Written Chinese - Knowledge

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country's literacy rate. The idea gained further support following the victory of the Communists in 1949, who immediately began two parallel programs regarding written Chinese. The first was the development of an alphabet to write the sounds of Mandarin, the variety spoken by around two-thirds of the Chinese population. The other program investigated the simplification of the standard character forms. Initially, character simplification was not competing with the idea of a phonetic script; rather, simplification was intended to make the transition to a fully phonetic writing system easier.

7279: 1857: 5410: 555: 2163: 2372:). Over time, Literary Chinese acquired some elements of grammar and vocabulary from various varieties of vernacular Chinese that had since diverged. By the 20th century, Literary Chinese was distinctly different from any spoken vernacular, and had to be learned separately. Once learned, it was a common medium for communication between people speaking different dialects, many of which were mutually unintelligible by the end of the first millennium CE. 7267: 2235:

instead attribute this to other education reforms and a general increase in the standard of living. Little systematic research has been conducted to support the conclusion that the use of simplified characters has affected literacy rates; studies conducted in China have instead focused on arbitrary statistics, such as quantifying the number of strokes saved on average in a given text sample. Simplified characters are standard in mainland China,

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radical. Accordingly, dictionaries often include a list of hard to locate characters, indexed by total stroke count, near the beginning of the dictionary. Some dictionaries include almost one-seventh of all characters in this list. Alternatively, some dictionaries list "difficult" characters under more than one radical, with all but one of those entries redirecting the reader to the "canonical" location of the character according to Kangxi.

2327: 6060: 2139: 1890:). These inscriptions were made primarily on ox scapulae and turtle shells in order to record the results of divinations conducted by the Shang royal family. Characters posing a question were first carved into the bones. The question's answer was then divined by heating the bones over a fire and interpreting the resulting cracks that formed. The interpretation was then carved into the same 2539:

count of the character. Usually, however, there are still many characters with a given stroke count under a given radical. At this point, characters are not given in any recognizable order; the user must locate the character by going through all the characters with that stroke count, typically listed for convenience at the top of the page on which they occur.

1209: 2151: 2563:, in which characters are broken down into a set of 24 basic components. Neither the four-corner method nor the Cangjie method requires the user to identify the proper radical, although many strokes or components have alternate forms, which must be memorized in order to use these methods effectively. 1826:

As characters are essentially rectilinear and are not joined with one another, written Chinese does not require a set orientation. Chinese texts were traditionally written in columns from top to bottom, which were laid out from right to left. Prior to the 20th century, Literary Chinese used little to

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Every Chinese character falls (sometimes arbitrarily or incorrectly) under the heading of exactly one of these 214 radicals. In many cases, the radicals are themselves characters, which naturally come first under their own heading. All other characters under a given radical are ordered by the stroke

2192:, which must be followed in order for the characters to be written correctly. Strictly speaking, this stroke order applies to the clerical, running, and grass scripts as well, but especially in the running and grass scripts, this order is occasionally deviated from. Thus, for instance, the character 1841:

The use of punctuation has also become more common. In general, punctuation occupies the width of a full character, such that text remains visually well-aligned in a grid. Punctuation used in simplified Chinese shows clear influence from that used in Western scripts, though some marks are particular

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In the 20th century, the layout used in Western scripts—where text is written in rows from left to right, which are laid out from top to bottom—became predominant in mainland China, where it was mandated by the Chinese government in 1955. Vertical layouts are still used for aesthetic effect, or when

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Written Chinese is not based on an alphabet or syllabary, so Chinese dictionaries, as well as dictionaries that define Chinese characters in other languages, cannot easily be alphabetized or otherwise lexically ordered, as English dictionaries are. The need to arrange Chinese characters in order to

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The variation in vocabulary among varieties has also led to informal use of "dialectal characters", which may include characters previously used in Literary Chinese that are considered archaic in written Standard Chinese. Cantonese is unique among non-Mandarin regional languages in having a written

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in the language, which may either be independent words, or part of a polysyllabic word. Most characters are constructed from smaller components that may reflect the character's meaning or pronunciation. Literacy requires the memorization of thousands of characters; college-educated Chinese speakers

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Because the method of radicals is applied only to the written character, one need not know how to pronounce a character before looking it up; the entry, once located, usually gives the pronunciation. However, it is not always easy to identify which of the various roots of a character is the proper

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have also been designed. Among other purposes, these systems are used by students learning the corresponding varieties. The replacement of Chinese characters with a phonetic writing system was first prominently proposed during the May Fourth Movement, partly motivated by a desire to increase the

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Written Chinese is not based on an alphabet or syllabary. Most characters can be analyzed as compounds of smaller components, which may be assembled according to several different principles. Characters and components may reflect aspects of meaning or pronunciation. The best known exposition of

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Chinese characters have always been used to represent individual spoken syllables. While writing was being invented in the Yellow River valley, words in spoken Chinese were largely monosyllabic, and each written character corresponded to a monosyllabic word. Spoken Chinese varieties have since

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forms. Simplified characters, which merge some character forms and reduce the average stroke count per character, were developed by the Chinese government with the stated goal of increasing literacy among the population. During this time, literacy rates did increase rapidly, but some observers

2606:(or simply 'pinyin') alphabet had been developed, but plans to replace Chinese characters with it were deferred, and the idea is no longer actively pursued. This change in priorities may have been due in part to pinyin's design being specific to Mandarin, to the exclusion of other dialects. 2546:

Other methods of organization exist, often in an attempt to address the shortcomings of the radical method, but are less common. For instance, it is common for a dictionary ordered principally by the Kangxi radicals to have an auxiliary index by pronunciation, expressed typically in either

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is used similarly in Taiwan and elsewhere, though it lacks the level of standardization seen in Cantonese. However, Taiwan's Ministry of Education has promulgated a standard character set for Hokkien, which is taught in schools and encouraged for use by the general population.

2202:; 'wood') must be written starting with the horizontal stroke, drawn from left to right; next, the vertical stroke, from top to bottom; next, the left diagonal stroke, from top to bottom; and lastly the right diagonal stroke, from top to bottom. 2380:, is not technically bound to any single variety; however, it most nearly represents the vocabulary and syntax of Mandarin, by far the most widespread Chinese dialectal family in terms of both geographical area and number of speakers. This form is known as 2535:(around the year 1700); these are sometimes called the Kangxi radicals. The radicals are ordered first by stroke count (that is, the number of strokes required to write the radical); within a given stroke count, the radicals also have a prescribed order. 2526:

A traditional mechanism is the method of radicals, which uses a set of character roots. These roots, or radicals, generally but imperfectly align with the parts used to compose characters by means of logical aggregation and phonetic complex. A

2384:. While some written vernacular Chinese expressions are often ungrammatical or unidiomatic outside of Mandarin, its use permits some communication between speakers of different dialects. This function may be considered analogous to that of 1842:

to Asian languages. For example, there are double and single quotation marks (『』 and 「」), and a hollow full stop (。), which is used to separate sentences in an identical manner to a Western full stop. A special mark called an

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Chinese characters are written to fit into a square, even when composed of two simpler forms written side-by-side or top-to-bottom. In such cases, each form is compressed to fit the entire character into a square.

1651:—either reflect elements of pronunciation, or are logical aggregates. In fact, some phonetic complexes were originally simple pictographs that were later augmented by the addition of a semantic root. An example is 2375:

Varieties of Chinese vary in pronunciation, and to a lesser extent in vocabulary and grammar. Modern written Chinese, which replaced Classical Chinese as the written standard as an indirect result of the 1919

2304:; 'snuffle'—these characters are relatively uncommon, and would therefore represent a negligible stroke reduction. Other simplified forms derive from long-standing calligraphic abbreviations, as with 2392:. For literate speakers, it serves as a common medium; however, the forms of individual characters generally provide little insight to their meaning if not already known. Ghil'ad Zuckermann's exploration of 2127: 2484:, places the number of characters somewhat lower, at 3,000 to 4,000. These counts are complicated by the tangled development of Chinese characters. In many cases, a single character came to have multiple 2467:

Because the majority of modern Chinese words contain more than one character, there are at least two measuring sticks for Chinese literacy: the number of characters known, and the number of words known.

1242:. Xu did not have access to the earliest forms of Chinese characters, and his analysis is not considered to fully capture the nature of the writing system. Nevertheless, no later work has supplanted the 2586:

Chinese characters do not reliably indicate their pronunciation. Therefore, many transliteration systems have been developed to write the sounds of different varieties of Chinese. While many use the

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distinction that is more abundant in Mandarin. Pinyin also uses several consonantal letters to represent markedly different sounds from their assignments in other languages. For example, pinyin

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to represent the phonology of Standard Chinese. For the most part, pinyin uses phonetic values for letters that reflect their existing pronunciations in Romance languages and the

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The availability of computerized Chinese dictionaries now makes it possible to look characters up by any of the indexing schemes described, thereby shortening the search process.

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Zuckermann, Ghil'ad (2003). "Language Contact and Globalisation: The camouflaged influence of English on the world's languages with special attention to Israeli and Mandarin".

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is the most widely recognized script, and was considerably influenced by semi-cursive. In regular script, each stroke of each character is clearly drawn out from the others.

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that evolved from clerical script, character elements begin to run into each other, though the characters themselves generally remain discrete. This is contrasted with fully

1818: 4288: 4833: 1609:; 'elder brother') is not attested in formal writing prior to the Tang dynasty, and was created from the leftmost component of the more ancient character 3967:. Translated by Mattos, Gilbert L.; Norman, Jerry. Berkeley: Society for the Study of Early China and The Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California. 2555:. This index points to the page in the main dictionary where the desired character can be found. Other methods use only the structure of the characters, such as the 4795: 2221: 1414:), though this term is now generally used to refer to all characters, whether simple or complex. Of these four, two construct characters from simpler parts: 1131:

know approximately 4,000. This has led in part to the adoption of complementary transliteration systems as a means of representing the pronunciation of Chinese.

