5415:
5511:
used in most of official publications, the government does not officially discourage the use of traditional characters and still allow parents to choose whether to have their child's
Chinese name registered in simplified or traditional characters. Traditional characters are widely used by older Singaporeans, and are widespread on billboards, stall menus, and decorations, as well as in newspapers and on television. There is no restriction on the use of traditional characters in mass media, and television programs, books, magazines and music imported from Hong Kong and Taiwan are widely available, almost always using traditional characters. Many shop signs and menus in
5546:(CPPCC) political conference member that called for elementary schools to teach traditional Chinese characters in addition to the simplified ones. The conference member pointed out that many, especially young people, have difficulties with traditional Chinese characters; this is especially important in dealing with non-mainland communities such as Taiwan and Hong Kong. The educational authorities did not approve the recommendation, saying that it did not fit in with the "requirements as set out by the law" and it could potentially complicate the curricula. A similar proposal was delivered to the first plenary session of the 11th CPPCC in March 2008.
1576:
5845:
2359:, a draft of 515 simplified characters and 54 simplified components, whose simplifications would be present in most compound characters. Over the following decade, the Script Reform Committee deliberated on characters in the 1956 scheme, collecting public input regarding the recognizability of variants, and often approving forms in small batches. Parallel to simplification, there were also initiatives aimed at eliminating the use of characters entirely and replacing them with pinyin as an official Chinese alphabet, but this possibility was abandoned, confirmed by a speech given by
12285:
1014:
1587:. The latter term refers broadly to all character variants featuring simplifications of character form or structure, a practice which has always been present as a part of the Chinese writing system. The official name tends to refer to the specific, systematic set published by the Chinese government, which includes not only simplifications of individual characters, but also a substantial reduction in the total number of characters through the merger of formerly distinct forms.
255:
5831:
2322:(1891–1962) has been identified as a turning point in the history of the Chinese script—as it was one of the first clear calls for China to move away from the use of characters entirely. Instead, Chao proposed that the language be written with an alphabet, which he saw as more logical and efficient. The alphabetization and simplification campaigns would exist alongside one another among the Republican intelligentsia for the next several decades.
5588:
68:
12935:
5745:-80, contained only one code point for each character, it is impossible to use GB 2312 to map to the bigger set of traditional characters. It is theoretically possible to use Big5 code to map to the smaller set of simplified character glyphs, although there is little market for such a product. Newer and alternative forms of GB have support for traditional characters. In particular, mainland authorities have now established
170:
27:
2525:
5440:
publications and books on ancient literature and poetry, and for research purposes. Traditional characters remain ubiquitous on buildings that predate the promotion of simplified characters, such as former government buildings, religious buildings, educational institutions, and historical monuments. Traditional characters are also often used for commercial purposes, such as in shopfront displays and advertisements.
2286:
4247:
4072:
5702:, the use of simplified characters has become increasingly popular. Before the 1970s, Chinese schools in the Philippines were under the supervision of the Ministry of Education of the Republic of China. Hence, most books were using traditional characters. Traditional characters remained prevalent until the early 2000s. Institutions like the
5414:
2474:
and archaic characters by analogy using simplified radicals or components is now discouraged. A State
Language Commission official cited "oversimplification" as the reason for restoring some characters. The language authority declared an open comment period until 31 August 2009, for feedback from the public.
5648:
The majority of textbooks teaching
Chinese are now based on simplified characters and Hanyu Pinyin – although there are textbooks originating in China which have a traditional version. For practical reasons, universities and schools prepare students who will be able to communicate with
5518:
Chinese is not an official language in
Malaysia, but over 90% of ethnic-Chinese students in the country are educated in Chinese schools, which have been teaching in simplified characters since 1981. Traditional characters are also widely used by older people and are likewise widespread on billboards,
4563:
The Series One List of
Variant Characters reduces the number of total standard characters. First, amongst each set of variant characters sharing identical pronunciation and meaning, one character (usually the simplest in form) is elevated to the standard character set, and the rest are made obsolete.
5661:
In the United
Kingdom, universities mainly teach Mandarin Chinese at the undergraduate level using the simplified characters coupled with pinyin. However, they will require the students to learn or be able to recognise the traditional forms if they are studying in Taiwan or Hong Kong (such as taking
5554:
Most, if not all, Chinese-language textbooks in Hong Kong are written in traditional characters. Before 1997, the use of simplified characters was generally discouraged by educators. After 1997, while students are still expected to be proficient and utilize traditional characters in formal settings,
5493:
Simplified characters are not used in any official capacity in Taiwan, including in government and civil publications in Taiwan. However, they are sometimes used in calligraphy and informal handwriting. It is also legal to import and distribute publications printed in simplified characters. Specific
2473:
characters. No new simplifications were introduced. In addition, slight modifications to the orthography of 44 characters to fit traditional calligraphic rules were initially proposed, but were not implemented due to negative public response. Also, the practice of unrestricted simplification of rare
988:
was promulgated in 1977—largely composed of entirely new variants intended to artificially lower the stroke count, in contrast to the first round—but was massively unpopular and never saw consistent use. The second round of simplifications was ultimately retracted officially in 1986, well after they
5522:
In
Indonesia, Chinese is not an official language. However, the country is also home to a sizable ethnic-Chinese community, and similarly to Malaysia, ethnic-Chinese students typically receive their education in Chinese-language schools that almost exclusively use simplified characters. Traditional
5471:
Dictionaries published in mainland China generally show both simplified and their traditional counterparts. In digital media, many cultural phenomena imported from Hong Kong and Taiwan into mainland China, such as music videos, karaoke videos, subtitled movies, and subtitled dramas, use traditional
5510:
In
Singapore, where Mandarin Chinese is one of the official languages, simplified characters are the official standard and are generally used in most of official publications as well as the government-controlled press. While simplified characters are taught exclusively in schools and are generally
1816:
that would later be imposed across China was originally derived from the Zhou big seal script with few modifications. However, the body of epigraphic evidence comparing the character forms used by scribes gives no indication of any real consolidation in character forms prior to the founding of the
976:
forms that embody graphic or phonetic simplifications of the traditional forms. In addition, variant characters with identical pronunciation and meaning were reduced to a single standardized character, usually the simplest among all variants in form. Finally, many characters were left untouched by
5484:
It is common for Hong
Kongers to learn traditional Chinese characters in school, as well as some simplified characters incidentally, usually by consuming media produced on the mainland. For use on computers, however, people tend to type Chinese characters using an IME with a traditional character
2507:
in 1969, consisting of 498 simplified characters derived from 502 traditional characters. A second round of 2287 simplified characters was promulgated in 1974. The second set contained 49 differences from the mainland China system; these were removed in the final round in 1976. In 1993, Singapore
5737:
most often renders simplified
Chinese characters, while Big5 most often renders traditional characters. Although neither encoding has an explicit connection with a specific character set, the lack of a one-to-one mapping between the simplified and traditional sets established a de facto linkage.
