Cantonese - Knowledge

3517:. To adapt the system to the needs of users in an era when there was no standard, but rather only a range of local variants—although the speech of the western suburbs (Xiguan 西關) of Guangzhou was the prestige variety—Williams suggested that users learn and follow their teacher's pronunciation of his chart of Cantonese syllables. It was apparently Bridgman's innovation to mark the tones with (for the upper-register ones) open circles vs. (for the lower-register tones) underlined open circles, in either case at the four corners of the romanized word in analogy with the traditional Chinese system of marking the tone of a character with a circle (lower left for "even", upper left for "rising", upper right for "going", and lower right for "entering" tones). 3652:

is primarily a spoken language, meaning that its speakers do not in most genres of writing use its own writing-system (instead, in most of their writing, despite having some Chinese characters unique to Cantonese, primarily following modern standard Chinese, which is closely tied to Mandarin), therefore, it is not taught in schools. As a result, locals do not learn any of these systems. In contrast to the general use of romanization in Mandarin-speaking areas of China, systems of romanization for Cantonese are excluded from the educational systems of both Hong Kong and the Province of Guangdong. In practice, Hong Kong follows a loose, unnamed romanization-scheme used by the

2456: 7754:. Sha Tin: New Asia-Yale-in-China Chinese Language Center; The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1991; "first copublished edition", The Chinese University Press, The Chinese University of Hong; New Asia-Yale-in-China Language Center, 2000; second printing. Note that, in Yale-Romanization, tone 1 is marked by the (down-sloping =) grave accent even in the situation that it gets realised as its high flat variant, which occurs (automatically) in Canton-standard pronunciation wherever the tone 1 immediately precedes any syllable whose tone is or begins high, as within for example the 應當 that occurs in the sample text near the end of this article. 13957: 5524: 13963: 1228: 1706:. As a major economic center of China, there have been concerns that the use of Cantonese in Guangzhou is diminishing in favour of Mandarin, both through the continual influx of Mandarin-speaking migrants from impoverished areas and strict government policies. As a result, Cantonese is being given a more important status by the natives than ever before as a common identity of the local people. This has led to initiatives to revive the language such as its introduction into school curricula and locally produced programs on broadcast media. 7907: 8751: 5538: 3535:, where however, importantly, instead of the upper-register tones being marked by italics, the lower-register ones are marked by an 'h' (which comes after whatever letter spells the last vocalic element in the syllable). Another innovation of Chalmers in this dictionary was to eliminate acute/grave accents on top of vowels by adding more distinctions of vowel-spelling (e.g. a/aa, o/oh), so that the presence vs. absence of an accent over the vowel was no longer needed to distinguish different pronunciations of it. 13951: 10770: 2133: 2404:(Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos) following the conflicts and communist takeovers in the region during the 1970s. While a slight majority of ethnic Chinese from Indochina speak Teochew at home, knowledge of Cantonese is prevalent due to its historic prestige status in the region and is used for commercial and community purposes between the different Chinese variety groups. As in the United States, there is a divide between Cantonese-speakers and those speaking other mainland Chinese varieties. 1617: 8464: 2167:). It is a Yuehai variety much like Guangzhou Cantonese but has "flatter" tones. Chinese is the second most widely spoken non-English language in the United States when both Cantonese and Mandarin are combined, behind Spanish. Many institutes of higher education have traditionally had Chinese programs based on Cantonese, with some continuing to offer these programs despite the rise of Mandarin. The most popular romanization for learning Cantonese in the United States is 2458: 2462: 2461: 2457: 2463: 15304: 14986: 1952:, especially through drama series and popular music, Cantonese is widely understood by the Chinese in all parts of Malaysia, even though a large proportion of the Chinese Malaysian population is non-Cantonese. Television networks in Malaysia regularly broadcast Hong Kong television programmes in their original Cantonese audio and soundtrack. Cantonese radio is also available in the nation and Cantonese is prevalent in locally produced Chinese television. 5566: 5552: 5580: 3257: 11420: 2460: 8481: 8447: 8498: 2898:

with no problem, but adults who were brought up speaking non-tonal languages like English and most Western European languages may not be able to distinguish the tonal differences quick enough to optimally use the language. This difficulty also applies to tonal language speakers with fewer tones attempting to master languages with more tones such as Mandarin natives trying to learn spoken Cantonese as adults.

15316: 14998: 8430: 3527:(1859) simplified the tone-markings by using: a syllable-final acute accent to mark "rising" tones, a syllable-final grave one to mark the "going" tones, no diacritic for the "even" tones, and italics (or in hand-written work underlining) to mark tones as belonging to the upper register. "Entering" tones could be distinguished by the consonants with which they end (p/t/k). 2346:, there were 565,275 Canadian residents who reported Cantonese as their native language. Among the self-reported Cantonese speakers, 44% were born in Hong Kong, 27% were born in Guangdong Province in China, and 18% were Canadian-born. Cantonese-speakers can be found in every city with a Chinese community. The majority of Cantonese-speakers in Canada live in the 1981:(SMC) seeking to actively promote using Mandarin at the expense of other Chinese varieties. A little over 15% of Chinese households in Singapore speak Cantonese. Despite the government actively promoting SMC, the Cantonese-speaking Chinese community has been relatively successful in preserving its language from Mandarin compared with other dialect groups. 3431:, chiefly because it distinguishes between Mandarin's two series of stops while they, although the pronunciation of Standard Cantonese's two series is similar to the Mandarin, do not generally distinguish them, they thus rendering not only /pʰ/, /tʰ/, and so forth, but also /p/, /t/, and the remaining non-aspirates, by the simple spellings 3633:). An arguable advantage of it is that its particular use of J for instance (as at the beginning of its name) matches IPA in contrast to most other systems' using Y, resembling English. Some effort has been made to promote Jyutping, but it has yet to be examined how successfully this has caused use of it to proliferate in the region. 662:

distinction between Cantonese and Mandarin is the manner in which the spoken word is written. Both languages can be recorded verbatim, yet a paucity of Cantonese speakers possess comprehensive knowledge of the written vocabulary. Consequently, a non-verbatim formalised written form is adopted, which bears resemblance to the written

1758:, which numbers about one million people and constitutes one of the largest minority groups in the country. Over half of the ethnic Chinese population in Vietnam speaks Cantonese as a native language and the variety also serves as a lingua franca between the different Chinese dialect groups. Many speakers reflect their exposure to 2496:. The majority of these varieties are not widely spoken outside of their native regions, although they may be encountered in other parts of the world. Additionally, numerous varieties possess both literary and colloquial readings of Chinese characters for newer standard reading sounds. Since a 1909 decree of the 3554:'s dictionary, (even more faithfully) by Cowles' dictionaries (of 1917 & 1965), by O'Melia's textbook, and by many other works in the first two thirds of the twentieth century. It reigned without serious challenge as the standard spelling until Yale's system was devised and became an important rival to it. 2081:. Nevertheless, within the Thai Chinese commercial sector, it serves as a common language alongside Teochew or Thai. Chinese-language schools in Thailand have also traditionally been conducted in Cantonese. Furthermore, Cantonese serves as the lingua franca with other Chinese communities in the region. 3651:

Those learning Cantonese may feel frustrated that, despite efforts to standardize Cantonese romanizations, most native Cantonese speakers, regardless of their level of education, are unfamiliar with any romanization beyond the conventional, Latin-letter spellings of Cantonese names. Because Cantonese

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While the Chinese government encourages the use of Standard Mandarin rather than local varieties of Chinese in broadcasts, Cantonese enjoys a relatively higher standing than other Chinese languages, with its own media and usage in public transportation in Guangdong province. Furthermore, it is also a

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into Cantonese and Mandarin, the use of the Xiguan accent of Guangzhou as a conservative prestige accent of standard Cantonese was maintained in mass media, with films from the 1930s making prominent use of it. However, during this time many phonological changes can be detected, indicating the change

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varieties of the region. With subsequent waves of migration into Hong Kong, even as late as the 1950s, the proportion of Cantonese speakers in Hong Kong had not yet surpassed 50%; nonetheless, this figure has risen to above 90% since the 1970s. On the other hand, the indigenous variety of Yue Chinese

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Systematic efforts to develop an alphabetic representation of Cantonese began with Protestant missionaries arriving in China early in the nineteenth century. Romanization was considered both a tool to help new missionaries learn the variety more easily and a quick route for the unlettered to achieve

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As Cantonese is predominantly utilised in Hong Kong, Macau, and other overseas Chinese communities, it is typically inscribed with traditional Chinese characters. Nevertheless, it incorporates supplementary characters and characters with disparate meanings from written vernacular Chinese, due to the

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with six phonetic tones, two more than the four in Standard Chinese Mandarin. This makes Cantonese in general harder to master due to required ability of users to readily be able to process two additional phonetic tones. People who grew up using Cantonese tones can usually hear the tonal differences

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community since the first ethnic Chinese settlers arrived in the 1850s. It maintained this status until the mid-2000s, when a heavy increase in immigration from Mandarin-speakers largely from mainland China led to Mandarin surpassing Cantonese as the dominant Chinese dialect spoken. Cantonese is the

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dramas are unavailable in their untranslated form on free-to-air television, though drama series in non-Chinese languages are available in their original languages. Cantonese drama series on terrestrial TV channels are instead dubbed in Mandarin and broadcast without the original Cantonese audio and

1377:) ended. Large numbers of Cantonese people from the Pearl River Delta, especially merchants, subsequently migrated by boat to other parts of Guangdong and Guangxi. These migrants established enclaves of Cantonese in areas that primarily spoke other forms of Yue or even non-Sinitic languages such as 661:

are not mutually intelligible. This is due to a combination of factors, including phonological differences and variations in grammar and vocabulary. Notably, there are instances where the sentence structure, particularly with regard to verb placement, differs between the two varieties. A noteworthy

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with the merge. Unlike the above two differences, this merge is alongside the standard pronunciation in Hong Kong rather than being replaced. Educated speakers often stick to the standard pronunciation but can exemplify the merged pronunciation in casual speech. In contrast, less educated speakers

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A similar identity issue exists in the United States, where conflicts have arisen among Chinese-speakers due to a large recent influx of Mandarin-speakers. While older Taiwanese immigrants have learned Cantonese to foster integration within the traditional Chinese American populations, more recent

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than their Mandarin analogues, such as M. /aɪ/ vs. C. /ɔːi/; M. /i/ vs. C. /ɐi/; M. /ɤ/ vs. C. /ɔː/; M. /ɑʊ/ vs. C. /ou/ etc. For consonants, some differences include M. /ɕ, tɕ, tɕʰ/ vs. C. /h, k, kʰ/; M. /ʐ/ vs. C. /j/; and a greater syllable coda diversity in Cantonese (like syllables ending in

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communities, the use of Cantonese is quite widespread compared to the presence of its speakers residing in China. Cantonese is the predominant Chinese variety spoken in Hong Kong and Macau. In these areas, public discourse takes place almost exclusively in Cantonese, making it the only variety of

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While a number of more-established Taiwanese immigrants have learned Cantonese to foster relations with the traditional Cantonese-speaking Chinese American population, more recent arrivals and the larger number of mainland Chinese immigrants have largely continued to use Mandarin as the exclusive

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has been heavily promoted as the medium of instruction in schools and as the official language, especially after the communist takeover in 1949. Meanwhile, Cantonese has remained the official variety of Chinese in Hong Kong and Macau, both during and after the colonial period, under the policy of

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have become popular in Singaporean society, and non-dubbed original versions of the media became widely available. Consequently, the number of non-Cantonese Chinese Singaporeans being able to understand or speak Cantonese to some varying extent is growing, with a number of educational institutes

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text verbatim in formal Cantonese, often with only slight changes in lexicon that are optional depending on the reader's choice of register. This results in the situation in which a Cantonese and a Mandarin text may appear similar but are pronounced differently. Conversely, written (vernacular)

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As in the United States, the Chinese Canadian community traces its roots to early immigrants from Guangdong during the latter half of the 19th century. Later Chinese immigrants came from Hong Kong in two waves, first in the late 1960s to mid 1970s, and again in the 1980s to late 1990s on fears

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In contrast, formal literature, professional and government documents, television and movie subtitles, and news media continue to use standard written Chinese. Nevertheless, colloquial characters may be present in formal written communications such as legal testimonies and newspapers when an

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programs. The permitted usage of Cantonese in mainland China is largely a countermeasure against Hong Kong's influence, as the autonomous territory has the right to freedom of the press and speech and its Cantonese-language media have a substantial exposure and following in Guangdong.

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in 1887, the ethnic Chinese population of the two territories largely originated from the 19th and 20th century immigration from Guangzhou and surrounding areas, making Cantonese the predominant Chinese language in the territories. On the mainland, Cantonese continued to serve as the

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De facto spoken language—while no specific variety of Chinese is official in Hong Kong, Cantonese is the predominant spoken form and the de facto regional spoken standard. The Hong Kong government promotes trilingualism between Cantonese, Mandarin, and English, especially in public

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The increase of Mandarin-speaking communities has resulted in the rise of separate neighborhoods or enclaves segregated by the primary Chinese variety spoken. Socioeconomic statuses are also a factor. For example, in New York City, Cantonese still predominates in the city's

5474:/jɐn˨˩ jɐn˨˩ sɐŋ˥˧ ji:˨˩ tsiː˨ jɐuː˨˩, hɐi˧˥ tsy:n˥˧ jiːm˨˩ tʰʊŋ˨˩ ma:i˨˩ kʰyːn˨˩ lei˨ sœ:ŋ˨ jɐt˥ lɵt˨ pʰɪŋ˨˩ tɐŋ˧˥. kʰɵy˩˧ tei˨ jɐu˩˧ lei˩˧ sɪŋ˧ tʰʊŋ˨˩ ma:i˨˩ lœ:ŋ˨˩ sɐm˥˧, ji:˨˩ tsʰɛ:˧˥ jɪŋ˥ tɔ:ŋ˥˧ ji:˩˧ jy:˩˧ hɪŋ˥˧ tɐi˨ kʷaːn˥˧ hɐi˨ kɛ:˧ tsɪŋ˥˧ sɐn˨˩ sœ:ŋ˥˧ tɵy˧ tɔ:i˨./ 5657:

De facto spoken language—while no specific variety of Chinese is official in Macau, Cantonese is the predominant spoken form and the de facto regional spoken standard. The Macau government promotes each of Cantonese, Mandarin, Portuguese, and English, especially in public

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As a significant proportion of the entertainment industry in China migrated to Hong Kong in the early decades of the 20th century, the Hong Kong-based entertainment industry underwent a transformation to suit overseas as well as domestic audiences. With the bifurcation of

2053:, Cantonese is often used as a vernacular in commerce and with other Chinese variant groups in the nation. Chinese-language schools in Cambodia are conducted in both Cantonese and Mandarin, but schools may be conducted exclusively in one Chinese variant or the other. 3391:'s governments use systems of romanization for proper names and geographic locations, but they transcribe some sounds inconsistently. These systems are not taught in schools. Macau's system differs slightly from Hong Kong's in that the spellings are influenced by 1322:

As Guangzhou became China's key commercial center for foreign trade and exchange in the 1700s, Cantonese became the variety of Chinese interacting most with the Western world. Much of the sources for this period of early Cantonese, such as the 18th century

5824:, which the minister Wang-yew-poh , formerly over the salt revenue in Shen-See, had printed. This interpretation was written in the northern dialect, on the first and fifteenth of the each moon, they might proclaim the original text in the Canton dialect. 3239:

presence of lexical items that are either absent from standard Chinese or correspond with spoken Cantonese. This written Cantonese system frequently manifests in colloquial contexts, such as entertainment magazines, social media, and advertisements.

8031:. New Asia-Yale-in-China Chinese Language Center; The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1991; "first copublished edition", The Chinese University Press, The Chinese University of Hong; New Asia-Yale-in-China Language Center, 2000; second printing. 2698:) and considered substandard to Guangzhou pronunciation, the phenomenon has been widespread in the territories since the early 20th century. The most notable difference between Hong Kong and Guangzhou pronunciation is substituting liquid nasal 14020: 2270:

in Queens are very diverse, with large numbers of Mandarin speakers from different regions of China and Taiwan. The Chinatowns of Queens comprise the primary cultural center for New York City's Chinese population and are more middle class.

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jan4 jan4 sang1 ji4 dzi6 jau4, hai2 dzyn1 jim4 tung4 maai4 kyn4 lei6 soeng6 jat7 loet9 ping4 dang2. koey5 dei6 jau5 lei5 sing3 tung4 maai4 loeng4 sam1, ji4 tse2 jing1 dong1 ji5 hing1 dai6 gwaan1 hai6 ge3 dzing1 san4 soeng1 doey3 doi6.

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jan4 jan4 sang1 ji4 zi6 jau4, hai2 zyun1 jim4 tung4 maai4 kyun4 lei6 soeng6 jat1 leot6 ping4 dang2. keoi5 dei2 jau5 lei5 sing3 tung4 maai4 loeng4 sam1, ji4 ce2 jing1 dong1 ji5 hing1 dai6 gwaan1 hai6 ge3 zing1 san4 soeng1 deoi3 doi6.

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and impending handover to the People's Republic of China. Chinese-speaking immigrants from conflict zones in Southeast Asia, especially Vietnam, arrived as well, beginning in the mid-1970s and were also largely Cantonese-speaking.

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Nevertheless, since the government restriction on media in non-Mandarin varieties was relaxed in the mid-1990s and 2000s, presence of Cantonese in Singapore has grown substantially. Forms of popular culture from Hong Kong, like

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third most-spoken language in Australia. In the 2011 census, the Australian Bureau of Statistics listed 336,410 and 263,673 speakers of Mandarin and Cantonese, respectively. By 2016, those numbers became 596,711 and 280,943.

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gospel-literacy. Earlier Catholic missionaries, mostly Portuguese, had developed romanization-schemes for the pronunciation current in the court and capital city of China but made few efforts to romanize other varieties.

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Systems of Cantonese romanization are based on the accents of Canton and Hong Kong and have helped define the concept of Standard Cantonese. The major systems are (in order of their invention from newest to oldest):

2424:. Since the late-20th century, however, Mandarin- and Wu-speaking migrants from mainland China have outnumbered those from Macau, although Cantonese is still retained among mainstream Chinese community associations. 1468:, respectively. The influx of such migrants into Hong Kong established Cantonese as the main language of the city, supplanting local Yue Chinese varieties, which were closer to the dialects of neighboring 5482:

yàhnyàhn sàng yìh jihyàuh, hái jyùnyìhm tùhngmàaih kyùhn leih seuhng yātleuht pìhngdáng. kéuihdeih yáuh léihsing tùhngmàaih lèuhngsàm, yìhché yìngdòng yíh hìngdaih gwàanhaih ge jìngsàhn sèung deui doih.

2553:. This, however, resulted in protests in Guangzhou, which ultimately dissuaded the authorities from pursuing the proposal. Furthermore, there are reports of students being punished for speaking other 2152:

variety of Yue is spoken), alone may be the origin of the vast majority of Chinese immigrants to the U.S. before 1965. As a result, Yue languages such as Cantonese and the closely related variety of

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of their local language and the commercial importance of the region argued that Cantonese should be preserved. In contrast to other non-Mandarin Chinese varieties, Cantonese persists in a few state

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arrivals from the mainland continue to use Mandarin exclusively. This has contributed to a segregation of communities based on linguistic cleavage. In particular, some Chinese Americans (including

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The overwhelming majority of Chinese speakers in the United Kingdom use Cantonese, with about 300,000 British people claiming it as their first language. This is largely due to the presence of

3374:. Jyutping and Yale are the two most used and taught systems today in the West, and they do not differ greatly from one another except in how they mark tones. Additionally, Hong Kong linguist 2619:, which is the predominant genre in Hong Kong. Many artists from the mainland and Taiwan have learned Cantonese to break into the market. Popular native Mandarin-speaking singers, including 2174:

The majority of Chinese emigrants have traditionally originated from Guangdong and Guangxi, as well as Hong Kong and Macau (beginning in the latter half of the 20th century and before the

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in the world, the vast majority of ethnic Chinese in the country speak Thai exclusively. Among Chinese-speaking Thai households, Cantonese is the fourth most-spoken Chinese variety after

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in the early 1900s. Cantonese remained a dominant and influential language in southeastern China until the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949 and its promotion of

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speakers to cherish their linguistic identity in contrast to migrants who have generally arrived from poorer areas of China and largely speak Mandarin or other Chinese languages.

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The Book of a Thousand Words: Translated, Annotated and Arranged So As to Indicate the Radical Number and Pronunciation (in Mandarin and Cantonese) of Each Character in the Text

3648:. Books and studies for teachers and students in primary and secondary schools usually use this scheme, but some teachers and students use S.L. Wong's system of transcription. 14065: 2156:

have been the major Chinese varieties traditionally spoken in the United States. In 2009, 458,840 Americans spoke Cantonese at home according to an American Community Survey.

9648: 5509:"All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood." 2262:, which is causing the city's growing Cantonese and Fuzhou enclaves to become increasingly distanced and isolated from both each other and other Chinese enclaves in Queens. 6664: 3491: 2178:) and Southeast Asia, with Cantonese as their native language. However, more recent immigrants are arriving from the rest of mainland China and Taiwan and most often speak 15059: 10193: 2159:

The Zhongshan variant of Cantonese, which originated from the western Pearl River Delta, is spoken by many Chinese immigrants in Hawaii, and some in San Francisco and the

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Chinese other than Mandarin to be used as an official language in the world. Because of their dominance in Chinese diaspora overseas, standard Cantonese and its dialect

2608:) of Cantonese background emphasise their non-mainland origins (e.g. Hong Kong, Macau, Vietnam, etc.) to assert their identity in the face of new waves of immigration. 2113:. However, it has a relatively minor presence compared to other Southeast Asian nations, being the fourth most spoken Chinese variety after Hokkien, Hakka and Teochew. 1044:

In English, the term "Cantonese" can be ambiguous. "Cantonese" as used to refer to the language native to the city of Canton, which is the traditional English name of

7592: 3528: 10155: 14444: 14110: 14338: 10895: 9677: 5214:. The "short a" can occur in elided syllables such as the 十 in 四十四 (sei3-a6-sei3), which the other systems would transcribe with same spelling as the "long a". 2144:

Over a period of 150 years (from 1850 to the 2000s), Guangdong has been the place-of-origin for most Chinese emigrants to Western nations; one coastal county,

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as the sole official language of the nation throughout the last half of the 20th century, although its influence still remains strong within the region.

1538:). Government and law still function predominantly in Cantonese in these jurisdictions, and officials speak Cantonese even at the most formal occasions. 6275: 7719: 1177:

In Hong Kong and Macau, as well as among overseas Chinese communities, the language is referred to as "Guangdong speech" or "Canton Province Speech" (

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region of southeastern China. Due to the city's long standing role as an important cultural center, Cantonese emerged as the prestige dialect of the

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Knodel, John; Ofstedal, Mary Beth; Hermalin, Albert I (2002). "The Demographic, Socioeconomic, and Cultural Context of the Four Study Countries".

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in the 1930s, Cantonese film production continued in Hong Kong which was then under British colonial rule. From the mid-1970s to the 1990s,

2330:) of Cantonese background defending the historic Chinese-American culture against the impacts of increasing Mandarin-speaking new arrivals. 1114:), although this term is now seldom used outside mainland China. In Guangdong and Guangxi, people also call it "provincial capital speech" ( 15129: 13743: 11454: 7257: 6406: 535: 7127: 6307: 3614:, used by many Chinese dictionaries later published in Hong Kong. Although Wong also devised a romanization-scheme, likewise known as the 1259:

became the largest port in China, with a trade network stretching as far as Arabia. Specifically, the mutually intelligible speech of the

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romanization system. The B–C system was used in a handful of texts, including textbooks published by the Hong Kong government, such as

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used in everyday life and is thus the official form of Chinese used in the government. The Cantonese spoken in Hong Kong and Macau is

5618: 3482:(1841) were the progenitors of a long-lived lineage of related romanizations that with minor variations are embodied in the works of 1620:

Distribution of Yue Chinese languages in southeastern China. Standard Cantonese and closely related dialects are highlighted in pink.