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Character components can be further subdivided into individual written strokes. The strokes of Chinese characters fall into eight main categories: "horizontal"

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working prior to the wars of unification. Clerical script forms generally have a "flat" appearance, being wider than their seal script equivalents. In the

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lists 10,516 characters—9,353 of them unique (some of which may already have been out of use by the time it was compiled) plus 1,163 graphic variants—the

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Less frequently, Chinese is written in rows from right to left, usually on signage or banners, though a left to right orientation remains more common.

2488:. This development was restrained to an extent by the standardization of the seal script during the Qin dynasty, but soon started again. Although the 7309: 5337: 5096: 4644: 798: 6094: 5251: 2003:, predating the earliest attested Chinese writing by more than 5,000 years. Garman Harbottle, who had headed a team of archaeologists at the 1633:

is used in daily conversation in most Chinese dialects. Some dialects such as Minnan which retain features of spoken Old Chinese continue to use

3517: 2055:). Bronze script characters are less angular than their oracle bone script counterparts. The script became increasingly regularized during the 3113:

Official Taiwanese documents can no longer be written from right to left or from top to bottom in a new law passed by the country's parliament

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has become quite popular on the Internet, while Standard Chinese is still normally used in formal written communications. To a lesser degree,

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Written Chinese is one of the oldest continuously used writing systems. The earliest examples universally accepted as Chinese writing are the

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no punctuation, with the breaks between sentences and phrases determined largely by context and the rhythms implied by patterns of syllables.

2004: 862: 817: 2559:, in which characters are indexed according to the kinds of strokes located nearest the four corners (hence the name of the method), or the 1041: 5418: 4656: 2404:

colloquial standard, used in Hong Kong and overseas, with a large number of unofficial characters for words particular to this language.

4045: 1435:): in which two or more parts are used for their meaning. This yields a composite meaning, which is then applied to the new character. 4011: 1149:), but the process of creating characters is thought to have begun centuries earlier during the Late Neolithic and early Bronze Age ( 2350:

acquired much more polysyllabic vocabulary, usually compound words composed of morphemes corresponding to older monosyllabic words

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Regular script is considered the archetypal Chinese writing and forms the basis for most printed forms. In addition, regular script

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There are eight basic rules of stroke order in writing a Chinese character, which apply only generally and are sometimes violated:

1073: 1571:, which was originally a pictograph depicting a fishing net. Over time, it has taken on an extended meaning, covering any kind of 4632: 4124: 2284:

radical on the left also being simplified. However, the same phonetic component is not reduced in simplified characters such as

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ritual container – inscription appearing twice on the vessel, comments on rituals accompanying court ceremonies.

5716: 1525: 4955: 3991: 3972: 3950: 3901: 3863: 3801: 3134: 2876: 3731: 7299: 7180: 6087: 5766: 825: 3629:

Wang, Gwo-En; Wang, Jhing-Fa (1994). "A New Hierarchical Approach for Recognition of Unconstrained Handwritten Numerals".

5608: 1066: 2476:, estimates that a typical Chinese college graduate recognizes 4,000 to 5,000 characters, and 40,000 to 60,000 words. 3920: 3882: 3844: 3822: 3782: 3763: 3720: 1255: 954: 914: 717: 6363: 6080: 5688: 2614: 2502:, compiled less than a thousand years later in 1039, contains 53,525 characters, most of them graphic variants. 2085:

promulgated the seal script as the standard throughout China, which had been recently united under the imperial

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followed suit in 2004 for official documents, but vertical layouts have persisted in some books and newspapers.

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The last two principles do not produce new written forms; they instead transfer new meanings to existing forms:

6148: 4395: 4038: 4009:

Yue E Li and Christopher Upward. "Review of the process of reform in the simplification of Chinese Characters".

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permit efficient lookup has given rise to a considerable variety of ways to organize and index the characters.

2215: 387: 243: 3543: 746: 6138: 6118: 6004: 5458: 2666: 2227: 2211: 371: 163: 2657:, respectively. While pinyin has become the predominant transliteration system for Mandarin, others include 2400:

concludes that the Chinese writing system is multifunctional, conveying both semantic and phonetic content.

2077:, which represents the oldest form of Chinese characters still in modern use. They are used principally for 1593:): in which a character is used, either intentionally or accidentally, for some entirely different purpose. 1555:): in which a character, often with a simple, concrete meaning takes on an extended, more abstract meaning. 7304: 7164: 6133: 6063: 5974: 5498: 724: 6973: 6312: 5979: 5851: 5776: 5433: 2027: 2007:

in Anhui—has suggested that these symbols were precursors to Chinese writing. However, the palaeographer

1478: 1264:, Chinese characters are developed on six basic principles. (These principles, though popularized by the 625: 473: 119: 3667:

Language Styling and Switching in Speech and Online Contexts: Identity and Language Ideologies in Taiwan

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developed, with speakers of mutually unintelligible varieties able to communicate through writing using

7257: 6153: 6128: 6021: 5994: 5871: 5783: 5530: 5510: 2670: 2575: 2485: 2381: 2105: 1177: 1054: 947: 741: 701: 663: 611: 201: 7103: 6995: 6638: 6506: 6441: 5573: 4271: 4031: 3832: 2477: 1694: 729: 566: 554: 222: 6548: 5947: 5932: 5922: 5636: 2517: 2262:

Simplified forms have also been characterized as being inconsistent. For instance, the traditional

2042: 1868: 1861: 6072: 2421:

Over the history of written Chinese, a variety of media have been used for writing. They include:

7221: 7064: 6511: 6350: 6170: 6158: 6143: 5959: 4198: 2581: 2425: 2393: 2162: 5952: 5801: 7226: 7169: 7128: 6803: 6626: 6413: 6375: 6270: 5893: 5736: 4334: 2634: 2150: 1964: 1160:(221–206 BCE). Over the millennia, these characters have evolved into well-developed styles of 884: 869: 785: 271: 2189: 7244: 6935: 6726: 6538: 6280: 6265: 6242: 6222: 6217: 5888: 5811: 5525: 5503: 4258: 4091: 2595: 2231: 2126: 2056: 1156:). After a period of variation and evolution, Chinese characters were standardized under the 857: 686: 648: 603: 2081:, or chops, which are often used in place of a signature for Chinese documents and artwork. 1856: 7236: 7136: 6793: 6708: 6598: 6516: 6498: 6385: 5656: 5624: 5453: 4578: 4073: 2864: 2138: 1193: 1185: 1165: 4008: 8: 7198: 7193: 7113: 7023: 7008: 6902: 6753: 6713: 6491: 6463: 6436: 6431: 6408: 6390: 6355: 6340: 6307: 6247: 6235: 6207: 6202: 5900: 5866: 5701: 5668: 5515: 5443: 5360: 5201: 5196: 4950: 4760: 4266: 3518:"Second Language Socialization in a Bilingual Chat Room: Global and Local Considerations" 2377: 2174: 2101: 1813: 1629:) meaning 'elder brother' continues to be used in idioms and formal writing, whereas 1161: 1018: 1013: 668: 6770: 3175: 39: 7188: 6881: 6868: 6721: 6543: 6523: 6476: 6453: 6345: 6335: 6212: 6192: 6187: 6179: 6107: 6016: 5883: 5846: 5731: 5629: 5563: 5558: 5448: 5438: 5064: 5042: 4935: 4743: 4738: 4661: 4649: 4637: 4625: 4613: 4137: 3812: 3646: 3314: 2845: 2806: 2694: 2556: 2511: 1101: 620: 546: 302: 296: 285: 3665: 3104: 3013: 324: 7146: 7141: 7056: 6743: 6733: 6686: 6681: 6676: 6573: 6560: 6458: 6380: 6327: 6317: 6302: 6285: 6197: 5927: 5917: 5796: 5761: 5616: 5568: 5520: 5287: 5140: 5074: 4930: 4915: 4586: 4563: 4517: 4442: 4368: 4248: 4216: 4170: 4109: 4099: 4064: 4018:(Journal of Simplified Spelling Society, 1992/2 pp. 14–16, later designated J13) 3987: 3968: 3946: 3940: 3916: 3897: 3878: 3859: 3840: 3818: 3797: 3778: 3759: 3716: 3710: 3474: 3130: 2872: 2837: 2798: 2630: 2591: 2405: 2059:(475–221 BCE), settling into what is called 'script of the six states' ( 1844: 1661:; 'lampwick', now archaic, which was originally a pictograph of a lamp stand 1189: 678: 643: 638: 525: 517: 348: 185: 177: 3650: 2011:

argues instead that the time gap is too great to establish any connection. From the

1481:—indicates the general semantic category of the character, such as being related to 7069: 7046: 6985: 6980: 6951: 6925: 6848: 6843: 6838: 6823: 6818: 6813: 6798: 6785: 6775: 6700: 6660: 6606: 6583: 6568: 6533: 6528: 6486: 6423: 6400: 6257: 6230: 6033: 5553: 5428: 5292: 5282: 5267: 5213: 5135: 5086: 5047: 4996: 4910: 4862: 4846: 4726: 4686: 4681: 4568: 4522: 4468: 4463: 4453: 4447: 4276: 4221: 4206: 4082: 4054: 3638: 3466: 3306: 2829: 2824:

Keightley, David N. (1996). "Art, Ancestors, and the Origins of Writing in China".