5926:
This is very similar to the 'elimination of variants of the same character' in "Series One Organization List of Variant Characters", except that these eliminations happen in Chart 1 and Chart 2 of "Complete List of Simplified Characters". Characters simplified in Chart 2 can be further used for
5685:
and traditional characters had been originally used before (since the 1940s), but by the change of regulation, pinyin and simplified characters have been used to pupils who enter the school in 1996 or later. Therefore, MPS I and traditional characters disappeared after 1998 in South Korean high
5652:
In places where a particular set is not locally entrenched, such as Europe and the United States, instruction is now mostly simplified, as the economic importance of mainland China increases, and also because of the availability of textbooks printed in mainland China. Teachers of international
5480:
Textbooks, official statements, and newspapers show no signs of moving to simplified Chinese characters, including state-funded media. However, for example, Hong Konger students sometimes opt to write with simplified characters when taking notes or while taking exams, in order to write faster.
5439:
The Law of the People's Republic of China on the National Common Language and Characters implies that simplified Chinese characters are the country's standard script, with traditional Chinese being used for purposes such as ceremonies, cultural purposes such as calligraphy, for decoration, in
2595:
Chart 2 lists 132 characters that are used by themselves as well as utilized as simplified character components to further derive other simplified characters. Chart 2 also lists 14 components or radicals that cannot be used by themselves, but can be generalized for derivation of more complex
2398:
was promulgated in 1977, but was poorly received by the public and quickly fell out of official use. It was ultimately formally rescinded in 1986. The second-round simplifications were unpopular in large part because most of the forms were completely new, in contrast to the familiar variants
5768:
by including code points for each. This was rendered necessary by the fact that the linkage between simplified characters and traditional characters is not one-to-one. While this means that a Unicode system can display both simplified and traditional characters, it also means that different
5689:
In Japan there are two types of schools. Simplified Chinese is taught instead of traditional Chinese in pro-mainland China schools. They also teach Pinyin, a romanization system for standard Chinese, while the Taiwan-oriented schools teach bopomofo, which uses phonetic symbols. However, the
5430:
The People's Republic of China and Singapore generally use simplified characters. They appear very sparingly in texts originating in Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan, and overseas Chinese communities, although they are becoming more prevalent as mainland China becomes more integrated globally.
2635:
accounts for some of the orthography differences in mainland China versus in Hong Kong and Taiwan. These are not simplifications of character structures, but rather reduction in number of total standard characters. For each set of variants with identical pronunciation and meaning, one
2614:
characters which are simplified based on the same simplification principles used for components and radicals in Chart 2. This list is non-exhaustive, so if a character is not already found in Charts 1–3, but can be simplified in accordance with Chart 2, the character should be
2487:
characters. It included 45 newly recognized standard characters that were previously considered variant forms, as well as official approval of 226 characters that had been simplified by analogy and had seen wide use but were not explicitly given in previous lists or documents.
6542:]. Paper presented at The Fourth International Conference on Chinese Characters. Convened by The Society of Chinese Philology, Jiangsu Educational Publishing House and State Language Commission of PRC. Suzhou, China. 26–27 Nov 1997 (in Chinese) – via huayuqiao.org.
2314:—many anti-imperialist intellectuals throughout China began to see the country's writing system as a serious impediment to its modernization. In 1916, a multi-part English-language article entitled "The Problem of the Chinese Language" co-authored by the Chinese linguist
3973:
employs character components, not traditional radicals. A component refers to any conceivable part of a character, regardless of its position within the character, or its relative size compared to other components in the same character. For instance, in the character
5447:
model, the PRC has not attempted to force Hong Kong or Macau into using simplified characters. The PRC tends to print material intended for people in Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan, and overseas Chinese in traditional characters. For example, versions of the
4950:
list tend to adopt vulgar variant character forms. Since the new forms take vulgar variants, many characters now appear slightly simpler compared to old forms, and as such are often mistaken as structurally simplified characters. Some examples follow:
2337:(KMT) party. Many members of the Chinese intelligentsia maintained that simplification would increase literacy rates throughout the country. In 1935, the first official list of simplified forms was published, consisting of 324 characters collated by
6509:]. Paper presented at The International Conference on Culture of Chinese Character. Convened by Beijing Normal University and Liaoning People Publishing House. Dandong, Liaoning, China. 9-11 Nov 1998 (in Chinese) – via huayuqiao.org.
2697:. Characters in both charts are structurally simplified based on similar set of principles. They are separated into two charts to clearly mark those in Chart 2 as 'usable as simplified character components', based on which Chart 3 is derived.
5563:
Chinese textbooks in Singapore, Malaysia and Indonesia are written exclusively in simplified characters, and only simplified characters are taught in school. Traditional characters are usually only taught to those taking up calligraphy as a
5519:
to a greater extent than in Singapore. Most of Malaysia's Chinese-language newspapers compromise by retaining traditional characters in article headlines, but opting to use simplified characters for the bodies of articles.
2625:
2407:
In 1986, authorities retracted the second round completely, though they had been largely fallen out of use within a year of their initial introduction. That year, the authorities also promulgated a final version of the
5706:, being the cultural arm of the People's Republic of China, are strong proponents of the use of simplified characters. Also, many schools are now importing their Mandarin textbooks from Singapore instead of Taiwan.
3965:, the 1,753 derived characters found in Chart 3 can be created by systematically simplifying components using Chart 2 as a conversion table. While exercising such derivation, the following rules should be observed:
6973:
The Basic English-Chinese, Chinese-English Dictionary: Using Simplified Characters (with an Appendix Containing the Original Complex Characters) Transliterated in Accordance with the New, Official Chinese Phonetic
1642:), "overall changes in the distinguishing features of graphic shape and calligraphic style, in most cases refer to rather obvious and rather substantial changes". The initiatives following the founding of the
2365:
2297:
Though most closely associated with the People's Republic, the idea of a mass simplification of character forms first gained traction in China during the early 20th century. In 1909, the educator and linguist
1577:
4217:
4185:
2683:
characters, and replaces the 1965 list. Since the new forms take vulgar variants, many characters now appear slightly simpler compared to old forms, and as such are often mistaken as being structurally
5402:. Further investigation reveals that these two characters do not appear in Chart 1 nor in "Series One Organization List of Variant Characters". Thus they remain unchanged from traditional forms in the
989:
had largely ceased to be used due to their unpopularity and the confusion they caused. In August 2009, China began collecting public comments for a revised list of simplified characters; the resulting
5669:
Russia and most East European nations are traditionally oriented on the education of the PRC's system for teaching Chinese, which uses simplified characters but exposes the learners to both systems.
