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also the state's responsibility to protect against future monopolies that might come into existence. Mencius also advocated for no taxes on imports; the market was to exchange for what you lacked so taxing merchants importing goods would ultimately hurt the villagers. The thought behind this is that people are inherently good and rational and can be trusted to regulate themselves, so price gouging or deception would not be an issue. Taxes on the property were acceptable and to be the only means by which the dukes and states would collect money. They did not need to collect much because taxes were only for supplemental funds. These taxes were also progressive, meaning the families that owned larger, more fertile pieces of land would pay more than the families with uniform land allotments. Scarcity is an issue in any market; however, Mencius emphasizes the reframing of the idea of a scarce resource. Instead of scarce, resources are to be seen as abundant. Resources are gained through work ethic not by any other means so there are no unfair competitions or gains. To preserve these natural resources, they needed to be used or harvested according to their cycles of growth or replenishing. In many cases, posterity has priority over profit.
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principle or inner logic. A ruler must justify his position by acting benevolently before he can expect reciprocation from the people. In this view, a king is like a steward. Although
Confucius admired kings of great accomplishment, Mencius is clarifying the proper hierarchy of human society. Although a king has presumably higher status than a commoner, he is actually subordinate to the masses of people and the resources of society. Otherwise, there would be an implied disregard of the potential of human society heading into the future. One is significant only for what one gives, not for what one takes.
1607:
1400:, who thought people were innately bad, and Taoists who believed humans did not need cultivation, they just needed to accept their innate, natural, and effortless goodness. The four beginnings/sprouts could grow and develop, or they could fail. In this way Mencius synthesized integral parts of Taoism into Confucianism. Individual effort was needed to cultivate oneself, but one's natural tendencies were good to begin with. The object of education is the cultivation of benevolence (
1310:), raised her son alone. They were very poor. At first they lived by a cemetery, where the mother found her son imitating the paid mourners in funeral processions. Therefore, the mother decided to move. The next house was near a market in the town. There the boy began to imitate the cries of butchers. So the mother moved to a house next to a school. Inspired by the scholars and students, Mencius began to study. His mother decided to remain, and Mencius became a scholar.
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denied that Heaven would protect a person regardless of his actions, saying, "One who understands
Destiny will not stand beneath a tottering wall". The proper path is one which is natural and unforced. This path must also be maintained because, "Unused pathways are covered with weeds." One who follows Destiny will live a long and successful life. One who rebels against Destiny will die before his time.
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1289:; 'Mencius's mother moves three times')); this saying refers to the legend that Mencius's mother moved houses three times before finding a location that she felt was suitable for the child's upbringing. As an expression, the idiom refers to the importance of finding the proper environment for raising children.
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Mencius distinguished between superior men who recognize and follow the virtues of righteousness and benevolence and inferior men who do not. He suggested that superior men considered only righteousness, not benefits. That assumes "permanent property" to uphold common morality. To secure benefits for
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This saying should not be taken as an instigation to violence against authorities but as an application of
Confucian philosophy to society. Confucianism requires a clarification of what may be reasonably expected in any given relationship. All relationships should be beneficial, but each has its own
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In regards to the
Confucian perspective of the marketplace, more about Confucius’ thoughts from Mencius than from the philosopher himself are learned. The government should have a mostly hands-off approach regarding the marketplace. This was in part, to prevent state-run monopolies, however, it was
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Mencius emphasized the significance of the common citizens in the state. While
Confucianism generally regards rulers highly, he argued that it is acceptable for the subjects to overthrow or even kill a ruler who ignores the people's needs and rules harshly. This is because a ruler who does not rule
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Human nature has an innate tendency towards goodness, but moral rightness cannot be instructed down to the last detail. This is why merely external controls always fail in improving society. True improvement results from educational cultivation in favorable environments. Likewise, bad environments
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One primary principle of his work is that human nature is righteous and humane. The responses of citizens to the policies of rulers embodies this principle, and a state with righteous and humane policies will flourish by nature. The citizens, with freedom from good rule, will then allocate time to
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Another story further illustrates the emphasis that
Mencius's mother placed on her son's education. As the story goes, once when Mencius was young, he was a truant. His mother responded to his apparent disregard for his education by taking up a pair of scissors and cutting the cloth she had been
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Mencius also believed in the power of
Destiny in shaping the roles of human beings in society. What is destined cannot be contrived by the human intellect or foreseen. Destiny is shown when a path arises that is both unforeseen and constructive. Destiny should not be confused with Fate. Mencius
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There is another legend about his mother and his wife, involving a time when his wife was at home alone and was discovered by
Mencius not to be sitting properly. Mencius thought his wife had violated a rite, and demanded a divorce. His mother claimed that it was written in
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The feeling of commiseration definitely is the beginning of humanity; the feeling of shame and dislike is the beginning of righteousness; the feeling of deference and compliance is the beginning of propriety; and the feeling of right or wrong is the beginning of wisdom.
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that before a person entered a room, he should announce his imminent presence loudly to let others prepare for his arrival; as he had not done that in this case, the person who had violated the rite was
Mencius himself. Eventually Mencius admitted his fault.
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According to
Mencius, education must awaken the innate abilities of the human mind. He denounced memorization and advocated active interrogation of the text, saying "One who believes all of a book would be better off without books"
1371:. Mencius describes this in the context of educating rulers and citizens about the nature of man. "He who exerts his mind to the utmost knows his nature" and "the way of learning is none other than finding the lost mind."
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Witnesses of this event immediately feel alarm and distress, not to gain friendship with the child's parents, nor to seek the praise of their neighbors and friends, nor because they dislike the reputation ...
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when he took three years leave of absence from his official duties for Qi to mourn his mother's death. Disappointed at his failure to effect changes in his contemporary world, he retired from public life.
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tend to corrupt the human will. This, however, is not proof of innate evil because a clear thinking person would avoid causing harm to others. This position of Mencius puts him between Confucians such as
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who first translated the Confucian canon into Latin and other European languages, as they felt that the Neo-Confucian school largely consisted of Buddhist and Taoist contamination of Confucianism.
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also particularly disliked what they had believed to be condemnation of celibacy as unfilial, which is rather a mistranslation of a similar word referring more to aspects of personality.
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2178:, La Salle, Illinois: Open Court. (Includes a number of seminal essays on Mencius, including "Motivation and Moral Action in Mencius," "Two Roots or One?" and "On Translating Mencius.")
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caring for their wives, brothers, elders, and children, and be educated with rites and naturally become better citizens. This placed him at odds with his near contemporary,
2145:"Sinensis Imperii Liber Quartus Classicus Dictus Memcius, Sinicè Mem Tsu [The Fourth Classic Book of the Chinese Empire, Called the Mencius or, in Chinese, Mengzi]"
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Men have these Four Beginnings just as they have their four limbs. Having these Four Beginnings, but saying that they cannot develop them is to destroy themselves.
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weaving in front of him. This was intended to illustrate that one cannot stop a task midway, and her example inspired Mencius to be diligent in his studies.
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1435:). One should check for internal consistency by comparing sections and debate the probability of factual accounts by comparing them with experience.
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1529:(1130–1200) grouped as the core of orthodox Neo-Confucian thought. In contrast to the sayings of Confucius, which are short and self-contained, the
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Mencius's interpretation of Confucianism has generally been considered the orthodox version by subsequent Chinese philosophers, especially by the
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himself. He was part of Confucius's fourth generation of disciples, inheriting his ideology and developing it further. Living during the
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1216:). Like Confucius, according to legend, he travelled throughout China for forty years to offer advice to rulers for reform. During the
1512:. Mencius's disciples included a large number of feudal lords, and he is said to have been more influential than Confucius had been.
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Mencius expounds on the concept that the human is naturally righteous and humane. It is the influence of society that causes bad
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In a 1978 book that estimated the hundred most influential persons in history to that point, Mencius was ranked at 92.
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Mencius's mother is often held up as an exemplary female figure in Chinese culture. One of the most famous traditional
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1947:
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2212:, Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing. (See the translation of the stories about Mencius's mother on pp. 150–155.)
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and Zbigniew Słupski, eds., Dictionary of Oriental Literatures: East Asia (Charles Tuttle, 1978): 115-116.
