhao
856:The
847:and
721:and
698:and
656:and
648:and
590:lit.
126:Died
96:Born
7918:Vow
7648:Tao
7342:Bio
6757:Han
6707:Eco
5514:Set
4862:Xin
4805:Ren
4728:Tao
4073:Sui
3965:Jin
3856:Han
3851:Qin
3355:doi
3326:doi
3261:doi
3222:doi
3170:doi
3081:doi
3054:doi
2081:doi
1892:yue
1864:yue
1398:Xin
1391:Ren
1229:蘭陵令
1205:臨武君
1190:'s
956:Xun
952:Sun
787:'s
636:of
389:IPA
337:IPA
237:Dao
219:),
155:Era
105:BCE
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796:史記
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604:;
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498:荀子
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217:Li
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1103:師
1100:老
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