5681:, universities have used predominantly simplified characters since the 1990s. In high school, Chinese is one of the selective subjects. By the regulation of the national curricula standards,
4146:
A character that is already explicitly listed as simplified character in the "Complete List of Simplified Characters" cannot be alternatively simplified based on derivation. For instance,
5531:
In general, schools in mainland China, Malaysia and Singapore use simplified characters exclusively, while schools in Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan use traditional characters exclusively.
905:(PRC) to promote literacy, and their use in ordinary circumstances on the mainland has been encouraged by the Chinese government since the 1950s. They are the official forms used in
5468:
encoding. Mainland companies selling products in Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan use traditional characters in order to communicate with consumers; the inverse is equally true as well.
5534:
Today, simplified Chinese characters predominate among college and university programs teaching Chinese as a foreign language outside of China, such as those in the United States.
4564:
Then amongst the chosen variants, those that appear in the "Complete List of Simplified Characters" are also simplified in character structure accordingly. Some examples follow:
5813:
was an outspoken critic of the simplification of Chinese characters. He wrote a dedicated column entitled "Simplified Characters are Unreasonable" in the Chinese edition of the
980:
The Chinese government has never officially announced the completion of the simplification process after the bulk of characters were introduced by the 1960s. In the wake of the
5776:
In font filenames and descriptions, the acronym SC is used to signify the use of simplified Chinese characters to differentiate fonts that use TC for traditional characters.
11163:
6618:[City Education Committee Rejects Commissar of The Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference to Popularize the Traditional Character Teaching Suggestion].
6573:
For programs in teaching and learning Chinese as FL outside China, the simplified version has gradually gained ground and become the first choice because of student demand…
6164:[Notice of the State Council on Promulgating the "Common Standard Chinese Characters Table"] (in Chinese). Government of the People's Republic of China. 2013-08-19.
11708:
4119:. Even in rare cases where a Chart 1 character is found as a component in a compound character, the compound character cannot be simplified in the same way. For instance,
2508:
adopted the 1986 mainland China revisions. Unlike in mainland China, Singapore parents have the option of registering their children's names in traditional characters.
2511:
Malaysia also promulgated a set of simplified characters in 1981, though completely identical to the mainland Chinese set. They are used in Chinese-language schools.
6877:. Translated by Gilbert L. Mattos; Norman, Jerry. Berkeley: Society for the Study of Early China and The Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California.
11670:
5880:
5804:
1333:
12410:
11192:
5543:
1265:
1539:
2399:
comprising the majority of the first round. With the rescission of the second round, work toward further character simplification largely came to an end.
12217:
12207:
5390:
appear in Chart 1, they are not defined as derived characters. There are therefore no characters or components found in Chart 2 usable for derivation of
4003:
in compound characters, systematically simplify compound characters in exactly the same way the Chart 2 character itself was simplified. For instance,
2671:
2457:
996:
500:
296:
12212:
11971:
11519:
7573:
7057:
5485:
set, such as Big5. In Hong Kong, as well as elsewhere, it is common for people to use both sets, due to the ease of conversion between the two sets.
2479:
1257:
991:
301:
12126:
8003:
7993:
7568:
2630:
2370:
4057:
in Chart 2 are never used alone as individual characters. They only serve as components. Example of derived simplification based on the component
2325:
Recent commentators have echoed some contemporary claims that Chinese characters were blamed for the economic problems in China during that time.
7983:
7973:
7563:
7558:
7553:
5858:
6130:
5609:
2272:
85:
40:
5753:
3.0. As such, GB 18030 encoding contains both simplified and traditional characters found in Big-5 and GB, as well as all characters found in
2414:. It was identical to the 1964 list save for 6 changes—including the restoration of 3 characters that had been simplified in the first round:
9699:
7988:
6209:
6051:
5749:
as the official encoding standard for use in all mainland software publications. The encoding contains all East Asian characters included in
2580:
2410:
2389:
2329:, one of the most prominent Chinese authors of the 20th century, stated that "if Chinese characters are not destroyed, then China will die" (
1321:
1276:
291:
286:
6948:(in English and Chinese). Translated by Zhang Liqing (张立青). Columbus: National East Asian Languages Resource Center, Ohio State University.
6637:
132:
6085:
1500:
104:
12293:
11531:
7132:
6788:
6613:
1650:
across the recently conquered parts of the empire is generally seen as being the first real attempt at script reform in Chinese history.
6423:
6017:
10920:
6672:
5180:, which is used in many simplified characters. While there is an observable pattern involving the replacement of 𦰩 with 又 as seen in
9731:
111:
972:. By systematically simplifying radicals, large swaths of the character set are altered. Some simplifications were based on popular
11495:
11483:
1532:
11507:
10999:
5863:
2355:
281:
6724:
Internationalization Best Practices: Specifying Language in XHTML & HTML Content – W3C Working Group Note 12 April 2007
2302:
formally proposed the use of simplified characters in education for the first time. Over the following years—marked by the 1911
12957:
12591:
2097:
1653:
Before the 20th century, variation in character shape on the part of scribes, which would continue with the later invention of
118:
8921:
5741:
Since simplified Chinese conflated many characters into one and since the initial version of the GB encoding scheme, known as
11830:
10801:
7050:
6953:
6928:
6901:
6882:
6860:
6841:
6819:
6782:
6594:
6566:
6193:
2395:
1867:
985:
9370:
12641:
6500:
1284:
2444:
in regions using traditional characters. The Chinese government stated that it wished to keep Chinese orthography stable.
1610:, the broadest trend in the evolution of Chinese characters over their history has been simplification, both in graphical
100:
12483:
8807:
7119:
5718:
2503:, eventually arriving at the same set of simplified characters as mainland China. The first round was promulgated by the
2469:
less common characters. In 2009, the Chinese government published a major revision to the list which included a total of
1899:
1525:
7343:
4916:
Not all characters standardised in the simplified set consist of fewer strokes. For instance, the traditional character
2069:
5795:
as a language attribute value and Content-Language value to specify web-page content in simplified Chinese characters.