2790: 2444: 2431: 2397: 2358: 2354: 2276:, in which the phonetic on the right side is reduced from 17 strokes to 3, and the 2256: 2226:

Beginning in the mid-20th century, Chinese has primarily been written using either

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space limitations require it, such as on signage or book spines. The government of

1181: 1173: 1108:. Chinese characters do not directly represent pronunciation, unlike letters in an 1105: 438: 84: 31: 3297:

Thorp, Robert L. (1981). "The Date of Tomb 5 at Yinxu, Anyang: A Review Article".

2794: 1936: 1926:

wine container – inscription commemorates a gift of cowrie shells.

1905: 1848:(、) is used to separate items in a list, as opposed to the clauses in a sentence. 980: 7271: 7213: 7156: 7118: 7092: 6968: 6956: 6943: 6915: 6910: 6891: 6886: 6828: 6808: 6758: 6748: 6616: 6578: 6471: 6295: 6275: 5984: 5964: 5861: 5806: 5545: 5395: 5385: 5365: 5322: 5317: 5183: 5147: 5130: 5120: 5059: 4877: 4813: 4755: 4703: 4698: 4600: 4496: 4491: 4400: 4347: 4342: 4322: 4307: 4302: 4243: 4238: 4228: 4211: 4183: 4155: 4132: 4015: 3740: 2674: 2385: 2093: 2008: 1197: 835: 658: 503: 149: 6963: 6446: 3129:(in English and Chinese) (3rd ed.). San Francisco: Simplex. pp. 1–31. 1986:—with some bearing a striking resemblance to certain modern characters, such as 1822:

Chinese written from top-to-bottom on restaurant and bus stop signs in Hong Kong

906: 394: 378: 7041: 7003: 6920: 6876: 6853: 6833: 6763: 6738: 6588: 6368: 6290: 6038: 6028: 5999: 5989: 5706: 5678: 5390: 5375: 5277: 5228: 5223: 5208: 5152: 5091: 4973: 4945: 4925: 4872: 4841: 4818: 4808: 4803: 4765: 4748: 4693: 4558: 4540: 4458: 4432: 4373: 4293: 4281: 4233: 4188: 4178: 4104: 3751: 3540:"User's Manual of the Romanization of Minnanyu/Hokkien Spoken in Taiwan Region" 3081:. Text, Speech, and Dialogue: Fifth International Conference. pp. 115–122. 3009: 2662: 2602:

By 1958, official priorities had shifted towards character simplification. The

2587: 2560: 2532: 2528: 2469: 2452: 2331: 2109: 2108:, where characters are often rendered unrecognizable by their canonical forms. 1487:

eyes', with the other part being another character used for its phonetic value.

1118: 1097: 1005: 767: 696: 673: 487: 345: 133: 5409: 1681:; 'fire') was added to indicate that the meaning is fire related. 1246:

in terms of breadth, and it is still relevant to etymological research today.

1176:. In the early 20th century, Literary Chinese was replaced in large part with 591: 7293: 7036: 7013: 6858: 6631: 6611: 5839: 5651: 5646: 5218: 5162: 5157: 5125: 5112: 4988: 4940: 4867: 4823: 4713: 4550: 4473: 4312: 4160: 4147: 3478: 2841: 2802: 1404:

The remaining four principles produce complex characters historically called

1308:): in which the character is a graphical depiction of the object it denotes. 1270: 1228: 1218: 1135: 215: 7283: 7203: 7031: 5711: 5661: 5037: 4920: 4893: 4437: 4427: 3470: 2603: 2499: 2097: 2031: 1213: 734: 445: 407: 314: 91: 53: 7108: 6655: 6103: 5856: 5830: 5726: 5696: 5673: 5641: 5380: 5370: 5174: 5069: 5054: 5017: 4965: 4786: 4777: 4673: 4512: 4387: 4114: 3984:

Cantonese as Written Language: The Growth of a Written Chinese Vernacular

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For over two thousand years, the predominant form of written Chinese was

2086: 2074: 1978:

In 2003, 11 isolated symbols carved on tortoise shells were found at the

1891: 1644: 1572: 1157: 633: 338: 890: 5272: 5246: 5012: 4978: 4483: 4410: 3318: 2849: 2610: 2456: 2012: 1184:, a form based on the Beijing dialect of Mandarin. Although most other 933: 758: 751: 194: 3642: 2810: 1799:

In a symmetrical character, the middle is drawn first, then the sides.

7080: 5721: 5472: 5463: 5191: 5081: 4733: 4721: 4532: 4363: 3960: 2362: 2244: 2236: 1268:, were developed earlier; the oldest known mention of them is in the 1169: 1113: 236: 3310: 2833: 2451:

Since at least the Han dynasty, such media have been used to create

2326: 2073:. These characters were later embellished and stylized to yield the 7266: 6621: 6102: 6011: 5597: 5238: 4419: 4023: 2658: 2552: 2240: 1127: 1123: 1109: 1033: 994: 987: 691: 459: 257: 105: 6043: 1575:: for instance, it is the word used to refer to computer networks. 1455:; 'east'), which represents a sun rising in the trees. 1028: 6650: 5910: 5590: 5477: 5306: 4902: 2885: 2409: 1876: 1233: 321: 2357:, which had vocabulary and syntax rooted in the language of the 1790:

If a character is framed from above, the frame is written first.

1281:.) The first two principles produce simple characters, known as 7098: 6643: 5969: 5771: 3005: 2933: 2931: 2548: 2342: 2252: 1832: 1793:

If a character is framed from below, the frame is written last.

923: 2633:

distinction in languages such as French instead represent the

353: 5482: 2494: 2389: 2248: 2082: 1983: 1979: 1872: 586: 581: 329: 3610: 3337: 3230: 3218: 2928: 2314:; 'ten thousand', which has the traditional form of 2045:(771–476 BCE), a form of writing called bronze script ( 1647:, the vast majority of characters—about 95% of those in the 1643:

In contrast to the popular conception of written Chinese as

2437: 1781:

Left-falling strokes are written before right-falling ones.

973: 3598: 3576: 3574: 3572: 3058: 3046: 3008:(2005) . "An Outsider's Chats about Written Language". In 2988: 2986: 2984: 2982: 2341:), containing 200 bronze vessels with 109 inscriptions of 1208: 3674: 2719: 2717: 2531:

set of 214 radicals was developed during the rule of the

1362:): in which the character represents an abstract notion. 290: 276: 262: 248: 3686: 3438: 3373: 3079:

Statistical Part-of-Speech Tagging for Classical Chinese

206: 3569: 3404: 3402: 3400: 3385: 3194: 3182: 3155: 3034: 2979: 2955: 2916: 2906: 2904: 2764: 2762: 2734: 2732: 2222:

Debate on traditional and simplified Chinese characters

2869:

Visible Speech: The Diverse Oneness of Writing Systems

2749: 2747: 2714: 1637:

exclusively for 'elder brother' in daily conversation.

7255: 3426: 3278: 3266: 3254: 3242: 2644: 2638: 2624: 2618: 2205: 1810:

Horizontal and vertical writing in East Asian scripts

1504:; 'clear weather'), which is composed of 522: 508: 492: 478: 464: 450: 182: 168: 154: 138: 124: 110: 96: 3586: 3557: 3542:. Taiwan Ministry of Education. 2009. Archived from 3497: 3485: 3414: 3397: 3361: 3349: 3325: 3206: 3143: 3085: 3022: 2967: 2901: 2759: 2729: 1778:

Horizontal strokes are written before vertical ones.