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Images of Women in Chinese Thought and Culture: Writings from the Pre–Qin Period through the Song Dynasty
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consists of long dialogues, including arguments, with extensive prose. It was generally neglected by the
1965:"David L. Hall and Roger T. Ames, Thinking Through Confucius, State University of New York Press, 19137"
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2118:"François Noël and His Latin Translations of Confucian Classical Books Published in Prague in 1711"
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1197:, Shandong. He was an itinerant philosopher and sage, and one of the principal interpreters of
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To show innate goodness, Mencius used the example of a child falling down a well.
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1227: – 221 BC), Mencius served as an official and scholar at the
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Ethics in the Confucian Tradition: The Thought of Mencius and Wang Yangming
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justly is no longer a true ruler. Speaking of the overthrow of the wicked
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This article is about the ancient Chinese philosopher. For the book, see
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2A:6 in Chan 1963: 65. Formatting has been applied to ease readability.
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She is one of 125 women of which biographies have been included in the
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7024:
6977:
6788:
6743:
6627:
6531:
6521:
6486:
6456:
6277:
5753:
5479:
5449:
5408:
5403:
5169:
5144:
4932:
4897:
4531:
4516:
4440:
4435:
4400:
4390:
4303:
4238:
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3189:
3164:
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3111:
2982:
2916:
2822:
2782:
2684:
2664:
2605:
2570:
2480:
2205:, New York: Cambridge University Press. (Chapter 4 is on Mencius.)
1757:(Fall 2018 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University
1592:
1470:
1194:
1073:
925:
400:
279:
100:
2230:
2217:
Mencius and Aquinas: Theories of Virtue and Conceptions of Courage
8233:
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1573:
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862:
168:
2266:
2203:
Virtue Ethics and Consequentialism in Early Chinese Philosophy
2176:
The Ways of Confucianism: Investigations in Chinese Philosophy
7012:
6501:
6436:
5398:
5393:
5373:
5181:
4521:
4511:
3702:
3340:
3126:
2886:
2585:
2540:
2530:
2505:
2083:
Disputers of the Tao: Philosophical Argument in Ancient China
2031:
The 100: A Ranking of the Most Influential Persons in History
1888:
The 100: A Ranking of the Most Influential Persons in History
1577:
1258:
460:
446:
7007:
6431:
5383:
4783:
An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation
4561:
4477:
4323:
4318:
4278:
3635:
2630:
2555:
1909:. Columbia University, Longmans, Green & Co., Agents;
1202:
992:
679:
2240:
1350:
6576:
6471:
4487:
3796:
3525:
502:
419:
405:
391:
370:
61:
Half Portraits of the Great Sage and Virtuous Men of Old
3589:
2160:, Prague: Charles-Ferdinand University Press, pp.
2041:
2039:
1587:
First Mencius Institute outside of China is located at
1265:
and crowned with dragons stands in front of his grave.
2257:
Article discussing the view of ethics of Mencius from
2193:
Mengzi: With Selections from Traditional Commentaries
6153:
The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction
2243:: Chinese text with English translation and links to
1119:
558:
346:
332:
318:
304:
284:
270:
2036:
1602:
1201:. He was supposedly a pupil of Confucius's grandson
1906:
The economic principles of Confucius and his school
1177:, who believed that human nature is evil by birth.
2005:, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1978, p. 45
2277:. Vol. 18 (11th ed.). pp. 112–115.
2253:Annotated scholarly translation with Chinese text
8271:
2112:, 2nd edition, Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing.
2008:
1151:) to reflect his traditional esteem relative to
1572:The first Mencius Institute was established in
1296:) died when Mencius was very young. His mother
1865:Yagi, Kiichiro (2008). "China, economics in,"
6392:
5019:
3812:
2315:
2219:, Albany: State University of New York Press.
1465:the disadvantaged and the aged, he advocated
1305:
1146:
1095:
528:
230:
64:
6898:
5261:
5215:
5201:
4759:Fifteen Sermons Preached at the Rolls Chapel
2078:, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
6834:
2154:The Six Classic Books of the Chinese Empire
6399:
6385:
5026:
5012:
3819:
3805:
2322:
2308:
2129:
1235:from 319 to 312 BC. He expressed his
1102:
1088:
1055:Universal Church of the Way and its Virtue
53:
16:Confucian philosopher (c. 371 – c. 289 BC)
2236:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry
2231:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry
1447:
6406:
2251:English translation by A. Charles Muller
2132:Essays on the Moral Philosophy of Mengzi
2130:Liu Xiusheng; et al., eds. (2002),
1868:The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics
1488:
1413:
1349:
7982:Reflections on the Revolution in France
4791:Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals
2185:, Stanford: Stanford University Press.
2100:Virtue Politics: Mencius on Kingly Rule
2071:, Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
1928:Estate, The Arthur Waley (2012-11-12).
1755:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1729:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
8272:
2329:
2115:
1962:
1927:
1748:
1580:in 2008 under a collaboration between
1557:had been recently decided against the
1374:
1165:, which would later be canonised as a
421:
348:
6380:
5033:
5007:
3800:
2303:
2264:
2069:Mencius: Contexts and Interpretations
1898:
1896:
2195:, Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing.
2150:Sinensis Imperii Libri Classici Sex
2139:
2014:
1995:
1902:
1589:Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman (UTAR)
1567:
1141:philosopher, often described as the
8305:3rd-century BC Chinese philosophers
8295:4th-century BC Chinese philosophers
8092:The End of History and the Last Man
8002:Elements of the Philosophy of Right
4807:Elements of the Philosophy of Right
2076:A Source Book in Chinese Philosophy
13:
2134:, Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing
1893:
1473:, and a more equal sharing of the
14:
8406:
2224:
2183:Mencius and Early Chinese Thought
1963:Martin, Michael R. (1990-02-01).
8062:The Open Society and Its Enemies
6223:The Closing of the American Mind
6143:Civilization and Its Discontents
6123:A Vindication of Natural Society
4988:
4987:
2074:Chan, Wing-tsit (trans.), 1963,
2033:, p. 7, discussed on pp. 479–81.
1722:
1633:
1619:
1605:
1019:Confucian royal ancestral shrine
599:
6869:Family as a model for the state
2060:
2020:
1956:
1921:
1877:
1859:
1846:
1833:
1711:The New Encyclopedia Britannica
1709:Mei, Yi Pao (1985). "Mencius",
1362:
503:
482:
461:
447:
420:
406:
392:
371:
69:) – held by the
8365:Chinese political philosophers
8219:Separation of church and state
8117:Collectivism and individualism
8072:The Origins of Totalitarianism
4775:The Theory of Moral Sentiments
4145:Value monism – Value pluralism
2085:, Chicago: Open Court Press.
2067:Chan, Alan K. L. (ed.), 2002,
2047:"Proud addition to university"
2003:China to 1850: A Short History
1820:
1807:
1788:
1776:
1767:
1742:
1716:
1703:
1671:
1432:
1428:
1329:Biographies of Exemplary Women
1301:
1293:
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529:
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286:
285:
271:
231:
1:
8300:3rd-century BC Chinese people
8290:4th-century BC Chinese people
8259:Category:Political philosophy
8132:Critique of political economy
6113:Oration on the Dignity of Man
2124:, vol. 6, pp. 45–52
1969:Journal of Chinese Philosophy
1753:, in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.),
1692:
1500:with a stele honoring Mencius
1221:
1206:
1127:
113:
86:
8395:3rd-century BC Confucianists
8390:4th-century BC Confucianists
8335:Philosophers from Lu (state)
8157:Institutional discrimination
8152:History of political thought
6884:Negative and positive rights
6183:The Society of the Spectacle
4839:On the Genealogy of Morality
4799:Critique of Practical Reason
2208:Wang, Robin R. (ed.), 2003,
1697:
1484:
1409:
1339:
7:
8167:Justification for the state
7952:Two Treatises of Government
1598:
1048:Indonesian Confucian Church
10:
8411:
6837:Bellum omnium contra omnes
4767:A Treatise of Human Nature
3826:
2452:Hundred Schools of Thought
1438:
1356:Myths and Legends of China
1343:
1292:Mencius's father Meng Ji (
1243:Mencius was buried in the
25:
18:
8385:Zhou dynasty philosophers
8345:Philosophers of education
8254:
8104:
7873:
7521:
7254:
7134:
7053:
6965:
6956:
6822:
6656:
6585:
6414:
6361:
6265:
6253:Intellectuals and Society
6203:The Culture of Narcissism
6094:
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4890:
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3712:
3518:
3278:
3140:
3031:
2935:
2866:
2753:
2644:
2471:
2462:
2337:
2291:Works by or about Mencius
2116:Liščák, Vladimir (2015),
2102:, London: Hermits United.