5565:
5288:(not simplified), an inconsistency arises. This is due to the fact that in the Complete List of Simplified Characters,
2592:
Chart 1 lists all 350 characters that are used by themselves, and can never serve as 'simplified character components'.
2265:
1887:
46:
7030:
10569:
10555:
10525:
9664:
7000:
6981:
6533:
6319:
5635:
2560:
2504:
2290:
231:
213:
151:
54:
5690:
Taiwan-oriented schools are starting to teach simplified Chinese and pinyin to offer a more well-rounded education.
5617:
195:
12962:
10787:
9504:
8901:
7043:
5174:
A commonly cited example of the irregularity of simplification involves characters that share the "hand" component
3336:
2535:
1413:
1373:
1176:
7348:
1821:(202 BC – 220 AD) that inherited the Qin administration coincided with the perfection of
12563:
9227:
8488:
5754:
4867:
In some instances, the chosen variant is actually more complex than eliminated ones. An example is the character
2146:
1872:
482:
11270:
10913:
10794:
9360:
8999:
5613:
2636:
character—usually the simplest—is elevated to the standard character set, and the rest are obsoleted. By 1993,
2380:), which included standard printed forms for 6196 characters, including all of the forms from the 1956 scheme.
2159:
832:
720:
652:
538:
180:
89:
1205:
12879:
12333:
9469:
8052:
5710:
5577:
2258:
902:
8331:
6601:
Most contemporary Chinese language programs at U.S. colleges and universities emphasize the simplified form.
12938:
12849:
12373:
10780:
10759:
8047:
7822:
7338:
7114:
2500:
1723:
1700:
1183:
929:
125:
4928:, with 12 strokes, which is a variant character. Such characters do not constitute simplified characters.
496:
492:
12854:
12726:
12651:
12308:
10660:
10639:
9319:
9314:
9009:
8911:
7433:
7124:
6179:
5906:
5722:
2120:
2053:
1911:
1084:
2640:
variants were declared obsolete by this list. Among the chosen variants, those that appear in the 1986
12896:
12869:
12746:
12658:
12405:
12385:
10727:
9324:
8891:
8304:
7365:
6558:
5993:
5977:
5927:
derivation of Chart 3, but those chosen in "Series One Organization List of Variant Characters" cannot.
5770:
5721:
remain major proponents of the usage of traditional characters. Some private universities, such as the
2542:
2153:
2048:
1601:
1513:
1406:
1200:
1160:
1122:
1070:
995:
lists 8,105 characters, including a few revised forms, and was implemented for official use by China's
973:
187:
8057:
7375:
12448:
11146:
10906:
8977:
8699:
8252:
7839:
5885:
5785:
2087:
2021:
1998:
1732:
form of the word for 'bright', but some scribes ignored this and continued to write the character as
1188:
1025:
1013:
933:
6507:
A Comparative Study of the Revision of Simplified Chinese Characters Proposed by Singapore and China
6138:
5422:('Long live the invincible Mao Zedong Thought!') written using simplified characters on
977:
simplification and are thus identical between the traditional and simplified Chinese orthographies.
12822:
12807:
12797:
12511:
10477:
10463:
9768:
8351:
8154:
7370:
5598:
5444:
10082:
7498:
6215:
6064:
5713:
use simplified characters in their teaching materials. On the other hand, private schools such as
12834:
11073:
10766:
9794:
8751:
8428:
8407:
8287:
8267:
8099:
7770:
7674:
7151:
7109:
7066:
6650:
5714:
5602:
2333:). During the 1930s and 1940s, discussions regarding simplification took place within the ruling
2043:
1877:
1792:
191:
78:
12827:
12676:
6098:
5764:
Unicode deals with the issue of simplified and traditional characters as part of the project of
12768:
12611:
11209:
9484:
8423:
8413:
8346:
7856:
7289:
7016:
6769:
1343:
1328:
1244:
898:
478:
414:
6623:
6480:] (in Chinese). Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China. 5 June 2013
1795:, with his chief chronicler having " fifteen chapters describing" what is referred to as the "
12763:
12686:
12400:
12378:
11133:
10966:
10868:
10773:
10562:
10511:
9971:
9893:
9657:
9596:
9581:
9150:
9029:
8771:
8731:
8463:
8139:
7323:
7311:
7284:
7269:
6438:
6027:
5758:
2115:
1906:
1316:
1145:
1107:
1062:
9576:
8781:
12531:
12499:
12328:
11453:
10948:
10632:
10383:
10060:
9556:
9211:
9175:
8580:
8503:
8336:
8084:
8074:
7913:
7896:
7212:
6719:
6680:
2026:
1842:
6896:. Studies in Written Language and Literacy. Vol. 14 (Rev. ed.). John Benjamins.
2345:. However, fierce opposition within the KMT resulted in the list being rescinded in 1936.
936:, or an apparent streamlining of which strokes are chosen in what places—for example, the
545:
529:
8:
12775:
12741:
12576:
12543:
12390:
12318:
12235:
12076:
12071:
11825:
11635:
11141:
9459:
9355:
9077:
8600:
7306:
5703:
5555:
they may sometimes adopt a hybrid written form in informal settings to speed up writing.
2455:
simplified and unsimplified characters. Of these, half were also included in the revised
2311:
2310:, followed by growing social and political discontent that further erupted into the 1919
1926:
1477:
1472:
1127:
981:
439:
434:
7622:
6471:
6159:
12891:
12758:
12721:
12606:
12504:
12438:
12433:
12323:
12313:
11939:
11917:
11810:
11618:
11613:
11536:
11524:
11512:
11500:
11488:
11012:
10618:
10595:
10229:
10118:
10108:
10000:
9943:
9929:
9886:
9591:
9474:
9309:
9201:
9160:
9114:
9109:
9004:
8986:
8654:
8585:
8550:
8498:
8311:
8299:
7710:
7632:
7533:
7088:
6188:] (in Chinese) (3rd ed.). Beijing: Foreign Language and Teaching Press. 2014.