2781:Boltz, William G. (1986). "Early Chinese Writing". 2744: 2069:), that Xu Shen used as source material in the 227: 2943: 2026:), Chinese writing evolved into the form found in 1134:Chinese writing is first attested during the late 2817: 2443:Stone, metal, wood, bamboo, plastic and ivory on 7291: 3012:; Steinhardt, Nancy S.; Goldin, Paul R. (eds.). 1996:; 'eye'). The Jiahu site dates from 1619:; 'to sing'). The ancient character 1528:'), which is used for its pronunciation. 2774: 2243:, while traditional characters are standard in 3810: 3616: 3236: 3224: 6088: 4039: 3070: 3015:Hawaiʻi Reader in Traditional Chinese Culture 2856: 2005:University of Science and Technology of China 1074: 392: 376: 36: 5838: 3942:Modern Chinese: History and Sociolinguistics 3670:(Ph.D. thesis). Austin: University of Texas. 3622: 2434:, invented no later than the 2nd century BCE 1249: 6095: 6081: 6059: 5829: 4046: 4032: 3894:ABC Etymological Dictionary of Old Chinese 3891: 3456: 3167: 2961: 1787:Characters are written from left to right. 1784:Characters are written from top to bottom. 1081: 1067: 3772: 3750: 3733:Chinese language processing and computing 3729: 3708: 3692: 3631:IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics 3604: 3580: 3459:Cambridge Review of International Affairs 3444: 3379: 3343: 3260: 3064: 3052: 3040: 2998: 2937: 2862: 2823: 2738: 2723: 2693:Especially when distinguished from other 2617:(IPA). However, pairs of letters such as 1188:are not written, there are traditions of 7310:Writing systems using Chinese characters 3628: 3118: 2649:correspond to sounds similar to English 2325: 2041: – 771 BCE) and the 1855: 1817: 1207: 5754: 3853: 3532: 3509: 3097: 2895: 1126:in length, but generally correspond to 7292: 3910: 3872: 3831: 3811:McNaughton, William; Ying, Li (1999). 3791: 3775:The Chinese Language: Fact and Fantasy 3680: 3657: 3592: 3563: 3503: 3491: 3432: 3420: 3408: 3391: 3367: 3355: 3331: 3284: 3272: 3248: 3212: 3200: 3188: 3173: 3161: 3149: 3091: 3028: 2992: 2973: 2949: 2922: 2910: 2891: 2768: 2753: 1477:): in which one part—often called the 524: 301: 295: 184: 6076: 4027: 3296: 3076: 2780: 1665:, a character that is now pronounced 1226:Chinese character composition is the 4053: 3981: 3938: 2609:Pinyin uses the Latin alphabet with 2428:, from at least the 13th century BCE 2096:can be attributed to scribes in the 2092:The initial adaptation of seal into 826:Standard Form of National Characters 3959: 3515: 3105:"Taiwan Law Orders One-Way Writing" 2272:; 'allow' is simplified to 1671:and means 'host', or the character 1104:and other symbols to represent the 13: 3931: 3663: 3522:Learning, Language, and Technology 3124: 3077:Huang, Liang; et al. (2002). 3004: 2569: 2206:Simplification and standardization 2030:on ritual bronzes made during the 14: 7321: 4002: 3712:Learn to Write Chinese Characters 3176:"Earliest Writing Found in China" 7277: 7265: 6058: 5536:Literary and colloquial readings 5408: 3127:Understanding Chinese Characters 2440:, since at least the Han dynasty 2173: 2161: 2149: 2137: 2125: 1935: 1904: 1256:Chinese character classification 1116:. Rather, the writing system is 915:Literary and colloquial readings 553: 3896:. University of Hawaiʻi Press. 3796:. University of Hawaiʻi Press. 3777:. University of Hawaiʻi Press. 3450: 3290: 2615:International Phonetic Alphabet 2505: 2361:, as spoken around the time of 2277: 1766: 1758: 1750: 1742: 1734: 1726: 1718: 1710: 1702: 354: 330: 291: 277: 263: 249: 228: 207: 3986:. Hong Kong University Press. 3945:. Cambridge University Press. 3877:. Princeton University Press. 3856:The origins of Chinese writing 3839:. Cambridge University Press. 3773:——— (1984). 3701: 2871:. University of Hawaii Press. 2687: 2310: 2300: 2290: 2268: 2216:Traditional Chinese characters 2198: 2065: 2051: 1992: 1953: 1922: 1677: 1667: 1657: 1625: 1615: 1605: 1589: 1567: 1551: 1546: 1542: 1520: 1510: 1500: 1473: 1468: 1464: 1451: 1446: 1442: 1431: 1426: 1422: 1410: 1394: 1384: 1374: 1358: 1340: 1330: 1320: 1304: 1287: 818:Nan Min Recommended Characters 523: 509: 493: 479: 465: 451: 393: 377: 183: 169: 155: 139: 125: 111: 97: 37: 1: 3730:Bruggeman, Sebastien (2006). 2795:10.1080/00438243.1986.9979980 2703: 2472:, in the introduction to his 2366: 2335: 2212:Simplified Chinese characters 2035: 2016: 1997: 1968: 1880: 1871:made during the reign of the 1275: 1236: 1150: 1139: 16:Writing the Chinese languages 6064:List of varieties of Chinese 3617:McNaughton & Ying (1999) 3237:McNaughton & Ying (1999) 3225:McNaughton & Ying (1999) 2708: 1203: 1122:: characters are one spoken 7: 7300:Logographic writing systems 6964:Ethiopian Semitic languages 3858:. Oxford University Press. 3814:Reading and Writing Chinese 3794:Asia's Orthographic Dilemma 3792:Hannas, William C. (1997). 2645: 2639: 2625: 2619: 2462: 2321: 1180:, largely corresponding to 810:(Hong Kong, 2007) 10: 7326: 6364:Phonology & ortography 6022:Taiwanese Phonetic Symbols 3873:Ramsey, S. Robert (1987). 3516:Lam, Wan Shun Eva (2004). 2579: 2576:Transliteration of Chinese 2573: 2515: 2509: 2382:written vernacular Chinese 2219: 2209: 1860:A turtle plastron bearing 1851: 1807: 1692: 1688: 1514:; 'sun'), and 1253: 1178:written vernacular Chinese 1055:Transliteration of Chinese 612:Neolithic symbols in China 7235: 7212: 7178: 7155: 7127: 7078: 7055: 7022: 6994: 6934: 6900: 6867: 6784: 6699: 6669: 6597: 6559: 6422: 6399: 6326: 6256: 6178: 6169: 6114: 6056: 5940: 5909: 5820: 5745: 5687: 5607: 5582: 5544: 5491: 5417: 5406: 5353: 5305: 5260: 5237: 5182: 5173: 5111: 5030: 5005: 4987: 4964: 4901: 4892: 4855: 4832: 4794: 4785: 4776: 4712: 4672: 4599: 4577: 4549: 4531: 4505: 4482: 4418: 4409: 4386: 4356: 4333: 4257: 4197: 4169: 4146: 4123: 4090: 4081: 4072: 4061: 3892:Schuessler, Axel (2007). 3715:. Yale University Press. 2315: 2305: 2295: 2285: 2273: 2263: 2193: 2060: 2046: 1987: 1948: 1917: 1803: 1695:Chinese character strokes 1672: 1662: 1652: 1634: 1630: 1620: 1610: 1600: 1584: 1562: 1515: 1505: 1495: 1405: 1389: 1379: 1369: 1353: 1335: 1325: 1324:; 'person'), 1315: 1299: 1282: 1168:diverged, a situation of 567:Chinese family of scripts 537: 516: 502: 486: 472: 458: 444: 437: 432: 428: 420: 416: 406: 402: 386: 370: 365: 344: 337: 320: 313: 284: 270: 256: 242: 235: 221: 214: 200: 193: 176: 162: 148: 132: 118: 104: 90: 83: 78: 74: 66: 62: 52: 48: 38: 30: 26: 21: 3739:(Thesis). Archived from 3018:– via pinyin.info. 2881:– via pinyin.info. 2863:DeFrancis, John (1989). 2680: 2518:Chinese character orders 2416: 2043:Spring and Autumn period 1869:oracle bone inscriptions 1862:oracle bone inscriptions 1461:Phono-semantic compounds 1250:Derivation of characters 807:Commonly-Used Characters 799:Commonly Used Characters 388:Traditional Chinese 3854:Demattè, Paola (2022). 