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Zhang, Bennan; Yang, Robin R. (2004). "Putonghua Education and Language Policy in Postcolonial Hong Kong". In Zhou, Minglang (ed.).

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Kataoka, Shin; Lee, Cream (2008). "A System without a System: Cantonese Romanization Used in Hong Kong Place and Personal Names".

7212: 2354:. There are sufficient Cantonese-speakers in Canada that there exist locally produced Cantonese TV and radio programming, such as 14244: 13349: 11498: 9992: 9484: 6675: 3641: 3388: 2012:

in Singapore's English-language media, though this is largely a matter of style, and most Singaporeans will still refer to it as

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hosts a much larger Mandarin-speaking population, with Cantonese found in more historical Chinese communities such as that of

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that has also contributed to social conflicts between the two sides, with a growing number of Chinese Americans (including

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used Chalmers' romanization in his primer. This method of marking tones was in most of its details used later also by the

2250:, but mainly in Brooklyn's newer Chinatowns, the Cantonese speaking population in NYC is now increasingly concentrated in 14274: 14249: 13830: 10968: 8541: 8418: 7218:. The Newest New Yorkers: Characteristics of the City's Foreign-Born Population (Report) (2013 ed.). pp. 23–94. 5730: 2593: 1984:

Notably, all nationally produced non-Mandarin Chinese TV and radio programs were stopped after 1979. The prime minister,

3321: 1507: 1235:. Modern Cantonese pronunciation preserves almost all terminal consonants (-m, -n, -ng, -p, -t, -k) from Middle Chinese. 14254: 14147: 14025: 11643: 7624: 7586: 7559: 6472: 6460: 4710: 7668: 6768: 3293: 8110: 8036: 7926: 7312: 6908: 6875: 6840: 6485: 6192: 5870: 5860:

The Hong Kong Observatory is one of the examples of the Hong Kong Government officially adopting the name "廣東話", see

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due to colonial history. For example, while many words in Macau's system are the same as Hong Kong's (e.g. surnames

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at school, which has led to a reluctance among younger children to communicate in their native languages, including

14422: 13962: 13956: 13736: 11447: 8750: 8436: 7096: 7092: 3427:梁). Neither the spellings of Hong Kong's system nor of Macau's look very similar to mainland China's system called 1656: 528: 494: 6956: 15388: 15368: 14673: 14554: 14439: 14417: 14412: 11546: 11048: 9275: 7249: 4728: 4119: 3626: 3607: 3300: 3153: 1438: 7424: 6703: 15383: 14678: 14487: 14407: 14010: 9755: 9398: 8534: 4111: 3363: 3278: 3040: 2363: 2168: 2140:. Cantonese has traditionally been the dominant Chinese variant among Chinese populations in the Western world. 1997:

soundtrack. However, originals may be available through other sources like cable television and online videos.

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However, "Cantonese" may also refer to the primary branch of Chinese that contains Cantonese proper as well as

990: 878: 824: 698: 504: 468: 3505:, which was widely used and easily obtainable at the time and is still available today. Samuel Wells Willams' 2258:. The Fuzhou population of NYC is becoming increasingly concentrated in Brooklyn's Sunset Park, also known as 1319:

texts sounding more similar to modern Cantonese than other present-day Chinese varieties, including Mandarin.

369: 15378: 15096: 14234: 11364: 10818: 6286: 3611: 1945:, Cantonese is largely influential in the local Chinese media and is used in commerce by Chinese Malaysians. 1687: 712: 15274: 15029: 14562: 14269: 14167: 14162: 14135: 14035: 13950: 12579: 11639: 11423: 11334: 10858: 9333: 9280: 8936: 8275: 7869: 5623: 4719: 4693: 3459: 3307: 2420:, the most established Chinese community in the nation with a presence dating back to the 16th century and 1351: 564: 5340: 5335: 5330: 5325: 5320: 5316: 5311: 5307: 5302: 5297: 5292: 5288: 5211: 5207: 4889: 4884: 4878: 4871: 4864: 4857: 4850: 4843: 4836: 4829: 4822: 4815: 4809: 4804: 4799: 4794: 4789: 4784: 4779: 4774: 4769: 4764: 4759: 4754: 4749: 4320: 4315: 4310: 4305: 4300: 4295: 4290: 4285: 4280: 4274: 4268: 4262: 4255: 4249: 4244: 4239: 4234: 4229: 4224: 4219: 4214: 4209: 4204: 4198: 4192: 4187: 4182: 4177: 4172: 4167: 4162: 4157: 4151: 3863: 3856: 3849: 3843: 3837: 3831: 3825: 3819: 3813: 3806: 3798: 3791: 3785: 3779: 3773: 3767: 3761: 3755: 3749: 3682: 3678: 3674: 3192: 3187: 3182: 3178: 3173: 3168: 3163: 3159: 3146: 3141: 3136: 3132: 3127: 3122: 3117: 3113: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2771: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2720: 2716: 2703: 2699: 1446: 1442: 1434: 15373: 15363: 15353: 15104: 14394: 13978: 13729: 11494: 11440: 11339: 11211: 11136: 10793: 9326: 8981: 8903: 8619: 6728: 4685: 4128: 3495: 2627:, and singers from Taiwan, have been trained in Cantonese to add "Hong Kong-ness" to their performances. 2397: 1573:, of which Cantonese is one. Given the traditional predominance of Cantonese within Hong Kong, it is the 1244: 521: 382: 282: 6145:

Zhang, Jingwei (13 June 2019). "Tone mergers in Cantonese: Evidence from Hong Kong, Macao, and Zhuhai".

2518:

was not fully accepted by the Cantonese authorities in the early In the 20th century, proponents of the

1393:

to Southeast Asia, North and South America, and Western Europe. Such enclaves of Cantonese are found in

15358: 15180: 15147: 15002: 11381: 11354: 11231: 11143: 10890: 10870: 8138: 5811: 4093: 3728: 3520: 3501:

Their system of romanization embodied the phonological system of a local-dialect rhyme-dictionary, the

3381:

for his popular Cantonese-as-a-second-language course, and his variant is another system in use today.

3274: 2413: 2182:(Putonghua) as their native language, although some may also speak their native local variety, such as 2021: 1053: 20: 7358: 3659:

Google's Cantonese input uses Yale, Jyutping, or Cantonese Pinyin, the Yale being the first standard.

3546:

is associated with its particular variety that then was fixed upon by his missionary peers to become

3289: 1452:

Throughout the 19th century and continuing into the 1900s, the ancestors of most of the population of

15284: 15142: 14480: 14402: 14333: 14297: 14015: 13905: 12488: 10933: 9631: 9391: 9226: 8673: 8594: 6520: 4737: 4735: 4726: 4717: 4708: 4700: 4691: 4683: 4134: 4126: 4117: 4109: 4100: 4091: 3615: 3494:(1910). Bridgman and Williams based their system on the phonetic alphabet and diacritics proposed by 3243:

individual is being quoted, rather than paraphrasing spoken Cantonese into standard written Chinese.

2323: 2239: 1949: 6106:"Challenges in D2 and D3 Acquisition: Dr. Sun Yat-Sen's 1924 Cantonese and Mandarin Audiorecordings" 1397:

across many of these major cities outside China. During the late 19th century, the pedagogical work

1240: 15320: 14858: 14105: 14093: 13993: 12969: 12508: 12473: 11574: 11307: 11292: 11282: 10996: 9307: 8910: 8723: 8470: 6637: 6633:"Why Cantonese Spoken in Malaysia Sounds Different to Hong Kong Cantonese, and No it's Not 'Wrong'" 6591: 6526:[A Review on Kuala Lumpur's Cantonese in Part of "The Three Chinese Dialects in Malaysia"] 4702: 2283: 2137: 1942: 1686:

medium of instruction in select academic curricula, including some university elective courses and

363: 7042: 3573:, published by the same Press). The system was then modified by K. M. A. Barnett in 1950 into the 2766:

Less prevalent, but still notable differences found among a number of Hong Kong speakers include:

1752:, Cantonese is the dominant language of the main ethnic Chinese community, usually referred to as 1718:

among overseas Chinese in Southeast Asia, who speak a variety of other forms of Chinese including

1702:

from Cantonese to Mandarin was abandoned following massive public protests, the largest since the

15264: 15022: 14788: 14313: 13823: 13670: 13364: 12622: 12533: 12415: 12410: 11319: 9558: 9301: 9087: 8971: 7004: 6824: 6377: 5890:

Cantonese program at Chinese University of Hong Kong, designating standard Cantonese as 廣東話, see

5692: 5251: 4102: 3653: 3471: 3378: 3267: 2469: 2311: 2303: 1978: 1578: 1405:

in 1883, articulated the provenance of the prestige accent of Cantonese: that of the district of

11312: 11161: 6053: 666:. However, it is only non-verbatim with respect to vernacular Cantonese, it is possible to read 653:

Despite the considerable overlap in vocabulary between Cantonese and Mandarin, as well as other

14224: 13393: 13210: 12892: 11717: 11712: 11683: 11671: 11253: 11096: 9694: 9347: 9340: 9120: 9054: 8557: 6940: 6315: 3359: 2910: 2493: 2299: 2279: 2259: 1972: 1781: 509: 105: 7614: 7576: 7549: 7495: 6828: 6351: 3673:. Jyutping and Cantonese Pinyin recognize certain sounds used in a few colloquial words (like 2388:

also have origins in the former British colonies in Southeast Asia of Singapore and Malaysia.

618:) and neighbouring areas such as Guangxi. It is also the dominant and co-official language of 15200: 15175: 14828: 14803: 14539: 14348: 14292: 14130: 14115: 13682: 13658: 13381: 13344: 11842: 11248: 11171: 10885: 10863: 9618: 9451: 9290: 9240: 8796: 8303: 8134: 8007: 7713: 7420: 6900: 5608: 3475: 2733:(not) ( in Guangzhou pronunciation). Hong Kong Cantonese pronounce both words as the latter. 2685:

has some minor phonology variations but is almost identical to standard Guangzhou Cantonese.

2605: 2589: 2327: 2251: 2231: 2215: 2175: 2049:

and other urban areas. While Teochew speakers form the majority of the Chinese population in

1601: 1582: 13556: 6223: 15190: 14818: 14748: 14733: 14706: 14544: 14259: 14083: 13917: 13329: 13190: 13009: 12989: 12974: 12710: 12675: 12483: 11016: 10984: 10813: 9938: 9433: 9102: 8948: 8894: 7894: 7231:"The Changing Chinatowns: Move Over Manhattan, Sunset Park Now Home to Most Chinese in NYC" 6437: 6281:[Code of Professional Ethics of Radio and Television Hosts of China] (in Chinese). 5780: 2542: 2510:

for use in education, the media, and official communications. However, the proclamation of

2450: 2347: 2307: 2207: 2198:, etc. As a result, Mandarin is becoming more common among the Chinese American community. 1968: 1597: 1570: 1389:

emerged. Many Cantonese migrants sailed overseas, bringing the Cantonese language with the

654: 115: 6790: 6612:

Sim, Tze Wei (2012). "Why are the Native Languages of the Chinese Malaysians in Decline".

6564:

Sim, Tze Wei (2012). "Why are the Native Languages of the Chinese Malaysians in Decline".

5805: 2630:

Cantonese films date to the early days of Chinese cinema, and the first Cantonese talkie,

2592:, Cantonese has been used as a symbol of local identity in Hong Kong, largely through the 1941:

is the most natively spoken variety of Chinese and Mandarin is the medium of education at

8: 14924: 14853: 14843: 14823: 14753: 14353: 13927: 13766: 13642: 13622: 13386: 13313: 13014: 12964: 12959: 12370: 11937: 11521: 11260: 11226: 11061: 11028: 10875: 10803: 10720: 10561: 10556: 10310: 10120: 9626: 9285: 8875: 8702: 8633: 8257: 8203: 7974: 6987:"Top Languages Other than English Spoken in 1980 and Changes in Relative Rank, 1990–2010" 5815: 5598: 3392: 2723:

merging. This can be exemplified in the elimination of the contrast of sounds between 吳 (

2682: 2678: 2663: 2657: 2645: 2637: 2597: 2295: 2275: 2263: 2255: 2227: 2219: 1775: 1759: 1731: 1593: 1566: 1552: 1494: 1154:). In academic linguistic circles, it is also referred to as "Canton prefecture speech" ( 587: 485: 203: 193: 164: 12999: 12984: 11599: 7830: 6421: 1608:, although there exist some minor differences in accent, pronunciation, and vocabulary. 15348: 15137: 14990: 14773: 14612: 14526: 14323: 14183: 14060: 13937: 13932: 13912: 13880: 13816: 13752: 13587: 13359: 13293: 13242: 13195: 13139: 12869: 12812: 12538: 11694: 11463: 11376: 11243: 11206: 11091: 10989: 10923: 10918: 10808: 10798: 10424: 10402: 10295: 10103: 10098: 10021: 10009: 9997: 9985: 9973: 9497: 9126: 8735: 8601: 8307: 7994: 7786: 7701: 7408: 7186: 6162: 6104:

Chan, Marjorie K.M. (2023). Lin, Chien-Jer Charles; Cherici, Alex; Chen, Bihua (eds.).

6079: 5986: 5613: 4676: 3713: 3487: 3314: 2433: 2343: 2287: 2145: 2098: 1026: 1018: 860: 852: 455: 418: 413: 390: 154: 12994: 11604: 1489:, and this has had an effect on the tonal phonology of the Cantonese spoken in Macau. 1227: 1056:. Before 1859, this variant was often referred to in English as "the Canton dialect". 355: 15233: 15165: 15109: 14929: 14899: 14716: 14639: 14602: 14594: 14575: 14368: 14363: 14193: 14188: 14124: 13895: 13875: 13870: 13865: 13855: 13566: 13226: 13100: 13045: 12937: 12845: 12840: 12797: 12719: 12450: 12430: 12355: 12332: 12105: 11987: 11957: 11799: 11790: 11742: 11732: 11579: 11511: 11287: 11277: 11156: 11121: 10976: 10928: 10880: 10647: 10500: 10434: 10290: 10275: 9946: 9923: 9877: 9802: 9728: 9608: 9576: 9530: 9469: 9459: 9424: 9234: 9194: 9172: 9137: 9131: 9096: 9034: 9028: 9008: 8802: 8790: 8773: 8681: 8627: 8607: 8313: 8291: 8236: 8209: 8180: 8161: 8142: 8106: 8085: 8059: 8055: 8047: 8032: 8013: 7960: 7705: 7620: 7582: 7555: 7528: 7416: 7412: 7328: 7308: 6986: 6904: 6893: 6871: 6836: 6468: 6456: 6188: 6166: 6083: 6069: 5990: 5976: 5698: 5593: 3733: 3233: 3229: 2793:

codas respectively, eliminating contrast between these pairs of finals (except after

2554: 2446: 2339: 2164: 2042: 1993: 1923: 1791: 1695: 1652: 1629: 1558: 1465: 1256: 1243:

period, Guangzhou became the cultural center of the region. Cantonese emerged as the

974: 966: 808: 800: 658: 615: 583: 576: 560: 450: 430: 404: 239: 234: 110: 68: 8205:

Chinese and English Phrase Book: With the Chinese Pronunciation Indicated in English

5961:

de Sousa, Hilário (2022). "The Expansion of Cantonese over the Last Two Centuries".

15308: 15217: 15212: 15170: 15068: 14798: 14763: 14701: 14239: 14198: 14030: 14005: 13890: 13885: 13860: 13797: 13792: 13637: 13632: 13602: 13561: 13541: 13430: 13425: 13369: 13339: 13288: 13177: 13050: 13030: 12979: 12946: 12907: 12902: 12897: 12855: 12850: 12832: 12680: 12670: 12574: 12523: 12518: 12493: 12420: 12113: 12090: 12085: 12015: 12010: 12005: 11967: 11907: 11832: 11775: 11770: 11755: 11526: 11477: 11393: 10913: 10788: 10652: 10642: 10627: 10573: 10495: 10446: 10407: 10356: 10270: 10222: 10206: 10086: 10046: 10041: 9928: 9882: 9828: 9823: 9813: 9807: 9636: 9581: 9566: 9442: 9414: 9255: 9215: 9185: 9159: 9109: 9067: 8976: 8953: 8846: 8826: 8783: 8708: 8571: 8346: 8283: 7986: 7838: 7778: 7691: 7683: 7400: 7120:"Asian Boom in Brooklyn Along N-Lline Neighborhoods in Brooklyn, Census Data Shows" 6866: 6861: 6433: 6337: 6154: 6061: 5972: 5968: 5752: 5742: 5571: 5557: 3709: 3704: 3637: 3619: 3618:, the latter is not as widely used as his transcription. This system succeeded the 2577: 2527: 2511: 2506: 2421: 2401: 2267: 2179: 2160: 2070: 2025: 1811: 1807: 1679: 1502: 1390: 1382: 901: 735: 667: 663: 627: 599: 572: 552: 463: 300: 198: 78: 58: 13185: 8833: 15279: 15119: 14971: 14863: 14778: 14758: 14721: 14696: 14449: 14389: 14203: 14120: 13900: 13787: 13617: 13607: 13597: 13546: 13536: 13410: 13283: 13278: 13273: 13162: 13152: 13147: 13115: 13105: 13090: 13080: 13070: 13040: 13004: 12954: 12917: 12882: 12822: 12802: 12782: 12747: 12732: 12727: 12650: 12589: 12569: 12564: 12559: 12503: 12395: 12365: 12314: 12289: 12274: 12248: 12243: 12223: 12208: 12153: 12095: 12080: 12075: 12060: 12055: 12000: 11932: 11912: 11847: 11822: 11750: 11727: 11629: 11594: 11589: 11564: 11536: 11531: 11344: 11324: 11221: 11181: 11166: 10905: 10755: 10745: 10725: 10682: 10677: 10543: 10507: 10490: 10480: 10419: 10237: 10173: 10115: 10063: 10058: 9960: 9856: 9851: 9760: 9707: 9702: 9682: 9667: 9662: 9603: 9598: 9588: 9571: 9543: 9515: 9492: 9247: 9201: 9060: 8942: 8881: 8715: 8662: 8653: 8639: 8370: 8321: 8263: 8244: 8217: 8177:

Language Policy in the People's Republic of China: Theory and Practice Since 1949

8100: 7524: 7285: 5962: 5841: 5603: 5585: 3723: 3562: 3483: 3367: 2756:. An example is in the word for country (國), pronounced in standard Guangzhou as 2417: 2385: 2351: 2004:

of certain terms which originated from southern Chinese varieties. For instance,

1977:

The Singapore government uses Mandarin as the official Chinese variety and has a

1835: 1723: 1402: 1378: 1358: 1324: 1315:. Additionally, a distinct classical literature was developed in Cantonese, with 1312: 952: 786: 244: 208: 97: 8513: 7767:"A Transcription for Cantonese: Notes on Mr. Yuen Ren Chao's "Cantonese Primer"" 7390:"Immigrant's Entrepreneurial Opportunities: The Case of the Chinese in Portugal" 6065: 5892: 2585:

are among the most common Chinese languages that one may encounter in the West.

15289: 15114: 14873: 14768: 14743: 14655: 14328: 14040: 13988: 13627: 13571: 13551: 13354: 13319: 13308: 13303: 13298: 13205: 13157: 13095: 13065: 13060: 12922: 12912: 12877: 12787: 12752: 12737: 12685: 12645: 12640: 12635: 12584: 12528: 12498: 12478: 12468: 12463: 12440: 12360: 12345: 12340: 12309: 12284: 12269: 12264: 12233: 12228: 12218: 12213: 12203: 12198: 12193: 12188: 12143: 12118: 12065: 11977: 11962: 11927: 11897: 11892: 11872: 11862: 11857: 11852: 11780: 11765: 11707: 11702: 11609: 11569: 11554: 11398: 11388: 11359: 11349: 11066: 11038: 10750: 10735: 10637: 10588: 10583: 10568: 10512: 10451: 10333: 10305: 10285: 10232: 10201: 10178: 10168: 10163: 10125: 10108: 10053: 9918: 9900: 9818: 9792: 9733: 9653: 9641: 9593: 9548: 9538: 9464: 9317: 9295: 9209: 9178: 9114: 9074: 9048: 9022: 8999: 8922: 8868: 8840: 8809: 8687: 8613: 3603: 3532: 2902: 2894: 2869: 2641: 2489: 2291: 2195: 1992:

to prevent giving conflicting signals to the people. Hong Kong (Cantonese) and

1956: 1763: 1461: 1316: 1299:), came to be heralded as the standard. Cantonese was also used in the popular 1284: 936: 770: 631: 603: 224: 188: 169: 42: 11584: 10769: 8351: 8334: 7782: 7687: 6521:""Mǎláixīyà de sān gè hànyǔ fāngyán" zhōng zhī jílóngpō Guǎngdōnghuà yuè tán" 3100: 3093: 3080: 2729: 2708: 2132: 15342: 15185: 14966: 14904: 14878: 14726: 14688: 14645: 14534: 14434: 14343: 14284: 14152: 14055: 13612: 13486: 13462: 13405: 13234: 13167: 13125: 13110: 13035: 12887: 12792: 12665: 12660: 12513: 12425: 12405: 12400: 12390: 12380: 12375: 12350: 12304: 12299: 12294: 12279: 12238: 12183: 12178: 12173: 12168: 12163: 12158: 12148: 12138: 12133: 12123: 12070: 12050: 12045: 12040: 12035: 12030: 12025: 12020: 11972: 11952: 11947: 11942: 11922: 11902: 11887: 11882: 11877: 11837: 11827: 11812: 11807: 11760: 11722: 11624: 11614: 11199: 11011: 11006: 10578: 10522: 10517: 10485: 10472: 10348: 10300: 10227: 10183: 10073: 9910: 9833: 9672: 9520: 9507: 9041: 8963: 8729: 8694: 8646: 8287: 5543: 3558: 3543: 2223: 2074: 1959:

and other Chinese varieties spoken in the country, like Hokkien and Teochew.

1915: 1871: 1803: 1727: 1662: 1637: 1477: 1279:), the Three Counties of Guangzhou, namely the historical counties of Panyu ( 9376:

indicates single languages that are also considered to be separate branches.

8325: 8295: 8267: 8221: 8213: 7771:

Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London

5846: 5787:

Selected Cantonese Publications by Western Missionaries in China (1828–1927)

3513:, 1856) is an alphabetic rearrangement, translation, and annotation of this 2282:, Cantonese has historically and continues to dominate in the Chinatowns of 1674:

even after Mandarin was made the official language of the government by the

14919: 14883: 14868: 14848: 14833: 14045: 13592: 13457: 13420: 13120: 13085: 13075: 13055: 12927: 12807: 12772: 12762: 12757: 12742: 12630: 12554: 12458: 12435: 12128: 11995: 11917: 11867: 11817: 11619: 11559: 11071: 11021: 10397: 10280: 10253: 9797: 9787: 9015: 8931: 8887: 8816: 8397: 8380: 8317: 8248: 8240: 7281: 6764: 6158: 5529: 5243: 3574: 2906: 2724: 2497: 2482: 2355: 2183: 2066: 2001: 1985: 1903: 1875: 1847: 1819: 1799: 1795: 1675: 1616: 1481: 1430: 1232: 1064: 908: 742: 672: 499: 15081: 8453: 5862: 5747: 3622:

system as being the one used by the Hong Kong Government Language School.

2318:

in eastern Los Angeles County and other areas of the metropolitan region.