1981:10.1163/15406253-01704005
1931:The Analects of Confucius
1582:Jiangsu Normal University
1555:Chinese Rites controversy
1358:(1922) by E. T. C. Werner
1306:
1302:孟母; lit. 'Mother of Meng'
1280:
1268:
1248:
1147:
1012:Confucian ritual religion
574:
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59:As depicted in the album
52:
45:
8350:Philosophers of language
8042:The Revolt of the Masses
6243:The Malaise of Modernity
6193:The History of Sexuality
5292:Catholic social teaching
4118:Universal prescriptivism
1903:Chen, Huanzhang (1911).
1749:Goldin, Paul R. (2018),
1664:
910:Spring and Autumn Annals
790:Progressive Confucianism
616:Spring and Autumn period
200:Goodness of human nature
8340:Philosophers of culture
8022:The Communist Manifesto
6948:Tyranny of the majority
6859:Consent of the governed
6323:Philosophy of education
3907:Artificial intelligence
2447:Nine Schools of Thought
2274:Encyclopædia Britannica
2215:Yearley, Lee H., 1990,
2181:Shun, Kwong-loi, 1997,
1830:6:A11 in Chan 1963: 58.
1418:Painting of Mencius by
1180:
986:Classic of Filial Piety
822:Confucianism by country
8380:Zhou dynasty essayists
6899:
6849:Clash of civilizations
6835:
5262:
5216:
5202:
3750:State consequentialism
1856:1B:8 in Chan 1963: 62.
1817:7:A1 in Chan 1963: 78.
1649:Cheng Yi (philosopher)
1501:
1448:Politics and economics
1423:
1393:
1359:
71:National Palace Museum
8310:Chinese Confucianists
6864:Divine right of kings
6328:Philosophy of history
6318:Philosophy of culture
6213:A Conflict of Visions
4831:The Methods of Ethics
4069:Divine command theory
4064:Ideal observer theory
2767:Northern and Southern
2265:Legge, James (1911).
2122:Anthropologia Integra
1940:10.4324/9780203715246
1492:
1417:
1381:
1353:
1218:Warring States period
1157:Warring States period
1041:Holy Confucian Church
630:Warring States period
8360:Philosophers of mind
8012:Democracy in America
7391:political philosophy
7374:political philosophy
7189:political philosophy
7018:political philosophy
6928:Separation of powers
6889:Night-watchman state
6874:Monopoly on violence
6408:Political philosophy
6333:Political philosophy
6133:Democracy in America
4948:Political philosophy
2199:Van Norden, Bryan W.
2189:Van Norden, Bryan W.
2081:Graham, A.C., 1993,
942:Doctrine of the Mean
776:Lingnan Confucianism
673:Fundamental concepts
498:Baxter–Sagart (2014)
194:as an aspect of the
177:political philosophy
8375:Social philosophers
8370:Sinchang Maeng clan
8355:Philosophers of law
8202:Right-wing politics
8082:A Theory of Justice
8052:The Road to Serfdom
7972:The Social Contract
6679:Christian democracy
6173:One-Dimensional Man
4918:Evolutionary ethics
4879:Reasons and Persons
4855:A Theory of Justice
4009:Uncertain sentience
2397:School of Diplomacy
2001:Charles O. Hucker,
1535:Jesuit missionaries
1375:The four beginnings
1261:carried by a giant
1245:Cemetery of Mencius
1026:Temple of Confucius
798:Hermeneutic schools
192:Right to revolution
8330:People from Jining
8214:Political violence
8209:Political theology
8192:Left-wing politics
8187:Political spectrum
6293:Cultural pessimism
6288:Cultural criticism
5187:National character
4913:Ethics in religion
4908:Descriptive ethics
4743:Nicomachean Ethics
2331:Chinese philosophy
2106:Ivanhoe, Philip J.
1804:(Mencius Cemetery)
1502:
1455:King Zhou of Shang
1424:
1360:
1214: 402 BC
1135: 289 BC
1033:Confucian churches
962:Three Commentaries
145:Chinese philosophy
135:Ancient philosophy
117: 289 BC
90: 371 BC
8267:
8266:
8177:Philosophy of law
8122:Conflict theories
7962:The Spirit of Law
7869:
7868:
6918:Original position
6374:
6373:
6090:
6089:
5235:Spontaneous order
5225:Social alienation
5074:Cultural heritage
5035:Social philosophy
5001:
5000:
4968:Social philosophy
4953:Population ethics
4943:Philosophy of law
4923:History of ethics
4406:Political freedom
4083:Euthyphro dilemma
3874:Suffering-focused
3794:
3793:
3642:Mandate of Heaven
3514:
3513:
2286:Project Gutenberg
2172:Nivison, David S.
1723:Shun, Kwong Loi.
1641:Philosophy portal
1568:Mencius Institute
1320:The Book of Rites
1193:, in what is now
1185:Mencius was born
1167:Confucian classic
1112:
1111:
885:Book of Documents
878:Classic of Poetry
578:
577:
566:
565:
547:Standard Mandarin
513:
512:
387:Yale Romanization
328:Yale Romanization
259:Standard Mandarin
196:Mandate of Heaven
173:social philosophy
121:Zou, Zhou dynasty
8402:
8182:Political ethics
8172:Machiavellianism
8112:Authoritarianism
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6830:Balance of power
6804:Social democracy
6799:Social Darwinism
6774:Multiculturalism
6719:Environmentalism
6694:Communitarianism
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6338:Social criticism
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5304:Communitarianism
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5207:
5028:
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5004:
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4990:
4938:Moral psychology
4883:
4875:
4867:
4863:Practical Ethics
4859:
4851:
4847:Principia Ethica
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4827:
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4811:
4803:
4795:
4787:
4779:
4771:
4763:
4755:
4751:Ethics (Spinoza)
4747:
4386:Moral imperative
3844:Consequentialism
3821:
3814:
3807:
3798:
3797:
3671:Self-cultivation
3576:Neo-Confucianism
3311:Chung-ying Cheng
2469:
2468:
2370:New Confucianism
2365:Neo-Confucianism
2324:
2317:
2310:
2301:
2300:
2295:Internet Archive
2282:Works by Mencius
2278:
2270:
2191:(trans.), 2008,
2168:
2164:
2135:
2125:
2098:(trans.), 2023,
2055:
2054:
2043:
2034:
2027:Hart, Michael H.
2024:
2018:
2012:
2006:
1999:
1993:
1992:
1960:
1954:
1953:
1925:
1919:
1918:
1900:
1891:
1884:Hart, Michael H.
1881:
1875:
1870:, v. 1, p. 778.