3756:Advanced Chinese Reader 2582:Romanization of Chinese 2474:Advanced Chinese Reader 2426:Bamboo and wooden slips 2394:phono-semantic matching 1982:archaeological site in 1796:Frames are closed last. 1536: 1416: 1398:; 'three'). 1388:; 'down'), 780:Collation and standards 372:Simplified Chinese 3875:The Languages of China 3709:Björkstén, J. (1994). 3471:10.1080/09557570302045 2596:Perso-Arabic alphabets 2346: 2190:imposes a stroke order 1965:Chinese ritual bronzes 1864: 1823: 1344:; 'tree'). 1334:; 'sun'), 1222: 1042:Slavonic transcription 885:Japanese script reform 870:Traditional characters 6447:Classical orthography 6281:Standard Written Form 3174:Rincon, Paul (2003). 3125:Go, Ping-gam (1995). 2629:that correspond to a 2329: 2294:; 'soil' and 2232:traditional character 2117:Chinese script styles 2057:Warring States period 1859: 1821: 1808:Further information: 1419:Ideographic compounds 1378:; 'up'), 1211: 1112:or syllabograms in a 858:Simplified characters 6517:Montenegrin alphabet 3911:Wieger, L. (1965) . 3664:Su, Hsi-Yao (2005). 2590:, systems using the 2089:(221–206 BCE). 2024: 1050 BCE 2001: 6600 BCE 1972: 1000 BCE 1888: 1192 BCE 1194:written Shanghainese 1186:varieties of Chinese 1166:varieties of Chinese 1154: 2500–2000 BCE 7305:Chinese orthography 3939:Chen, Ping (1999). 3683:, pp. 144–154. 3346:, pp. 177–188. 2940:, pp. 155–156. 2378:May Fourth Movement 2156:Semi-cursive script 2102:semi-cursive script 1814:Chinese punctuation 1279: 150 BCE 1162:Chinese calligraphy 829:(Taiwan, 1982) 821:(Taiwan, 2009) 272:Canton Romanization 6017:Cantonese Bopomofo 5884:Chinese characters 5812:Written Sichuanese 4396:Zhangjiakou–Hohhot 4014:2007-01-02 at the 3982:Snow, Don (2004). 3913:Chinese Characters 2894:, pp. 64–65; 2695:languages of China 2557:four-corner method 2512:Chinese dictionary 2347: 1865: 1824: 1731:, "rising", "dot" 1723:, "right-falling" 1223: 1102:Chinese characters 841:(Japan, 2010) 547:Chinese characters 7253: 7252: 6695: 6694: 6544:Cyrillic alphabet 6507:Cyrillic alphabet 6437:Cyrillic alphabet 6286:Kernowek Standard 6108:world's languages 6070: 6069: 6052: 6051: 5879: 5878: 5797:Written Cantonese 5792: 5791: 5574:Classical grammar 5569:Cantonese grammar 5404: 5403: 5301: 5300: 5107: 5106: 5026: 5025: 4888: 4887: 4595: 4594: 4382: 4381: 4272:Chengdu–Chongqing 4065:Sinitic languages 3993:978-9-622-09709-4 3974:978-1-557-29071-7 3952:978-0-521-64572-0 3903:978-0-824-82975-9 3865:978-0-197-63576-6 3803:978-0-824-81892-0 3643:10.1109/30.320824 3607:, pp. 17–18. 3394:, pp. 24–25. 3203:, pp. 69–70. 3191:, pp. 64–67. 3164:, pp. 64–65. 3136:978-0-9623113-4-5 3067:, pp. 46–49. 3055:, pp. 31–43. 2995:, pp. 10–11. 2962:Schuessler (2007) 2925:, pp. 65–70. 2878:978-0-8248-1207-2 2783:World Archaeology 2406:Written Cantonese 2028:cast inscriptions 1845:enumeration comma 1715:, "left-falling" 1260:According to the 1216:redaction of the 1190:written Cantonese 1106:Chinese languages 1091: 1090: 955:Zetian characters 787:Kangxi Dictionary 541: 540: 533: 532: 439:Standard Mandarin 361: 360: 244:Yale Romanization 164:Yale Romanization 85:Standard Mandarin 7317: 7282: 7281: 7280: 7270: 7269: 7261: 6176: 6175: 6097: 6090: 6083: 6074: 6073: 6062: 6061: 6034:Taiwanese Hangul 5923:Mainland Chinese 5836: 5835: 5827: 5826: 5752: 5751: 5429:Standard Chinese 5412: 5180: 5179: 4899: 4898: 4792: 4791: 4783: 4782: 4665: 4653: 4641: 4629: 4617: 4416: 4415: 4088: 4087: 4079: 4078: 4055:Chinese language 4048: 4041: 4034: 4025: 4024: 3997: 3978: 3956: 3926: 3907: 3888: 3869: 3850: 3828: 3807: 3788: 3769: 3747: 3745: 3738: 3726: 3696: 3693:DeFrancis (1984) 3690: 3684: 3678: 3672: 3671: 3661: 3655: 3654: 3626: 3620: 3614: 3608: 3605:Björkstén (1994) 3602: 3596: 3590: 3584: 3581:DeFrancis (1984) 3578: 3567: 3561: 3555: 3554: 3552: 3551: 3536: 3530: 3529: 3513: 3507: 3501: 3495: 3489: 3483: 3482: 3454: 3448: 3445:DeFrancis (1984) 3442: 3436: 3430: 3424: 3418: 3412: 3406: 3395: 3389: 3383: 3380:DeFrancis (1984) 3377: 3371: 3365: 3359: 3353: 3347: 3344:DeFrancis (1984) 3341: 3335: 3329: 3323: 3322: 3294: 3288: 3282: 3276: 3270: 3264: 3261:Bruggeman (2006) 3258: 3252: 3246: 3240: 3234: 3228: 3222: 3216: 3210: 3204: 3198: 3192: 3186: 3180: 3179: 3171: 3165: 3159: 3153: 3147: 3141: 3140: 3122: 3116: 3115: 3101: 3095: 3089: 3083: 3082: 3074: 3068: 3065:Björkstén (1994) 3062: 3056: 3053:Björkstén (1994) 3050: 3044: 3041:Björkstén (1994) 3038: 3032: 3026: 3020: 3019: 3002: 2996: 2990: 2977: 2971: 2965: 2959: 2953: 2947: 2941: 2938:DeFrancis (1984) 2935: 2926: 2920: 2914: 2908: 2899: 2889: 2883: 2882: 2860: 2854: 2853: 2821: 2815: 2814: 2778: 2772: 2766: 2757: 2751: 2742: 2739:DeFrancis (1968) 2736: 2727: 2724:DeFrancis (1984) 2721: 2697: 2691: 2648: 2642: 2628: 2622: 2498:of the Northern 2398:Standard Chinese 2371: 2368: 2359:Chinese classics 2355:Literary Chinese 2340: 2337: 2317: 2312: 2307: 2302: 2297: 2292: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2270: 2265: 2257:overseas Chinese 2200: 2195: 2177: 2165: 2153: 2141: 2129: 2067: 2062: 2053: 2048: 2040: 2037: 2025: 2021: 2018: 2002: 1999: 1994: 1989: 1973: 1970: 1955: 1950: 1939: 1924: 1919: 1908: 1889: 1885: 1882: 1770: 1768: 1762: 1760: 1754: 1752: 1747:, and "turning" 1746: 1744: 1738: 1736: 1730: 1728: 1722: 1720: 1714: 1712: 1706: 1704: 1679: 1674: 1669: 1664: 1659: 1654: 1636: 1632: 1627: 1622: 1617: 1612: 1607: 1602: 1591: 1586: 1569: 1564: 1553: 1548: 1544: 1522: 1517: 1512: 1507: 1502: 1497: 1475: 1470: 1466: 1453: 1448: 1444: 1433: 1428: 1424: 1412: 1407: 1396: 1391: 1386: 1381: 1376: 1371: 1360: 1355: 1342: 1337: 1332: 1327: 1322: 1317: 1306: 1301: 1289: 1284: 1280: 1277: 1241: 1238: 1200:, among others. 1182:Standard Chinese 1174:Literary Chinese 1155: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1141: 1083: 1076: 1069: 802:(PRC, 2013) 768:Digital encoding 687:Modern typefaces 570: 557: 543: 542: 529: 528: 527: 512: 511: 498: 497: 496: 482: 481: 468: 467: 454: 453: 430: 429: 398: 397: 382: 381: 357: 356: 333: 332: 309: 308: 304: 298: 280: 279: 266: 265: 252: 251: 231: 230: 210: 209: 189: 188: 187: 172: 171: 158: 157: 144: 143: 142: 128: 127: 114: 113: 100: 99: 76: 75: 44: 43: 42: 19: 18: 7325: 7324: 7320: 7319: 7318: 7316: 7315: 7314: 7290: 7289: 7288: 7278: 7276: 7264: 7256: 7254: 7249: 7231: 7208: 7181:Native American 7174: 7151: 7123: 7074: 7051: 7018: 6990: 6930: 6896: 6863: 6780: 6691: 6665: 6593: 6555: 6503:Serbo-Croatian 6418: 6395: 6322: 6313:Scottish Gaelic 6296:Unified Cornish 6276:Kernewek Kemmyn 6252: 6165: 6110: 6101: 6071: 6066: 6048: 5985:Tongyong Pinyin 5965:Gwoyeu Romatzyh 5953:Dungan Cyrillic 5936: 5905: 5875: 5816: 5807:Written Hokkien 5788: 5747: 5741: 5717:Middle Mandarin 5683: 5603: 5578: 5540: 5487: 5420: 5413: 5400: 5349: 5297: 5256: 5233: 5169: 5103: 5022: 5001: 4983: 4960: 4884: 4851: 4828: 4772: 4708: 4668: 4659: 4647: 4635: 4623: 4611: 4591: 4573: 