1955:

Cantonese spoken in Malaysia and Singapore often exhibits influences from

1698:

remains contentious, as with other non-Mandarin Chinese languages. A 2010

338: 15195: 15157: 15086: 15076: 14711: 14624: 14454: 14100: 14050: 13503: 13479: 13452: 13442: 13415: 13400: 13376: 13200: 12777: 12700: 12695: 12655: 12385: 11216: 11190: 11086: 11056: 11033: 11001: 10740: 10730: 10534: 10429: 10414: 10377: 10325: 10146: 10137: 10033: 9872: 9747: 9474: 9361: 8576: 7210: 6936: 5900:, Yale-China Chinese Language Centre, The Chinese University of Hong Kong 5694:

Cantonese as Written Language: The Growth of a Written Chinese Vernacular

3738: 3551: 3550:. This was the system used importantly: (with virtually no deviation) by 3108: 3048: 2203: 1839: 1640:

dynasty and its usage spread around most of what is now the provinces of

1633: 1248: 1222: 1068: 556: 397: 159: 120: 8526: 8230: 7404: 7150:"With an Influx of Newcomers, Little Chinatowns Dot a Changing Brooklyn" 7035:"As Mandarin Language Becomes Standard, Chinatown Explores New Identity" 6792:

The Chinese Minority in Cambodia: Identity Construction and Contestation

6113:

Proceedings of the 34th North American Conference on Chinese Linguistics

2492:

exhibits a multitude of regional and local varieties, many of which are

14939: 14838: 14629: 14078: 13998: 13531: 13469: 13447: 12817: 12690: 10632: 10606: 10372: 10338: 9843: 9770: 8386:

Hong Kong Government site on the HK Supplementary Character Set (HKSCS)

6964: 6858:

The Well-Being of the Elderly in Asia: A Four-Country Comparative Study

6751:

Life is Not Complete Without Shopping: Consumption Culture in Singapore

5757: 3685:夾) but have not been officially recognized in other systems like Yale. 3463: 3375: 3281: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2582: 2523: 2235: 2191: 2153: 2046: 1867: 1754: 1743: 1394: 1060: 676: 582:

Cantonese is regarded as an integral and inextricable component of the

125: 7998: 7790: 7766: 7696: 7548:

Morris, Meaghan; Li, Siu Leung; Chan, Stephen Ching-kiu, eds. (2006).

2715:

Another key feature of Hong Kong Cantonese is the two syllabic nasals

1460:

arrived from Guangzhou and surrounding areas after they were ceded to

1429:) in the west of Guangzhou. It is known for its distinctive use of an 15248: 14956: 14909: 14813: 14513: 14503: 13839: 13721: 13496: 13491: 13435: 12767: 11432: 11081: 10823: 10441: 10093: 10081: 9892: 9723: 9354: 8995: 8760: 8567: 6054:"Cantonese Cameo: Pre-war Hong Kong Films and /ɿ/ Of Early Cantonese" 2940: 2924: 2688:

Hong Kong and Macau merge certain phoneme pairs. Although termed as "

2620: 2569: 2211: 2090: 2078: 1843: 1827: 1667: 1641: 1625: 1605: 1562: 1486: 1453: 1252: 1045: 643: 619: 611: 591: 568: 348: 331: 294: 267: 46: 6276:"Zhōngguó guǎngbò diànshì bòyīn yuán zhǔchí rén zhíyè dàodé zhǔnzé" 3256: 2541:. The most notable of these has been the 2010 proposal put forth by 15269: 15238: 14961: 14914: 14738: 14634: 14570: 14472: 13474: 11371: 10957: 10598: 9779: 9383: 7990: 6696:"Use of Dialects Interfere with Learning of Mandarin & English" 6407:"Canton's Unease: As Mandarin Spreads, Locals Face Identity Crisis" 5579: 3718: 3630: 3538:

This new style of romanization still embodied the phonology of the

3355: 3044: 2920: 2648:

made in Hong Kong were very popular in the Chinese speaking world.

2624: 2616: 2243: 2106: 2101:

community, with speakers largely concentrated in major cities like

2062: 2050: 2029: 1919: 1911: 1895: 1851: 1815: 1787: 1529: 1473: 1469: 1004: 922: 838: 756: 647: 639: 473: 54: 11403: 8504: 5807:

The Sacred Edict: Containing Sixteen Maxims of the Emperor Kang-Hi

2533:

Nevertheless, there have been recent efforts to reduce the use of

15205: 15055: 15045: 15014: 14949: 14944: 14808: 14783: 14588: 13513: 11270: 10950: 10837: 10666: 10262: 8856: 8487: 8391: 8029:

English-Cantonese Dictionary 英粵字典: Cantonese in Yale Romanization

7752:

English-Cantonese Dictionary 英粵字典: Cantonese in Yale Romanization

7669:"Variation and Merger of the Rising Tones in Hong Kong Cantonese" 7551:

Hong Kong Connections: Transnational Imagination in Action Cinema

3598:

A Chinese Syllabary Pronounced According to the Dialect of Canton

2612: 2187: 2102: 2005: 1989: 1938: 1931: 1927: 1907: 1899: 1823: 1749: 1719: 1671: 1645: 635: 7873: 5449:

The following is a sample text in Cantonese of Article 1 of the

579:, and is currently spoken by over 82.4 million native speakers. 15243: 14934: 13983: 11329: 11131: 8769: 8584: 8404: 3428: 2474: 2247: 1863: 1831: 1519: 1406: 1354:, were written in Guangzhou during this period of prosperity. 1292: 445: 213: 14066:

Museum of the Western Han Dynasty Mausoleum of the Nanyue King

8309:

Tonic Dictionary of the Chinese Language in The Canton Dialect

5731:"The status of Cantonese in the education policy of Hong Kong" 3507:

Tonic Dictionary of the Chinese Language in the Canton Dialect

2041:

Cantonese is widely used as the inter-communal language among

1091:). In this article, "Cantonese" is used for Cantonese proper. 14793: 14582: 10842: 8765: 8580: 8412: 7446:

Language Professionals Australia Translation and Interpreting

6724: 6185:

Planet Hong Kong: popular cinema and the art of entertainment

6058:

Chinese Culture in the 21st Century and its Global Dimensions

5916: 5914: 2923:

tones in modern linguistics, which prefer to analyse them as

2706:

in many words. An example is manifested in the word for you (

2573: 2538: 2110: 1926:

in Pahang state, and they are also found in other areas like

1891: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1855: 1842:). The language is also widely spoken as well in the town of 1589: 1457: 623: 595: 306: 272: 50: 13808: 7667:

Bauer, Robert S.; Cheung, Kwan-hin; Cheung, Pak-man (2003).

7650: 7648: 7488:"Say It Loud: Language and Identity in Taiwan and Hong Kong" 6004: 5206:

Jyutping recognizes the distinction between final "short a"

3629:(LSHK) has advocated the romanization it devised (and named 1730:. Additionally, Cantonese media and popular culture such as 1094:

Historically, speakers called this variety "Canton speech" (

8280:

Vocabulary of the Canton Dialect: Chinese Words and Phrases

7927:"OHCHR | Universal Declaration of Human Rights – Cantonese" 7867: 7280: 6860:. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. pp. 38–39. 6532:

Xīnjìyuán xuéyuàn xuébào / New Era College Academic Journal

6206: 6204: 6126: 3470:(1828) with a rather unsystematic romanized pronunciation. 2478: 1859: 1700:

proposal to switch some programming on Guangzhou television

14021:

The Memorial Museum of Generalissimo Sun Yat-sen's Mansion

6895:

Alternate Identities: The Chinese of Contemporary Thailand

6831:. In Guan, Lee Hock; Suryadinata, Leo Suryadinata (eds.). 6028: 5911: 5838:

A Vocabulary with Colloquial Phrases of the Canton Dialect

2338:

Cantonese is the most common Chinese variety spoken among

7645: 7442:"What are the most common languages spoken in Australia?" 7063: 7061: 7059: 6244: 1577:

official spoken form of the Chinese language used in the

1023: 1009: 995: 857: 843: 829: 8084:. trans. William W. Wang. China Intercontinental Press. 7633: 7169:

Chinese Population by Census Tract – New York City, 2010

6753:. Singapore: Singapore University Press. pp. 89–90. 6201: 2432:

Cantonese has been the dominant Chinese language of the

2400:, Cantonese is spoken by immigrants who fled the former 1694:

Nevertheless, the place of local Cantonese language and

1596:. As in Hong Kong, Cantonese is the predominant spoken 14339:

Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center Central Stadium

8009:

The Ethnic Chinese and Economic Development in Vietnam

7056: 6855: 6256: 6187:. Cambridge (Mass.) London: Harvard university press. 3584: 2600:

practices to emphasise a separate Hong Kong identity.

2266:, which is now the largest Chinatown in the city, and 2000:

Furthermore, an offshoot of SMC is the translation to

7519:

Donald, Stephanie; Keane, Michael; Hong, Yin (2002).

6798:(Master's thesis). Concordia University. p. 34. 2712:), pronounced as in Guangzhou and as in Hong Kong. 1581:

and all courts and tribunals. It is also used as the

971: 957: 941: 927: 913: 805: 791: 775: 761: 747: 6917: 6016: 5931: 5929: 5519: 8399:粵語/廣東話參考資料 Yue References by wordshk – GitHub Pages 6957:"How Many People Speak "What Languages" in America" 6500: 6378:"Move to Limit Cantonese on Chinese TV Is Assailed" 2913:

convention, identifying Cantonese with nine tones (

2868:Cantonese vowels tend to be traced further back to 2033:offering Cantonese as an elective language course. 1445:) in some cases where modern Cantonese would use a 671:Cantonese is mostly used in informal settings like 8376:(in Chinese). The Chinese University of Hong Kong. 7211:New York City Department of City Planning (2013). 6892: 6833:Language, Nation and Development in Southeast Asia 3640:, the only system of romanization accepted by the 1624:Cantonese first developed around the port city of 1604:with the Cantonese spoken in the mainland city of 1592:, where Chinese is an official language alongside 8518: 8339:Journal of the International Phonetic Association 8158:Studies in Yue Dialects 1: Phonology of Cantonese 7666: 7005:"Mandarin Use Up in Chinese American Communities" 6665:"Profile of the Singapore Chinese Dialect Groups" 5964:The Palgrave Handbook of Chinese Language Studies 5926: 3667:Differences between the three main standards are 15340: 8179:. Kluwer Academic Publishers. pp. 143–161. 7213:"Immigrant Settlement Patterns in New York City" 6829:"The Position of Non-Thai Languages in Thailand" 626:. Furthermore, Cantonese is widely spoken among 586:of its native speakers across a vast expanse of 7863: 7861: 7578:Cinema and Urban Culture in Shanghai, 1922–1943 7521:Media in China: Consumption, Content and Crisis 7518: 7361:["Chinese from France" means nothing]. 7292:. University of Illinois Press. pp. 49–51. 7085:"In Chinatown, Sound of the Future Is Mandarin" 6453:Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania 6178: 6176: 3646:Hong Kong Examinations and Assessment Authority 3407:under Hong Kong's system are often replaced by 2727:, a surname) ( in Guangzhou pronunciation) and 2576:, and the use of Cantonese in many established 1588:A similar situation also exists in neighboring 9225: 8672: 7718:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of August 2024 ( 7568: 7485: 6891:Tong, Chee Kiong; Chan, Kwok B., eds. (2001). 6225:Basic Law, Chapter I : General Principles 5793:. Chinese University of Hong Kong. p. 25. 5465:人人生而自由，喺尊嚴同埋權利上一律平等。佢哋有理性同埋良心，而且應當以兄弟關係嘅精神相對待。 15030: 14488: 13824: 13737: 11448: 9399: 8542: 8155: 7954: 7831:"Guǎngdōnghuà pīnyīn – Google sōuxún jiànyì" 7745: 7743: 7741: 7732: 7574: 6823: 6132: 6034: 6010: 5920: 5814:. 1817. pp. xxvii–xxviii. Archived from 3439:, etc. vs. it rendering the latter series by 3003: 2992: 2981: 2970: 2959: 2948: 2914: 2859: 2853: 2693: 2226:eastern portion of Manhattan's Chinatown and 1890:state, and also widely spoken in the eastern 883: 717: 703: 529: 11198: 9086: 8371:"Multi-function Chinese Character Database" 8232:A Chinese Chrestomathy in the Canton Dialect 7955:Bauer, Robert S.; Benedict, Paul K. (1997). 7858: 7612: 7554:. Duke University Press Books. p. 193. 7547: 6173: 5956: 5954: 5952: 5950: 5948: 5946: 5944: 8119: 8098: 7913: 7654: 7639: 7387: 7175:, New York City Department of City Planning 6047: 6045: 6043: 5779:Kataoka, Shin; Lee, Yin-Ping Cream (2022). 3591:Hong Kong Government Cantonese Romanisation 1565:are Chinese and English, as defined in the 650:to a lesser extent) and the Western world. 15037: 15023: 14495: 14481: 13831: 13817: 13744: 13730: 11670: 11455: 11441: 11419: 11189: 9406: 9392: 8549: 8535: 7738: 7581:. Stanford University Press. p. 184. 7486:McLean-Dreyfus, Marie-Alice (2014-11-06). 7463: 7187:"Mapping America: Every City, Every Block" 5829: 5778: 5697:. Hong Kong University Press. p. 48. 5202: 5200: 5198: 5196: 3480:Chinese Chrestomathy in the Canton Dialect 2640:. Despite a ban on Cantonese films by the 2214:and in Brooklyn's small new Chinatowns in 1858:, especially in the state capital city of 1762:with a Vietnamese accent or a tendency to 1541: 1498:from Early Cantonese to Modern Cantonese. 1067:; this broader usage may be specified as " 1050:An English and Cantonese Pocket Dictionary 536: 522: 8556: 8350: 8332: 8208:. San Francisco: A. Roman & Company. 8174: 8120:Matthews, Stephen; Yip, Virginia (2011). 8099:Matthews, Stephen; Yip, Virginia (1994). 7695: 7616:Historical Dictionary of Hong Kong Cinema 7514: 7512: 6865: 6210: 5941: 5845: 5774: 5772: 5770: 5768: 5756: 5746: 5619:List of English words of Cantonese origin 3341:Learn how and when to remove this message 2594:development of democracy in the territory 2097:and is one of the variants spoken by the 14265:Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine 8302: 8274: 8228: 8012:. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. 7979:Journal of the American Oriental Society 7466:Hong Kong Journal of Applied Linguistics 7388:de Oliveira, Catarina Reis (July 2003), 6890: 6182: 6040: 5960: 5728: 3561:developed a Cantonese adaptation of his 3450: 2919:). However, these are seldom counted as 2481:, recited and explained in Cantonese by 2454: 2252:Bensonhurst's Little Hong Kong/Guangdong 2131: 1988:, then, also stopped giving speeches in 1615: 1534: 1425: 1373: 1342: 1275: 1226: 1203: 1187: 1164: 1144: 1124: 1104: 1081: 14245:Guangdong University of Foreign Studies 11114: 8255: 7977:(2000). "A Brief History of Mandarin". 7764: 7359:""Chinois de France" ne veut rien dire" 7356: 7290:Chinese American Transnational Politics 7247: 7228: 7147: 7011:. Associated Press. December 29, 2003. 6478: 6268: 5894:Chinese as a FSL (Cantonese) Curriculum 5193: 3642:Hong Kong Education and Manpower Bureau 3606:, was published in 1941. He devised an 3525:English and Cantonese Pocket-Dictionary 2615:, Cantonese has its own popular music, 2314:. Mandarin predominates in much of the 2302:, and older Chinese ethnoburbs such as 1790:, Cantonese is widely spoken among the 1714:Cantonese has historically served as a 1052:(1859), a bestseller by the missionary 15341: 14385:Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport 14220:Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center 13751: 11462: 8201: 8128: 7973: 7509: 7302: 7276: 7274: 7117: 7082: 6727:. Singapore Promote Mandarin Council. 6690: 6688: 6488:. General Statistics Office of Vietnam 6486:"Report on Results of the 2019 Census" 6283:Guojia guangbo dianying dianshì zongju 6262: 6250: 6022: 5835: 5765: 5686: 5684: 5682: 5680: 5629:Protection of the Varieties of Chinese 4675: 2668: 2322:variety of Chinese. This has led to a 2256:Homecrest's Little Hong Kong/Guangdong 1546: 1361:, centuries of maritime prohibitions ( 1025: 973: 859: 807: 313:Education and Youth Development Bureau 15018: 14476: 14319:Guangdong Provincial People's Stadium 13812: 13725: 12610: 11669: 11436: 9387: 8530: 8517: 8045: 8027:Kwaan, Choi Wah; et al. (2004). 8026: 8005: 7895:"粵音節表 (Table of Cantonese Syllables)" 7750:Kwaan, Choi Wah; et al. (2004). 7749: 7481: 7479: 7459: 7457: 7455: 7369:from the original on 15 February 2018 6923: 6506: 6144: 5451:Universal Declaration of Human Rights 2763:pronounce the merge more frequently. 2561:. Such actions have further provoked 2128:Chinese language in the United States 873:'Canton speech' or 'Guangzhou speech' 681: 15315: 14997: 14502: 14359:Guangzhou International Sports Arena 14230:South China University of Technology 9413: 8419: 7846:from the original on 18 January 2018 7118:Nelson, Katie (September 15, 2011). 7072:. Taylor & Francis. p. 115. 6805:from the original on 11 October 2017 6788: 6748: 6450: 6438:10.19689/j.cnki.cn10-1361/h.20180304 6375: 6352:"The Slow Death of China's Dialects" 6312:South China University of Technology 6232:from the original on 29 January 2018 6103: 6051: 5690: 3610:-based system of transcription, the 3565:system. It was first used in Chao's 3279:adding citations to reliable sources 3250: 3223: 614:(being the majority language of the 14275:Guangdong Pharmaceutical University 14250:South China Agricultural University 12611: 8381:Cantonese-English Online Dictionary 8156:Yue-Hashimoto, Anne Oi-Kan (1972). 7357:Laurent, Annabelle (28 June 2010). 7271: 7067: 6685: 6630: 6611: 6563: 6518: 6455:. Facts on File. pp. 289–290. 5677: 3585:Cantonese romanization in Hong Kong 2901:Historically, finals that end in a 2893:Generally speaking, Cantonese is a 1485:in Macau had been close to that of 13: 15044: 14430:Guangzhou–Zhuhai intercity railway 14255:Guangdong University of Technology 8195: 8122:Cantonese: A Comprehensive Grammar 8102:Cantonese: A Comprehensive Grammar 8079: 8052:Ethnologue: Languages of the World 7811:from the original on 16 March 2018 7476: 7452: 7229:Beekman, Daniel (August 5, 2011). 7015:from the original on 16 March 2018 6935: 5935: 3595:An influential work on Cantonese, 2545:, which called for an increase in 2316:emergent Chinese American enclaves 2204:older, traditional western portion 2067:largest overseas Chinese community 1782:Malaysian Chinese § Cantonese 1766:between Cantonese and Vietnamese. 1734:is popular throughout the region. 14: 15400: 8363: 8229:Bridgman, Elijah Coleman (1841). 7868:Linguistic Society of Hong Kong. 7083:Semple, Kirk (October 21, 2009). 6835:. ISEAS Publishing. p. 191. 6419: 6060:. Vol. 2. pp. 123–139. 5722: 3466:missionary in China, published a 2568:Due to the linguistic history of 2375: 2370: 1798:and the surrounding areas in the 1794:community in the capital city of 1709: 1704:Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 1611: 15314: 15303: 15302: 14996: 14985: 14984: 14423:Guangzhou Baiyun railway station 13961: 13955: 13949: 11418: 10896:Literary and colloquial readings 10768: 8749: 8496: 8479: 8462: 8445: 8428: 7619:. Scarecrow Press. p. 427. 5578: 5564: 5550: 5536: 5522: 3468:Vocabulary of the Canton Dialect 3255: 2440: 2121: 2116: 2093:, Cantonese is locally known as 1850:located in the northern part of 1348:Vocabulary of the Canton Dialect 14418:Guangzhou North railway station 14413:Guangzhou South railway station 8335:"Chinese (Hong Kong Cantonese)" 8054:(15th ed.), Dallas, T.X.: 7919: 7887: 7823: 7797: 7758: 7726: 7660: 7606: 7595:from the original on 2016-05-10 7541: 7434: 7381: 7350: 7339:from the original on 2012-01-19 7321: 7296: 7260:from the original on 2012-05-03 7241: 7222: 7204: 7179: 7160: 7148:Robbins, Liz (April 15, 2015). 7141: 7111: 7076: 7027: 6997: 6979: 6949: 6929: 6884: 6849: 6817: 6782: 6771:from the original on 2011-06-29 6757: 6742: 6731:from the original on 2012-04-03 6717: 6672:Statistics Singapore Newsletter 6662: 6656: 6645:from the original on 2018-11-15 6624: 6614:Journal of Taiwanese Vernacular 6605: 6576: 6566:Journal of Taiwanese Vernacular 6557: 6545:from the original on 2013-05-11 6512: 6444: 6413: 6399: 6388:from the original on 2018-09-24 6369: 6356:The McGill International Review 6344: 6322: 6300: 6216: 6147:Asia-Pacific Language Variation 6138: 6097: 5873:from the original on 2018-01-01 5836:Bonney, Samuel William (1854). 5711:from the original on 2016-04-24 3627:Linguistic Society of Hong Kong 3266:needs additional citations for 3246: 2681:is that of Canton (Guangzhou). 2228:Brooklyn's main large Chinatown 1854:state and also in the state of 1585:in schools, alongside English. 1209: 1193: 1170: 1150: 1130: 1110: 1087: 1024: 1010: 996: 858: 844: 830: 567:. It originated in the city of 342:(superset for all Yue dialects) 14408:Guangzhou East railway station 14011:Temple of the Six Banyan Trees 8312:. Canton: Chinese Repository. 8160:. Cambridge University Press. 7947: 7329:"Cantonese Speakers in the UK" 7070:Chinese Transnational Networks 5973:10.1007/978-981-13-6844-8_35-2 5884: 5854: 5822:Paraphrase on the Sacred Edict 5797: 5729:Lee, Kwai; Leung, Wai (2012). 5651: 5641: 5444: 3579:Cantonese Conversation Grammar 3004: 2993: 2982: 2971: 2960: 2949: 2860: 2854: 2412:Cantonese is spoken by ethnic 2364:1989 Tiananmen Square protests 2148:(or Tóisàn, where the Sìyì or 1524: 1515: 1419: 1414: 1410: 1367: 1336: 1331: 1296: 1269: 1264: 1182: 1178: 1159: 1155: 1139: 1135: 1119: 1115: 1099: 1095: 1076: 1072: 972: 958: 942: 928: 914: 884: 806: 792: 776: 762: 748: 718: 704: 505:Proper Cantonese pronunciation 1: 14235:South China Normal University 14158:Dr. Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall 13838: 8519:Articles related to Cantonese 7676:Language Variation and Change 7307:. Penguin. pp. 249–250. 7250:"Dragon Roars in San Gabriel" 7248:Pierson, David (2006-03-31). 6334:South China Normal University 5665: 3662: 1862:and its surrounding towns of 1688:Chinese as a foreign language 1381:, for example in the way the 14270:Guangzhou Medical University 14163:South China Botanical Garden 14141:International Finance Center 14136:Guangzhou CTF Finance Centre 11424:List of varieties of Chinese 8337:. Illustrations of the IPA. 8235:. Macao: S. Wells Williams. 8046:Lewis, M. Paul, ed. (2005), 7068:Tan, Chee-Beng, ed. (2007). 6702:. 2009-03-06. Archived from 6631:Wee, Kek Koon (2018-11-01). 6590:. 2014-05-27. Archived from 6308:"Chinese Language Programes" 6285:. 2005-02-07. Archived from 5670: 5624:List of varieties of Chinese 3403:陳), instances of the letter 2927:by the following consonant. 2909:" and treated separately by 2694: 2651: 2427: 2268:Elmhurst's smaller Chinatown 2084: 1962: 1886:in the southern part of the 1508:biliteracy and trilingualism 1311:folksong genres, as well as 1231:Chinese dictionary from the 565:Sino-Tibetan language family 7: 7613:Odham Stokes, Lisa (2007). 7575:Yingjin Zhang, ed. (1999). 6991:United States Census Bureau 6376:Wong, Edward (2010-07-26). 6240:– via basiclaw.gov.hk 6066:10.1007/978-981-15-2743-2_8 5515: 3688: 3498:for South Asian languages. 3358:, the Chinese government's 2407: 2398:Chinese community in France 2056: 2036: 1769: 1569:. The Chinese language has 610:of the Chinese province of 10: 15405: 15181:Zhuang customs and culture 15148:Guangxi Medical University 14177:Culture & demographics 14071:Peasant Movement Institute 11382:Taiwanese Phonetic Symbols 8262:. Stawell: Thomas Stubbs. 8139:Princeton University Press 8129:Ramsey, S. Robert (1987). 7957:Modern Cantonese Phonology 7765:Barnett, K. M. A. (1950). 7733:Bauer & Benedict (1997 6052:Sham, Ricky Y. H. (2020). 5221: 4672: 4085: 3698: 3636:Another popular scheme is 3588: 3227: 2852:Merging the rising tones ( 2661: 2655: 2636:, was made in 1932 by the 2516:official national language 2444: 2125: 1966: 1779: 1773: 1741: 1737: 1550: 1437:, or in more conventional 1220: 1216: 1197:) or simply as "Chinese" ( 21:Cantonese (disambiguation) 18: 15298: 15275:Jingjiang Princes' Palace 15257: 15226: 15156: 15143:Guangxi Normal University 15128: 15095: 15067: 15053: 14980: 14892: 14687: 14664: 14553: 14525: 14511: 14403:Guangzhou railway station 14377: 14334:Guangdong Olympic Stadium 14306: 14283: 14212: 14176: 13971: 13946: 13846: 13780: 13759: 13693: 13666:Southern (Shanghai) Sign 13651: 13580: 13524: 13328: 13266: 13219: 13176: 13138: 13023: 12945: 12936: 12868: 12831: 12718: 12709: 12621: 12617: 12606: 12547: 12449: 12331: 12257: 12104: 11986: 11798: 11789: 11741: 11693: 11682: 11678: 11665: 11658: 11638: 11545: 11493: 11486: 11470: 11416: 11300: 11269: 11180: 11105: 11047: 10967: 10942: 10904: 10851: 10777: 10766: 10713: 10665: 10620: 10597: 10542: 10533: 10471: 10390: 10365: 10347: 10324: 10261: 10252: 10215: 10192: 10154: 10145: 10136: 10072: 10032: 9959: 9937: 9909: 9891: 9865: 9842: 9778: 9769: 9746: 9716: 9693: 9617: 9557: 9529: 9506: 9483: 9450: 9441: 9432: 9421: 9371: 9316: 9268: 9153: 8994: 8962: 8920: 8855: 8758: 8747: 8565: 8524: 8352:10.1017/S0025100300006058 7914:Matthews & Yip (1994) 7783:10.1017/S0041977X00140108 7688:10.1017/S0954394503152039 7655:Matthews & Yip (2011) 7640:Matthews & Yip (2011) 6845:– via Google Books. 6725:"Speak Mandarin Campaign" 6534:(in Simplified Chinese). 6451:West, Barbara A. (2009). 5242: 5239: 5236: 5231: 5228: 4734: 4725: 4716: 4699: 4682: 4669: 4125: 4108: 4099: 4090: 4082: 4075: 3737: 3727: 3722: 3717: 3708: 3703: 3695: 3099: 3092: 3079: 2935: 2915: 2774:initial into null initial 2728: 2707: 2391: 2333: 2324:linguistic discrimination 1950:Hong Kong popular culture 1948:Due to the popularity of 1878:region plus the towns of 1680:Standard Mandarin Chinese 1362: 1288: 1280: 1198: 1038: 1017: 1003: 989: 982: 965: 951: 935: 921: 907: 900: 895: 891: 877: 872: 851: 837: 823: 816: 799: 785: 769: 755: 741: 734: 729: 725: 711: 697: 693: 688: 362: 346: 329: 324: 281: 260:Official language in 258: 253: 221: 182: 147: 94: 84: 74: 64: 38: 33: 28: 14859:The Legend of Five Goats 14106:Whampoa Military Academy 13994:Chen Clan Ancestral Hall 13848:Administrative divisions 8398: 8372: 8202:Benoni, Lanctot (1867). 7832: 7819:– via Google Play. 7805:"Google Cantonese Input" 7039:Medill Reports – Chicago 6825:Luangthongkum, Theraphan 6765:"Cambodia – The Chinese" 6749:Chua, Beng Huat (2003). 6638:South China Morning Post 6523:《马来西亚的三个汉语方言》中之吉隆坡广东话阅谭 6522: 6277: 6183:Bordwell, David (2000). 5691:Snow, Donald B. (2004). 5634: 3492:Immanuel Gottlieb Genähr 3379:modified the Yale system 2888: 2690:lazy sound/pronunciation 2611:Along with Mandarin and 2234:are mostly populated by 2138:Chinatown, San Francisco 1943:Chinese-language schools 1898:as well as the towns of 1634:Yue varieties of Chinese 1571:many different varieties 879:Traditional Chinese 699:Traditional Chinese 381:This article is part of 15265:Longsheng Rice Terraces 14314:Guangzhou Football Park 13663:Northern (Beijing) Sign 7690:(inactive 2024-08-26). 7303:Berton, Pierre (1989). 6867:2027/mdp.39015060636282 6211:Zhang & Yang (2004) 3654:Government of Hong Kong 3529:Nicholas Belfeld Dennys 3472:Elijah Coleman Bridgman 2679:Cantonese pronunciation 2588:Increasingly since the 2502:the government of China 2494:mutually unintelligible 2384:and the fact that many 2016:when speaking English. 1979:Speak Mandarin Campaign 1651:Despite the cession of 1542:Geographic distribution 713:Simplified Chinese 15389:Languages of Singapore 15369:Languages of Hong Kong 14225:Sun Yat-sen University 14026:Sacred Heart Cathedral 11672:Sino-Tibetan languages 8388:(archived 22 May 2011) 8304:Williams, Samuel Wells 8131:The Languages of China 6789:Chan, Sambath (2005). 6159:10.1075/aplv.18007.zha 5735:Multilingual Education 5497:Jyutping romanisation 3360:Guangdong Romanization 2486: 2422:Portuguese colonialism 2300:Chinatown, Los Angeles 2280:San Francisco Bay Area 2141: 1973:Languages of Singapore 1621: 1535:loeng3 man4 saam1 jyu5 1251:when the port city of 1236: 575:) and its surrounding 495:Nasal-stop alternation 16:Variety of Yue Chinese 15384:Languages of Malaysia 15285:Ban Gioc–Detian Falls 15201:Southwestern Mandarin 15176:Cantonese nationalism 14804:Cantonese nationalism 14648:and the Vereker Banks 14445:Guangzhou Water Buses 14349:Huangpu Sports Center 14116:Guangzhou Opera House 14111:Nansha Tianhou Palace 9276:Central Tibeto-Burman 8135:Princeton, New Jersey 8105:. London: Routledge. 7959:. Walter de Gruyter. 6767:. Countrystudies.us. 6584:"Malaysian Cantonese" 5867:Hong Kong Observatory 5804:"Han-fung's Record". 5748:10.1186/2191-5059-2-2 5609:Cantonese nationalism 3581:, published in 1963. 3548:Standard Romanization 3511:Yinghua fenyun cuoyao 3476:Samuel Wells Williams 3451:Early Western efforts 3372:Standard Romanization 2736:Lastly, the initials 2606:American-born Chinese 2466: 2328:American-born Chinese 2240:Outer Boroughs of NYC 2135: 1619: 1602:mutually intelligible 1583:medium of instruction 1230: 1134:) or "plain speech" ( 1048:, was popularized by 15379:Languages of Vietnam 15191:Varieties of Chinese 14940:Cantonese fried rice 14920:Roasted suckling pig 14829:Cantonese lion dance 14819:Lingnan Confucianism 14749:Cantonese embroidery 14734:Lingnan architecture 14707:Varieties of Chinese 14260:Guangzhou University 8256:Matthew, W. (1880). 8080:Li, Qingxin (2006). 8006:Khanh, Tran (1993). 6663:Lee, Edmond Eu Fah, 6519:Sin, Ka Lin (2009). 