1863:
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1149:
1137:) was a Chinese
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1062:Phoenix churches
977:Ceremonial Rites
783:New Confucianism
759:Neo-Confucianism
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8239:Totalitarianism
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7912:Treatise on Law
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7250:
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7049:
6952:
6938:State of nature
6933:Social contract
6913:Ordered liberty
6901:Noblesse oblige
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6410:
6405:
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6283:Critical theory
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4504:
4497:
4421:Self-discipline
4381:Moral hierarchy
4329:Problem of evil
4274:Double standard
4264:Culture of life
4222:
4151:
4098:Non-cognitivism
4013:
3888:
3830:
3825:
3795:
3790:
3708:
3609:Three teachings
3510:
3461:Tsang Lap Chuen
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2402:School of Names
2345:Agriculturalism
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2328:
2268:"Mencius"
2259:The Philosopher
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1783:Jaroslav Průšek
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1591:Kampar Campus,
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1553:in 1711 as the
1487:
1450:
1441:
1412:
1377:
1369:moral character
1365:
1348:
1342:
1304:), born Zhang (
1271:
1224:
1213:
1209:
1183:
1134:
1130:
1120:
1108:
1079:
1078:
1007:
999:
998:
901:Book of Changes
858:
856:Confucian texts
848:
847:
823:
815:
814:
794:
754:
746:
745:
710:Sangang Wuchang
674:
666:
665:
611:
314:Tongyong Pinyin
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241:Literal meaning
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116:
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11:
5:
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8265:
8264:
8262:
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8255:
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8251:
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8229:Social justice
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8211:
8206:
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8204:
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8194:
8184:
8179:
8174:
8169:
8164:
8159:
8154:
8149:
8144:
8139:
8137:Egalitarianism
8134:
8129:
8127:Contractualism
8124:
8119:
8114:
8108:
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8102:
8101:
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8068:
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6925:
6923:Overton window
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6806:
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6756:
6754:Libertarianism
6751:
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6726:
6721:
6716:
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6706:
6701:
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6372:
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6355:
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6345:
6343:Social science
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6285:
6280:
6275:
6269:
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6263:
6262:
6260:
6259:
6249:
6239:
6233:Gender Trouble
6229:
6219:
6209:
6199:
6189:
6179:
6169:
6163:The Second Sex
6159:
6149:
6139:
6129:
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6109:
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5507:
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5487:
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5467:
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5406:
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5396:
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5348:
5341:
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5333:
5328:
5323:
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5311:
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5299:
5289:
5283:
5281:
5277:
5276:
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5273:
5268:
5259:
5258:
5257:
5247:
5242:
5237:
5232:
5227:
5222:
5213:
5208:
5199:
5194:
5189:
5184:
5179:
5178:
5177:
5167:
5162:
5157:
5155:Invisible hand
5152:
5147:
5142:
5141:
5140:
5130:
5125:
5120:
5115:
5110:
5109:
5108:
5098:
5097:
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5091:
5086:
5076:
5071:
5066:
5061:
5056:
5051:
5045:
5043:
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5038:
5031:
5030:
5023:
5016:
5008:
4999:
4998:
4996:
4995:
4984:
4981:
4980:
4978:
4977:
4970:
4965:
4963:Secular ethics
4960:
4958:Rehabilitation
4955:
4950:
4945:
4940:
4935:
4930:
4925:
4920:
4915:
4910:
4905:
4900:
4894:
4892:
4888:
4887:
4885:
4884:
4876:
4868:
4860:
4852:
4844:
4836:
4828:
4823:Utilitarianism
4820:
4812:
4804:
4796:
4788:
4780:
4772:
4764:
4756:
4748:
4739:
4737:
4733:
4732:
4730:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4659:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4579:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4508:
4506:
4499:
4498:
4496:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4474:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4413:
4408:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4332:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4230:
4228:
4224:
4223:
4221:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4183:Existentialist
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4159:
4157:
4153:
4152:
4150:
4149:
4148:
4147:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4121:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4078:Constructivism
4075:
4074:
4073:
4072:
4071:
4066:
4056:
4055:
4054:
4052:Non-naturalism
4049:
4034:
4029:
4023:
4021:
4015:
4014:
4012:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3945:
3944:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3898:
3896:
3890:
3889:
3887:
3886:
3881:
3879:Utilitarianism
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3840:
3838:
3832:
3831:
3824:
3823:
3816:
3809:
3801:
3792:
3791:
3789:
3788:
3787:
3786:
3779:Metaphilosophy
3776:
3771:
3766:
3759:
3754:
3753:
3752:
3747:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3716:
3714:
3710:
3709:
3707:
3706:
3699:
3692:
3685:
3680:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3656:
3651:
3644:
3639:
3632:
3625:
3618:
3611:
3606:
3599:
3592:
3587:
3580:
3579:
3578:
3573:
3563:
3556:
3549:
3542:
3535:
3528:
3522:
3520:
3516:
3515:
3512:
3511:
3509:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3391:Lee Shui-chuen
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3282:
3280:
3276:
3275:
3273:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3260:Zhang Xuecheng
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3146:
3144:
3138:
3137:
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3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
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3044:
3043:
3038:
3032:
3029:
3028:
3026:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2998:Wang Chongyang
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2949:
2947:
2937:Five Dynasties
2933:
2932:
2930:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
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2889:
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2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2774:
2772:
2770:
2769:
2760:
2758:Three Kingdoms
2754:
2751:
2750:
2748:
2747:
2742:
2737:
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2727:
2722:
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2304:
2298:
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2248:
2238:
2233:
2226:
2225:External links