5952:
5542:
In December 2004, Ministry of Education authorities rejected a proposal from a Beijing
2033:
1973:
1944:
1921:
1882:
1715:
1654:
1079:
1005:
890:
868:
860:
688:
680:
372:
9851:
9509:
901:. Their mass standardization during the 20th century was part of an initiative by the
12802:
12792:
12671:
12636:
12491:
12443:
12395:
12162:
12015:
11949:
11805:
11790:
11461:
11438:
11392:
11317:
11243:
11123:
11091:
11045:
10984:
10974:
10939:
10741:
10734:
10470:
10456:
10368:
10257:
10167:
10146:
10125:
10053:
9985:
9844:
9802:
9754:
9489:
9479:
9124:
9119:
9024:
9019:
8926:
8881:
8704:
8684:
8674:
8664:
8659:
8595:
8590:
8518:
8453:
8438:
8388:
8383:
8326:
8262:
8220:
8062:
7948:
7871:
7387:
7382:
7259:
7020:
6996:
6977:
6949:
6924:
6897:
6878:
6856:
6837:
6815:
6808:
6778:
6590:
6562:
6315:
6189:
5450:
2693:
All characters simplified this way are enumerated in Chart 1 and Chart 2 in the 1986
2338:
2303:
2064:
1963:
1916:
1813:
1781:
1719:
1647:
1137:
1102:
1097:
816:
808:
636:
628:
377:
6525:
12908:
12428:
12303:
12167:
12157:
12142:
12088:
12010:
11961:
11922:
11871:
11785:
11737:
11721:
11601:
11561:
11556:
11443:
11397:
11343:
11338:
11328:
11322:
11151:
11096:
11081:
10957:
10929:
10875:
10813:
10706:
10667:
10653:
10611:
10486:
10432:
10413:
10347:
10339:
10325:
10318:
10243:
10039:
10014:
9950:
9922:
9837:
9823:
9740:
9713:
9650:
9561:
9464:
9286:
9129:
8756:
8736:
8726:
8721:
8605:
8361:
8294:
8282:
8247:
8242:
8225:
8164:
8129:
8089:
7891:
7886:
7834:
7785:
7669:
7603:
7543:
7493:
7438:
7355:
7333:
7318:
7264:
7254:
7188:
6916:
2107:
2102:
1968:
894:
743:
563:
354:
10713:
9908:
9534:
9185:
8555:
5709:
Public universities such as the Linguistics and Asian Languages Department of the
5330:
is defined as a 'simplified character component' according to the standard, while
1439:
12859:
12839:
12736:
12696:
12681:
12420:
12270:
12260:
12240:
12197:
12192:
12058:
12022:
12005:
11995:
11934:
11752:
11688:
11630:
11578:
11573:
11475:
11371:
11366:
11275:
11222:
11217:
11197:
11182:
11177:
11118:
11113:
11103:
11086:
11058:
11030:
11007:
10699:
10391:
10332:
10278:
10271:
10250:
10236:
10220:
10198:
10153:
10046:
10021:
9993:
9978:
9901:
9879:
9872:
9830:
9790:
9761:
9449:
9419:
9242:
9165:
8931:
8861:
8766:
8714:
8694:
8630:
8620:
8610:
8575:
8540:
8535:
8530:
8443:
8398:
8393:
8277:
8272:
8119:
8109:
7963:
7928:
7923:
7903:
7797:
7755:
7695:
7578:
7548:
7458:
7418:
7360:
7294:
7274:
7222:
7205:
7193:
5836:
5815:
5765:
1861:
1822:
1796:
1294:
1117:
1035:
794:
614:
382:
8896:
8079:
2578:
All characters simplified this way are enumerated in Charts 1 and 2 of the 1986
1365:
12913:
12903:
12874:
12864:
12581:
12553:
12265:
12250:
12152:
12103:
12098:
12083:
12027:
11966:
11848:
11820:
11800:
11747:
11716:
11693:
11683:
11678:
11640:
11623:
11568:
11433:
11415:
11333:
11307:
11248:
11168:
11156:
11108:
11063:
11053:
10979:
10836:
10720:
10604:
10584:
10493:
10361:
10292:
10191:
10139:
10132:
9964:
9957:
9936:
9915:
9816:
9809:
9616:
9571:
9499:
9494:
9345:
9329:
9304:
9247:
9237:
9232:
9072:
8946:
8906:
8876:
8822:
8817:
8812:
8786:
8761:
8709:
8649:
8615:
8565:
8513:
8478:
8433:
8403:
8356:
8316:
8215:
8169:
8124:
8042:
7978:
7933:
7918:
7881:
7861:
7829:
7817:
7765:
7760:
7750:
7740:
7735:
7652:
7637:
7627:
7593:
7583:
7528:
7513:
7478:
7328:
7232:
7180:
7070:
6829:
2666:
2092:
2016:
1726:
that had politically unified the country for the first time. Li prescribed the
1464:
1226:
1155:
1132:
906:
778:
598:
387:
12284:
9046:
1050:
424:
12951:
12714:
12526:
12521:
12093:
12037:
12032:
12000:
11987:
11863:
11815:
11742:
11698:
11588:
11425:
11348:
11187:
11035:
11022:
10843:
10692:
10625:
10548:
10518:
10376:
10354:
10285:
10181:
10160:
10007:
9865:
9783:
9776:
9747:
9706:
9621:
9611:
9606:
9393:
9087:
8746:
8689:
8341:
8114:
7998:
7953:
7908:
7876:
7725:
7642:
7615:
7588:
7518:
7503:
7488:
7443:
7200:
6938:
6737:
6272:
5910:
defines the term as "Chinese characters that have undergone simplification" (
5512:
4170:
respectively, thus they cannot be simplified alternatively by derivation via
2342:
2315:
2244:
2219:
1834:
1801:
928:
Simplification of a component—either a character or a sub-component called a
7662:
6701:
5662:
Cantonese courses). In Australia and New Zealand, schools, universities and
12586:
12536:
11912:
11795:
11768:
11312:
11302:
10299:
10264:
10205:
9692:
9454:
9350:
9263:
9155:
9056:
8866:
8679:
8644:
8625:
8560:
8448:
8210:
8134:
7943:
7938:
7849:
7844:
7780:
7720:
7700:
7657:
7647:
7598:
7483:
7463:
7453:
7301:
7279:
7237:
7035:
5850:
5789:
5734:
2307:
2224:
1193:
750:
570:
8508:
6642:[Debate: A Need to Introduce Traditional Characters to Schools?].