6133:Yue-Hashimoto (1972) 6035:Yue-Hashimoto (1972) 6011:Yue-Hashimoto (1972) 5921:Yue-Hashimoto (1972) 5820:bought with him the 5229:Romanization system 4670:Romanization system 4083:Romanization system 3696:Romanization system 3275:improve this article 2905:were considered as " 2551:Cantonese programmes 2543:Guangzhou Television 2451:Culture of Hong Kong 2418:originate from Macau 2382:British Hong Kongers 2348:Greater Toronto Area 2264:Flushing's Chinatown 2222:. The newly emerged 1969:Chinese Singaporeans 1653:Hong Kong to Britain 1579:Hong Kong Government 1343:Fan1 wan5 Cyut3 jiu3 655:varieties of Chinese 600:overseas communities 59:overseas communities 19:For other uses, see 15258:Visitor attractions 14854:Cantonese folktales 14844:Cantonese merchants 14754:Teochew woodcarving 14674:Guangzhou Education 14567:Metropolitan areas 14354:Guangzhou Gymnasium 13706:NM = Inner Mongolia 9334:Proto-Tibeto-Burman 7833:廣東話拼音 – Google 搜尋建議 7448:. 26 November 2018. 7405:10.2139/ssrn.464682 7397:FEEM Working Papers 7235:New York Daily News 7124:New York Daily News 6700:channelnewsasia.com 6409:. 10 November 2021. 6253:, pp. 549–550. 5840:. pp. 20, 47. 5782:晚清民初歐美傳教士書寫的廣東話文獻精選 5599:Cantonese profanity 5457: 3670:highlighted in bold 3557:The major linguist 3393:Portuguese language 2683:Hong Kong Cantonese 2669:Initials and finals 2664:Hong Kong Cantonese 2658:Cantonese phonology 2638:Tianyi Film Company 2547:Mandarin broadcasts 2520:regional uniqueness 2414:Chinese in Portugal 2342:. According to the 2296:Southern California 2276:Northern California 2236:Fuzhounese speakers 1846:in the district of 1776:Malaysian Cantonese 1732:cinema of Hong Kong 1567:Hong Kong Basic Law 1553:Hong Kong Cantonese 1547:Hong Kong and Macau 1501:In mainland China, 1399:Cantonese made easy 606:, Cantonese is the 571:(formerly known as 551:is the traditional 165:Eastern Han Chinese 15374:Languages of Macau 15364:Languages of China 15354:Cantonese language 15138:Guangxi University 14679:Shenzhen Education 14324:Yuexiushan Stadium 14184:Cantonese language 14061:Chimelong Paradise 13924:Defunct divisions 13753:Languages of Macau 13243:Formosan languages 11464:Languages of China 11377:Cantonese Bopomofo 11244:Chinese characters 11172:Written Sichuanese 9756:Zhangjiakou–Hohhot 9327:Proto-Sino-Tibetan 9269:Proposed groupings 8333:Zee, Eric (1991). 8082:Maritime Silk Road 7807:. 28 August 2017. 7191:The New York Times 7154:The New York Times 7089:The New York Times 6899:. Brill. pp. 6382:The New York Times 6358:. 21 February 2019 6330:"Chinese Language" 6278:中国广播电视播音员主持人职业道德准则 5614:Languages of China 5506:English original: 5479:Yale romanisation 5456: 4677:Syllabic consonant 3699:Initial consonant 3542:, and the name of 3488:Ernst Johann Eitel 2702:for nasal initial 2549:at the expense of 2487: 2434:Chinese Australian 2344:Canada 2016 census 2142: 2099:Chinese Indonesian 2043:Chinese Cambodians 2008:is often known as 1622: 1598:variety of Chinese 1559:official languages 1350:by the missionary 1237: 682:Names of Cantonese 588:southeastern China 391:Cantonese language 155:Proto-Sino-Tibetan 15359:Cantonese culture 15336: 15335: 15330: 15329: 15234:Cantonese cuisine 15166:Cantonese culture 15110:Nanling Mountains 15012: 15011: 14930:Seafood birdsnest 14900:Cantonese cuisine 14849:Red cotton flower 14640:Nanling Mountains 14603:Pearl River Delta 14595:Leizhou Peninsula 14576:Pearl River Delta 14470: 14469: 14399:Railway stations 14369:Henry Fok Stadium 14364:Yanzigang Stadium 14194:Cantonese cuisine 14189:Cantonese culture 14125:Zhujiang New Town 13806: 13805: 13719: 13718: 13262: 13261: 13258: 13257: 13254: 13253: 13247: 13239: 13231: 13134: 13133: 12864: 12863: 12602: 12601: 12598: 12597: 12327: 12326: 12323: 12322: 11654: 11653: 11430: 11429: 11412: 11411: 11239: 11238: 11157:Written Cantonese 11152: 11151: 10934:Classical grammar 10929:Cantonese grammar 10764: 10763: 10661: 10660: 10467: 10466: 10386: 10385: 10248: 10247: 9955: 9954: 9742: 9741: 9632:Chengdu–Chongqing 9425:Sinitic languages 9381: 9380: 9264: 9263: 9149: 9148: 8990: 8989: 8745: 8744: 8488:Cantonese edition 8288:2027/uc1.b4496041 8186:978-1-4020-8038-8 8167:978-0-521-08442-0 8148:978-0-691-01468-5 8091:978-7-5085-0932-7 8065:978-1-55671-159-6 8056:SIL International 8019:978-981-3016-66-8 7966:978-3-11-014893-0 7534:978-0-7007-1614-2 7254:Los Angeles Times 6967:on April 29, 2017 6075:978-981-15-2742-5 5982:978-981-13-6844-8 5594:Cantonese grammar 5513: 5512: 5488:Cantonese Pinyin 5442: 5441: 5379:Cantonese Pinyin 5285:IPA Tone Letters 5252:Chao Tone Contour 5189: 5188: 4993:Cantonese Pinyin 4665: 4664: 4073: 4072: 3938:Cantonese Pinyin 3616:S. L. Wong system 3612:S. L. Wong system 3533:Yale romanization 3496:Sir William Jones 3445:⟨d⟩ 3441:⟨b⟩ 3437:⟨t⟩ 3433:⟨p⟩ 3411:in Macau's (e.g. 3409:⟨o⟩ 3405:⟨u⟩ 3351: 3350: 3343: 3325: 3234:Cantonese Braille 3230:Written Cantonese 3224:Written Cantonese 3221: 3220: 2752:when followed by 2744:are merging into 2642:Nanjing authority 2633:White Gold Dragon 2555:Chinese languages 2464: 2447:Cantonese culture 2362:arising from the 2340:Chinese Canadians 2278:, especially the 2180:Standard Mandarin 2169:Yale romanization 2165:Locke, California 2022:television series 1924:Cameron Highlands 1792:Malaysian Chinese 1657:Macau to Portugal 1630:Pearl River Delta 1503:Standard Mandarin 1495:the film industry 1476:, as well as the 1257:Pearl River Delta 1188:Gwong2 dung1 waa2 1125:Saang2 seng4 waa2 1042: 1041: 1034: 1033: 991:Yale Romanization 902:Standard Mandarin 868: 867: 845:Gwong2 dung1 waa2 825:Yale Romanization 736:Standard Mandarin 664:Standard Mandarin 659:Sinitic languages 634:(most notably in 616:Pearl River Delta 584:cultural identity 577:Pearl River Delta 563:belonging to the 546: 545: 376: 375: 283:Regulated by 240:Cantonese Braille 235:Written Cantonese 69:Pearl River Delta 15396: 15318: 15317: 15306: 15305: 15218:Mienic languages 15213:Zhuang languages 15171:Cantonese people 15039: 15032: 15025: 15016: 15015: 15000: 14999: 14988: 14987: 14925:Bird's nest soup 14799:Cantonese poetry 14764:Canton porcelain 14702:Cantonese people 14497: 14490: 14483: 14474: 14473: 14240:Jinan University 14213:Higher Education 14199:Cantonese people 14148:Haixinsha Island 14036:Guangxiao Temple 14031:Huaisheng Mosque 14006:Guangdong Museum 13965: 13959: 13953: 13833: 13826: 13819: 13810: 13809: 13798:Mandarin Chinese 13746: 13739: 13732: 13723: 13722: 13675: 13245: 13237: 13229: 12943: 12942: 12716: 12715: 12619: 12618: 12608: 12607: 11796: 11795: 11691: 11690: 11680: 11679: 11667: 11666: 11663: 11662: 11491: 11490: 11478:Standard Chinese 11457: 11450: 11443: 11434: 11433: 11422: 11421: 11394:Taiwanese Hangul 11283:Mainland Chinese 11196: 11195: 11187: 11186: 11112: 11111: 10789:Standard Chinese 10772: 10540: 10539: 10259: 10258: 10152: 10151: 10143: 10142: 10025: 10013: 10001: 9989: 9977: 9776: 9775: 9448: 9447: 9439: 9438: 9415:Chinese language 9408: 9401: 9394: 9385: 9384: 9223: 9222: 9084: 9083: 8918: 8917: 8753: 8670: 8669: 8551: 8544: 8537: 8528: 8527: 8515: 8514: 8509: 8501: 8500: 8499: 8492: 8484: 8483: 8482: 8475: 8467: 8466: 8465: 8458: 8450: 8449: 8448: 8441: 8433: 8432: 8431: 8421: 8409: 8377: 8356: 8354: 8329: 8299: 8282:. Macao: Steyn. 8276:Morrison, Robert 8271: 8252: 8225: 8190: 8171: 8152: 8125: 8116: 8095: 8076: 8074: 8072: 8042: 8023: 8002: 7975:Coblin, W. South 7970: 7941: 7940: 7938: 7937: 7923: 7917: 7911: 7905: 7904: 7902: 7901: 7891: 7885: 7884: 7882: 7881: 7872:. Archived from 7865: 7856: 7855: 7853: 7851: 7839:Google Hong Kong 7827: 7821: 7820: 7818: 7816: 7801: 7795: 7794: 7762: 7756: 7755: 7747: 7736: 7730: 7724: 7723: 7717: 7709: 7699: 7673: 7664: 7658: 7652: 7643: 7637: 7631: 7630: 7610: 7604: 7603: 7601: 7600: 7572: 7566: 7565: 7545: 7539: 7538: 7516: 7507: 7506: 7504: 7503: 7494:. Archived from 7483: 7474: 7473: 7461: 7450: 7449: 7438: 7432: 7431: 7429: 7423:, archived from 7394: 7385: 7379: 7378: 7376: 7374: 7354: 7348: 7347: 7345: 7344: 7325: 7319: 7318: 7300: 7294: 7293: 7278: 7269: 7268: 7266: 7265: 7245: 7239: 7238: 7226: 7220: 7219: 7217: 7208: 7202: 7201: 7199: 7198: 7183: 7177: 7176: 7174: 7164: 7158: 7157: 7145: 7139: 7138: 7136: 7135: 7126:. Archived from 7115: 7109: 7108: 7106: 7104: 7095:. Archived from 7080: 7074: 7073: 7065: 7054: 7053: 7051: 7050: 7041:. Archived from 7031: 7025: 7024: 7022: 7020: 7009:HSK Tests Online 7001: 6995: 6994: 6983: 6977: 6976: 6974: 6972: 6963:. Archived from 6953: 6947: 6946: 6933: 6927: 6921: 6915: 6914: 6898: 6888: 6882: 6881: 6869: 6853: 6847: 6846: 6821: 6815: 6814: 6812: 6810: 6804: 6797: 6786: 6780: 6779: 6777: 6776: 6761: 6755: 6754: 6746: 6740: 6739: 6737: 6736: 6721: 6715: 6714: 6712: 6711: 6692: 6683: 6682: 6680: 6674:, archived from 6669: 6660: 6654: 6653: 6651: 6650: 6628: 6622: 6621: 6609: 6603: 6602: 6600: 6599: 6580: 6574: 6573: 6561: 6555: 6554: 6552: 6550: 6544: 6529: 6516: 6510: 6504: 6498: 6497: 6495: 6493: 6482: 6476: 6466: 6448: 6442: 6441: 6422:"广州人语言态度与粤语认同传承" 6417: 6411: 6410: 6403: 6397: 6396: 6394: 6393: 6373: 6367: 6366: 6364: 6363: 6348: 6342: 6341: 6336:. Archived from 6326: 6320: 6319: 6314:. Archived from 6304: 6298: 6297: 6295: 6294: 6272: 6266: 6265:, pp. 3–15. 6260: 6254: 6248: 6242: 6241: 6239: 6237: 6220: 6214: 6208: 6199: 6198: 6180: 6171: 6170: 6142: 6136: 6130: 6124: 6123: 6121: 6119: 6110: 6101: 6095: 6094: 6092: 6090: 6049: 6038: 6032: 6026: 6020: 6014: 6008: 6002: 6001: 5999: 5997: 5958: 5939: 5933: 5924: 5918: 5909: 5908: 5907: 5905: 5899: 5888: 5882: 5881: 5879: 5878: 5863:"Audio Web Page" 5858: 5852: 5851: 5849: 5833: 5827: 5826: 5810:. Translated by 5801: 5795: 5794: 5792: 5776: 5763: 5762: 5760: 5750: 5726: 5720: 5719: 5717: 5716: 5688: 5659: 5655: 5649: 5645: 5588: 5583: 5582: 5574: 5572:Singapore portal 5569: 5568: 5567: 5560: 5558:Hong Kong portal 5555: 5554: 5553: 5546: 5541: 5540: 5539: 5532: 5527: 5526: 5525: 5458: 5455: 5342: 5337: 5332: 5327: 5322: 5318: 5313: 5309: 5304: 5299: 5294: 5290: 5226: 5225: 5215: 5213: 5209: 5204: 4891: 4886: 4880: 4873: 4866: 4859: 4852: 4845: 4838: 4831: 4824: 4817: 4811: 4806: 4801: 4796: 4791: 4786: 4781: 4776: 4771: 4766: 4761: 4756: 4751: 4741: 4732: 4723: 4714: 4706: 4697: 4689: 4667: 4666: 4435:Cantonese Pinyin 4322: 4317: 4312: 4307: 4302: 4297: 4292: 4287: 4282: 4276: 4270: 4264: 4257: 4251: 4246: 4241: 4236: 4231: 4226: 4221: 4216: 4211: 4206: 4200: 4194: 4189: 4184: 4179: 4174: 4169: 4164: 4159: 4153: 4140: 4132: 4123: 4115: 4106: 4097: 4080: 4079: 3865: 3858: 3851: 3845: 3839: 3833: 3827: 3821: 3815: 3808: 3800: 3793: 3787: 3781: 3775: 3769: 3763: 3757: 3751: 3693: 3692: 3684: 3680: 3676: 3672: 3638:Cantonese Pinyin 3567:Cantonese Primer 3447:, and the like. 3446: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3410: 3406: 3346: 3339: 3335: 3332: 3326: 3324: 3283: 3259: 3251: 3194: 3189: 3184: 3180: 3175: 3170: 3165: 3161: 3148: 3143: 3138: 3134: 3129: 3124: 3119: 3115: 3103: 3096: 3083: 3007: 3006: 2996: 2995: 2985: 2984: 2974: 2973: 2963: 2962: 2952: 2951: 2930: 2929: 2918: 2917: 2863: 2862: 2857: 2856: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2773: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2732: 2722: 2718: 2711: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2696: 2578:overseas Chinese 2528:radio broadcasts 2465: 2402:French Indochina 2161:Sacramento River 2045:, especially in 1536: 1526: 1517: 1448: 1444: 1436: 1427: 1421: 1416: 1412: 1391:overseas Chinese 1375: 1369: 1364: 1344: 1338: 1333: 1298: 1290: 1282: 1277: 1271: 1266: 1245:prestige variety 1211: 1205: 1200: 1195: 1189: 1184: 1180: 1172: 1166: 1161: 1157: 1152: 1146: 1141: 1137: 1132: 1126: 1121: 1117: 1112: 1106: 1105:Gwong2 zau1 waa2 1101: 1097: 1089: 1083: 1078: 1074: 1030: 1029: 1028: 1013: 1012: 1011:Gwong2 zau1 waa2 999: 998: 978: 977: 976: 961: 960: 947: 946: 945: 931: 930: 917: 916: 893: 892: 887: 886: 864: 863: 862: 847: 846: 833: 832: 812: 811: 810: 795: 794: 781: 780: 779: 765: 764: 751: 750: 727: 726: 721: 720: 707: 706: 686: 685: 668:Standard Chinese 642:, as well as in 628:overseas Chinese 598:, as well as in 561:Sinitic language 553:prestige variety 538: 531: 524: 378: 377: 372: 358: 341: 334: 301:Education Bureau 227: 100: 79:Cantonese people 26: 25: 15404: 15403: 15399: 15398: 15397: 15395: 15394: 15393: 15339: 15338: 15337: 15332: 15331: 15326: 15294: 15280:Yangshuo County 15253: 15222: 15152: 15124: 15120:Kitten Mountain 15091: 15063: 15049: 15043: 15013: 15008: 14976: 14972:Teochew cuisine 14888: 14864:Villain hitting 14789:Guangdong music 14779:Cantonese opera 14759:Lingnan penjing 14697:Lingnan culture 14683: 14660: 14549: 14521: 14507: 14501: 14471: 14466: 14462:Baiyun Cableway 14450:Guangzhou Trams 14440:Guangzhou Buses 14390:Guangzhou Metro 14373: 14302: 14279: 14208: 14204:Cantonese opera 14172: 14121:Huacheng Square 14075:Shopping malls 13979:Baiyun Mountain 13967: 13966: 13960: 13954: 13944: 13906:Free-Trade Zone 13842: 13837: 13807: 13802: 13788:Macanese Patois 13776: 13755: 13750: 13720: 13715: 13689: 13669: 13647: 13576: 13520: 13331: 13324: 13250: 13230:(Indo-European) 13215: 13172: 13130: 13019: 12932: 12860: 12827: 12705: 12613: 12612:Other languages 12594: 12543: 12474:Central Tibetan 12445: 12319: 12253: 12100: 11982: 11785: 11737: 11685: 11674: 11650: 11634: 11541: 11482: 11466: 11461: 11431: 11426: 11408: 11345:Tongyong Pinyin 11325:Gwoyeu Romatzyh 11313:Dungan Cyrillic 11296: 11265: 11235: 11176: 11167:Written Hokkien 11148: 11107: 11101: 11077:Middle Mandarin 11043: 10963: 10938: 10900: 10847: 10780: 10773: 10760: 10709: 10657: 10616: 10593: 10529: 10463: 10382: 10361: 10343: 10320: 10244: 10211: 10188: 10132: 10068: 10028: 10019: 10007: 9995: 9983: 9971: 9951: 9933: 9905: 9887: 9861: 9838: 9765: 9738: 9712: 9689: 9613: 9553: 9525: 9502: 9479: 9428: 9417: 9412: 9382: 9377: 9367: 9318:Proto-languages 9312: 9260: 9227:Greater Siangic 9221: 9158: 9145: 9082: 8986: 8958: 8916: 8860: 8851: 8763: 8754: 8741: 8674:Greater Magaric 8668: 8595:West Himalayish 8575: 8561: 8555: 8520: 8512: 8502: 8497: 8495: 8485: 8480: 8478: 8474:from Wikivoyage 8468: 8463: 8461: 8451: 8446: 8444: 8434: 8429: 8427: 8424: 8420:sister projects 8417:at Knowledge's 8400: 8396: 8392:Cantonese Tools 8374: 8369: 8366: 8360: 8198: 8196:Further reading 8193: 8187: 8168: 8149: 8124:(2nd ed.). 8113: 8092: 8070: 8068: 8066: 8039: 8020: 7967: 7950: 7945: 7944: 7935: 7933: 7925: 7924: 7920: 7912: 7908: 7899: 7897: 7893: 7892: 7888: 7879: 7877: 7866: 7859: 7849: 7847: 7834: 7829: 7828: 7824: 7814: 7812: 7803: 7802: 7798: 7763: 7759: 7748: 7739: 7731: 7727: 7711: 7710: 7671: 7665: 7661: 7653: 7646: 7638: 7634: 7627: 7611: 7607: 7598: 7596: 7589: 7573: 7569: 7562: 7546: 7542: 7535: 7527:. p. 113. 7525:RoutledgeCurzon 7517: 7510: 7501: 7499: 7492:Thinking Taiwan 7484: 7477: 7462: 7453: 7440: 7439: 7435: 7427: 7399:, no. 75, 7392: 7386: 7382: 7372: 7370: 7355: 7351: 7342: 7340: 7327: 7326: 7322: 7315: 7301: 7297: 7286:Madeline Y. Hsu 7279: 7272: 7263: 7261: 7246: 7242: 7227: 7223: 7215: 7209: 7205: 7196: 7194: 7185: 7184: 7180: 7172: 7166: 7165: 7161: 7146: 7142: 7133: 7131: 7116: 7112: 7102: 7100: 7081: 7077: 7066: 7057: 7048: 7046: 7033: 7032: 7028: 7018: 7016: 7003: 7002: 6998: 6985: 6984: 6980: 6970: 6968: 6955: 6954: 6950: 6942:Made in America 6934: 6930: 6922: 6918: 6911: 6889: 6885: 6878: 6854: 6850: 6843: 6822: 6818: 6808: 6806: 6802: 6795: 6787: 6783: 6774: 6772: 6763: 6762: 6758: 6747: 6743: 6734: 6732: 6723: 6722: 6718: 6709: 6707: 6694: 6693: 6686: 6678: 6667: 6661: 6657: 6648: 6646: 6629: 6625: 6610: 6606: 6597: 6595: 6582: 6581: 6577: 6562: 6558: 6548: 6546: 6542: 6527: 6524: 6517: 6513: 6505: 6501: 6491: 6489: 6484: 6483: 6479: 6463: 6449: 6445: 6418: 6414: 6405: 6404: 6400: 6391: 6389: 6374: 6370: 6361: 6359: 6350: 6349: 6345: 6328: 6327: 6323: 6306: 6305: 6301: 6292: 6290: 6279: 6274: 6273: 6269: 6261: 6257: 6249: 6245: 6235: 6233: 6222: 6221: 6217: 6209: 6202: 6195: 6181: 6174: 6143: 6139: 6131: 6127: 6117: 6115: 6108: 6102: 6098: 6088: 6086: 6076: 6050: 6041: 6033: 6029: 6021: 6017: 6013:, pp. 5–6. 6009: 6005: 5995: 5993: 5983: 5967:. p. 487. 5959: 5942: 5934: 5927: 5919: 5912: 5903: 5901: 5897: 5891: 5889: 5885: 5876: 5874: 5861: 5859: 5855: 5834: 5830: 5818:on 2007-04-30. 5803: 5802: 5798: 5790: 5777: 5766: 5727: 5723: 5714: 5712: 5705: 5689: 5678: 5673: 5668: 5663: 5662: 5656: 5652: 5646: 5642: 5637: 5604:Cantonese slang 5586:Language portal 5584: 5577: 5570: 5565: 5563: 5556: 5551: 5549: 5542: 5537: 5535: 5528: 5523: 5521: 5518: 5466: 5447: 5224: 5219: 5218: 5205: 5194: 4078: 3691: 3668: 3665: 3593: 3587: 3571:Mandarin Primer 3563:Gwoyeu Romatzyh 3484:James Dyer Ball 3460:Robert Morrison 3453: 3444: 3440: 3436: 3432: 3408: 3404: 3347: 3336: 3330: 3327: 3284: 3282: 3272: 3260: 3249: 3236: 3228:Main articles: 3226: 3199:Yale diacritic 3047: 3028: 3017: 3001: 3000:light departing 2990: 2979: 2968: 2957: 2946: 2891: 2671: 2666: 2660: 2654: 2646:Cantonese films 2455: 2453: 2443: 2430: 2410: 2394: 2386:British Chinese 2378: 2373: 2352:Metro Vancouver 2336: 2294:. In contrast, 2130: 2124: 2119: 2087: 2065:is home to the 2059: 2039: 1975: 1965: 1930:, Sarawak, and 1784: 1778: 1772: 1746: 1740: 1712: 1614: 1555: 1549: 1544: 1403:James Dyer Ball 1359:First Opium War 1352:Robert Morrison 1346:) and the 1828 1325:rime dictionary 1313:Cantonese opera 1225: 1219: 1165:Gwong2 fu2 waa2 953:Tongyong Pinyin 943: 787:Tongyong Pinyin 777: 684: 542: 478: 438: 368: 354: 337: 330: 320: 317: 311: 299: 277: 261: 254:Official status 249: 245:Written Chinese 228: 223: 178: 150: 143: 101: 98:Language family 96: 87: 86:Native speakers 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 15402: 15392: 15391: 15386: 15381: 15376: 15371: 15366: 15361: 15356: 15351: 15334: 15333: 15328: 15327: 15325: 15324: 15312: 15299: 15296: 15295: 15293: 15292: 15290:Weizhou Island 15287: 15282: 15277: 15272: 15267: 15261: 15259: 15255: 15254: 15252: 15251: 15246: 15241: 15236: 15230: 15228: 15224: 15223: 15221: 15220: 15215: 15210: 15209: 15208: 15203: 15198: 15188: 15183: 15178: 15173: 15168: 15162: 15160: 15154: 15153: 15151: 15150: 15145: 15140: 15134: 15132: 15126: 15125: 15123: 15122: 15117: 15115:Gulf of Tonkin 15112: 15107: 15101: 15099: 15093: 15092: 15090: 15089: 15084: 15079: 15073: 15071: 15065: 15064: 15054: 15051: 15050: 15042: 15041: 15034: 15027: 15019: 15010: 15009: 15007: 15006: 14994: 14981: 14978: 14977: 14975: 14974: 14969: 14964: 14959: 14954: 14953: 14952: 14942: 14937: 14932: 14927: 14922: 14917: 14912: 14907: 14902: 14896: 14894: 14890: 14889: 14887: 14886: 14881: 14876: 14874:Teochew people 14871: 14866: 14861: 14856: 14851: 14846: 14841: 14836: 14831: 14826: 14821: 14816: 14811: 14806: 14801: 14796: 14791: 14786: 14781: 14776: 14771: 14769:Lingnan School 14766: 14761: 14756: 14751: 14746: 14744:Lingnan garden 14741: 14736: 14731: 14730: 14729: 14724: 14719: 14714: 14704: 14699: 14693: 14691: 14685: 14684: 14682: 14681: 14676: 14670: 14668: 14662: 14661: 14659: 14658: 14656:Shamian Island 14653: 14642: 14637: 14632: 14627: 14622: 14621: 14620: 14615: 14610: 14605: 14597: 14592: 14586: 14580: 14579: 14578: 14573: 14565: 14559: 14557: 14551: 14550: 14548: 14547: 14542: 14537: 14531: 14529: 14523: 14522: 14512: 14509: 14508: 14500: 14499: 14492: 14485: 14477: 14468: 14467: 14465: 14464: 14459: 14458: 14457: 14447: 14442: 14437: 14432: 14427: 14426: 14425: 14420: 14415: 14410: 14405: 14397: 14392: 14387: 14381: 14379: 14375: 14374: 14372: 14371: 14366: 14361: 14356: 14351: 14346: 14341: 14336: 14331: 14329:Tianhe Stadium 14326: 14321: 14316: 14310: 14308: 14304: 14303: 14301: 14300: 14295: 14289: 14287: 14281: 14280: 14278: 14277: 14272: 14267: 14262: 14257: 14252: 14247: 14242: 14237: 14232: 14227: 14222: 14216: 14214: 14210: 14209: 14207: 14206: 14201: 14196: 14191: 14186: 14180: 14178: 14174: 14173: 14171: 14170: 14165: 14160: 14155: 14150: 14145: 14144: 14143: 14138: 14128: 14118: 14113: 14108: 14103: 14098: 14097: 14096: 14091: 14089:Grandview Mall 14086: 14081: 14073: 14068: 14063: 14058: 14053: 14048: 14043: 14041:Chigang Pagoda 14038: 14033: 14028: 14023: 14018: 14013: 14008: 14003: 14002: 14001: 13996: 