2223:
2221:
2220:
2213:
2206:
2196:
2186:
2179:
2169:
2143:, ed. (1711),
2141:Noël, François
2137:
2127:
2113:
2103:
2093:
2079:
2072:
2064:
2062:
2059:
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2056:
2035:
2019:
2007:
1994:
1975:(4): 495–503.
1955:
1948:
1920:
1892:
1876:
1858:
1845:
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1800:2012-08-05 at
1787:
1775:
1773:Chan 1963: 49.
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1630:
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1600:
1597:
1569:
1566:
1521:is one of the
1506:Neo-Confucians
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1483:
1449:
1446:
1440:
1437:
1411:
1408:
1376:
1373:
1364:
1361:
1354:Mencius, from
1346:Mencius (book)
1344:Main article:
1341:
1338:
1286:mèngmǔ sānqiān
1270:
1267:
1263:stone tortoise
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949:Great Learning
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542:
541:Transcriptions
534:
533:
526:
520:
519:
515:
514:
511:
510:
500:
494:
493:
487:
486:
479:
477:Middle Chinese
473:
472:
470:Middle Chinese
466:
465:
458:
452:
451:
444:
435:
434:
428:
427:
417:
411:
410:
403:
397:
396:
389:
383:
382:
380:Yue: Cantonese
376:
375:
368:
362:
361:
355:
354:
344:
338:
337:
330:
324:
323:
316:
310:
309:
302:
296:
295:
282:
276:
275:
268:
262:
261:
255:
254:
253:Transcriptions
246:
245:
242:
238:
237:
228:
222:
221:
217:
216:
213:
212:
209:
208:
205:
204:
202:
201:
198:
188:
186:
183:
180:
179:
166:
164:Main interests
163:
160:
159:
154:
148:
147:
142:
138:
137:
132:
128:
127:
124:
123:
120:
111:
107:
106:
93:
82:
80:
76:
75:
58:
50:
49:
46:
21:Mencius (book)
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8407:
8396:
8393:
8391:
8388:
8386:
8383:
8381:
8378:
8376:
8373:
8371:
8368:
8366:
8363:
8361:
8358:
8356:
8353:
8351:
8348:
8346:
8343:
8341:
8338:
8336:
8333:
8331:
8328:
8326:
8323:
8321:
8318:
8316:
8313:
8311:
8308:
8306:
8303:
8301:
8298:
8296:
8293:
8291:
8288:
8286:
8285:289 BC deaths
8283:
8281:
8280:372 BC births
8278:
8277:
8275:
8260:
8257:
8256:
8253:
8247:
8246:
8242:
8240:
8237:
8235:
8232:
8230:
8227:
8225:
8222:
8220:
8217:
8215:
8212:
8210:
8207:
8203:
8200:
8198:
8195:
8193:
8190:
8189:
8188:
8185:
8183:
8180:
8178:
8175:
8173:
8170:
8168:
8165:
8163:
8162:Jurisprudence
8160:
8158:
8155:
8153:
8150:
8148:
8145:
8143:
8140:
8138:
8135:
8133:
8130:
8128:
8125:
8123:
8120:
8118:
8115:
8113:
8110:
8109:
8107:
8103:
8094:
8093:
8089:
8084:
8083:
8079:
8074:
8073:
8069:
8064:
8063:
8059:
8054:
8053:
8049:
8044:
8043:
8039:
8034:
8033:
8029:
8024:
8023:
8019:
8014:
8013:
8009:
8004:
8003:
7999:
7994:
7993:
7992:Rights of Man
7989:
7984:
7983:
7979:
7974:
7973:
7969:
7964:
7963:
7959:
7954:
7953:
7949:
7944:
7943:
7939:
7934:
7933:
7929:
7924:
7923:
7919:
7914:
7913:
7909:
7904:
7903:
7902:De re publica
7899:
7894:
7893:
7889:
7884:
7883:
7879:
7878:
7876:
7872:
7862:
7859:
7857:
7854:
7852:
7849:
7847:
7844:
7842:
7839:
7837:
7834:
7832:
7829:
7827:
7824:
7822:
7819:
7817:
7814:
7812:
7809:
7807:
7804:
7802:
7799:
7797:
7794:
7792:
7789:
7787:
7784:
7782:
7779:
7777:
7774:
7772:
7769:
7767:
7764:
7762:
7759:
7757:
7754:
7752:
7749:
7747:
7744:
7742:
7739:
7737:
7734:
7732:
7729:
7727:
7724:
7722:
7719:
7717:
7714:
7712:
7709:
7707:
7704:
7702:
7699:
7697:
7694:
7692:
7689:
7687:
7684:
7682:
7679:
7677:
7674:
7672:
7669:
7667:
7664:
7662:
7659:
7657:
7654:
7652:
7649:
7647:
7644:
7642:
7639:
7637:
7634:
7632:
7629:
7627:
7624:
7622:
7619:
7617:
7614:
7612:
7609:
7607:
7604:
7602:
7599:
7597:
7594:
7592:
7589:
7587:
7584:
7582:
7579:
7577:
7574:
7572:
7569:
7567:
7564:
7562:
7559:
7557:
7554:
7552:
7549:
7547:
7544:
7542:
7539:
7537:
7534:
7532:
7529:
7528:
7526:
7522:20th and 21st
7520:
7514:
7511:
7509:
7506:
7504:
7501:
7499:
7496:
7494:
7491:
7489:
7486:
7484:
7481:
7479:
7476:
7474:
7471:
7469:
7466:
7464:
7461:
7459:
7456:
7454:
7451:
7449:
7446:
7444:
7441:
7439:
7436:
7434:
7431:
7429:
7426:
7424:
7421:
7419:
7416:
7414:
7411:
7409:
7406:
7404:
7401:
7399:
7396:
7392:
7389:
7388:
7387:
7384:
7382:
7379:
7375:
7372:
7371:
7370:
7367:
7365:
7362:
7360:
7357:
7355:
7352:
7350:
7347:
7345:
7342:
7340:
7337:
7335:
7332:
7330:
7327:
7325:
7322:
7320:
7317:
7315:
7312:
7310:
7307:
7305:
7302:
7300:
7297:
7295:
7292:
7290:
7287:
7285:
7282:
7280:
7277:
7275:
7272:
7270:
7267:
7265:
7262:
7261:
7259:
7255:18th and 19th
7253:
7247:
7244:
7242:
7239:
7237:
7234:
7232:
7229:
7227:
7224:
7222:
7219:
7217:
7214:
7212:
7209:
7207:
7204:
7202:
7199:
7197:
7194:
7190:
7187:
7186:
7185:
7182:
7180:
7177:
7175:
7172:
7170:
7167:
7165:
7162:
7160:
7157:
7155:
7152:
7150:
7147:
7145:
7142:
7141:
7139:
7133:
7127:
7124:
7122:
7119:
7117:
7114:
7112:
7111:Nizam al-Mulk
7109:
7107:
7104:
7102:
7099:
7097:
7094:
7092:
7089:
7087:
7084:
7082:
7079:
7077:
7074:
7072:
7069:
7067:
7064:
7062:
7059:
7058:
7056:
7052:
7046:
7043:
7041:
7038:
7036:
7033:
7031:
7028:
7026:
7023:
7019:
7016:
7015:
7014:
7011:
7009:
7006:
7004:
7001:
6999:
6996:
6994:
6991:
6989:
6986:
6984:
6981:
6979:
6976:
6974:
6971:
6970:
6968:
6964:
6961:
6959:
6955:
6949:
6946:
6944:
6941:
6939:
6936:
6934:
6931:
6929:
6926:
6924:
6921:
6919:
6916:
6914:
6911:
6909:
6906:
6903:
6902:
6897:
6895:
6892:
6890:
6887:
6885:
6882:
6880:
6877:
6875:
6872:
6870:
6867:
6865:
6862:
6860:
6857:
6855:
6852:
6850:
6847:
6845:
6842:
6839:
6838:
6833:
6831:
6828:
6827:
6825:
6821:
6815:
6812:
6810:
6807:
6805:
6802:
6800:
6797:
6795:
6794:Republicanism
6792:
6790:
6787:
6785:
6782:
6780:
6777:
6775:
6772:
6770:
6767:
6765:
6762:
6760:
6757:
6755:
6752:
6750:
6747:
6745:
6742:
6740:
6737:
6735:
6732:
6730:
6727:
6725:
6722:
6720:
6717:
6715:
6712:
6710:
6707:
6705:
6702:
6700:
6697:
6695:
6692:
6690:
6687:
6685:
6682:
6680:
6677:
6675:
6672:
6670:
6667:
6665:
6662:
6661:
6659:
6655:
6649:
6646:
6644:
6641:
6639:
6636:
6634:
6631:
6629:
6626:
6624:
6621:
6619:
6616:
6614:
6611:
6609:
6606:
6604:
6601:
6599:
6596:
6594:
6591:
6590:
6588:
6584:
6578:
6575:
6573:
6570:
6568:
6565:
6563:
6560:
6558:
6555:
6553:
6550:
6548:
6545:
6543:
6540:
6538:
6535:
6533:
6530:
6528:
6525:
6523:
6520:
6518:
6515:
6513:
6510:
6508:
6505:
6503:
6500:
6498:
6495:
6493:
6490:
6488:
6485:
6483:
6480:
6478:
6475:
6473:
6470:
6468:
6465:
6463:
6460:
6458:
6455:
6453:
6450:
6448:
6445:
6443:
6440:
6438:
6435:
6433:
6430:
6428:
6425:
6423:
6420:
6419:
6417:
6413:
6409:
6402:
6397:
6395:
6390:
6388:
6383:
6382:
6379:
6367:
6364:
6363:
6360:
6354:
6351:
6349:
6348:Social theory
6346:
6344:
6341:
6339:
6336:
6334:
6331:
6329:
6326:
6324:
6321:
6319:
6316:
6314:
6311:
6309:
6306:
6304:
6301:
6299:
6296:
6294:
6291:
6289:
6286:
6284:
6281:
6279:
6276:
6274:
6271:
6270:
6268:
6264:
6255:
6254:
6250:
6245:
6244:
6240:
6235:
6234:
6230:
6225:
6224:
6220:
6215:
6214:
6210:
6205:
6204:
6200:
6195:
6194:
6190:
6185:
6184:
6180:
6175:
6174:
6170:
6165:
6164:
6160:
6155:
6154:
6150:
6145:
6144:
6140:
6135:
6134:
6130:
6125:
6124:
6120:
6115:
6114:
6110:
6105:
6104:
6100:
6099:
6097:
6093:
6083:
6080:
6078:
6075:
6073:
6070:
6068:
6065:
6063:
6060:
6058:
6055:
6053:
6050:
6048:
6045:
6043:
6040:
6038:
6035:
6033:
6030:
6028:
6025:
6023:
6020:
6018:
6015:
6013:
6010:
6008:
6005:
6003:
6002:Radhakrishnan
6000:
5998:
5995:
5993:
5990:
5988:
5985:
5983:
5980:
5978:
5975:
5973:
5970:
5968:
5965:
5963:
5960:
5958:
5955:
5953:
5950:
5948:
5945:
5943:
5940:
5938:
5935:
5933:
5930:
5928:
5925:
5923:
5920:
5918:
5915:
5913:
5910:
5908:
5905:
5903:
5900:
5898:
5895:
5893:
5890:
5888:
5885:
5883:
5880:
5878:
5875:
5873:
5870:
5868:
5865:
5863:
5860:
5858:
5855:
5853:
5850:
5848:
5845:
5843:
5840:
5838:
5835:
5833:
5830:
5828:
5825:
5823:
5820:
5818:
5815:
5813:
5810:
5808:
5805:
5803:
5800:
5798:
5795:
5793:
5790:
5788:
5785:
5783:
5780:
5778:
5775:
5773:
5770:
5769:
5767:
5763:20th and 21st
5761:
5755:
5752:
5750:
5747:
5745:
5742:
5740:
5737:
5735:
5732:
5730:
5727:
5725:
5722:
5720:
5717:
5715:
5712:
5710:
5707:
5705:
5702:
5700:
5697:
5695:
5692:
5690:
5687:
5685:
5682:
5680:
5677:
5675:
5672:
5670:
5667:
5665:
5662:
5660:
5657:
5655:
5652:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5642:
5640:
5637:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5627:
5625:
5622:
5620:
5617:
5615:
5612:
5610:
5607:
5605:
5602:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5580:
5577:
5575:
5572:
5570:
5567:
5565:
5562:
5561:
5559:
5555:18th and 19th
5553:
5547:
5544:
5542:
5539:
5537:
5534:
5532:
5529:
5527:
5524:
5522:
5519:
5517:
5514:
5512:
5509:
5508:
5506:
5502:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5483:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5463:
5461:
5458:
5456:
5453:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5437:
5435:
5431:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5397:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5387:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5351:
5349:
5345:
5342:
5338:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5320:
5317:
5316:
5315:
5312:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5298:
5295:
5294:
5293:
5290:
5288:
5285:
5284:
5282:
5278:
5272:
5269:
5266:
5265:
5260:
5256:
5253:
5252:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5243:
5241:
5238:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5223:
5220:
5219:
5214:
5212:
5209:
5206:
5205:
5200:
5198:
5195:
5193:
5190:
5188:
5185:
5183:
5180:
5176:
5173:
5172:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5139:
5136:
5135:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5111:
5107:
5104:
5103:
5102:
5099:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5081:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5046:
5044:
5040:
5036:
5029:
5024:
5022:
5017:
5015:
5010:
5009:
5006:
4994:
4986:
4985:
4982:
4976:
4975:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4895:
4893:
4889:
4880:
4877:
4872:
4869:
4864:
4861:
4856:
4853:
4848:
4845:
4840:
4837:
4832:
4829:
4824:
4821:
4816:
4813:
4808:
4805:
4800:
4797:
4792:
4789:
4784:
4781:
4776:
4773:
4768:
4765:
4760:
4757:
4752:
4749:
4744:
4741:
4740:
4738:
4734:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4509:
4507:
4505:
4500:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4458:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4376:Moral courage
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4330:
4327:
4325:
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870:Five Classics
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8142:Elite theory
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7179:Guicciardini
7135:Early modern
7002:
6958:Philosophers
6908:Open society
6844:Body politic
6714:Distributism
6704:Conservatism
6699:Confucianism
6618:Gerontocracy
6608:Dictatorship
6562:Sovereignty
6552:Ruling class
6442:Emancipation
6427:Citizenship
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5297:Distributism
5230:Social norms
5218:Sittlichkeit
5204:Ressentiment
5150:Institutions
5128:Human nature
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4928:Human rights
4871:After Virtue
4597:Schopenhauer
4556:
4371:Moral agency
4244:Common sense
4140:Universalism
4108:Expressivism
4088:Intuitionism
4059:Subjectivism
4004:Terraforming
3979:Professional
3774:Epistemology
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3687:
3683:Yin and yang
3675:
3666:Human nature
3658:
3654:Filial piety
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3571:Confucianism
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3501:Zhou Guoping
3496:Zhang Shenfu
3481:Yin Haiguang
3476:Yang Changji
3421:Liu Xiaofeng
3406:Liang Qichao
3291:Carsun Chang
3279:20th century
3265:Zhuang Cunyu
3195:Hong Liangji
3155:Chen Menglei
3150:Chen Hongmou
3132:Zhan Ruoshui
3092:Liu Zongzhou
3062:Hong Zicheng
3057:Huang Zongxi
2963:Fan Zhongyan
2941:Ten Kingdoms
2927:Linji Yixuan
2922:Liu Zongyuan
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2511:Gongsun Long
2473:Eastern Zhou
2464:Philosophers
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2360:Han learning
2355:Confucianism
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2061:Bibliography
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1732:. Retrieved
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1613:China portal
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1539:Matteo Ricci
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1495:Yuan dynasty
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1363:Human nature
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1191:state of Zou
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1006:Organization
991:
984:
975:
968:
947:
940:
931:
924:
908:
899:
892:
883:
876:
797:
771:Taigu school
764:Han Learning
739:
732:
725:
718:
709:
700:
693:
686:
678:
661:Gongsun Hong
636:
593:Confucianism
554:Hanyu Pinyin
432:Southern Min
366:Romanization
266:Hanyu Pinyin
220:Chinese name
157:Confucianism
60:
35:
28:Chinese name
8325:Ontologists
8016:(1835–1840)
7896:(c. 350 BC)
7886:(c. 375 BC)
7503:Tocqueville
7468:Saint-Simon
7433:Montesquieu
7284:Bolingbroke
7216:Machiavelli
7096:Ibn Khaldun
7061:Alpharabius
7054:Middle Ages
6879:Natural law
6854:Common good
6779:Nationalism
6739:Imperialism
6709:Corporatism
6684:Colonialism
6664:Agrarianism
6643:Technocracy
6623:Meritocracy
6603:Bureaucracy
6593:Aristocracy
6308:Historicism
6137:(1835–1840)
6103:De Officiis
5827:de Beauvoir
5797:Baudrillard
5749:Vivekananda
5739:Tocqueville
5654:Kierkegaard
5470:Ibn Khaldun
5440:Alpharabius
5331:Personalism
5240:Stewardship
5197:Reification
5192:Natural law
5113:Familialism
5079:Culturalism
4746:(c. 322 BC)
4612:Kierkegaard
4431:Stewardship
4208:Rousseauian
4125:Rationalism
4037:Cognitivism
3984:Programming
3959:Meat eating
3932:Engineering
3745:Role ethics
3730:Metaphysics
3506:Zhou Zuoren
3466:Xiong Shili
3451:Tang Chun-i
3446:Sun Yat-sen
3441:Qiu Renzong
3436:Mou Zongsan
3386:Kang Youwei
3331:Feng Youlan
3296:P. C. Chang
3286:Cai Yuanpei
3270:Zeng Guofan
3255:Yu Zhengxie
3185:Gong Zizhen
3180:Feng Guifen
3170:Fang Lanfen
3102:Qian Dehong
2902:Zhang Zhihe
2838:Xiahou Xuan
2778:Bao Jingyan
2621:Zhuang Zhou
2096:Mingyuan Hu
2015:Noël (1711)
1734:18 November
1233:state of Qi
1143:Second Sage
1067:Xuanyuanism
956:Other texts
649:Western Han
506:mˤraŋ-stsəʔ
491:Old Chinese
103:, Shandong)
32:family name
8274:Categories
8224:Separatism
8032:On Liberty
7932:The Prince
7661:Huntington
7164:Campanella
7091:al-Ghazali
7040:Thucydides
6998:Lactantius
6943:Statolatry
6769:Monarchism
6749:Liberalism
6674:Capitalism
6657:Ideologies
6638:Plutocracy
6586:Government
6542:Revolution
6527:Propaganda
6477:Legitimacy
6452:Government
6313:Humanities
6273:Agnotology
5932:Kołakowski
5495:Ibn Tufayl
5475:Maimonides
5419:Thucydides
5414:Tertullian
5369:Lactantius
5264:Volksgeist
5245:Traditions
5059:Convention
4642:Bonhoeffer
4351:Immorality
4294:Eudaimonia
4254:Conscience
4249:Compassion
4135:Skepticism
4130:Relativism
4047:Naturalism
4027:Absolutism
3999:Technology
3849:Deontology
3784:Legitimacy
3486:Yu Dunkang
3456:Tang Yijie
3431:Mao Zedong
3416:Lin Yutang
3381:Jin Yuelin
3376:Jiang Qing
3351:He Guanghu
3321:Chu Anping
3306:Chen Duxiu
3235:Wang Fuzhi
3225:Tan Sitong
3220:Pan Pingge
3215:Liu Yiming
3097:Luo Rufang
3018:Zhou Dunyi
3003:Wang Chuyi
2993:Wang Anshi
2973:Lu Jiuyuan
2853:Yan Zhitui
2843:Xie Daoyun
2745:Yang Xiong
2730:Wang Chong
2705:Kong Anguo
2566:Shen Buhai
2561:Shang Yang
2516:Guan Zhong
2486:Chunyu Kun
2407:Naturalism
2167:(in Latin)
1761:2022-05-15
1693:References
1654:Lu Jiuyuan
1523:Four Books
1475:tax burden
1467:free trade
1254:Mèngzi lín
1225: 475
1212: – c.
1210: 481
1133: – c.