4545: 4527: 4501: 4478: 4405: 4378: 4352: 4329: 4253: 4193: 4165: 4142: 4119: 4068: 4057: 4052: 4016:Wayback Machine 4005: 4000: 3994: 3975: 3965:Chinese Writing 3953: 3934: 3932:Further reading 3929: 3923: 3904: 3885: 3866: 3847: 3825: 3804: 3785: 3766: 3752:DeFrancis, John 3743: 3736: 3723: 3704: 3699: 3691: 3687: 3679: 3675: 3662: 3658: 3627: 3623: 3615: 3611: 3603: 3599: 3591: 3587: 3579: 3570: 3562: 3558: 3549: 3547: 3538: 3537: 3533: 3514: 3510: 3502: 3498: 3490: 3486: 3455: 3451: 3443: 3439: 3431: 3427: 3419: 3415: 3407: 3398: 3390: 3386: 3378: 3374: 3366: 3362: 3354: 3350: 3342: 3338: 3330: 3326: 3311:10.2307/3249839 3295: 3291: 3283: 3279: 3271: 3267: 3259: 3255: 3247: 3243: 3235: 3231: 3223: 3219: 3211: 3207: 3199: 3195: 3187: 3183: 3172: 3168: 3160: 3156: 3148: 3144: 3137: 3123: 3119: 3103: 3102: 3098: 3090: 3086: 3075: 3071: 3063: 3059: 3051: 3047: 3039: 3035: 3027: 3023: 3010:Mair, Victor H. 3003: 2999: 2991: 2980: 2972: 2968: 2960: 2956: 2948: 2944: 2936: 2929: 2921: 2917: 2909: 2902: 2890: 2886: 2879: 2861: 2857: 2834:10.2307/2928708 2826:Representations 2822: 2818: 2779: 2775: 2767: 2760: 2752: 2745: 2737: 2730: 2722: 2715: 2711: 2706: 2701: 2700: 2692: 2688: 2683: 2675:Gwoyeu Romatzyh 2584: 2578: 2572: 2570:Transliteration 2520: 2514: 2508: 2465: 2453:hanging scrolls 2419: 2386:linguae francae 2369: 2339: 1200 BCE 2338: 2324: 2281: 2224: 2218: 2210:Main articles: 2208: 2186: 2185: 2184: 2181: 2178: 2169: 2166: 2157: 2154: 2145: 2144:Clerical script 2142: 2133: 2130: 2119: 2118: 2094:clerical script 2079:signature seals 2038: 2023: 2019: 2009:David Keightley 2000: 1976: 1975: 1974: 1971: 1961: 1960: 1959: 1958: 1947: 1942: 1941: 1940: 1929: 1928: 1927: 1916: 1911: 1910: 1909: 1887: 1883: 1854: 1816: 1806: 1764: 1756: 1748: 1740: 1732: 1724: 1716: 1708: 1700: 1697: 1691: 1278: 1258: 1252: 1239: 1212:A 12th-century 1206: 1198:written Hokkien 1153: 1147: 1050 BCE 1146: 1142: 1094:Written Chinese 1087: 1047: 1046: 1038: 1025: 1002: 968: 967:Derived systems 960: 959: 950: 940: 939: 929: 919: 910: 899: 898: 881: 853: 845: 844: 832: 813: 794: 781: 773: 772: 720: 716:Properties and 709: 708: 683: 655: 630: 617: 606: 577:Written Chinese 573: 564: 504:Tongyong Pinyin 494: 474:Gwoyeu Romatzyh 421:Literal meaning 307: 150:Tongyong Pinyin 140: 120:Gwoyeu Romatzyh 70:Chinese writing 67:Literal meaning 22:Written Chinese 17: 12: 11: 5: 7323: 7313: 7312: 7307: 7302: 7287: 7286: 7274: 7251: 7250: 7248: 7247: 7241: 7239: 7233: 7232: 7230: 7229: 7224: 7222:Haitian Creole 7218: 7216: 7210: 7209: 7207: 7206: 7201: 7196: 7191: 7185: 7183: 7176: 7175: 7173: 7172: 7167: 7161: 7159: 7153: 7152: 7150: 7149: 7144: 7139: 7133: 7131: 7125: 7124: 7122: 7121: 7116: 7111: 7106: 7101: 7096: 7085: 7083: 7076: 7075: 7073: 7072: 7067: 7061: 7059: 7053: 7052: 7050: 7049: 7044: 7039: 7034: 7028: 7026: 7020: 7019: 7017: 7016: 7011: 7006: 7000: 6998: 6992: 6991: 6989: 6988: 6983: 6978: 6977: 6976: 6966: 6961: 6960: 6959: 6954: 6946: 6940: 6938: 6932: 6931: 6929: 6928: 6923: 6918: 6913: 6907: 6905: 6898: 6897: 6895: 6894: 6889: 6884: 6879: 6873: 6871: 6865: 6864: 6862: 6861: 6856: 6851: 6846: 6841: 6836: 6831: 6826: 6821: 6816: 6811: 6806: 6801: 6796: 6790: 6788: 6782: 6781: 6779: 6778: 6773: 6768: 6767: 6766: 6761: 6751: 6746: 6741: 6736: 6731: 6730: 6729: 6724: 6716: 6711: 6705: 6703: 6697: 6696: 6693: 6692: 6690: 6689: 6684: 6679: 6673: 6671: 6667: 6666: 6664: 6663: 6658: 6653: 6648: 6647: 6646: 6636: 6635: 6634: 6624: 6619: 6614: 6609: 6603: 6601: 6595: 6594: 6592: 6591: 6586: 6581: 6576: 6571: 6565: 6563: 6557: 6556: 6554: 6553: 6552: 6551: 6549:Latin alphabet 6546: 6536: 6531: 6526: 6521: 6520: 6519: 6514: 6512:Latin alphabet 6509: 6501: 6496: 6495: 6494: 6489: 6481: 6480: 6479: 6474: 6466: 6461: 6456: 6451: 6450: 6449: 6444: 6442:Latin alphabet 6439: 6428: 6426: 6420: 6419: 6417: 6416: 6411: 6405: 6403: 6397: 6396: 6394: 6393: 6388: 6383: 6378: 6373: 6372: 6371: 6366: 6358: 6353: 6351:Istro-Romanian 6348: 6343: 6338: 6332: 6330: 6324: 6323: 6321: 6320: 6315: 6310: 6305: 6300: 6299: 6298: 6293: 6291:Modern Cornish 6288: 6283: 6278: 6268: 6262: 6260: 6254: 6253: 6251: 6250: 6245: 6240: 6239: 6238: 6233: 6225: 6220: 6215: 6210: 6205: 6200: 6195: 6190: 6184: 6182: 6173: 6167: 6166: 6164: 6163: 6162: 6161: 6156: 6151: 6146: 6141: 6136: 6126: 6121: 6115: 6112: 6111: 6100: 6099: 6092: 6085: 6077: 6068: 6067: 6057: 6054: 6053: 6050: 6049: 6047: 6046: 6041: 6036: 6031: 6029:Taiwanese kana 6026: 6025: 6024: 6019: 6009: 6008: 6007: 6002: 6000:Lessing-Othmer 5997: 5992: 5987: 5982: 5977: 5972: 5967: 5957: 5956: 5955: 5944: 5942: 5938: 5937: 5935: 5930: 5925: 5920: 5915: 5913: 5907: 5906: 5904: 5903: 5898: 5897: 5896: 5891: 5880: 5877: 5876: 5874: 5869: 5864: 5859: 5854: 5849: 5844: 5842: 5833: 5824: 5818: 5817: 5815: 5814: 5809: 5804: 5802:Written Dungan 5799: 5793: 5790: 5789: 5787: 5786: 5781: 5780: 5779: 5774: 5769: 5758: 5756: 5749: 5743: 5742: 5740: 5739: 5734: 5729: 5724: 5719: 5714: 5709: 5707:Middle Chinese 5704: 5699: 5693: 5691: 5685: 5684: 5682: 5681: 5676: 5674:Wubi (Wang Ma) 5671: 5666: 5665: 5664: 5659: 5654: 5644: 5639: 5634: 5633: 5632: 5622: 5619: 5613: 5611: 5605: 5604: 5602: 5601: 5594: 5586: 5584: 5580: 5579: 5577: 5576: 5571: 5566: 5561: 5556: 5550: 5548: 5542: 5541: 5539: 5538: 5533: 5528: 5523: 5518: 5513: 5508: 5507: 5506: 5495: 5493: 5489: 5488: 5486: 5485: 5480: 5475: 5470: 5469: 5468: 5467: 5466: 5461: 5451: 5446: 5441: 5436: 5425: 5423: 5415: 5414: 5407: 5405: 5402: 5401: 5399: 5398: 5393: 5391:Xiangnan Tuhua 5388: 5383: 5378: 5376:Shaozhou Tuhua 5373: 5368: 5363: 5357: 5355: 5351: 5350: 5348: 5347: 5346: 5345: 5340: 5335: 5327: 5326: 5325: 5320: 5311: 5309: 5303: 5302: 5299: 5298: 5296: 5295: 5290: 5285: 5280: 5275: 5270: 5264: 5262: 5258: 5257: 5255: 5254: 5249: 5243: 5241: 5235: 5234: 5232: 5231: 5226: 5221: 5216: 5211: 5206: 5205: 5204: 5199: 5188: 5186: 5177: 5171: 5170: 5168: 5167: 5166: 5165: 5160: 5155: 5145: 5144: 5143: 5133: 5128: 5123: 5117: 5115: 5109: 5108: 5105: 5104: 5102: 5101: 5100: 5099: 5094: 5089: 5079: 5078: 5077: 5067: 5062: 5057: 5052: 5051: 5050: 5045: 5034: 5032: 5028: 5027: 5024: 5023: 5021: 5020: 5015: 5009: 5007: 5003: 5002: 5000: 4999: 4993: 4991: 4985: 4984: 4982: 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4331: 4330: 4328: 4327: 4326: 4325: 4315: 4310: 4305: 4300: 4299: 4298: 4297: 4296: 4289:Renshou–Fushun 4286: 4285: 4284: 4274: 4263: 4261: 4255: 4254: 4252: 4251: 4246: 4241: 4236: 4231: 4226: 4225: 4224: 4214: 4209: 4203: 4201: 4199:Central Plains 4195: 4194: 4192: 4191: 4186: 4181: 4175: 4173: 4167: 4166: 4164: 4163: 4158: 4152: 4150: 4144: 4143: 4141: 4140: 4135: 4129: 4127: 4121: 4120: 4118: 4117: 4112: 4107: 4102: 4096: 4094: 4085: 4076: 4070: 4069: 4062: 4059: 4058: 4051: 4050: 4043: 4036: 4028: 4020: 4019: 4004: 4003:External links 4001: 3999: 3998: 3992: 3979: 3973: 3957: 3951: 3935: 3933: 3930: 3928: 3927: 3921: 3908: 3902: 3889: 3883: 3870: 3864: 3851: 3845: 3829: 3823: 3808: 3802: 3789: 3783: 3770: 3764: 3748: 3746:on 5 May 2006. 