6555:
Teaching and Learning Chinese as a Foreign Language: A Pedagogical Grammar
12731:
12705:
12601:
12571:
12548:
12516:
12255:
12245:
12049:
11944:
11929:
11892:
11840:
11661:
11652:
11548:
11387:
11262:
10989:
10882:
10646:
10577:
9858:
9549:
9409:
9170:
9014:
8871:
8776:
8545:
8473:
8458:
8366:
8159:
8069:
7968:
7958:
7812:
7775:
7730:
7715:
7690:
7610:
7538:
7523:
7227:
6913:
Chinese Grammatology: Script Revolution and Literary Modernity, 1916–1958
6771:
Long Story of Short Forms: The Evolution of Simplified Chinese Characters
6540:
Review and Prospect of Standardization of Chinese Characters in Singapore
5699:
5678:
5649:
mainland China, so their obvious choice is to use simplified characters.
5423:
5324:
as a derived character in the non-exhaustive list in Chart 3. Therefore,
2239:
2139:
1892:
1818:
1776:
1658:
1643:
1557:
In Chinese, simplified characters are referred to by their official name
1092:
266:
5498:, the first character in the name "Taiwan", rivalling the orthodox form
1349:
12147:
12121:
11887:
11853:
11358:
11285:
9539:
9514:
9082:
8525:
8015:
8010:
7866:
7807:
7448:
6777:. Stockholm East Asian Monographs. Vol. 11. Stockholm University.
5494:
simplified forms predating the 20th century are in common use, such as
4937:
2654:
2360:
2334:
2234:
2184:
1983:
1661:(221–206 BC) the character meaning 'bright' was written as either
1392:
1217:
1210:
961:
943:
7026:
Stroke Order Animation and Dictionary of Simplified Chinese Characters
6920:
5464:
have traditional character versions of their website available, using
2483:
was published as a revision of the 1988 lists; it included a total of
12596:
12347:
12338:
12066:
11956:
11608:
11596:
11407:
11238:
10850:
10829:
10822:
9601:
9438:
9134:
9101:
8936:
8827:
8376:
8104:
8020:
7745:
6870:
6287:
5874:
5810:
5788:(W3C)'s Internationalization working group recommends the use of the
5515:
and coffee shops continue to be written with traditional characters.
2496:
2299:
2204:
2189:
1993:
1988:
1978:
1955:
1624:), the "external appearances of individual graphs", and in graphical
1607:
914:
910:
825:
645:
459:
344:
254:
9544:
6853:
The Chinese Writing System in Asia: An Interdisciplinary Perspective
5587:
198:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
67:
12886:
12472:
12113:
11294:
10898:
9566:
9529:
9524:
9404:
9365:
9206:
8965:
8850:
8741:
8483:
8371:
8321:
8192:
7705:
7508:
7468:
7249:
7242:
7093:
5830:
5746:
5523:
characters are seldom used, typically only for stylistic purposes.
3961:
Based on 132 characters and 14 components listed in Chart 2 of the
2353:
Work throughout the 1950s resulted in the 1956 promulgation of the
1492:
1453:
1446:
1150:
846:
764:
666:
584:
488:
444:
12918:
9586:
1487:
12785:
12465:
12352:
12181:
11777:
9673:
9180:
9051:
8941:
8916:
8802:
8639:
8493:
8468:
8237:
8144:
7792:
7406:
7217:
6276:
5922:
5920:
5868:
5750:
5742:
2319:
2229:
2214:
2199:
2194:
1949:
12844:
12646:
10674:
8418:
8230:
8149:
8094:
7802:
7473:
7025:
6430:
5460:
2326:
2209:
2179:
1827:
1382:
922:
5917:
4015:. Based on the same principle, these derivations can be made:
3464:
Replacing entirely with a newly coined phono-semantic compound
12357:
9041:
9036:
8886:
8669:
8570:
8257:
7168:
6400:
5682:
2383:
1704:
1045:
1040:
918:
429:
419:
340:
2600:
2534:
may be in need of reorganization to comply with Knowledge's
2348:
2285:
932:—usually involves either a reduction in its total number of
9519:
9414:
6513:
5663:
5465:
2289:
Excerpt of initial 1935 simplifications promulgated by the
1432:
3986:(a traditional radical) considered a component, but so is
1835:
Late Qing literature and Republican-era reform (1850–1949)
7021:
Proposal to Encode Obsolete Simplified Chinese Characters
6943:
The Historical Evolution of Chinese Languages and Scripts
4246:
4071:
865:
851:
837:
685:
671:
657:
2449:
Chart of Generally Utilized Characters of Modern Chinese
2293:
Department of Education in 1935, later retracted in 1936
6388:
6376:
6364:
6340:
6328:
5881:
Differences between Shinjitai and Simplified characters
5805:
Debate on traditional and simplified Chinese characters
5043:
The traditional "Break" stroke becomes the "Dot" stroke
2644:
are also simplified in character structure accordingly.
3186:
Omitting components, then applying further alterations
1799:". The traditional narrative, as also attested in the
1766:
1760:
1752:
1745:
1739:
1733:
1727:
1693:
1684:
1675:
1668:
1662:
913:, while traditional characters are officially used in
6894:
Writing and Literacy in Chinese, Korean, and Japanese
6452:
6312:
Calligraphy and Power in Contemporary Chinese Society
813:
799:
783:
769:
755:
633:
619:
603:
589:
575:
6352:
6253:
6241:
6229:
5826:
5558:
4751:
The chosen variant was already simplified in Chart 1
4649:
Ancient variants with simple structure are preferred
2952:
Replacing a component with a simple arbitrary symbol
487:. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
3900:
Copying and modifying another traditional character
2501:
three successive rounds of character simplification
1646:(221–206 BC) to universalize the use of their
92:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
7031:Simplified to Traditional Chinese Conversion Table
6807:
6742:[Simplified Characters Are Unreasonable].
5544:Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference
4942:The new standardized character forms shown in the
2672:List of Commonly Used Characters in Modern Chinese
2626:Series One Organization List of Variant Characters
2458:List of Commonly Used Characters in Modern Chinese
1744:was followed by proliferation of a third variant:
6478:List of Commonly Used Standard Chinese Characters
6124:
6122:
4887:with three strokes on the left of the eliminated
4873:which is eliminated in favor of the variant form
2480:List of Commonly Used Standard Chinese Characters
992:List of Commonly Used Standard Chinese Characters
12949:
6214:(in Chinese). Xinhua. 2008-06-03. Archived from
6131:"China to Regulate Use of Simplified Characters"
5653:students often recommend learning both systems.