1131: 371
918:Four Books
518:Birth name
407:Maang6 zi2
306:Meng4-tzu3
300:Wade–Giles
8320:Humanists
7942:Leviathan
7922:Monarchia
7916:(c. 1274)
7751:Oakeshott
7696:Mansfield
7691:Luxemburg
7676:Kropotkin
7571:Bernstein
7524:centuries
7438:Nietzsche
7381:Jefferson
7309:Condorcet
7257:centuries
7236:Pufendorf
7101:Marsilius
6988:Confucius
6973:Aristotle
6966:Antiquity
6894:Noble lie
6814:Third Way
6809:Socialism
6734:Feudalism
6689:Communism
6669:Anarchism
6648:Theocracy
6633:Oligarchy
6613:Democracy
6598:Autocracy
6512:Pluralism
6497:Obedience
6462:Hierarchy
6422:Authority
6353:Sociology
6303:Historism
6012:Santayana
5982:Oakeshott
5952:MacIntyre
5937:Kropotkin
5912:Heidegger
5765:centuries
5679:Nietzsche
5644:Jefferson
5629:Helvétius
5594:Condorcet
5557:centuries
5541:Montaigne
5364:Confucius
5354:Augustine
5271:Worldview
5165:Modernity
5138:Formation
4903:Casuistry
4815:Either/Or
4722:Korsgaard
4717:Azurmendi
4682:MacIntyre
4622:Nietzsche
4552:Augustine
4547:Confucius
4527:Aristotle
4503:Ethicists
4461:Intrinsic
4426:Suffering
4336:Happiness
4309:Free will
4289:Etiquette
4234:Authority
4178:Epicurean
4173:Confucian
4168:Christian
4103:Emotivism
3927:Discourse
3864:Pragmatic
3836:Normative
3763:Shan shui
3696:Zhengming
3471:Xu Fuguan
3396:Li Shicen
3371:Ray Huang
3356:Hu Qiaomu
3326:Fang Keli
3316:Ch'ien Mu
3301:Chen Daqi
3230:Tang Zhen
3175:Fang Quan
3087:Liu Bowen
3077:Lai Zhide
3067:Jiao Hong
3052:Chen Jiru
3013:Zhang Zai
2978:Shao Yong
2953:Cheng Hao
2897:Wang Tong
2798:Guo Xiang
2720:Liu Xiang
2700:Jing Fang
2611:Yuan Xian
2591:Ximen Bao
2546:Lie Yukou
2501:Duanmu Ci
2491:Confucius
2377:Huang–Lao
1989:0301-8121
1915:492146426
1890:, p. 480.
1872:Abstract.
1725:"Mencius"
1698:Citations
1595:in 2016.
1485:Influence
1471:tax rates
1429:盡信書，則不如無書
1410:Education
1340:Key ideas
1334:Liu Xiang
1153:Confucius
1139:Confucian
1035:and sects
838:Indonesia
694:Zhengming
623:Confucius
483:Mæ̀ng-tzí
73:in Taipei
8197:Centrism
7892:Politics
7882:Republic
7851:Voegelin
7831:Spengler
7816:Shariati
7791:Rothbard
7746:Nussbaum
7646:Habermas
7621:Fukuyama
7611:Foucault
7536:Ambedkar
7513:Voltaire
7483:de Staël
7458:Rousseau
7339:Franklin
7314:Constant
7274:Beccaria
7106:Muhammad
7086:Gelasius
7071:Averroes
7045:Xenophon
7025:Polybius
6978:Chanakya
6823:Concepts
6789:Populism
6759:Localism
6744:Islamism
6729:Feminism
6628:Monarchy
6532:Property
6522:Progress
6487:Monopoly
6457:Hegemony
6366:Category
6278:Axiology
6266:See also
6057:Voegelin
6047:Spengler
6022:Shariati
5977:Nussbaum
5962:Maritain
5922:Irigaray
5902:Habermas
5867:Foucault
5852:Durkheim
5754:Voltaire
5719:de Staël
5694:Rousseau
5619:Franklin
5480:Muhammad
5465:Gelasius
5450:Avempace
5433:Medieval
5409:Polybius
5404:Plutarch
5170:Morality
5145:Ideology
5133:Identity
5042:Concepts
4993:Category
4933:Ideology
4898:Axiology
4727:Nussbaum
4677:Frankena
4672:Anscombe
4662:Williams
4617:Sidgwick
4537:Valluvar
4532:Diogenes
4517:Socrates
4441:Theodicy
4436:Sympathy
4401:Pacifism
4391:Morality
4304:Fidelity
4284:Equality
4239:Autonomy
4227:Concepts
4188:Feminist
4163:Buddhist
4093:Nihilism
4032:Axiology
3989:Research
3922:Computer
3917:Business
3757:Ink wash
3735:Politics
3725:Theology
3584:Ming yun
3560:Jing zuo
3519:Concepts
3401:Li Zehou
3366:Hua Gang
3336:Gan Yang
3245:Yan Yuan
3240:Wei Yuan
3210:Lin Zexu
3190:Gu Yanwu
3165:Fang Bao
3160:Dai Zhen
3122:Wu Cheng
3112:Wang Gen
2983:Shen Kuo
2958:Cheng Yi
2917:Liu Yuxi
2823:Sengzhao
2783:Fan Zhen
2685:Huan Tan
2665:Ban Zhao
2616:Zhang Yi
2606:Yang Zhu
2571:Shen Dao
2481:Bu Shang
2382:Legalism
2350:Buddhism
2201:, 2007,
2174:, 1996,
2108:, 2002,
2051:The Star
2029:(1978),
1886:(1978),
1798:Archived
1599:See also
1593:Malaysia
1195:Zoucheng
1123:-shee-əs
1074:Shengdao
926:Analects
810:New Text
805:Old Text
585:a series
583:Part of
462:Bīng-tsú
448:Bēng-chú
401:Jyutping
393:Maahngjí
320:Mèng-zǐh
280:Bopomofo
101:Zoucheng
99:(modern
26:In this
8234:Statism
8147:Elitism
8105:Related
7906:(51 BC)
7836:Strauss
7811:Scruton
7806:Schmitt
7796:Russell
7716:Michels
7711:Maurras
7706:Marcuse
7666:Kautsky
7636:Gramsci
7631:Gentile
7601:Dworkin
7591:Du Bois
7586:Dmowski
7581:Chomsky
7576:Burnham
7561:Benoist
7531:Agamben
7498:Thoreau
7488:Stirner
7478:Spencer
7423:Mazzini
7413:Maistre
7408:Madison
7403:Le Play
7334:Fourier
7299:Carlyle
7279:Bentham
7269:Bastiat
7264:Bakunin
7241:Spinoza
7231:Müntzer
7201:Leibniz
7174:Grotius
7154:Bossuet
7121:Plethon
7066:Aquinas
7035:Sun Tzu
7003:Mencius
6993:Han Fei
6764:Marxism
6724:Fascism
6557:Society
6482:Liberty
6467:Justice
6447:Freedom
6107:(44 BC)
6037:Sombart
6032:Skinner
6017:Scruton
5997:Polanyi
5972:Niebuhr
5957:Marcuse
5892:Gramsci
5887:Gentile
5847:Du Bois
5837:Deleuze
5807:Benoist
5777:Agamben
5734:Thoreau
5724:Stirner
5714:Spencer
5664:Le Play
5614:Fourier
5599:Emerson
5584:Carlyle
5569:Bentham
5546:Müntzer
5516:Erasmus
5490:Plethon
5485:Photios
5445:Aquinas
5379:Mencius
5347:Ancient
5280:Schools
5160:Loyalty
5118:History
5106:Counter
5101:Culture
5069:Customs
4891:Related
4637:Tillich
4602:Bentham
4577:Spinoza
4572:Aquinas
4557:Mencius
4471:Western
4446:Torture
4411:Precept
4366:Loyalty
4361:Liberty
4356:Justice
4269:Dignity
4259:Consent
4203:Kantian
4193:Islamic
4156:Schools
4042:Realism
3974:Nursing
3969:Medical
3954:Machine
3894:Applied
3769:Society
3546:Jian'ai
3361:Hu Shih
3346:Gu Zhun
3205:Ma Qixi
3107:Wang Ji
3072:Jiao Yu
2988:Su Song
2968:Hu Hong
2858:Zhi Dun
2848:Xun Can
2833:Wang Bi
2828:Wang Su