3727: 3721: 3705: 3703: 3700: 3698: 3697: 3695:, p. 265. 3685: 3673: 3656: 3637:(3): 428–436. 3621: 3609: 3597: 3585: 3568: 3556: 3531: 3508: 3496: 3484: 3465:(2): 298–307. 3449: 3447:, p. 150. 3437: 3435:, p. 109. 3425: 3413: 3396: 3384: 3382:, p. 154. 3372: 3360: 3348: 3336: 3324: 3305:(3): 239–246. 3289: 3287:, p. 147. 3277: 3275:, p. 152. 3265: 3253: 3251:, p. 151. 3241: 3229: 3217: 3205: 3193: 3181: 3166: 3154: 3142: 3135: 3117: 3111:. 4 May 2004. 3096: 3084: 3069: 3057: 3045: 3033: 3021: 2997: 2978: 2966: 2954: 2942: 2927: 2915: 2900: 2896:Demattè (2022) 2884: 2877: 2855: 2816: 2789:(3): 420–436. 2773: 2771:, p. 143. 2758: 2743: 2728: 2712: 2710: 2707: 2705: 2702: 2699: 2698: 2685: 2684: 2682: 2679: 2588:Latin alphabet 2574:Main article: 2571: 2568: 2561:Cangjie method 2533:Kangxi Emperor 2510:Main article: 2507: 2504: 2470:John DeFrancis 2464: 2461: 2449: 2448: 2441: 2435: 2429: 2418: 2415: 2370: 500 BCE 2332:tomb of Fu Hao 2323: 2320: 2207: 2204: 2183: 2182: 2180:Regular script 2179: 2172: 2170: 2168:Cursive script 2167: 2160: 2158: 2155: 2148: 2146: 2143: 2136: 2134: 2131: 2124: 2121: 2120: 2116: 2115: 2114: 2110:Regular script 2106:cursive script 1962: 1944: 1943: 1934: 1933: 1932: 1931: 1930: 1913: 1912: 1903: 1902: 1901: 1900: 1899: 1898: 1897: 1896: 1853: 1850: 1805: 1802: 1801: 1800: 1797: 1794: 1791: 1788: 1785: 1782: 1779: 1693:Main article: 1690: 1687: 1641: 1640: 1639: 1638: 1578: 1577: 1576: 1532: 1531: 1530: 1529: 1458: 1457: 1456: 1402: 1401: 1400: 1399: 1347: 1346: 1345: 1274:, a text from 1254:Main article: 1251: 1248: 1232:, compiled by 1205: 1202: 1119:morphosyllabic 1098:writing system 1089: 1088: 1086: 1085: 1078: 1071: 1063: 1060: 1059: 1058: 1057: 1049: 1048: 1045: 1044: 1037: 1036: 1031: 1024: 1023: 1022: 1021: 1016: 1008: 1006:Jurchen script 1001: 1000: 999: 998: 991: 984: 969: 966: 965: 962: 961: 958: 957: 951: 946: 945: 942: 941: 938: 937: 928: 927: 918: 917: 911: 905: 904: 901: 900: 897: 896: 895: 894: 880: 879: 878: 877: 867: 866: 865: 854: 851: 850: 847: 846: 843: 842: 831: 830: 822: 812: 811: 803: 793: 792: 782: 779: 778: 775: 774: 771: 770: 765: 764: 763: 756: 744: 739: 738: 737: 727: 721: 718:classification 715: 714: 711: 710: 707: 706: 705: 704: 699: 694: 682: 681: 676: 671: 666: 661: 654: 653: 652: 651: 646: 641: 629: 628: 623: 616: 615: 607: 601: 600: 597: 596: 595: 594: 589: 584: 579: 572: 571: 559: 558: 550: 549: 539: 538: 535: 534: 531: 530: 520: 514: 513: 506: 500: 499: 490: 484: 483: 476: 470: 469: 462: 456: 455: 448: 442: 441: 435: 434: 433:Transcriptions 426: 425: 422: 418: 417: 414: 413: 410: 404: 403: 400: 399: 390: 384: 383: 374: 368: 367: 363: 362: 359: 358: 351: 342: 341: 335: 334: 327: 318: 317: 311: 310: 306: 305: 299: 292: 288: 282: 281: 274: 268: 267: 260: 254: 253: 246: 240: 239: 237:Yue: Cantonese 233: 232: 225: 219: 218: 212: 211: 204: 198: 197: 191: 190: 180: 174: 173: 166: 160: 159: 152: 146: 145: 136: 130: 129: 122: 116: 115: 108: 102: 101: 94: 88: 87: 81: 80: 79:Transcriptions 72: 71: 68: 64: 63: 60: 59: 56: 50: 49: 46: 45: 34: 28: 27: 24: 23: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7322: 7311: 7308: 7306: 7303: 7301: 7298: 7297: 7295: 7285: 7275: 7273: 7268: 7263: 7262: 7259: 7246: 7243: 7242: 7240: 7238: 7234: 7228: 7225: 7223: 7220: 7219: 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6333: 6331: 6329: 6325: 6319: 6316: 6314: 6311: 6309: 6306: 6304: 6301: 6297: 6294: 6292: 6289: 6287: 6284: 6282: 6279: 6277: 6274: 6273: 6272: 6269: 6267: 6264: 6263: 6261: 6259: 6255: 6249: 6246: 6244: 6241: 6237: 6234: 6232: 6229: 6228: 6226: 6224: 6221: 6219: 6216: 6214: 6211: 6209: 6206: 6204: 6201: 6199: 6196: 6194: 6191: 6189: 6186: 6185: 6183: 6181: 6177: 6174: 6172: 6171:Indo-European 6168: 6160: 6157: 6155: 6152: 6150: 6147: 6145: 6142: 6140: 6137: 6135: 6132: 6131: 6130: 6127: 6125: 6124:Orthographies 6122: 6120: 6117: 6116: 6113: 6109: 6105: 6104:Orthographies 6098: 6093: 6091: 6086: 6084: 6079: 6078: 6075: 6065: 6055: 6045: 6042: 6040: 6037: 6035: 6032: 6030: 6027: 6023: 6020: 6018: 6015: 6014: 6013: 6010: 6006: 6003: 6001: 5998: 5996: 5993: 5991: 5988: 5986: 5983: 5981: 5978: 5976: 5973: 5971: 5968: 5966: 5963: 5962: 5961: 5958: 5954: 5951: 5950: 5949: 5948:Cyrillization 5946: 5945: 5943: 5939: 5934: 5931: 5929: 5926: 5924: 5921: 5919: 5916: 5914: 5912: 5908: 5902: 5899: 5895: 5892: 5890: 5887: 5886: 5885: 5882: 5881: 5873: 5870: 5868: 5865: 5863: 5860: 5858: 5855: 5853: 5850: 5848: 5845: 5843: 5841: 5840:Script styles 5837: 5834: 5832: 5828: 5825: 5823: 5819: 5813: 5810: 5808: 5805: 5803: 5800: 5798: 5795: 5794: 5785: 5782: 5778: 5775: 5773: 5770: 5768: 5765: 5764: 5763: 5760: 5759: 5757: 5753: 5750: 5744: 5738: 5735: 5733: 5730: 5728: 5725: 5723: 5720: 5718: 5715: 5713: 5710: 5708: 5705: 5703: 5700: 5698: 5695: 5694: 5692: 5690: 5686: 5680: 5677: 5675: 5672: 5670: 5667: 5663: 5660: 5658: 5655: 5653: 5650: 5649: 5648: 5645: 5643: 5640: 5638: 5635: 5631: 5628: 5627: 5626: 5623: 5620: 5618: 5615: 5614: 5612: 5610: 5606: 5600: 5599: 5595: 5593: 5592: 5588: 5587: 5585: 5581: 5575: 5572: 5570: 5567: 5565: 5562: 5560: 5557: 5555: 5552: 5551: 5549: 5547: 5543: 5537: 5534: 5532: 5529: 5527: 5524: 5522: 5519: 5517: 5514: 5512: 5509: 5505: 5502: 5501: 5500: 5497: 5496: 5494: 5490: 5484: 5481: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5471: 5465: 5462: 5460: 5457: 5456: 5455: 5452: 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4986: 4980: 4977: 4975: 4972: 4971: 4969: 4967: 4963: 4957: 4954: 4952: 4949: 4947: 4944: 4942: 4939: 4937: 4934: 4932: 4929: 4927: 4924: 4922: 4919: 4917: 4914: 4912: 4909: 4908: 4906: 4904: 4900: 4897: 4895: 4891: 4879: 4876: 4874: 4871: 4870: 4869: 4866: 4864: 4861: 4860: 4858: 4854: 4848: 4845: 4843: 4840: 4839: 4837: 4835: 4831: 4825: 4822: 4820: 4817: 4815: 4812: 4810: 4807: 4805: 4802: 4801: 4799: 4797: 4793: 4790: 4788: 4784: 4781: 4779: 4775: 4767: 4764: 4763: 4762: 4759: 4757: 4754: 4750: 4747: 4745: 4742: 4740: 4737: 4736: 4735: 4732: 4728: 4725: 4724: 4723: 4720: 4719: 4717: 4715: 4711: 4705: 4702: 4700: 4697: 4695: 4692: 4688: 4685: 4684: 4683: 4680: 4679: 4677: 4675: 4671: 4663: 4658: 4655: 4651: 4646: 4643: 4639: 4634: 4631: 4627: 4622: 4619: 4615: 4610: 4607: 4606: 4604: 4602: 4598: 4588: 4585: 4584: 4582: 4580: 4576: 4570: 4567: 4565: 4562: 4560: 4557: 4556: 4554: 4552: 4548: 4542: 4539: 4538: 4536: 4534: 4530: 4524: 4521: 4519: 4516: 4514: 4511: 4510: 4508: 4504: 4498: 4495: 4493: 4490: 4489: 4487: 4485: 4481: 4475: 4472: 4470: 4467: 4465: 4462: 4460: 4457: 4455: 4452: 4449: 4446: 4444: 4441: 4439: 4436: 4434: 4431: 4429: 4426: 4425: 4423: 4421: 4417: 4414: 4412: 4408: 4402: 4399: 4397: 4394: 4393: 4391: 4389: 4385: 4375: 4372: 4370: 4367: 4365: 4362: 4361: 4359: 4355: 4349: 4346: 4344: 4341: 4340: 4338: 4336: 4332: 4324: 4321: 4320: 4319: 4316: 4314: 4311: 4309: 4306: 4304: 4301: 4295: 4292: 4291: 4290: 4287: 4283: 4280: 4279: 4278: 4275: 4273: 4270: 4269: 4268: 4265: 4264: 4262: 4260: 4256: 4250: 4247: 4245: 4242: 4240: 4237: 4235: 4232: 4230: 4227: 4223: 4220: 4219: 4218: 4215: 4213: 4210: 4208: 4205: 4204: 4202: 4200: 4196: 4190: 4187: 4185: 4182: 4180: 4177: 4176: 4174: 4172: 4168: 4162: 4159: 4157: 4154: 4153: 4151: 4149: 4145: 4139: 4136: 4134: 4131: 4130: 4128: 4126: 4122: 4116: 4113: 4111: 4108: 4106: 4103: 4101: 4098: 4097: 4095: 4093: 4089: 4086: 4084: 4080: 4077: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4066: 4060: 4056: 4049: 4044: 4042: 4037: 4035: 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(1988) 3488: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3453: 3446: 3441: 3434: 3433:Norman (1988) 3429: 3423:, p. 87. 