13991: 13989:Shamian Island 13981: 13975: 13973: 13969: 13968: 13948: 13947: 13945: 13943: 13942: 13941: 13940: 13935: 13930: 13921: 13920: 13915: 13910: 13909: 13908: 13903: 13893: 13888: 13883: 13878: 13873: 13868: 13863: 13858: 13852: 13850: 13844: 13843: 13836: 13835: 13828: 13821: 13813: 13804: 13803: 13801: 13800: 13795: 13790: 13784: 13782: 13778: 13777: 13775: 13774: 13769: 13763: 13761: 13757: 13756: 13749: 13748: 13741: 13734: 13726: 13717: 13716: 13714: 13713: 13710: 13707: 13704: 13701: 13700:HK = Hong Kong 13698: 13694: 13691: 13690: 13688: 13687: 13680: 13679: 13678: 13677: 13676: 13671:Hong Kong Sign 13664: 13655: 13653: 13649: 13648: 13646: 13645: 13640: 13635: 13630: 13625: 13620: 13615: 13610: 13605: 13600: 13595: 13590: 13584: 13582: 13578: 13577: 13575: 13574: 13569: 13564: 13559: 13554: 13549: 13544: 13539: 13534: 13528: 13526: 13522: 13521: 13519: 13518: 13517: 13516: 13511: 13501: 13500: 13499: 13494: 13484: 13483: 13482: 13477: 13467: 13466: 13465: 13460: 13455: 13450: 13445: 13440: 13439: 13438: 13433: 13428: 13413: 13408: 13403: 13398: 13397: 13396: 13391: 13390: 13389: 13379: 13374: 13373: 13372: 13362: 13357: 13352: 13347: 13336: 13334: 13326: 13325: 13323: 13322: 13317: 13311: 13306: 13301: 13296: 13291: 13286: 13281: 13276: 13270: 13268: 13264: 13263: 13260: 13259: 13256: 13255: 13252: 13251: 13249: 13248: 13246:(Austronesian) 13240: 13238:(Austronesian) 13232: 13223: 13221: 13217: 13216: 13214: 13213: 13208: 13203: 13198: 13193: 13188: 13182: 13180: 13174: 13173: 13171: 13170: 13165: 13160: 13155: 13150: 13144: 13142: 13136: 13135: 13132: 13131: 13129: 13128: 13123: 13118: 13113: 13108: 13103: 13098: 13093: 13088: 13083: 13078: 13073: 13068: 13063: 13058: 13053: 13048: 13043: 13038: 13033: 13027: 13025: 13021: 13020: 13018: 13017: 13012: 13007: 13002: 12997: 12992: 12987: 12982: 12977: 12972: 12967: 12962: 12957: 12951: 12949: 12940: 12934: 12933: 12931: 12930: 12925: 12920: 12915: 12910: 12905: 12900: 12895: 12890: 12885: 12880: 12874: 12872: 12866: 12865: 12862: 12861: 12859: 12858: 12853: 12848: 12843: 12837: 12835: 12829: 12828: 12826: 12825: 12820: 12815: 12810: 12805: 12800: 12795: 12790: 12785: 12780: 12775: 12770: 12765: 12760: 12755: 12750: 12745: 12740: 12735: 12730: 12724: 12722: 12713: 12707: 12706: 12704: 12703: 12698: 12693: 12688: 12683: 12678: 12673: 12668: 12663: 12658: 12653: 12648: 12643: 12638: 12633: 12627: 12625: 12615: 12614: 12604: 12603: 12600: 12599: 12596: 12595: 12593: 12592: 12587: 12582: 12577: 12572: 12567: 12562: 12557: 12551: 12549: 12545: 12544: 12542: 12541: 12536: 12531: 12526: 12521: 12516: 12511: 12506: 12501: 12496: 12491: 12486: 12481: 12476: 12471: 12466: 12461: 12455: 12453: 12447: 12446: 12444: 12443: 12438: 12433: 12428: 12423: 12418: 12416:Southern Qiang 12413: 12411:Northern Qiang 12408: 12403: 12398: 12393: 12388: 12383: 12378: 12373: 12368: 12363: 12358: 12353: 12348: 12343: 12337: 12335: 12329: 12328: 12325: 12324: 12321: 12320: 12318: 12317: 12312: 12307: 12302: 12297: 12292: 12287: 12282: 12277: 12272: 12267: 12261: 12259: 12255: 12254: 12252: 12251: 12246: 12241: 12236: 12231: 12226: 12221: 12216: 12211: 12206: 12201: 12196: 12191: 12186: 12181: 12176: 12171: 12166: 12161: 12156: 12151: 12146: 12141: 12136: 12131: 12126: 12121: 12116: 12110: 12108: 12102: 12101: 12099: 12098: 12093: 12088: 12083: 12078: 12073: 12068: 12063: 12058: 12053: 12048: 12043: 12038: 12033: 12028: 12023: 12018: 12013: 12008: 12003: 11998: 11992: 11990: 11984: 11983: 11981: 11980: 11975: 11970: 11965: 11960: 11955: 11950: 11945: 11940: 11935: 11930: 11925: 11920: 11915: 11910: 11905: 11900: 11895: 11890: 11885: 11880: 11875: 11870: 11865: 11860: 11855: 11850: 11845: 11840: 11835: 11830: 11825: 11820: 11815: 11810: 11804: 11802: 11793: 11787: 11786: 11784: 11783: 11778: 11773: 11768: 11763: 11758: 11753: 11747: 11745: 11739: 11738: 11736: 11735: 11730: 11725: 11720: 11715: 11710: 11705: 11699: 11697: 11688: 11676: 11675: 11660: 11656: 11655: 11652: 11651: 11648: 11646: 11636: 11635: 11633: 11632: 11627: 11622: 11617: 11612: 11607: 11602: 11597: 11592: 11587: 11582: 11577: 11572: 11567: 11562: 11557: 11551: 11549: 11543: 11542: 11540: 11539: 11534: 11529: 11524: 11519: 11514: 11509: 11503: 11501: 11488: 11484: 11483: 11481: 11480: 11474: 11472: 11468: 11467: 11460: 11459: 11452: 11445: 11437: 11428: 11427: 11417: 11414: 11413: 11410: 11409: 11407: 11406: 11401: 11396: 11391: 11389:Taiwanese kana 11386: 11385: 11384: 11379: 11369: 11368: 11367: 11362: 11360:Lessing-Othmer 11357: 11352: 11347: 11342: 11337: 11332: 11327: 11317: 11316: 11315: 11304: 11302: 11298: 11297: 11295: 11290: 11285: 11280: 11275: 11273: 11267: 11266: 11264: 11263: 11258: 11257: 11256: 11251: 11240: 11237: 11236: 11234: 11229: 11224: 11219: 11214: 11209: 11204: 11202: 11193: 11184: 11178: 11177: 11175: 11174: 11169: 11164: 11162:Written Dungan 11159: 11153: 11150: 11149: 11147: 11146: 11141: 11140: 11139: 11134: 11129: 11118: 11116: 11109: 11103: 11102: 11100: 11099: 11094: 11089: 11084: 11079: 11074: 11069: 11067:Middle Chinese 11064: 11059: 11053: 11051: 11045: 11044: 11042: 11041: 11036: 11034:Wubi (Wang Ma) 11031: 11026: 11025: 11024: 11019: 11014: 11004: 10999: 10994: 10993: 10992: 10982: 10979: 10973: 10971: 10965: 10964: 10962: 10961: 10954: 10946: 10944: 10940: 10939: 10937: 10936: 10931: 10926: 10921: 10916: 10910: 10908: 10902: 10901: 10899: 10898: 10893: 10888: 10883: 10878: 10873: 10868: 10867: 10866: 10855: 10853: 10849: 10848: 10846: 10845: 10840: 10835: 10830: 10829: 10828: 10827: 10826: 10821: 10811: 10806: 10801: 10796: 10785: 10783: 10775: 10774: 10767: 10765: 10762: 10761: 10759: 10758: 10753: 10751:Xiangnan Tuhua 10748: 10743: 10738: 10736:Shaozhou Tuhua 10733: 10728: 10723: 10717: 10715: 10711: 10710: 10708: 10707: 10706: 10705: 10700: 10695: 10687: 10686: 10685: 10680: 10671: 10669: 10663: 10662: 10659: 10658: 10656: 10655: 10650: 10645: 10640: 10635: 10630: 10624: 10622: 10618: 10617: 10615: 10614: 10609: 10603: 10601: 10595: 10594: 10592: 10591: 10586: 10581: 10576: 10571: 10566: 10565: 10564: 10559: 10548: 10546: 10537: 10531: 10530: 10528: 10527: 10526: 10525: 10520: 10515: 10505: 10504: 10503: 10493: 10488: 10483: 10477: 10475: 10469: 10468: 10465: 10464: 10462: 10461: 10460: 10459: 10454: 10449: 10439: 10438: 10437: 10427: 10422: 10417: 10412: 10411: 10410: 10405: 10394: 10392: 10388: 10387: 10384: 10383: 10381: 10380: 10375: 10369: 10367: 10363: 10362: 10360: 10359: 10353: 10351: 10345: 10344: 10342: 10341: 10336: 10330: 10328: 10322: 10321: 10319: 10318: 10313: 10308: 10303: 10298: 10293: 10288: 10283: 10278: 10273: 10267: 10265: 10256: 10250: 10249: 10246: 10245: 10243: 10242: 10241: 10240: 10235: 10225: 10219: 10217: 10213: 10212: 10210: 10209: 10204: 10198: 10196: 10190: 10189: 10187: 10186: 10181: 10176: 10171: 10166: 10160: 10158: 10149: 10140: 10134: 10133: 10131: 10130: 10129: 10128: 10118: 10113: 10112: 10111: 10106: 10101: 10091: 10090: 10089: 10078: 10076: 10070: 10069: 10067: 10066: 10061: 10056: 10051: 10050: 10049: 10038: 10036: 10030: 10029: 10027: 10026: 10014: 10002: 9990: 9978: 9965: 9963: 9957: 9956: 9953: 9952: 9950: 9949: 9943: 9941: 9935: 9934: 9932: 9931: 9926: 9921: 9915: 9913: 9907: 9906: 9904: 9903: 9897: 9895: 9889: 9888: 9886: 9885: 9880: 9875: 9869: 9867: 9863: 9862: 9860: 9859: 9854: 9848: 9846: 9840: 9839: 9837: 9836: 9831: 9826: 9821: 9816: 9811: 9805: 9800: 9795: 9790: 9784: 9782: 9773: 9767: 9766: 9764: 9763: 9758: 9752: 9750: 9744: 9743: 9740: 9739: 9737: 9736: 9731: 9726: 9720: 9718: 9714: 9713: 9711: 9710: 9705: 9699: 9697: 9691: 9690: 9688: 9687: 9686: 9685: 9675: 9670: 9665: 9660: 9659: 9658: 9657: 9656: 9649:Renshou–Fushun 9646: 9645: 9644: 9634: 9623: 9621: 9615: 9614: 9612: 9611: 9606: 9601: 9596: 9591: 9586: 9585: 9584: 9574: 9569: 9563: 9561: 9559:Central Plains 9555: 9554: 9552: 9551: 9546: 9541: 9535: 9533: 9527: 9526: 9524: 9523: 9518: 9512: 9510: 9504: 9503: 9501: 9500: 9495: 9489: 9487: 9481: 9480: 9478: 9477: 9472: 9467: 9462: 9456: 9454: 9445: 9436: 9430: 9429: 9422: 9419: 9418: 9411: 9410: 9403: 9396: 9388: 9379: 9378: 9372: 9369: 9368: 9366: 9365: 9358: 9351: 9344: 9337: 9330: 9322: 9320: 9314: 9313: 9311: 9310: 9308:Tibeto-Kanauri 9305: 9298: 9293: 9288: 9283: 9281:Kuki-Chin–Naga 9278: 9272: 9270: 9266: 9265: 9262: 9261: 9259: 9258: 9253: 9252: 9251: 9244: 9231: 9229: 9220: 9219: 9212: 9207: 9206: 9205: 9191: 9190: 9189: 9182: 9169: 9167: 9151: 9150: 9147: 9146: 9144: 9143: 9142: 9141: 9134: 9129: 9117: 9112: 9107: 9106: 9105: 9092: 9090: 9081: 9080: 9079: 9078: 9071: 9064: 9052: 9045: 9038: 9031: 9026: 9019: 9012: 9004: 9002: 9000:Southeast Asia 8992: 8991: 8988: 8987: 8985: 8984: 8979: 8974: 8968: 8966: 8960: 8959: 8957: 8956: 8951: 8946: 8939: 8937:Angami–Pochuri 8934: 8928: 8926: 8915: 8914: 8907: 8900: 8899: 8898: 8891: 8879: 8872: 8864: 8862: 8861:Burmese border 8853: 8852: 8850: 8849: 8844: 8837: 8830: 8823: 8822: 8821: 8813: 8806: 8799: 8794: 8779: 8777: 8756: 8755: 8748: 8746: 8743: 8742: 8740: 8739: 8726: 8721: 8720: 8719: 8712: 8700: 8699: 8698: 8691: 8678: 8676: 8667: 8666: 8659: 8658: 8657: 8650: 8643: 8631: 8624: 8623: 8622: 8617: 8605: 8598: 8590: 8588: 8563: 8562: 8554: 8553: 8546: 8539: 8531: 8525: 8522: 8521: 8511: 8510: 8493: 8476: 8459: 8457:from Wikibooks 8442: 8413: 8411: 8410: 8394: 8389: 8383: 8378: 8365: 8364:External links 8362: 8358: 8357: 8330: 8300: 8272: 8253: 8226: 8197: 8194: 8192: 8191: 8185: 8172: 8166: 8153: 8147: 8126: 8117: 8111: 8096: 8090: 8077: 8064: 8043: 8037: 8024: 8018: 8003: 7991:10.2307/606615 7985:(4): 537–552. 7971: 7965: 7951: 7949: 7946: 7943: 7942: 7918: 7906: 7886: 7857: 7842:(in Chinese). 7822: 7796: 7777:(3): 725–745. 7757: 7737: 7725: 7682:(2): 211–225. 7659: 7644: 7632: 7626:978-0810855205 7625: 7605: 7588:978-0804735728 7587: 7567: 7561:978-1932643015 7560: 7540: 7533: 7508: 7475: 7451: 7433: 7380: 7349: 7333:Ethnologue.com 7320: 7313: 7305:The Last Spike 7295: 7270: 7240: 7221: 7203: 7178: 7159: 7140: 7110: 7075: 7055: 7026: 6996: 6978: 6948: 6928: 6926:, p. 391. 6916: 6909: 6883: 6876: 6848: 6841: 6816: 6781: 6756: 6741: 6716: 6684: 6655: 6623: 6604: 6575: 6556: 6511: 6499: 6477: 6473:978-1438119137 6462:978-0816071098 6461: 6443: 6420:侍, 建国 (2018). 6412: 6398: 6368: 6343: 6340:on 2016-03-04. 6321: 6318:on 2016-02-29. 6299: 6267: 6255: 6243: 6215: 6213:, p. 154. 6200: 6193: 6172: 6137: 6125: 6096: 6074: 6039: 6027: 6015: 6003: 5981: 5940: 5938:, p. 126. 5925: 5910: 5883: 5853: 5828: 5812:Milne, William 5796: 5764: 5721: 5703: 5675: 5674: 5672: 5669: 5667: 5664: 5661: 5660: 5650: 5639: 5638: 5636: 5633: 5632: 5631: 5626: 5621: 5616: 5611: 5606: 5601: 5596: 5590: 5589: 5575: 5561: 5547: 5533: 5517: 5514: 5511: 5510: 5507: 5503: 5502: 5498: 5494: 5493: 5489: 5485: 5484: 5480: 5476: 5475: 5472: 5468: 5467: 5464: 5462: 5453:with English. 5446: 5443: 5440: 5439: 5436: 5433: 5430: 5427: 5424: 5421: 5418: 5415: 5412: 5408: 5407: 5404: 5401: 5398: 5395: 5392: 5389: 5386: 5383: 5380: 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4659: 4656: 4653: 4650: 4647: 4644: 4641: 4638: 4635: 4630: 4627: 4622: 4617: 4614: 4611: 4608: 4605: 4602: 4599: 4596: 4593: 4590: 4587: 4582: 4579: 4576: 4573: 4570: 4567: 4564: 4561: 4558: 4553: 4547: 4546: 4543: 4540: 4537: 4534: 4531: 4528: 4525: 4522: 4519: 4514: 4511: 4506: 4501: 4498: 4495: 4492: 4489: 4486: 4483: 4480: 4477: 4474: 4471: 4466: 4463: 4460: 4457: 4454: 4451: 4448: 4445: 4442: 4437: 4431: 4430: 4427: 4424: 4421: 4418: 4415: 4412: 4409: 4406: 4403: 4401: 4398: 4396: 4394: 4391: 4388: 4385: 4382: 4379: 4376: 4373: 4370: 4367: 4364: 4359: 4356: 4353: 4350: 4347: 4344: 4341: 4338: 4335: 4330: 4324: 4323: 4318: 4313: 4308: 4303: 4298: 4293: 4288: 4283: 4278: 4271: 4266: 4259: 4252: 4247: 4242: 4237: 4232: 4227: 4222: 4217: 4212: 4207: 4202: 4195: 4190: 4185: 4180: 4175: 4170: 4165: 4160: 4155: 4148: 4142: 4141: 4124: 4107: 4098: 4088: 4087: 4084: 4077: 4074: 4071: 4070: 4067: 4062: 4059: 4056: 4053: 4050: 4047: 4044: 4041: 4036: 4031: 4028: 4025: 4022: 4019: 4016: 4013: 4010: 4007: 4003: 4002: 3999: 3994: 3991: 3988: 3985: 3982: 3979: 3976: 3973: 3968: 3963: 3960: 3957: 3954: 3951: 3948: 3945: 3942: 3939: 3935: 3934: 3931: 3926: 3923: 3920: 3917: 3914: 3911: 3908: 3905: 3900: 3895: 3892: 3889: 3886: 3883: 3880: 3877: 3874: 3871: 3867: 3866: 3860: 3852: 3846: 3840: 3834: 3828: 3822: 3816: 3810: 3802: 3794: 3788: 3782: 3776: 3770: 3764: 3758: 3752: 3746: 3742: 3741: 3736: 3731: 3726: 3721: 3716: 3707: 3701: 3700: 3697: 3690: 3687: 3664: 3661: 3604:Wong Shik Ling 3586: 3583: 3452: 3449: 3349: 3348: 3263: 3261: 3254: 3248: 3245: 3225: 3222: 3219: 3218: 3215: 3212: 3209: 3206: 3203: 3200: 3196: 3195: 3190: 3185: 3176: 3171: 3166: 3157: 3150: 3149: 3144: 3139: 3130: 3125: 3120: 3111: 3105: 3104: 3097: 3090: 3087: 3084: 3077: 3074: 3070: 3069: 3066: 3063: 3060: 3057: 3054: 3051: 3037: 3036: 3033: 3030: 3029:very low level 3025: 3022: 3019: 3014: 3010: 3009: 2998: 2987: 2976: 2967:dark departing 2965: 2954: 2943: 2937: 2936: 2934: 2903:stop consonant 2895:tonal language 2890: 2887: 2870:Middle Chinese 2866: 2865: 2850: 2775: 2670: 2667: 2656:Main article: 2653: 2650: 2598:desinicization 2490:Spoken Chinese 2442: 2439: 2429: 2426: 2409: 2406: 2393: 2390: 2377: 2376:United Kingdom 2374: 2372: 2371:Western Europe 2369: 2335: 2332: 2292:Silicon Valley 2230:in and around 2126:Main article: 2123: 2120: 2118: 2115: 2086: 2083: 2058: 2055: 2038: 2035: 1964: 1961: 1774:Main article: 1771: 1768: 1739: 1736: 1711: 1710:Southeast Asia 1708: 1613: 1612:Mainland China 1610: 1548: 1545: 1543: 1540: 1525:liǎngwén sānyǔ 1317:Middle Chinese 1218: 1215: 1040: 1039: 1036: 1035: 1032: 1031: 1021: 1015: 1014: 1007: 1001: 1000: 993: 987: 986: 984:Yue: Cantonese 980: 979: 969: 963: 962: 955: 949: 948: 944:Kuang-chou-hua 939: 933: 932: 925: 919: 918: 911: 905: 904: 898: 897: 896:Transcriptions 889: 888: 881: 875: 874: 870: 869: 866: 865: 855: 849: 848: 841: 835: 834: 827: 821: 820: 818:Yue: Cantonese 814: 813: 803: 797: 796: 789: 783: 782: 778:Kuang-tung-hua 773: 767: 766: 759: 753: 752: 745: 739: 738: 732: 731: 730:Transcriptions 723: 722: 715: 709: 708: 701: 695: 694: 691: 690: 683: 680: 632:Southeast Asia 604:mainland China 544: 543: 541: 540: 533: 526: 518: 515: 514: 513: 512: 507: 502: 497: 489: 488: 482: 481: 480: 479: 477: 476: 471: 466: 460: 458: 453: 448: 440: 439: 437: 436: 433: 427: 424: 423: 422: 421: 416: 408: 407: 401: 400: 394: 393: 387: 386: 374: 373: 366: 360: 359: 352: 344: 343: 335: 327: 326: 325:Language codes 322: 321: 319: 318: 316: 315: 303: 290: 287: 285: 279: 278: 276: 275: 270: 264: 262: 259: 256: 255: 251: 250: 248: 247: 242: 237: 231: 229: 225:Writing system 222: 219: 218: 217: 216: 211: 206: 201: 196: 191: 184: 180: 179: 177: 176: 175: 174: 173: 172: 170:Middle Chinese 153: 151: 148: 145: 144: 142: 141: 140: 139: 138: 137: 136: 135: 134: 133: 104: 102: 95: 92: 91: 88: 85: 82: 81: 76: 72: 71: 66: 62: 61: 43:Mainland China 40: 39:Native to 36: 35: 31: 30: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 15401: 15390: 15387: 15385: 15382: 15380: 15377: 15375: 15372: 15370: 15367: 15365: 15362: 15360: 15357: 15355: 15352: 15350: 15347: 15346: 15344: 15323: 15322: 15313: 15311: 15310: 15301: 15300: 15297: 15291: 15288: 15286: 15283: 15281: 15278: 15276: 15273: 15271: 15268: 15266: 15263: 15262: 15260: 15256: 15250: 15247: 15245: 15242: 15240: 15237: 15235: 15232: 15231: 15229: 15225: 15219: 15216: 15214: 15211: 15207: 15204: 15202: 15199: 15197: 15194: 15193: 15192: 15189: 15187: 15186:Zhuang people 15184: 15182: 15179: 15177: 15174: 15172: 15169: 15167: 15164: 15163: 15161: 15159: 15155: 15149: 15146: 15144: 15141: 15139: 15136: 15135: 15133: 15131: 15127: 15121: 15118: 15116: 15113: 15111: 15108: 15106: 15103: 15102: 15100: 15098: 15094: 15088: 15085: 15083: 15080: 15078: 15075: 15074: 15072: 15070: 15066: 15061: 15057: 15052: 15047: 15040: 15035: 15033: 15028: 15026: 15021: 15020: 15017: 15005: 15004: 14995: 14993: 14992: 14983: 14982: 14979: 14973: 14970: 14968: 14967:Hakka cuisine 14965: 14963: 14960: 14958: 14955: 14951: 14948: 14947: 14946: 14943: 14941: 14938: 14936: 14933: 14931: 14928: 14926: 14923: 14921: 14918: 14916: 14913: 14911: 14908: 14906: 14905:Beef chow fun 14903: 14901: 14898: 14897: 14895: 14891: 14885: 14882: 14880: 14879:Zhuang people 14877: 14875: 14872: 14870: 14867: 14865: 14862: 14860: 14857: 14855: 14852: 14850: 14847: 14845: 14842: 14840: 14837: 14835: 14832: 14830: 14827: 14825: 14822: 14820: 14817: 14815: 14812: 14810: 14807: 14805: 14802: 14800: 14797: 14795: 14792: 14790: 14787: 14785: 14782: 14780: 14777: 14775: 14772: 14770: 14767: 14765: 14762: 14760: 14757: 14755: 14752: 14750: 14747: 14745: 14742: 14740: 14737: 14735: 14732: 14728: 14725: 14723: 14720: 14718: 14715: 14713: 14710: 14709: 14708: 14705: 14703: 14700: 14698: 14695: 14694: 14692: 14690: 14686: 14680: 14677: 14675: 14672: 14671: 14669: 14667: 14663: 14657: 14654: 14652: 14649: 14647: 14646:Pratas Island 14643: 14641: 14638: 14636: 14633: 14631: 14628: 14626: 14623: 14619: 14616: 14614: 14611: 14609: 14606: 14604: 14601: 14600: 14598: 14596: 14593: 14590: 14587: 14584: 14581: 14577: 14574: 14572: 14569: 14568: 14566: 14564: 14561: 14560: 14558: 14556: 14552: 14546: 14543: 14541: 14538: 14536: 14533: 14532: 14530: 14528: 14524: 14519: 14515: 14510: 14505: 14498: 14493: 14491: 14486: 14484: 14479: 14478: 14475: 14463: 14460: 14456: 14453: 14452: 14451: 14448: 14446: 14443: 14441: 14438: 14436: 14435:Guangfo Metro 14433: 14431: 14428: 14424: 14421: 14419: 14416: 14414: 14411: 14409: 14406: 14404: 14401: 14400: 14398: 14396: 14395:Guangzhou BRT 14393: 14391: 14388: 14386: 14383: 14382: 14380: 14376: 14370: 14367: 14365: 14362: 14360: 14357: 14355: 14352: 14350: 14347: 14345: 14344:Huadu Stadium 14342: 14340: 14337: 14335: 14332: 14330: 14327: 14325: 14322: 14320: 14317: 14315: 14312: 14311: 14309: 14307:Sports venues 14305: 14299: 14296: 14294: 14291: 14290: 14288: 14286: 14282: 14276: 14273: 14271: 14268: 14266: 14263: 14261: 14258: 14256: 14253: 14251: 14248: 14246: 14243: 14241: 14238: 14236: 14233: 14231: 14228: 14226: 14223: 14221: 14218: 14217: 14215: 14211: 14205: 14202: 14200: 14197: 14195: 14192: 14190: 14187: 14185: 14182: 14181: 14179: 14175: 14169: 14168:People's Park 14166: 14164: 14161: 14159: 14156: 14154: 14153:Haizhu Square 14151: 14149: 14146: 14142: 14139: 14137: 14134: 14133: 14132: 14129: 14126: 14122: 14119: 14117: 14114: 14112: 14109: 14107: 14104: 14102: 14099: 14095: 14092: 14090: 14087: 14085: 14082: 14080: 14077: 14076: 14074: 14072: 14069: 14067: 14064: 14062: 14059: 14057: 14056:Pazhou Pagoda 14054: 14052: 14049: 14047: 14044: 14042: 14039: 14037: 14034: 14032: 14029: 14027: 14024: 14022: 14019: 14017: 14016:Zhenhai Tower 14014: 14012: 14009: 14007: 14004: 14000: 13997: 13995: 13992: 13990: 13987: 13986: 13985: 13982: 13980: 13977: 13976: 13974: 13970: 13964: 13958: 13952: 13939: 13936: 13934: 13931: 13929: 13926: 13925: 13923: 13922: 13919: 13916: 13914: 13911: 13907: 13904: 13902: 13899: 13898: 13897: 13894: 13892: 13889: 13887: 13884: 13882: 13879: 13877: 13874: 13872: 13869: 13867: 13864: 13862: 13859: 13857: 13854: 13853: 13851: 13849: 13845: 13841: 13834: 13829: 13827: 13822: 13820: 13815: 13814: 13811: 13799: 13796: 13794: 13791: 13789: 13786: 13785: 13783: 13779: 13773: 13770: 13768: 13765: 13764: 13762: 13758: 13754: 13747: 13742: 13740: 13735: 13733: 13728: 13727: 13724: 13711: 13709:XJ = Xinjiang 13708: 13705: 13702: 13699: 13696: 13695: 13692: 13686: 13684: 13681: 13674: 13672: 13668: 13667: 13665: 13662: 13661: 13660: 13657: 13656: 13654: 13650: 13644: 13641: 13639: 13636: 13634: 13631: 13629: 13626: 13624: 13621: 13619: 13616: 13614: 13611: 13609: 13606: 13604: 13601: 13599: 13596: 13594: 13591: 13589: 13586: 13585: 13583: 13579: 13573: 13570: 13568: 13565: 13563: 13560: 13558: 13555: 13553: 13550: 13548: 13545: 13543: 13540: 13538: 13535: 13533: 13530: 13529: 13527: 13523: 