2818:Ji Kang
2813:Huiyuan
2803:Fu Xuan
2793:Ge Hong
2740:Xun Yue
2735:Wang Fu
2725:Ma Rong
2695:Jia Kui
2636:Zou Yan
2596:Xu Xing
2581:Sun Tzu
2551:Mencius
2526:Hui Shi
2521:Han Fei
2496:Deng Xi
2433:Yangism
2425:Xuanxue
2392:Marxism
2338:Schools
2293:at the
2162:199–472
1854:Mencius
1841:Mencius
1828:Mencius
1815:Mencius
1751:"Xunzi"
1683:Meng Ke
1681:, born
1559:Jesuits
1547:Mencius
1531:Mencius
1518:Mencius
1508:of the
1439:Destiny
1431:, from
1298:Meng Mu
1276:chengyu
1231:in the
1189:in the
1187:Meng Ke
1162:Mencius
1115:Mencius
933:Mencius
753:Schools
687:Ganying
637:Mencius
560:Mèng Kē
524:Chinese
439:Hokkien
372:Man-tsy
226:Chinese
83:Meng Ke
66:至聖先賢半身像
47:Mencius
8096:(1992)
8086:(1971)
8076:(1951)
8066:(1945)
8056:(1944)
8046:(1929)
8036:(1859)
8026:(1848)
8006:(1820)
7996:(1791)
7986:(1790)
7976:(1762)
7966:(1748)
7956:(1689)
7946:(1651)
7936:(1532)
7926:(1313)
7856:Walzer
7846:Taylor
7801:Sartre
7766:Popper
7761:Pareto
7756:Ortega
7741:Nozick
7731:Mouffe
7681:Laclau
7641:Guénon
7626:Gandhi
7566:Berlin
7556:Bauman
7551:Badiou
7541:Arendt
7508:Tucker
7398:Le Bon
7359:Herder
7349:Haller
7344:Godwin
7329:Fichte
7324:Engels
7319:Cortés
7289:Bonald
7246:Suárez
7221:Milton
7211:Luther
7184:Hobbes
7169:Filmer
7159:Calvin
7144:Boétie
7137:period
7116:Ockham
6983:Cicero
6784:Nazism
6572:Utopia
6547:Rights
6537:Regime
6507:People
6492:Nation
6298:Ethics
6257:(2010)
6247:(1991)
6237:(1990)
6227:(1987)
6217:(1987)
6207:(1979)
6197:(1976)
6187:(1967)
6177:(1964)
6167:(1949)
6157:(1935)
6147:(1930)
6127:(1756)
6117:(1486)
6062:Walzer
6052:Taylor
6042:Sowell
6027:Simmel
5992:Pareto
5987:Ortega
5897:Guénon
5882:Gehlen
5877:Gandhi
5832:Debord
5817:Butler
5812:Berlin
5802:Bauman
5792:Badiou
5782:Arendt
5772:Adorno
5704:Ruskin
5659:Le Bon
5634:Herder
5609:Fichte
5604:Engels
5574:Bonald
5564:Arnold
5536:Milton
5531:Luther
5511:Calvin
5389:Origen
5359:Cicero
5319:Social
5255:Family
5250:Values
5211:Rights
5175:Public
5123:Honour
5054:Anomie
5049:Agency
4882:(1984)
4874:(1981)
4866:(1979)
4858:(1971)
4850:(1903)
4842:(1887)
4834:(1874)
4826:(1861)
4818:(1843)
4810:(1820)
4802:(1788)
4794:(1785)
4786:(1780)
4778:(1759)
4770:(1740)
4762:(1726)
4754:(1677)
4712:Taylor
4697:Parfit
4692:Singer
4667:Mackie
4542:Cicero
4483:Virtue
4416:Rights
4341:Honour
4198:Jewish
3994:Sexual
3902:Animal
3884:Virtue
3828:Ethics
3740:Ethics
3713:Topics
3648:Wu wei
3426:Lu Xun
3250:Yu Yue
3200:Ji Yun
3082:Li Zhi
3023:Zhu Xi
3008:Ye Shi
2907:Han Yu
2892:Jizang
2808:He Yan
2788:Fan Ye
2715:Lu Jia
2710:Liu An
2690:Jia Yi
2680:Dou Wu
2626:Zichan
2576:Su Qin
2536:Li Kui
2418:Daoxue
2412:Taoism
2387:Mohism
2241:Mengzi
2089:
1987:
1946:
1913:
1679:Mengzi
1574:Xuzhou
1551:Prague
1527:Zhu Xi
1498:turtle
1469:, low
1433:孟子.盡心下
1422:(1632)
1269:Mother
863:Ruzang
456:Tâi-lô
334:Mèngdž
289:
272:Mèngzǐ
169:Ethics
152:School
141:Region
30:, the
8245:Index
7874:Works
7861:Weber
7826:Spann
7821:Sorel
7786:Röpke
7781:Rawls
7736:Negri
7726:Mosca
7721:Mises
7686:Lenin
7656:Hoppe
7651:Hayek
7616:Fromm
7606:Evola
7596:Dugin
7493:Taine
7473:Smith
7453:Renan
7448:Paine
7369:Iqbal
7354:Hegel
7304:Comte
7294:Burke
7206:Locke
7196:James
7149:Bodin
7081:Dante
7076:Bruni
7030:Shang
7013:Plato
6567:State
6517:Power
6502:Peace
6437:Elite
6415:Terms
6095:Works
6082:Žižek
6067:Weber
6007:Röpke
5967:Negri
5947:Lasch
5917:Hoppe
5872:Fromm
5862:Evola
5842:Dewey
5822:Camus
5729:Taine
5709:Smith
5699:Royce
5689:Renan
5624:Hegel
5589:Comte
5579:Burke
5526:Locke
5460:Dante
5455:Bruni
5424:Xunzi
5399:Plato
5394:Philo
5374:Laozi
5182:Mores
5094:Multi
5084:Inter
4974:Index
4736:Works
4707:Adams
4702:Nagel
4657:Dewey
4652:Rawls
4632:Barth
4627:Moore
4592:Hegel
4567:Xunzi
4522:Plato
4512:Laozi
4493:Wrong
4466:Japan
4456:Value
4451:Trust
4346:Ideal
4213:Stoic
3964:Media
3949:Legal
3720:Logic
3703:Ziran
3341:Gu Su
3127:Xu Ai
2912:Li Ao
2887:Fu Yi
2601:Xunzi
2586:Wu Qi
2541:Li Si
2531:Laozi
2506:Gaozi
2245:Zhuxi
2156:]
2152:[
1665:Notes
1578:China
1525:that
1398:Xunzi
1259:stele
1175:Xunzi
833:Japan
828:Korea
642:Xunzi
504:*
7776:Rand
7771:Qutb
7671:Kirk
7546:Aron
7463:Sade
7443:Owen
7428:Mill
7418:Marx
7386:Kant
7364:Hume
7226:More
7126:Wang
7008:Mozi
6432:Duty
6077:Zinn
6072:Weil
5942:Land
5927:Kirk
5787:Aron
5744:Vico
5684:Owen
5674:Mill
5669:Marx
5649:Kant
5639:Hume
5384:Mozi
5089:Mono
4687:Hare
4647:Foot
4607:Mill
4587:Kant
4582:Hume
4562:Mozi
4478:Vice
4396:Norm
4324:Evil
4319:Good
4279:Duty
4019:Meta
3942:Land
3869:Role
3854:Care
3689:Yong
3636:Tian
3615:Shen
3596:Qing
3553:Jing
3142:Qing
3041:Ming
3036:Yuan
2945:Song
2876:Tang
2631:Zisi
2556:Mozi
2087:ISBN
1985:ISSN
1944:ISBN
1911:OCLC
1852:The
1839:The
1826:The
1813:The
1736:2017
1515:The
1281:孟母三遷
1203:Zisi
1181:Life
993:Erya
701:Xiao
680:Tian
110:Died
79:Born
37:Meng
7841:Sun
7701:Mao
6577:War
6472:Law
5907:Han
5857:Eco
4488:Vow
4218:Tao
3912:Bio
3660:Xin
3603:Ren
3526:Tao
2871:Sui
2763:Jin
2654:Han
2649:Qin
2284:at
1977:doi
1936:doi
1795:孟子林
1549:at
1406:).
1403:ren
1279:is
1249:孟子林
1121:MEN
733:Xin
726:Ren
442:POJ
415:IPA
342:IPA
287:ㄇㄥˋ
131:Era
95:Zou
34:is
8276::
3677:Yi
3629:Ti
3622:Si
3590:Qi
3566:Li
3539:Fa
3532:De
2271:.
2165:.
2147:,
2120:,
2049:.
2038:^
1983:.
1973:17
1971:.
1967:.
1942:.
1934:.
1895:^
1727:.
1576:,
1493:A
1477:.
1336:.
1294:孟激
1251:;
1222:c.
1207:c.
1169:.
1148:亞聖
1128:c.
1126:;
740:Yi
719:Li
587:on
530:孟軻
359:Wu
291:ㄗˇ
233:孟子
175:,
171:,
114:c.
87:c.
6400:e
6393:t
6386:v
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