3422: 3421:Ramsey (1987) 3417: 3411:, p. 88. 3410: 3409:Ramsey (1987) 3405: 3403: 3401: 3393: 3392:Ramsey (1987) 3388: 3381: 3376: 3370:, p. 83. 3369: 3368:Norman (1988) 3364: 3358:, p. 75. 3357: 3356:Norman (1988) 3352: 3345: 3340: 3334:, p. 84. 3333: 3332:Norman (1988) 3328: 3320: 3316: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3299:Artibus Asiae 3293: 3286: 3285:Ramsey (1987) 3281: 3274: 3273:Ramsey (1987) 3269: 3262: 3257: 3250: 3249:Ramsey (1987) 3245: 3239:, p. 43. 3238: 3233: 3227:, p. 24. 3226: 3221: 3215:, p. 70. 3214: 3213:Norman (1988) 3209: 3202: 3201:Norman (1988) 3197: 3190: 3189:Norman (1988) 3185: 3177: 3170: 3163: 3162:Norman (1988) 3158: 3152:, p. ix. 3151: 3150:Norman (1988) 3146: 3138: 3132: 3128: 3121: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3100: 3094:, p. 80. 3093: 3092:Norman (1988) 3088: 3080: 3073: 3066: 3061: 3054: 3049: 3043:, p. 52. 3042: 3037: 3031:, p. 30. 3030: 3029:Wieger (1915) 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Dover. 3479:0955-7571 2865:"Chinese" 2842:0734-6018 2803:0043-8243 2709:Citations 2529:canonical 2363:Confucius 2255:and some 2245:Hong Kong 2237:Singapore 2034:dynasty ( 1739:, "hook" 1474:xíngshēng 1305:xiàngxíng 1204:Structure 1170:diglossia 1164:. As the 1128:morphemes 1114:syllabary 649:Bird-worm 331:Tiong-bûn 278:Zung men* 229:Chung-Vun 156:Jhong-wún 141:Chung-wen 7272:Language 7189:Cherokee 7142:Hawaiian 7137:Filipino 7070:Okinawan 7065:Japanese 6974:Biblical 6948:Aramaic 6926:Georgian 6903:European 6744:Livonian 6734:Karelian 6722:alphabet 6709:Estonian 6682:Armenian 6677:Albanian 6622:Gurmukhi 6617:Gujarati 6499:Silesian 6487:alphabet 6483:Russian 6472:alphabet 6386:Sicilian 6381:Romanian 6369:alphabet 6231:alphabet 6227:Swedish 6180:Germanic 6154:Pronouns 6129:Grammars 6012:Bopomofo 5941:Phonetic 5933:Two-cell 5862:Clerical 5772:in Japan 5767:Adoption 5755:Official 5746:Literary 5621:Boshiamy 5598:Xiehouyu 5554:Numerals 5531:Mandarin 5459:Standard 5419:Standard 5293:Qin–Lian 5283:Yong–Xun 5268:Gao–Yang 5214:Jiujiang 5202:Malaysia 5136:Tingzhou 5087:Wenchang 5048:Jianyang 5038:Northern 4997:Sanxiang 4911:Quanzhou 4894:Southern 4863:Manjiang 4727:Changsha 4687:Nanchang 4682:Chang–Du 4579:Xuanzhou 4569:Qingtian 4523:Wencheng 4469:Jiangyin 4464:Jinxiang 4454:Shaoxing 4448:Hangzhou 4428:Shanghai 4369:Qinjiang 4277:Minjiang 4249:Xinjiang 4207:Dongping 4171:Jiaoliao 4110:Shenyang 4083:Mandarin 4012:Archived 3835:(1988). 3754:(1968). 3651:40291502 2659:bopomofo 2592:Cyrillic 2553:bopomofo 2486:variants 2463:Literacy 2345:'s name. 2322:Function 2282:'SPEECH' 2278:⾔ 2241:Malaysia 2015:period ( 1769:⟩ 1765:⟨ 1761:⟩ 1757:⟨ 1753:⟩ 1749:⟨ 1745:⟩ 1741:⟨ 1737:⟩ 1733:⟨ 1729:⟩ 1725:⟨ 1721:⟩ 1717:⟨ 1713:⟩ 1709:⟨ 1705:⟩ 1701:⟨ 1552:zhuǎnzhù 1366:Examples 1312:Examples 1124:syllable 1110:alphabet 1034:Bopomofo 995:katakana 988:hiragana 948:Variants 891:kyūjitai 742:Radicals 692:Fangsong 659:Clerical 460:Bopomofo 355:Dṳng-ùng 258:Jyutping 250:Jūng mán 170:Jūng-wén 106:Bopomofo 98:Zhōngwén 58:Zhōngwén 7258:Portals 7199:Nahuatl 7089:Chinese 7057:Japonic 7042:Kannada 6981:Maltese 6952:Aramaic 6844:Turkmen 6839:Turkish 6804:Crimean 6799:Bashkir 6714:Finnish 6651:Marathi 6607:Bengali 6584:Persian 6574:Kurdish 6569:Avestan 6561:Iranian 6534:Sorbian 6529:Slovene 6468:Polish 6409:Latvian 6391:Spanish 6356:Italian 6341:Catalan 6328:Romance 6271:Cornish 6248:Yiddish 6208:Faroese 6203:English 6106:of the 5911:Braille 5872:Cursive 5822:Scripts 5689:History 5679:ZhengMa 5625:Cangjie 5591:Chengyu 5546:Grammar 5521:Hokkien 5478:Hokkien 5386:Waxiang 5366:Danzhou 5338:Guandao 5323:Younian 5318:Tongdao 5307:Pinghua 5247:Taishan 5163:Raoping 5131:Huizhou 5121:Meixian 5097:Banqiao 5070:Leizhou 5060:Pu–Xian 5055:Central 5043:Jian'ou 5018:Longyan 4966:Teochew 4903:Hokkien 4878:Nanlang 4834:Fu–Ning 4814:Changle 4796:Houguan 4787:Eastern 4734:Loushao 4722:Changyi 4704:Da–Tong 4699:Ying–Yi 4645:Yanzhou 4513:Wenzhou 4506:Oujiang 4497:Tiantai 4492:Taizhou 4401:Zhi–Yan 4348:Nantong 4343:Nanjing 4318:Gui–Liu 4308:Nanping 4303:Kunming 4229:Luoyang 4184:Qingdao 4156:Tianjin 4133:Beijing 4125:Beijing 3837:Chinese 3319:3249839 3006:Lu, Xun 2850:2928708 2631:voicing 2482:Chinese 2410:Hokkien 2280: 1923:Fāngzūn 1877:Wu Ding 1852:History 1689:Strokes 1597:Example 1573:lattice 1559:Example 1524:; ' 1492:Example 1479:radical 1439:Example 1291:): 1234:Xu Shen 1010:Khitan 852:Reforms 730:Strokes 674:Regular 664:Cursive 592:Chữ Hán 510:Hàn-wún 495:Han-wen 480:Hannwen 466:ㄏㄢˋ ㄨㄣˊ 322:Hokkien 126:Jongwen 112:ㄓㄨㄥㄨㄣˊ 32:Chinese 7214:Creole 7179:other 7170:Ojibwe 7099:Korean 7093:Dungan 7079:other 7037:Telugu 6986:Somali 6969:Hebrew 6957:Syriac 6944:Arabic 6921:Dargwa 6916:Basque 6911:Abkhaz 6901:other 6887:Manchu 6882:Evenki 6849:Uyghur 6824:Kyrgyz 6819:Khakas 6814:Kazakh 6809:Gagauz 6786:Turkic 6776:Udmurt 6764:Erzyan 6759:Moksha 6701:Uralic 6661:Romani 6644:Thaana 6612:Chakma 6579:Pashto 6524:Slovak 6424:Slavic 6401:Baltic 6360:Latin 6346:French 6266:Breton 6258:Celtic 6213:German 6193:Danish 5980:Postal 5975:MPS II 5852:Bronze 5732:Ba–Shu 5652:Google 5647:Pinyin 5583:Idioms 5396:Yeheni 5278:Wu–Hua 5273:Goulou 5252:Xinhui 5229:Dapeng 5224:Weitou 5209:Xiguan 5184:Yuehai 5153:Sixian 5092:Haikou 5082:Hainan 5013:Zhenan 4979:Haklau 4974:Swatow 4946:Penang 4931:Taiwan 4926:Chawan 4873:Longdu 4842:Ningde 4819:Gutian 4809:Fuqing 4804:Fuzhou 4766:Qiyang 4749:Wugang 4694:Yi–Liu 4621:Xiu-Yi 4609:Ji-She 4559:Quzhou 4551:Chu–Qu 4541:Jinhua 4533:Wuzhou 4518:Rui'an 4459:Ningbo 4433:Suzhou 4323:Wuming 4294:Zigong 4282:Leshan 4244:Lanyin 4239:Dungan 4234:Xuzhou 4212:Gangou 4189:Weihai 4179:Dalian 4138:Taiwan 4105:Harbin 3990: 3971: 3949: 3919: 3900: 3881: 3862: 3843: 3821: 3800: 3781: 3762: 3719: 3649: 3477: 3317: 3178:. 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