5571:
5454:are printed in traditional characters, and both
4115:Chart 1 collects 352 simplified characters that
3255:Structural changes that preserve the basic shape
501:IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters
6279:(1916). "The problem of the Chinese language".
5859:Ambiguities in Chinese character simplification
1759:on the left—likely derived as a contraction of
6119:
5568:or Cantonese as an elective course at school.
4893:is now seen as more complex, appearing as the
4208:, thus it cannot be alternatively derived via
2688:
2545:to make improvements to the overall structure.
1780:(111 AD) describes an earlier attempt made by
10914:
9658:
7051:
6111:
5971:
5397:
5391:
5385:
5379:
5373:
5367:
5361:
5355:
5349:
5343:
5337:
5331:
5325:
5319:
5313:
5307:
5301:
5295:
5289:
5283:
5277:
5271:
5265:
5259:
5253:
5247:
5241:
5235:
5229:
5223:
5217:
5211:
5205:
5199:
5193:
5187:
5181:
5175:
5161:
5155:
5149:
5143:
5133:
5127:
5117:
5111:
5105:
5099:
5089:
5083:
5077:
5067:
5061:
5055:
5049:
5034:
5028:
5022:
5016:
5006:
5000:
4990:
4984:
4978:
4972:
4962:
4956:
4923:
4917:
4908:
4902:
4888:
4874:
4868:
4859:
4853:
4847:
4841:
4835:
4829:
4823:
4817:
4811:
4805:
4799:
4793:
4787:
4781:
4775:
4769:
4763:
4757:
4742:
4736:
4730:
4724:
4718:
4712:
4706:
4700:
4685:
4679:
4673:
4667:
4661:
4655:
4640:
4634:
4628:
4622:
4616:
4610:
4604:
4598:
4592:
4586:
4580:
4574:
4550:
4544:
4538:
4532:
4526:
4520:
4514:
4508:
4501:
4495:
4489:
4483:
4477:
4471:
4465:
4459:
4453:
4447:
4440:
4434:
4428:
4422:
4416:
4410:
4404:
4398:
4391:
4385:
4379:
4373:
4367:
4361:
4355:
4349:
4343:
4337:
4330:
4324:
4318:
4312:
4306:
4300:
4294:
4288:
4281:
4275:
4269:
4263:
4257:
4251:
4239:
4233:
4215:
4209:
4203:
4197:
4191:
4183:
4177:
4171:
4165:
4159:
4153:
4147:
4138:
4132:
4126:
4120:
4106:
4100:
4094:
4088:
4082:
4076:
4064:
4058:
4046:
4040:
4034:
4028:
4022:
4016:
4010:
4004:
3987:
3981:
3975:
3948:
3942:
3936:
3930:
3924:
3918:
3912:
3906:
3891:
3885:
3879:
3873:
3867:
3861:
3855:Readopting abandoned phonetic-loan characters
3846:
3840:
3834:
3828:
3822:
3816:
3810:
3804:
3798:
3792:
3777:
3771:
3765:
3759:
3753:
3747:
3741:
3735:
3729:
3723:
3717:
3711:
3705:
3699:
3693:
3687:
3681:
3675:
3660:
3654:
3648:
3642:
3636:
3630:
3624:
3618:
3612:
3606:
3600:
3594:
3580:
3574:
3568:
3562:
3556:
3550:
3544:
3538:
3532:
3526:
3512:
3506:
3500:
3494:
3488:
3482:
3476:
3470:
3455:
3449:
3443:
3437:
3431:
3425:
3419:
3413:
3398:
3392:
3386:
3380:
3374:
3368:
3362:
3356:
3350:
3344:
3326:
3320:
3314:
3308:
3302:
3296:
3290:
3284:
3278:
3272:
3266:
3260:
3246:
3240:
3234:
3228:
3222:
3216:
3210:
3204:
3198:
3192:
3177:
3171:
3165:
3159:
3153:
3147:
3141:
3135:
3129:
3123:
3117:
3111:
3105:
3099:
3093:
3087:
3081:
3075:
3069:
3063:
3048:
3042:
3036:
3030:
3024:
3018:
3012:
3006:
3000:
2994:
2988:
2982:
2976:
2970:
2961:
2955:
2943:
2937:
2931:
2925:
2919:
2913:
2907:
2901:
2895:
2889:
2883:
2877:
2871:
2865:
2859:
2853:
2847:
2841:
2835:
2829:
2823:
2817:
2811:
2805:
2799:
2793:
2787:
2781:
2775:
2769:
2760:
2748:
2742:
2736:
2730:
2724:
2718:
2712:
2706:
2581:General List of Simplified Chinese Characters
2439:
2433:
2427:
2421:
2415:
2411:General List of Simplified Chinese Characters
2390:Second round of simplified Chinese characters
2366:List of Commonly Used Characters for Printing
2266:
1533:
967:
949:
725:
711:
543:
527:
12713:
7065:
6891:
6814:(4th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
6810:Modern Chinese: History and Sociolinguistics
6587:Introduction to Classical Chinese Philosophy
6519:
5502:even in publications and academic contexts.
4558:
2573:
1657:, was ubiquitous. For example, prior to the
6720:Best Practice 13: Using Hans and Hant codes
6046:
6044:
5616:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
4907:, with four strokes, in the chosen variant
2669:forms for most of its characters. The 1988
55:Learn how and when to remove these messages
12934:
12704:
10921:
10907:
9665:
9651:
7058:
7044:
6892:Taylor, Insup; Taylor, M. Martin (2014) .
2619:
2384:Second round of simplification (1977–1986)
2273:
2259:
1718:of Qin, attempted to universalize the Qin
1540:
1526:
948:radical used in the traditional character
6828:
5666:use predominantly simplified characters.
5636:Learn how and when to remove this message
3956:
2601:Derivation based on simplified components
2561:Learn how and when to remove this message
2491:
2349:First round of simplification (1949–1977)
232:Learn how and when to remove this message
214:Learn how and when to remove this message
152:Learn how and when to remove this message
6834:Nationalism and language reform in China
6649:(in Chinese). 2008-03-14. Archived from
6622:(in Chinese). 2004-12-08. Archived from
6546:
6437:(in Chinese). 2009-08-24. Archived from
6097:(in Chinese). 2009-04-09. Archived from
6063:(in Chinese). 2009-04-09. Archived from
6041:
5413:
3669:Replacing with ancient forms or variants
3407:Replacing an uncommon phonetic component
2363:in 1958. In 1965, the PRC published the
2284:
12629:
6970:
6476:[State Council Announcement of the
6129:Wu, Jing; Guo, Likun (12 August 2009).