13515: 13512: 13510: 13507: 13506: 13505: 13502: 13498: 13495: 13493: 13490: 13489: 13488: 13485: 13481: 13478: 13476: 13473: 13472: 13471: 13468: 13464: 13461: 13459: 13456: 13454: 13451: 13449: 13446: 13444: 13441: 13437: 13434: 13432: 13429: 13427: 13424: 13423: 13422: 13419: 13418: 13417: 13414: 13412: 13409: 13407: 13404: 13402: 13399: 13395: 13392: 13388: 13385: 13384: 13383: 13380: 13378: 13375: 13371: 13368: 13367: 13366: 13363: 13361: 13358: 13356: 13353: 13351: 13348: 13346: 13343: 13342: 13341: 13338: 13337: 13335: 13333: 13327: 13321: 13318: 13315: 13312: 13310: 13307: 13305: 13302: 13300: 13297: 13295: 13292: 13290: 13287: 13285: 13282: 13280: 13277: 13275: 13272: 13271: 13269: 13265: 13244: 13241: 13236: 13233: 13228: 13225: 13224: 13222: 13218: 13212: 13211:Western Yugur 13209: 13207: 13204: 13202: 13199: 13197: 13194: 13192: 13189: 13187: 13184: 13183: 13181: 13179: 13175: 13169: 13166: 13164: 13161: 13159: 13156: 13154: 13151: 13149: 13146: 13145: 13143: 13141: 13137: 13127: 13124: 13122: 13119: 13117: 13114: 13112: 13109: 13107: 13104: 13102: 13099: 13097: 13094: 13092: 13089: 13087: 13084: 13082: 13079: 13077: 13074: 13072: 13069: 13067: 13064: 13062: 13059: 13057: 13054: 13052: 13049: 13047: 13044: 13042: 13039: 13037: 13034: 13032: 13029: 13028: 13026: 13022: 13016: 13013: 13011: 13008: 13006: 13003: 13001: 12998: 12996: 12993: 12991: 12988: 12986: 12983: 12981: 12978: 12976: 12973: 12971: 12968: 12966: 12963: 12961: 12958: 12956: 12953: 12952: 12950: 12948: 12944: 12941: 12939: 12935: 12929: 12926: 12924: 12921: 12919: 12916: 12914: 12911: 12909: 12906: 12904: 12901: 12899: 12896: 12894: 12893:Eastern Yugur 12891: 12889: 12886: 12884: 12881: 12879: 12876: 12875: 12873: 12871: 12867: 12857: 12854: 12852: 12849: 12847: 12844: 12842: 12839: 12838: 12836: 12834: 12830: 12824: 12821: 12819: 12816: 12814: 12813:Small Flowery 12811: 12809: 12806: 12804: 12801: 12799: 12796: 12794: 12791: 12789: 12786: 12784: 12781: 12779: 12776: 12774: 12771: 12769: 12766: 12764: 12761: 12759: 12756: 12754: 12751: 12749: 12746: 12744: 12741: 12739: 12736: 12734: 12731: 12729: 12726: 12725: 12723: 12721: 12717: 12714: 12712: 12708: 12702: 12699: 12697: 12694: 12692: 12689: 12687: 12684: 12682: 12679: 12677: 12674: 12672: 12669: 12667: 12664: 12662: 12659: 12657: 12654: 12652: 12649: 12647: 12644: 12642: 12639: 12637: 12634: 12632: 12629: 12628: 12626: 12624: 12623:Austroasiatic 12620: 12616: 12609: 12605: 12591: 12588: 12586: 12583: 12581: 12578: 12576: 12573: 12571: 12568: 12566: 12563: 12561: 12558: 12556: 12553: 12552: 12550: 12546: 12540: 12537: 12535: 12532: 12530: 12527: 12525: 12522: 12520: 12517: 12515: 12512: 12510: 12507: 12505: 12502: 12500: 12497: 12495: 12492: 12490: 12487: 12485: 12482: 12480: 12477: 12475: 12472: 12470: 12467: 12465: 12462: 12460: 12457: 12456: 12454: 12452: 12448: 12442: 12439: 12437: 12434: 12432: 12429: 12427: 12424: 12422: 12419: 12417: 12414: 12412: 12409: 12407: 12404: 12402: 12399: 12397: 12394: 12392: 12389: 12387: 12384: 12382: 12379: 12377: 12374: 12372: 12369: 12367: 12364: 12362: 12359: 12357: 12354: 12352: 12349: 12347: 12344: 12342: 12339: 12338: 12336: 12334: 12330: 12316: 12313: 12311: 12308: 12306: 12303: 12301: 12298: 12296: 12293: 12291: 12288: 12286: 12283: 12281: 12278: 12276: 12273: 12271: 12268: 12266: 12263: 12262: 12260: 12256: 12250: 12247: 12245: 12242: 12240: 12237: 12235: 12232: 12230: 12227: 12225: 12222: 12220: 12217: 12215: 12212: 12210: 12207: 12205: 12202: 12200: 12197: 12195: 12192: 12190: 12187: 12185: 12182: 12180: 12177: 12175: 12172: 12170: 12167: 12165: 12162: 12160: 12157: 12155: 12152: 12150: 12147: 12145: 12142: 12140: 12137: 12135: 12132: 12130: 12127: 12125: 12122: 12120: 12117: 12115: 12112: 12111: 12109: 12107: 12103: 12097: 12094: 12092: 12089: 12087: 12084: 12082: 12079: 12077: 12074: 12072: 12069: 12067: 12064: 12062: 12059: 12057: 12054: 12052: 12049: 12047: 12044: 12042: 12039: 12037: 12034: 12032: 12029: 12027: 12024: 12022: 12019: 12017: 12014: 12012: 12009: 12007: 12004: 12002: 11999: 11997: 11994: 11993: 11991: 11989: 11985: 11979: 11976: 11974: 11971: 11969: 11966: 11964: 11961: 11959: 11956: 11954: 11951: 11949: 11946: 11944: 11941: 11939: 11936: 11934: 11931: 11929: 11926: 11924: 11921: 11919: 11916: 11914: 11911: 11909: 11906: 11904: 11901: 11899: 11896: 11894: 11891: 11889: 11886: 11884: 11881: 11879: 11876: 11874: 11871: 11869: 11866: 11864: 11861: 11859: 11856: 11854: 11851: 11849: 11846: 11844: 11841: 11839: 11836: 11834: 11831: 11829: 11826: 11824: 11821: 11819: 11816: 11814: 11811: 11809: 11806: 11805: 11803: 11801: 11797: 11794: 11792: 11788: 11782: 11779: 11777: 11774: 11772: 11769: 11767: 11764: 11762: 11759: 11757: 11754: 11752: 11749: 11748: 11746: 11744: 11740: 11734: 11731: 11729: 11726: 11724: 11721: 11719: 11716: 11714: 11711: 11709: 11706: 11704: 11701: 11700: 11698: 11696: 11692: 11689: 11687: 11681: 11677: 11673: 11668: 11664: 11661: 11657: 11647: 11645: 11641: 11637: 11631: 11628: 11626: 11623: 11621: 11618: 11616: 11613: 11611: 11608: 11606: 11603: 11601: 11598: 11596: 11593: 11591: 11588: 11586: 11583: 11581: 11578: 11576: 11573: 11571: 11568: 11566: 11563: 11561: 11558: 11556: 11553: 11552: 11550: 11548: 11544: 11538: 11535: 11533: 11530: 11528: 11525: 11523: 11520: 11518: 11515: 11513: 11510: 11508: 11505: 11504: 11502: 11500: 11496: 11492: 11489: 11485: 11479: 11476: 11475: 11473: 11469: 11465: 11458: 11453: 11451: 11446: 11444: 11439: 11438: 11435: 11425: 11415: 11405: 11402: 11400: 11397: 11395: 11392: 11390: 11387: 11383: 11380: 11378: 11375: 11374: 11373: 11370: 11366: 11363: 11361: 11358: 11356: 11353: 11351: 11348: 11346: 11343: 11341: 11338: 11336: 11333: 11331: 11328: 11326: 11323: 11322: 11321: 11318: 11314: 11311: 11310: 11309: 11308:Cyrillization 11306: 11305: 11303: 11299: 11294: 11291: 11289: 11286: 11284: 11281: 11279: 11276: 11274: 11272: 11268: 11262: 11259: 11255: 11252: 11250: 11247: 11246: 11245: 11242: 11241: 11233: 11230: 11228: 11225: 11223: 11220: 11218: 11215: 11213: 11210: 11208: 11205: 11203: 11201: 11200:Script styles 11197: 11194: 11192: 11188: 11185: 11183: 11179: 11173: 11170: 11168: 11165: 11163: 11160: 11158: 11155: 11154: 11145: 11142: 11138: 11135: 11133: 11130: 11128: 11125: 11124: 11123: 11120: 11119: 11117: 11113: 11110: 11104: 11098: 11095: 11093: 11090: 11088: 11085: 11083: 11080: 11078: 11075: 11073: 11070: 11068: 11065: 11063: 11060: 11058: 11055: 11054: 11052: 11050: 11046: 11040: 11037: 11035: 11032: 11030: 11027: 11023: 11020: 11018: 11015: 11013: 11010: 11009: 11008: 11005: 11003: 11000: 10998: 10995: 10991: 10988: 10987: 10986: 10983: 10980: 10978: 10975: 10974: 10972: 10970: 10966: 10960: 10959: 10955: 10953: 10952: 10948: 10947: 10945: 10941: 10935: 10932: 10930: 10927: 10925: 10922: 10920: 10917: 10915: 10912: 10911: 10909: 10907: 10903: 10897: 10894: 10892: 10889: 10887: 10884: 10882: 10879: 10877: 10874: 10872: 10869: 10865: 10862: 10861: 10860: 10857: 10856: 10854: 10850: 10844: 10841: 10839: 10836: 10834: 10831: 10825: 10822: 10820: 10817: 10816: 10815: 10812: 10810: 10807: 10805: 10802: 10800: 10797: 10795: 10792: 10791: 10790: 10787: 10786: 10784: 10782: 10776: 10771: 10757: 10754: 10752: 10749: 10747: 10744: 10742: 10739: 10737: 10734: 10732: 10729: 10727: 10724: 10722: 10719: 10718: 10716: 10712: 10704: 10701: 10699: 10696: 10694: 10691: 10690: 10688: 10684: 10681: 10679: 10676: 10675: 10673: 10672: 10670: 10668: 10664: 10654: 10651: 10649: 10646: 10644: 10641: 10639: 10636: 10634: 10631: 10629: 10626: 10625: 10623: 10619: 10613: 10610: 10608: 10605: 10604: 10602: 10600: 10596: 10590: 10587: 10585: 10582: 10580: 10577: 10575: 10572: 10570: 10567: 10563: 10560: 10558: 10555: 10554: 10553: 10550: 10549: 10547: 10545: 10541: 10538: 10536: 10532: 10524: 10521: 10519: 10516: 10514: 10511: 10510: 10509: 10506: 10502: 10499: 10498: 10497: 10494: 10492: 10489: 10487: 10484: 10482: 10479: 10478: 10476: 10474: 10470: 10458: 10455: 10453: 10450: 10448: 10445: 10444: 10443: 10440: 10436: 10433: 10432: 10431: 10428: 10426: 10423: 10421: 10418: 10416: 10413: 10409: 10406: 10404: 10401: 10400: 10399: 10396: 10395: 10393: 10389: 10379: 10376: 10374: 10371: 10370: 10368: 10364: 10358: 10355: 10354: 10352: 10350: 10346: 10340: 10337: 10335: 10332: 10331: 10329: 10327: 10323: 10317: 10314: 10312: 10309: 10307: 10304: 10302: 10299: 10297: 10294: 10292: 10289: 10287: 10284: 10282: 10279: 10277: 10274: 10272: 10269: 10268: 10266: 10264: 10260: 10257: 10255: 10251: 10239: 10236: 10234: 10231: 10230: 10229: 10226: 10224: 10221: 10220: 10218: 10214: 10208: 10205: 10203: 10200: 10199: 10197: 10195: 10191: 10185: 10182: 10180: 10177: 10175: 10172: 10170: 10167: 10165: 10162: 10161: 10159: 10157: 10153: 10150: 10148: 10144: 10141: 10139: 10135: 10127: 10124: 10123: 10122: 10119: 10117: 10114: 10110: 10107: 10105: 10102: 10100: 10097: 10096: 10095: 10092: 10088: 10085: 10084: 10083: 10080: 10079: 10077: 10075: 10071: 10065: 10062: 10060: 10057: 10055: 10052: 10048: 10045: 10044: 10043: 10040: 10039: 10037: 10035: 10031: 10023: 10018: 10015: 10011: 10006: 10003: 9999: 9994: 9991: 9987: 9982: 9979: 9975: 9970: 9967: 9966: 9964: 9962: 9958: 9948: 9945: 9944: 9942: 9940: 9936: 9930: 9927: 9925: 9922: 9920: 9917: 9916: 9914: 9912: 9908: 9902: 9899: 9898: 9896: 9894: 9890: 9884: 9881: 9879: 9876: 9874: 9871: 9870: 9868: 9864: 9858: 9855: 9853: 9850: 9849: 9847: 9845: 9841: 9835: 9832: 9830: 9827: 9825: 9822: 9820: 9817: 9815: 9812: 9809: 9806: 9804: 9801: 9799: 9796: 9794: 9791: 9789: 9786: 9785: 9783: 9781: 9777: 9774: 9772: 9768: 9762: 9759: 9757: 9754: 9753: 9751: 9749: 9745: 9735: 9732: 9730: 9727: 9725: 9722: 9721: 9719: 9715: 9709: 9706: 9704: 9701: 9700: 9698: 9696: 9692: 9684: 9681: 9680: 9679: 9676: 9674: 9671: 9669: 9666: 9664: 9661: 9655: 9652: 9651: 9650: 9647: 9643: 9640: 9639: 9638: 9635: 9633: 9630: 9629: 9628: 9625: 9624: 9622: 9620: 9616: 9610: 9607: 9605: 9602: 9600: 9597: 9595: 9592: 9590: 9587: 9583: 9580: 9579: 9578: 9575: 9573: 9570: 9568: 9565: 9564: 9562: 9560: 9556: 9550: 9547: 9545: 9542: 9540: 9537: 9536: 9534: 9532: 9528: 9522: 9519: 9517: 9514: 9513: 9511: 9509: 9505: 9499: 9496: 9494: 9491: 9490: 9488: 9486: 9482: 9476: 9473: 9471: 9468: 9466: 9463: 9461: 9458: 9457: 9455: 9453: 9449: 9446: 9444: 9440: 9437: 9435: 9431: 9427: 9426: 9420: 9416: 9409: 9404: 9402: 9397: 9395: 9390: 9389: 9386: 9375: 9370: 9364: 9363: 9359: 9357: 9356: 9352: 9350: 9349: 9348:Proto-Karenic 9345: 9343: 9342: 9341:Proto-Loloish 9338: 9336: 9335: 9331: 9329: 9328: 9324: 9323: 9321: 9319: 9315: 9309: 9306: 9304: 9303: 9302:Tibeto-Burman 9299: 9297: 9294: 9292: 9289: 9287: 9284: 9282: 9279: 9277: 9274: 9273: 9271: 9267: 9257: 9254: 9250: 9249: 9245: 9243: 9242: 9238: 9237: 9236: 9233: 9232: 9230: 9228: 9224: 9218: 9217: 9213: 9211: 9208: 9204: 9203: 9199: 9198: 9197: 9196: 9192: 9188: 9187: 9183: 9181: 9180: 9176: 9175: 9174: 9171: 9170: 9168: 9165: 9161: 9156: 9152: 9140: 9139: 9135: 9133: 9130: 9128: 9125: 9124: 9123: 9122: 9118: 9116: 9113: 9111: 9108: 9104: 9101: 9100: 9099: 9098: 9094: 9093: 9091: 9089: 9088:Burmo-Qiangic 9085: 9077: 9076: 9072: 9070: 9069: 9065: 9063: 9062: 9058: 9057: 9056: 9053: 9051: 9050: 9046: 9044: 9043: 9039: 9037: 9036: 9032: 9030: 9027: 9025: 9024: 9020: 9018: 9017: 9013: 9011: 9010: 9006: 9005: 9003: 9001: 8997: 8993: 8983: 8982:Jingpho–Luish 8980: 8978: 8975: 8973: 8970: 8969: 8967: 8965: 8961: 8955: 8952: 8950: 8947: 8945: 8944: 8940: 8938: 8935: 8933: 8930: 8929: 8927: 8924: 8919: 8913: 8912: 8908: 8906: 8905: 8901: 8897: 8896: 8892: 8890: 8889: 8885: 8884: 8883: 8880: 8878: 8877: 8873: 8871: 8870: 8866: 8865: 8863: 8858: 8854: 8848: 8845: 8843: 8842: 8838: 8836: 8835: 8831: 8829: 8828: 8824: 8819: 8818: 8814: 8812: 8811: 8807: 8805: 8804: 8800: 8798: 8795: 8793: 8792: 8788: 8787: 8786: 8785: 8781: 8780: 8778: 8775: 8771: 8767: 8762: 8757: 8752: 8738: 8737: 8732: 8731: 8727: 8725: 8722: 8718: 8717: 8713: 8711: 8710: 8706: 8705: 8704: 8701: 8697: 8696: 8692: 8690: 8689: 8685: 8684: 8683: 8680: 8679: 8677: 8675: 8671: 8665: 8664: 8660: 8656: 8655: 8651: 8649: 8648: 8644: 8642: 8641: 8637: 8636: 8635: 8632: 8630: 8629: 8625: 8621: 8620:Baram–Thangmi 8618: 8616: 8615: 8611: 8610: 8609: 8606: 8604: 8603: 8599: 8597: 8596: 8592: 8591: 8589: 8586: 8582: 8578: 8573: 8569: 8564: 8559: 8552: 8547: 8545: 8540: 8538: 8533: 8532: 8529: 8523: 8516: 8508:from Wikidata 8507: 8506: 8494: 8490: 8489: 8477: 8473: 8472: 8460: 8456: 8455: 8443: 8439: 8438: 8426: 8425: 8422: 8416: 8407: 8406: 8401: 8395: 8393: 8390: 8387: 8384: 8382: 8379: 8375: 8368: 8367: 8361: 8353: 8348: 8344: 8340: 8336: 8331: 8327: 8323: 8319: 8315: 8311: 8310: 8305: 8301: 8297: 8293: 8289: 8285: 8281: 8277: 8273: 8269: 8265: 8261: 8260: 8254: 8250: 8246: 8242: 8238: 8234: 8233: 8227: 8223: 8219: 8215: 8211: 8207: 8206: 8200: 8199: 8188: 8182: 8178: 8173: 8169: 8163: 8159: 8154: 8150: 8144: 8140: 8136: 8132: 8127: 8123: 8118: 8114: 8112:9780203420843 8108: 8104: 8103: 8097: 8093: 8087: 8083: 8078: 8067: 8061: 8057: 8053: 8049: 8044: 8040: 8038:962-201-970-6 8034: 8030: 8025: 8021: 8015: 8011: 8010: 8004: 8000: 7996: 7992: 7988: 7984: 7980: 7976: 7972: 7968: 7962: 7958: 7953: 7952: 7932: 7928: 7922: 7915: 7910: 7896: 7890: 7876:on 2021-01-06 7875: 7871: 7870:"Jyutping 粵拼" 7864: 7862: 7845: 7841: 7840: 7835: 7826: 7810: 7806: 7800: 7792: 7788: 7784: 7780: 7776: 7772: 7768: 7761: 7753: 7746: 7744: 7742: 7734: 7729: 7721: 7715: 7707: 7703: 7698: 7693: 7689: 7685: 7681: 7677: 7670: 7663: 7657:, p. 37. 7656: 7651: 7649: 7641: 7636: 7628: 7622: 7618: 7617: 7609: 7594: 7590: 7584: 7580: 7579: 7571: 7563: 7557: 7553: 7552: 7544: 7536: 7530: 7526: 7522: 7515: 7513: 7498:on 2018-09-24 7497: 7493: 7489: 7482: 7480: 7471: 7467: 7460: 7458: 7456: 7447: 7443: 7437: 7430:on 2019-12-20 7426: 7422: 7418: 7414: 7410: 7406: 7402: 7398: 7391: 7384: 7368: 7365:(in French). 7364: 7360: 7353: 7338: 7334: 7330: 7324: 7316: 7314:0-14-011763-6 7310: 7306: 7299: 7291: 7287: 7283: 7277: 7275: 7259: 7255: 7251: 7244: 7236: 7232: 7225: 7214: 7207: 7192: 7188: 7182: 7171: 7170: 7163: 7155: 7151: 7144: 7130:on 2012-07-31 7129: 7125: 7121: 7114: 7099:on 2017-10-19 7098: 7094: 7090: 7086: 7079: 7071: 7064: 7062: 7060: 7045:on 2012-01-20 7044: 7040: 7036: 7030: 7014: 7010: 7006: 7000: 6992: 6988: 6982: 6966: 6962: 6958: 6952: 6944: 6943: 6938: 6932: 6925: 6920: 6912: 6910:9789812101426 6906: 6902: 6897: 6896: 6887: 6879: 6877:0-472-11280-5 6873: 6868: 6863: 6859: 6852: 6844: 6842:9789812304827 6838: 6834: 6830: 6826: 6820: 6801: 6794: 6793: 6785: 6770: 6766: 6760: 6752: 6745: 6730: 6726: 6720: 6706:on 2009-03-07 6705: 6701: 6697: 6691: 6689: 6681:on 2011-02-05 6677: 6673: 6666: 6659: 6644: 6640: 6639: 6634: 6627: 6619: 6615: 6608: 6594:on 2014-05-27 6593: 6589: 6588:IPS Community 6585: 6579: 6571: 6567: 6560: 6541: 6537: 6533: 6525: 6515: 6509:, p. 31. 6508: 6503: 6487: 6481: 6474: 6470: 6464: 6458: 6454: 6447: 6439: 6435: 6431: 6427: 6423: 6416: 6408: 6402: 6387: 6383: 6379: 6372: 6357: 6353: 6347: 6339: 6335: 6331: 6325: 6317: 6313: 6309: 6303: 6289:on 2011-07-18 6288: 6284: 6280: 6271: 6264: 6263:Ramsey (1987) 6259: 6252: 6251:Coblin (2000) 6247: 6231: 6227: 6226: 6219: 6212: 6207: 6205: 6196: 6194:0-674-00214-8 6190: 6186: 6179: 6177: 6168: 6164: 6160: 6156: 6152: 6148: 6141: 6135:, p. 70. 6134: 6129: 6114: 6107: 6100: 6085: 6081: 6077: 6071: 6067: 6063: 6059: 6055: 6048: 6046: 6044: 6036: 6031: 6025:, p. 99. 6024: 6023:Ramsey (1987) 6019: 6012: 6007: 5992: 5988: 5984: 5978: 5974: 5970: 5966: 5965: 5957: 5955: 5953: 5951: 5949: 5947: 5945: 5937: 5932: 5930: 5922: 5917: 5915: 5896: 5895: 5887: 5872: 5868: 5864: 5857: 5848: 5843: 5839: 5832: 5825: 5823: 5817: 5813: 5809: 5808: 5800: 5788: 5784: 5783: 5775: 5773: 5771: 5769: 5759: 5754: 5749: 5744: 5740: 5736: 5732: 5725: 5710: 5706: 5704:9789622097094 5700: 5696: 5695: 5687: 5685: 5683: 5681: 5676: 5654: 5644: 5640: 5630: 5627: 5625: 5622: 5620: 5617: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5607: 5605: 5602: 5600: 5597: 5595: 5592: 5591: 5587: 5581: 5576: 5573: 5562: 5559: 5548: 5545: 5544:Taiwan portal 5534: 5531: 5520: 5508: 5505: 5504: 5499: 5496: 5495: 5490: 5487: 5486: 5481: 5478: 5477: 5473: 5470: 5469: 5463: 5460: 5459: 5454: 5452: 5437: 5434: 5431: 5428: 5425: 5422: 5419: 5416: 5413: 5410: 5409: 5405: 5402: 5399: 5396: 5393: 5390: 5387: 5384: 5381: 5378: 5377: 5373: 5370: 5367: 5364: 5361: 5358: 5355: 5352: 5349: 5346: 5345: 5339: 5334: 5329: 5324: 5315: 5306: 5301: 5296: 5287: 5284: 5283: 5279: 5276: 5273: 5270: 5267: 5264: 5261: 5258: 5255: 5253: 5250: 5249: 5245: 5235: 5227: 5210:and "long a" 5203: 5201: 5199: 5197: 5192: 5184: 5181: 5179: 5176: 5174: 5171: 5169: 5166: 5164: 5161: 5159: 5156: 5154: 5151: 5149: 5146: 5144: 5141: 5139: 5136: 5134: 5131: 5128: 5125: 5122: 5119: 5116: 5113: 5110: 5107: 5104: 5101: 5098: 5095: 5092: 5089: 5088: 5084: 5081: 5079: 5076: 5074: 5071: 5069: 5066: 5064: 5061: 5059: 5056: 5054: 5051: 5049: 5046: 5044: 5042: 5039: 5037: 5034: 5031: 5028: 5025: 5022: 5019: 5016: 5013: 5010: 5007: 5004: 5001: 4998: 4995: 4992: 4991: 4987: 4984: 4982: 4979: 4977: 4974: 4972: 4969: 4967: 4964: 4962: 4959: 4957: 4954: 4952: 4949: 4947: 4945: 4942: 4940: 4937: 4934: 4931: 4928: 4925: 4922: 4919: 4916: 4913: 4910: 4907: 4904: 4901: 4898: 4895: 4894: 4888: 4883: 4881: 4876: 4874: 4869: 4867: 4862: 4860: 4855: 4853: 4848: 4846: 4841: 4839: 4834: 4832: 4827: 4825: 4820: 4818: 4813: 4808: 4803: 4798: 4793: 4788: 4783: 4778: 4773: 4768: 4763: 4758: 4753: 4748: 4745: 4744: 4739: 4730: 4721: 4712: 4704: 4695: 4687: 4681: 4678: 4668: 4660: 4657: 4654: 4651: 4648: 4645: 4642: 4639: 4636: 4634: 4631: 4628: 4626: 4623: 4621: 4618: 4615: 4612: 4609: 4606: 4603: 4600: 4597: 4594: 4591: 4588: 4586: 4583: 4580: 4577: 4574: 4571: 4568: 4565: 4562: 4559: 4557: 4554: 4552: 4549: 4548: 4544: 4541: 4538: 4535: 4532: 4529: 4526: 4523: 4520: 4518: 4515: 4512: 4510: 4507: 4505: 4502: 4499: 4496: 4493: 4490: 4487: 4484: 4481: 4478: 4475: 4472: 4470: 4467: 4464: 4461: 4458: 4455: 4452: 4449: 4446: 4443: 4441: 4438: 4436: 4433: 4432: 4428: 4425: 4422: 4419: 4416: 4413: 4410: 4407: 4404: 4402: 4399: 4397: 4395: 4392: 4389: 4386: 4383: 4380: 4377: 4374: 4371: 4368: 4365: 4363: 4360: 4357: 4354: 4351: 4348: 4345: 4342: 4339: 4336: 4334: 4331: 4329: 4326: 4325: 4319: 4314: 4309: 4304: 4299: 4294: 4289: 4284: 4279: 4277: 4272: 4267: 4265: 4260: 4258: 4253: 4248: 4243: 4238: 4233: 4228: 4223: 4218: 4213: 4208: 4203: 4201: 4196: 4191: 4186: 4181: 4176: 4171: 4166: 4161: 4156: 4154: 4149: 4147: 4144: 4143: 4138: 4130: 4121: 4113: 4104: 4095: 4089: 4081: 4068: 4066: 4063: 4060: 4057: 4054: 4051: 4048: 4045: 4042: 4040: 4037: 4035: 4032: 4029: 4026: 4023: 4020: 4017: 4014: 4011: 4008: 4005: 4004: 4000: 3998: 3995: 3992: 3989: 3986: 3983: 3980: 3977: 3974: 3972: 3969: 3967: 3964: 3961: 3958: 3955: 3952: 3949: 3946: 3943: 3940: 3937: 3936: 3932: 3930: 3927: 3924: 3921: 3918: 3915: 3912: 3909: 3906: 3904: 3901: 3899: 3896: 3893: 3890: 3887: 3884: 3881: 3878: 3875: 3872: 3869: 3868: 3861: 3859: 3853: 3847: 3841: 3835: 3829: 3823: 3817: 3811: 3809: 3803: 3801: 3795: 3789: 3783: 3777: 3771: 3765: 3759: 3753: 3747: 3744: 3743: 3740: 3735: 3732: 3730: 3725: 3720: 3715: 3711: 3706: 3702: 3694: 3686: 3671: 3660: 3657: 3655: 3649: 3647: 3643: 3639: 3634: 3632: 3628: 3623: 3621: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3601: 3599: 3592: 3582: 3580: 3576: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3560: 3555: 3553: 3549: 3545: 3541: 3536: 3534: 3530: 3526: 3522: 3521:John Chalmers 3518: 3516: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3503:Fenyun cuoyao 3499: 3497: 3493: 3489: 3485: 3481: 3477: 3473: 3469: 3465: 3461: 3457: 3448: 3430: 3426: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3380: 3377: 3373: 3369: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3345: 3342: 3334: 3323: 3320: 3316: 3313: 3309: 3306: 3302: 3299: 3295: 3292: – 3291: 3287: 3286:Find sources: 3280: 3276: 3270: 3269: 3264:This section 3262: 3258: 3253: 3252: 3244: 3240: 3235: 3231: 3216: 3213: 3210: 3207: 3204: 3201: 3198: 3197: 3191: 3186: 3177: 3172: 3167: 3158: 3155: 3152: 3151: 3145: 3140: 3131: 3126: 3121: 3112: 3110: 3107: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3095: 3091: 3088: 3085: 3082: 3078: 3075: 3072: 3071: 3067: 3064: 3061: 3058: 3055: 3052: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3039: 3038: 3034: 3031: 3026: 3024:medium level 3023: 3021:medium rising 3020: 3016:high falling, 3015: 3012: 3011: 2999: 2988: 2977: 2966: 2955: 2944: 2942: 2939: 2938: 2933:Syllable type 2932: 2931: 2928: 2926: 2922: 2912: 2908: 2907:checked tones 2904: 2899: 2896: 2886: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2871: 2851: 2776: 2769: 2768: 2767: 2764: 2761: 2758: 2734: 2731: 2726: 2713: 2710: 2691: 2686: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2665: 2659: 2649: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2634: 2628: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2609: 2607: 2601: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2590:1997 handover 2586: 2584: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2566: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2531: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2508: 2504:has promoted 2503: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2471: 2452: 2448: 2441:Cultural role 2438: 2435: 2425: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2405: 2403: 2399: 2389: 2387: 2383: 2368: 2365: 2359: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2331: 2329: 2325: 2319: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2284:San Francisco 2281: 2277: 2272: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2260:Little Fuzhou 2257: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2224:Little Fuzhou 2221: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2199: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2172: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2157: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2139: 2134: 2129: 2122:United States 2117:North America 2114: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2082: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2054: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2034: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2017: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1998: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1982: 1980: 1974: 1970: 1960: 1958: 1953: 1951: 1946: 1944: 1940: 1935: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1804:Petaling Jaya 1801: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1783: 1777: 1767: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1756: 1751: 1745: 1735: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1716:lingua franca 1707: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1692: 1689: 1683: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1664: 1663:lingua franca 1658: 1654: 1649: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1638:Southern Song 1635: 1631: 1627: 1618: 1609: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1586: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1554: 1539: 1537: 1531: 1527: 1521: 1513: 1509: 1504: 1499: 1496: 1490: 1488: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1450: 1440: 1432: 1428: 1422: 1408: 1404: 1401:, written by 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1370: 1360: 1355: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1339: 1337:Fēnyùn Cuòyào 1329: 1328:Fenyun Cuoyao 1326: 1320: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1294: 1286: 1278: 1272: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1241:Southern Song 1234: 1229: 1224: 1214: 1212: 1206: 1196: 1190: 1175: 1173: 1167: 1153: 1147: 1133: 1131:Sáangsèhng wá 1127: 1113: 1107: 1092: 1090: 1084: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1057: 1055: 1054:John Chalmers 1051: 1047: 1037: 1027: 1022: 1020: 1016: 1008: 1006: 1002: 994: 992: 988: 985: 981: 975: 970: 968: 964: 959:Guǎngjhou-huà 956: 954: 950: 940: 938: 934: 926: 924: 920: 912: 910: 906: 903: 899: 894: 890: 882: 880: 876: 871: 861: 856: 854: 850: 842: 840: 836: 828: 826: 822: 819: 815: 809: 804: 802: 798: 793:Guǎngdong-huà 790: 788: 784: 774: 772: 768: 763:ㄍㄨㄤˇ ㄉㄨㄥㄏㄨㄚˋ 760: 758: 754: 746: 744: 740: 737: 733: 728: 724: 716: 714: 710: 702: 700: 696: 692: 687: 679: 678: 674: 669: 665: 660: 656: 651: 649: 645: 641: 637: 633: 629: 625: 621: 617: 613: 609: 608:lingua franca 605: 601: 597: 593: 589: 585: 580: 578: 574: 570: 566: 562: 558: 554: 550: 539: 534: 532: 527: 525: 520: 519: 517: 516: 511: 508: 506: 503: 501: 498: 496: 493: 492: 491: 490: 487: 484: 483: 475: 472: 470: 467: 465: 462: 461: 459: 457: 454: 452: 449: 447: 444: 443: 442: 441: 435:Transcription 434: 432: 429: 428: 426: 425: 420: 417: 415: 414:Measure words 412: 411: 410: 409: 406: 403: 402: 399: 396: 395: 392: 389: 388: 384: 380: 379: 371: 367: 365: 361: 357: 353: 351: 350: 345: 340: 336: 333: 328: 323: 314: 309: 308: 304: 302: 297: 296: 292: 291: 289: 288: 286: 284: 280: 274: 271: 269: 266: 265: 263: 257: 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Retrieved 7930: 7921: 7909: 7898:. Retrieved 7889: 7878:. Retrieved 7874:the original 7848:. Retrieved 7837: 7825: 7813:. Retrieved 7799: 7774: 7770: 7760: 7751: 7728: 7714:cite journal 7679: 7675: 7662: 7642:, p. 4. 7635: 7615: 7608: 7597:. Retrieved 7577: 7570: 7550: 7543: 7520: 7500:. Retrieved 7496:the original 7491: 7469: 7465: 7445: 7436: 7425:the original 7396: 7383: 7371:. Retrieved 7362: 7352: 7341:. Retrieved 7332: 7323: 7304: 7298: 7289: 7282:Him Mark Lai 7262:. Retrieved 7253: 7243: 7234: 7224: 7206: 7195:. Retrieved 7193:. 2010-12-13 7190: 7181: 7168: 7162: 7153: 7143: 7132:. Retrieved 7128:the original 7123: 7113: 7101:. Retrieved 7097:the original 7088: 7078: 7069: 7047:. Retrieved 7043:the original 7038: 7029: 7017:. Retrieved 7008: 6999: 6993:. US Census. 6990: 6981: 6969:. Retrieved 6965:the original 6961:Mongabay.com 6960: 6951: 6941: 6937:Bryson, Bill 6931: 6924:Lewis (2005) 6919: 6894: 6886: 6857: 6851: 6832: 6819: 6807:. Retrieved 6791: 6784: 6773:. Retrieved 6759: 6750: 6744: 6733:. Retrieved 6719: 6708:. Retrieved 6704:the original 6699: 6676:the original 6671: 6658: 6647:. Retrieved 6636: 6626: 6617: 6613: 6607: 6596:. Retrieved 6592:the original 6587: 6578: 6569: 6565: 6559: 6547:. Retrieved 6535: 6531: 6514: 6507:Khanh (1993) 6502: 6490:. Retrieved 6480: 6452: 6446: 6432:(3): 34–41. 6429: 6425: 6415: 6401: 6390:. Retrieved 6381: 6371: 6360:. Retrieved 6355: 6346: 6338:the original 6333: 6324: 6316:the original 6311: 6302: 6291:. Retrieved 6287:the original 6270: 6258: 6246: 6234:, retrieved 6224: 6218: 6184: 6153:(1): 28–49. 6150: 6146: 6140: 6128: 6116:. Retrieved 6112: 6099: 6087:. Retrieved 6057: 6037:, p. 5. 6030: 6018: 6006: 5994:. Retrieved 5963: 5923:, p. 4. 5902:, retrieved 5893: 5886: 5875:. Retrieved 5866: 5856: 5837: 5831: 5821: 5819: 5816:the original 5806: 5799: 5786: 5781: 5738: 5734: 5724: 5713:. Retrieved 5693: 5653: 5643: 5530:China portal 5448: 5177: 5172: 5167: 5162: 5157: 5152: 5147: 5142: 5137: 5132: 5077: 5072: 5067: 5062: 5057: 5052: 5047: 5040: 5035: 4980: 4975: 4970: 4965: 4960: 4955: 4950: 4943: 4938: 4877: 4870: 4863: 4856: 4849: 4842: 4835: 4828: 4821: 4814: 4632: 4624: 4619: 4584: 4555: 4550: 4516: 4508: 4503: 4468: 4439: 4434: 4361: 4332: 4327: 4273: 4261: 4254: 4197: 4150: 4145: 4064: 4038: 4033: 3996: 3970: 3965: 3928: 3902: 3897: 3855: 3805: 3797: 3729:Labial–velar 3669: 3666: 3658: 3650: 3635: 3624: 3620:Barnett–Chao 3596: 3594: 3578: 3575:Barnett-Chao 3570: 3566: 3556: 3539: 3537: 3524: 3519: 3514: 3510: 3506: 3502: 3500: 3479: 3467: 3462:, the first 3458: 3454: 3424: 3420: 3416: 3412: 3400: 3396: 3383: 3352: 3337: 3328: 3318: 3311: 3304: 3297: 3285: 3273:Please help 3268:verification 3265: 3247:Romanization 3241: 3237: 3027:low falling, 3013:Description 2989:light rising 2900: 2892: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2867: 2765: 2760: 2757: 2735: 2714: 2687: 2674: 2672: 2631: 2629: 2610: 2602: 2587: 2567: 2562: 2558: 2550: 2546: 2534: 2532: 2519: 2515: 2505: 2501: 2498:Qing dynasty 2488: 2483:Jasper Tsang 2467: 2431: 2411: 2395: 2379: 2360: 2356:Fairchild TV 2337: 2320: 2273: 2200: 2184:Shanghainese 2173: 2158: 2149: 2143: 2094: 2088: 2060: 2040: 2018: 2013: 2009: 2002:Hanyu Pinyin 1999: 1986:Lee Kuan Yew 1983: 1976: 1954: 1947: 1936: 1876:Kinta Valley 1848:Sabak Bernam 1820:Sungai Buloh 1800:Klang Valley 1796:Kuala Lumpur 1785: 1753: 1747: 1715: 1713: 1693: 1684: 1676:Qing dynasty 1661: 1655:in 1842 and 1650: 1623: 1587: 1574: 1556: 1533: 1523: 1500: 1491: 1482:Southern Min 1451: 1431:apical vowel 1424: 1418: 1398: 1383:Yong–Xun Yue 1372: 1366: 1356: 1347: 1341: 1335: 1327: 1321: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1274: 1268: 1260: 1238: 1233:Tang dynasty 1208: 1202: 1194:Gwóngdùng wá 1192: 1186: 1176: 1169: 1163: 1149: 1143: 1129: 1123: 1109: 1103: 1093: 1086: 1080: 1058: 1049: 1043: 983: 929:ㄍㄨㄤˇ ㄓㄡㄏㄨㄚˋ 915:Guǎngzhōuhuà 909:Hanyu Pinyin 831:Gwóngdùng wá 817: 749:Guǎngdōnghuà 743:Hanyu Pinyin 677:comic books. 673:social media 652: 607: 581: 548: 547: 500:Changed tone 364:Linguasphere 347: 305: 293: 130: 106:Sino-Tibetan 90:82.4 Million 15196:Yue Chinese 14712:Yue Chinese 14625:Pearl River 14455:Haizhu Tram 14131:Twin Towers 14101:CITIC Plaza 14051:Canton Fair 13972:Attractions 13191:Fuyu Kyrgyz 12990:Tai Hongjin 12676:Muak Sa-aak 11399:Xiao'erjing 11261:Punctuation 11254:Traditional 11207:Oracle bone 11191:Logographic 11087:Proto-Hakka 11062:Eastern Han 11057:Old Chinese 10919:Classifiers 10886:Northern Wu 10814:Singaporean 10020: [ 10008: [ 9996: [ 9984: [ 9972: [ 9362:Proto-Hakka 9291:Mahakiranti 8797:East Bodish 8577:Uttarakhand 8048:"Indonesia" 7948:Works cited 7916:, p. . 5758:10397/98877 5445:Sample text 4673:Main vowel 4086:Main vowel 3739:Approximant 3602:written by 3552:Meyer-Wempe 3368:Meyer–Wempe 3290:"Cantonese" 3109:Tone letter 3049:tone number 2956:dark rising 2925:conditioned 2785:codas into 2470:the Emperor 2312:Temple City 2304:San Gabriel 2232:Sunset Park 2216:Bensonhurst 2163:Delta (see 1922:as well as 1840:Subang Jaya 1764:code-switch 1426:Sai1 Gwaan1 1385:dialect of 1249:Yue Chinese 1239:During the 1223:Yue Chinese 1111:Gwóngjàu wá 997:Gwóngjàu wá 557:Yue Chinese 431:Orthography 398:Yue Chinese 160:Old Chinese 149:Early forms 34:Yue Chinese 15343:Categories 14839:Hung Shing 14635:West River 14630:East River 14084:Taikoo Hui 14079:Teem Plaza 13999:Litchi Bay 13767:Portuguese 13712:XZ = Tibet 13703:MC = Macau 13643:Zhangzhung 13387:Sichuanese 13314:Vietnamese 12711:Hmong-Mien 12590:Waxianghua 12371:Khroskyabs 11659:Indigenous 11547:Prefecture 11522:Portuguese 11350:Wade–Giles 11249:Simplified 11144:Vernacular 11137:in Vietnam 10990:Simplified 10977:Biaoxingma 10924:Honorifics 10859:Historical 10804:Philippine 10794:Sichuanese 10721:Badong Yao 10425:Shao–Jiang 10296:Philippine 10104:Xiangxiang 10099:Shuangfeng 9844:Taizhou Wu 9627:Sichuanese 9256:Idu–Taraon 9210:Miju–Meyor 9103:Gyalrongic 8949:Tangkhulic 8724:Raji–Raute 8471:Phrasebook 8071:26 January 7936:2023-07-24 7900:2021-07-20 7880:2020-10-07 7850:29 January 7815:29 January 7697:10397/7632 7599:2015-11-09 7502:2018-09-24 7373:29 January 7343:2012-01-20 7264:2014-11-21 7197:2020-05-14 7134:2021-05-08 7091:. p. 7049:2012-01-20 7019:29 January 6809:29 January 6775:2016-04-22 6735:2010-10-07 6710:2012-01-20 6649:2018-11-15 6598:2019-08-01 6549:29 January 6538:: 83–131. 6392:2018-09-24 6362:2021-09-11 6293:2010-07-26 6236:29 January 6118:25 January 6089:25 January 5996:25 January 5904:29 January 5877:2021-05-08 5715:2015-11-09 5666:References 5658:education. 5648:education. 5461:Cantonese 5240:Light (陽) 3663:Comparison 3589:See also: 3559:Y. R. Chao 3464:Protestant 3376:Sidney Lau 3301:newspapers 3156:diacritic 3035:low level 3032:low rising 3018:high level 2978:light flat 2911:diachronic 2662:See also: 2583:Taishanese 2524:television 2468:Letter to 2445:See also: 2396:Among the 2242:, such as 2192:Fuzhounese 2154:Taishanese 2136:Street in 2047:Phnom Penh 1967:See also: 1868:Batu Gajah 1780:See also: 1760:Vietnamese 1744:Hoa people 1742:See also: 1594:Portuguese 1551:See also: 1395:Chinatowns 1357:After the 1221:See also: 1204:Zung1 man2 1171:Gwóngfú wá 1145:Baak6 waa2 1082:Jyut6 jyu5 1069:Yue speech 1061:Taishanese 937:Wade–Giles 771:Wade–Giles 383:the series 15349:Cantonese 15249:Tuotuorou 15130:Education 15097:Geography 14957:Leung cha 14910:Chow mein 14814:Wing Chun 14717:Hailufeng 14666:Education 14651:(claimed) 14585:(Sam Yup) 14555:Geography 14514:Guangzhou 14504:Guangdong 14378:Transport 13918:Zengcheng 13840:Guangzhou 13772:Cantonese 13623:Tocharian 13557:Qoqmončaq 13509:Cantonese 13463:Shaojiang 13436:Hainanese 13365:Zhongyuan 13360:Jiao-Liao 13294:Esperanto 13196:Ili Turki 12903:Khamnigan 12768:Kiong Nai 12539:Zitsadegu 11517:Mongolian 11507:Cantonese 11288:Taiwanese 11278:Cantonese 11122:Classical 11082:Proto-Min 11017:Microsoft 10876:Cantonese 10852:Phonology 10833:Cantonese 10824:Singdarin 10809:Malaysian 10799:Taiwanese 10703:Rongjiang 10693:Yongjiang 10689:Southern 10674:Northern 10648:Luo–Guang 10557:Hong Kong 10552:Guangzhou 10508:Taiwanese 10501:Changting 10435:Zhanjiang 10349:Zhongshan 10316:Malaysian 10311:Singapore 10276:Zhangzhou 10228:Zhongshan 10121:Yong–Quan 10017:Jing-Zhan 9947:Xuancheng 9924:Jiangshan 9803:Changzhou 9724:Junjiahua 9577:Guanzhong 9460:Changchun 9355:Proto-Min 9286:Macro-Bai 9164:Arunachal 9157:(possible 8972:Boro–Garo 8876:Kuki-Chin 8859:and Indo- 8774:Arunachal 8761:Himalayas 8736:Tandrange 8703:Chepangic 8634:Dhimalish 8568:Himalayas 8454:Textbooks 8415:Cantonese 8326:14002589M 8268:13996959M 8222:13999723M 7735::119–120) 7706:145563867 7413:152878194 7103:March 22, 6971:4 October 6167:197998897 6084:219427314 5991:244518738 5936:Li (2006) 5847:18035405W 5671:Citations 5411:Jyutping 5237:Dark (陰) 5090:Jyutping 4006:Jyutping 3478:in their 3385:Hong Kong 2945:dark flat 2941:Tone name 2677:standard 2652:Phonology 2621:Faye Wong 2570:Hong Kong 2563:Cantonese 2559:Cantonese 2535:Cantonese 2428:Australia 2220:Homecrest 2212:Manhattan 2208:Chinatown 2091:Indonesia 2085:Indonesia 2079:Hainanese 2030:pop music 1994:Taiwanese 1963:Singapore 1937:Although 1934:, Johor. 1844:Sekinchan 1828:Shah Alam 1668:Guangdong 1642:Guangdong 1626:Guangzhou 1606:Guangzhou 1563:Hong Kong 1487:Zhongshan 1454:Hong Kong 1374:hoi2 gam3 1276:Sam1 jap1 1253:Guangzhou 1046:Guangzhou 689:Cantonese 644:Singapore 620:Hong Kong 612:Guangdong 592:Hong Kong 569:Guangzhou 549:Cantonese 486:Phonology 370:79-AAA-ma 349:Glottolog 332:ISO 639-3 295:Hong Kong 268:Hong Kong 204:Malaysian 194:Hong Kong 131:Cantonese 75:Ethnicity 55:Malaysian 47:Hong Kong 29:Cantonese 15309:Category 15270:Li River 15239:Luosifen 15082:Politics 14991:Category 14962:Tong sui 14915:Char siu 14739:Tong lau 14599:Regions 14571:Chaoshan 14540:Politics 14293:Timeline 13928:Dongshan 13901:New Area 13760:Official 13567:Tangwang 13547:Macanese 13542:Lingling 13475:Northern 13458:Northern 13421:Southern 13340:Mandarin 13267:Minority 13227:Sarikoli 13140:Tungusic 13101:Naxi Yao 13046:Cao Miao 12970:Ningming 12870:Mongolic 12846:Dzao Min 12841:Biao Min 12798:Qo Xiong 12793:Pingtang 12489:Dongwang 12431:Tshobdun 12356:Guiqiong 11958:Sangkong 11733:Muangphe 11695:Mondzish 11649:numerous 11640:Counties 11487:Regional 11471:Official 11372:Bopomofo 11301:Phonetic 11293:Two-cell 11222:Clerical 11132:in Japan 11127:Adoption 11115:Official 11106:Literary 10981:Boshiamy 10958:Xiehouyu 10914:Numerals 10891:Mandarin 10819:Standard 10779:Standard 10653:Qin–Lian 10643:Yong–Xun 10628:Gao–Yang 10574:Jiujiang 10562:Malaysia 10496:Tingzhou 10447:Wenchang 10408:Jianyang 10398:Northern 10357:Sanxiang 10271:Quanzhou 10254:Southern 10223:Manjiang 10087:Changsha 10047:Nanchang 10042:Chang–Du 9939:Xuanzhou 9929:Qingtian 9883:Wencheng 9829:Jiangyin 9824:Jinxiang 9814:Shaoxing 9808:Hangzhou 9788:Shanghai 9729:Qinjiang 9637:Minjiang 9609:Xinjiang 9567:Dongping 9531:Jiaoliao 9470:Shenyang 9443:Mandarin 9160:isolates 9127:Mondzish 9055:Cai–Long 8803:Tshangla 8759:Eastern 8602:Tamangic 8572:Himachal 8566:Western 8560:branches 8306:(1856). 8296:17203540 8278:(1828). 8249:6542029M 8214:41220764 7844:Archived 7809:Archived 7593:Archived 7472:: 83–84. 7367:Archived 7363:Slate.fr 7337:Archived 7288:(2010). 7258:Archived 7013:Archived 6827:(2007). 6800:Archived 6769:Archived 6729:Archived 6643:Archived 6620:(1): 74. 6572:(1): 75. 6540:Archived 6386:Archived 6230:archived 5871:Archived 5709:Archived 5516:See also 4551:Jyutping 3719:Sibilant 3714:Alveolar 3689:Initials 3679:/lɛːm˧˥/ 3631:Jyutping 3356:Jyutping 3331:May 2021 3073:Example 3045:Jyutping 2921:phonemic 2858:2nd and 2777:Merging 2770:Merging 2675:de facto 2625:Eric Moo 2617:Cantopop 2512:Mandarin 2507:Mandarin 2408:Portugal 2308:Rosemead 2244:Brooklyn 2176:handover 2107:Surabaya 2063:Thailand 2057:Thailand 2051:Cambodia 2037:Cambodia 2010:diǎn xīn 1920:Jerantut 1912:Temerloh 1896:Sandakan 1894:town of 1852:Selangor 1816:Selayang 1788:Malaysia 1770:Malaysia 1575:de facto 1530:Jyutping 1474:Dongguan 1470:Shenzhen 1466:Portugal 1443:/ź̩~ɯ~ɨ/ 1005:Jyutping 923:Bopomofo 839:Jyutping 757:Bopomofo 657:, these 648:Cambodia 640:Malaysia 474:Jyutping 456:Bopomofo 419:Pronouns 356:cant1236 183:Dialects 15321:Commons 15227:Cuisine 15206:Pinghua 15158:Culture 15087:Economy 15077:History 15069:General 15060:capital 15056:Nanning 15046:Guangxi 15003:Commons 14950:Yum cha 14945:Dim sum 14893:Cuisine 14809:Hung Ga 14784:Naamyam 14722:Teochew 14689:Culture 14618:Yuedong 14589:Sze Yup 14545:Economy 14535:History 14527:General 14518:capital 14285:History 13938:Luogang 13933:Fangcun 13913:Conghua 13881:Huangpu 13793:English 13638:Xianbei 13633:Tuyuhun 13603:Old Yue 13581:Extinct 13562:Sanqiao 13453:Central 13443:Eastern 13426:Hokkien 13370:Lan-Yin 13350:Beijing 13332:Chinese 13289:Russian 13051:Chadong 13031:Ai-Cham 13000:Tai Nüa 12985:Tai Dón 12980:Tai Dam 12938:Kra-Dai 12908:Monguor 12898:Kangjia 12856:Kim Mun 12851:Iu Mien 12773:Luobohe 12763:Huishui 12743:Guiyang 12720:Hmongic 12681:Palaung 12671:Man Met 12575:Longjia 12524:Ladakhi 12519:Kyirong 12509:Khalong 12494:Drugchu 12451:Tibetic 12421:Shixing 12333:Qiangic 12114:Alingpo 12106:Nisoish 12091:Yangliu 12086:Xuzhang 12016:Laizisi 12011:Kuamasi 12006:Kua-nsi 11988:Lisoish 11968:Tsukong 11908:Laomian 11833:Baihong 11800:Hanoish 11791:Loloish 11776:Lhao Vo 11771:Chashan 11756:Xiandao 11743:Burmish 11686:Burmese 11644:Banners 11600:Tai Nüa 11527:Tibetan 11512:English 11271:Braille 11232:Cursive 11182:Scripts 11049:History 11039:ZhengMa 10985:Cangjie 10951:Chengyu 10906:Grammar 10881:Hokkien 10838:Hokkien 10746:Waxiang 10726:Danzhou 10698:Guandao 10683:Younian 10678:Tongdao 10667:Pinghua 10607:Taishan 10523:Raoping 10491:Huizhou 10481:Meixian 10457:Banqiao 10430:Leizhou 10420:Pu–Xian 10415:Central 10403:Jian'ou 10378:Longyan 10326:Teochew 10263:Hokkien 10238:Nanlang 10194:Fu–Ning 10174:Changle 10156:Houguan 10147:Eastern 10094:Loushao 10082:Changyi 10064:Da–Tong 10059:Ying–Yi 10005:Yanzhou 9873:Wenzhou 9866:Oujiang 9857:Tiantai 9852:Taizhou 9761:Zhi–Yan 9708:Nantong 9703:Nanjing 9678:Gui–Liu 9668:Nanping 9663:Kunming 9589:Luoyang 9544:Qingdao 9516:Tianjin 9493:Beijing 9485:Beijing 9374:Italics 9235:Siangic 9216:Songlin 9195:Kho-Bwa 9173:Hrusish 9155:Dubious 9138:Loloish 9132:Burmish 9097:Qiangic 9068:Longjia 9035:Karenic 9029:Nungish 9009:Sinitic 8895:Hkongso 8857:Myanmar 8827:Gongduk 8791:Tibetic 8709:Chepang 8682:Magaric 8628:Kiranti 8608:Newaric 8373:漢語多功能字庫 8318:6512080 8241:4614795 6467:eBook: 5268:24, 13 5265:21, 11 5256:53, 55 5244:Checked 3734:Glottal 3683:/kɛːp˨/ 3681:舔, and 3675:/tɛːu˨/ 3523:in his 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