5864:Chinese Character Simplification Scheme
4568:Sample reduction of equivalent variants
2356:Chinese Character Simplification Scheme
470:, Han (Simplified variant)
12950:
6767:
6584:
6358:
6346:
6271:
6259:
6247:
4117:generally cannot be used as components
1791:) to unify character forms across the
1771:became the character's standard form.
867:
815:
687:
635:
16:Standardized set of Chinese characters
10902:
10802:American Printing House for the Blind
10578:International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)
10230:Devanagari (Hindi / Marathi / Nepali)
9646:
9436:
9391:
9284:
8963:
8848:
8190:
7404:
7166:
7149:
7039:
6910:
6297:
6128:
5728:
4922:, with 11 strokes is standardised as
2396:second round of simplified characters
986:second round of simplified characters
10928:
9285:
6990:
6937:
6805:
6552:
6410:
6406:
6394:
6382:
6370:
6334:
6293:
5614:adding citations to reliable sources
5581:
4694:Simpler vulgar forms are also chosen
3335:Replacing the phonetic component of
2518:
2039:Simplification of Chinese characters
1285:Standard Form of National Characters
491:. For the distinction between ,
330:Top-to-bottom, columns right-to-left
163:
90:adding citations to reliable sources
61:
20:
9672:
6869:
6309:
6303:
6235:
6202:
5733:In computer text applications, the
5693:
5537:
2451:was published in 1988 and included
1900:Eastward spread of Western learning
1606:According to Chinese palaeographer
13:
9392:
6976:. New York: New American Library.
6964:
6850:
6670:
6458:
6116:, 2009-04-09. Accessed 2009.04.10.
5725:, also use simplified characters.
5169:
1888:Constitutional Protection Movement
1738:. However, the increased usage of
14:
12974:
7010:
5779:
5559:Singapore, Malaysia and Indonesia
5505:
5434:
2058:Translation of foreign literature
2044:Romanization of Chinese languages
966:to form the simplified character
36:This article has multiple issues.
12933:
12411:Literary and colloquial readings
12283:
6673:"School Bridges China-Japan Gap"
6531:
6498:
5843:
5829:
5773:files are needed for each type.
5586:
4931:
4245:
4070:
3786:Adopting ancient vulgar variants
2655:New standardized character forms
2523:
1374:Literary and colloquial readings
1012:
253:
168:
66:
25:
9437:
6794:from the original on 2021-12-02
6735:
6729:
6712:
6694:
6664:
6630:
6606:
6578:
6492:
6464:
6416:
6265:
5526:
5409:
4894:
4880:
2701:Merging homophonous characters:
2049:Writing with vernacular Chinese
1552:
955:
937:
866:
852:
838:
686:
672:
658:
483:International Phonetic Alphabet
101:"Simplified Chinese characters"
77:needs additional citations for
44:or discuss these issues on the
7131:Languages by writing system /
6760:
6671:Co, Emily (23 December 2008).
6168:
6152:
6078:
6010:
5965:
5945:
5911:
5898:
5549:
5419:
5398:
5392:
5380:
5368:
5356:
5344:
5314:
5302:
5290:
5284:
5278:
5266:
5254:
5242:
5230:
5218:
5206:
5194:
5182:
5156:
5144:
5128:
5112:
5100:
5084:
5078:
5062:
5050:
5029:
5017:
5001:
4985:
4973:
4957:
4889:
4869:
4854:
4848:
4836:
4830:
4818:
4812:
4800:
4794:
4782:
4776:
4764:
4758:
4737:
4725:
4713:
4701:
4680:
4668:
4656:
4623:
4611:
4599:
4587:
4575:
4545:
4533:
4521:
4509:
4496:
4484:
4472:
4460:
4448:
4435:
4423:
4411:
4399:
4386:
4374:
4362:
4350:
4338:
4325:
4313:
4301:
4289:
4276:
4264:
4252:
4234:
4198:
4154:
4148:
4133:
4121:
4101:
4089:
4077:
4059:
4041:
4029:
4017:
4005:
3943:
3931:
3919:
3907:
3892:
3886:
3874:
3862:
3841:
3829:
3817:
3805:
3793:
3772:
3760:
3748:
3736:
3724:
3712:
3700:
3688:
3676:
3655:
3649:
3643:
3637:
3631:
3625:
3619:
3613:
3607:
3595:
3589:Only retaining single radicals
3575:
3563:
3557:
3551:
3539:
3527:
3507:
3495:
3483:
3471:
3450:
3438:
3426:
3414:
3393:
3381:
3369:
3357:
3345:
3321:
3309:
3297:
3285:
3273:
3261:
3241:
3229:
3217:
3205:
3193:
3172:
3160:
3148:
3136:
3124:
3112:
3100:
3088:
3076:
3064:
3043:
3031:
3019:
3007:
2995:
2983:
2971:
2938:
2926:
2914:
2902:
2890:
2878:
2866:
2854:
2842:
2830:
2818:
2806:
2794:
2782:
2770:
2743:
2731:
2719:
2707:
2648:
2514:
2061:Sorting out national heritages
1638:
1633:
1629:
1620:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1277:Nan Min Recommended Characters
814:
800:
784:
770:
756:
726:
712:
634:
620:
604:
590:
576:
544:
528:
1:
12958:Simplified Chinese characters
10570:Gardner–Salinas braille codes
10526:Gardner–Salinas braille codes
8964:
8849:
8191:
6993:Simplified Chinese Characters
6915:. Columbia University Press.
6585:Norden, Bryan W. Van (2011).
6281:The Chinese Students' Monthly
5934:
5711:University of the Philippines
5578:Chinese as a foreign language
5572:Chinese as a foreign language
4158:are simplified in Chart 1 to
2665:characters. These tend to be
2402:
1806:
1595:
887:Simplified Chinese characters
513:Simplified Chinese characters
12939:List of varieties of Chinese
10781:National Braille Association
10760:Braille Institute of America
10478:Two-cell Chinese (Shuangpin)
7405:
6026:(in Chinese). Archived from
5939:
5798:
5672:
5475:
5386:
5374:
5362:
5350:
5338:
5332:
5326:
5320:
5308:
5296:
5272:
5260:
5248:
5236:
5224:
5212:
5200:
5188:
5176:
5162:
5150:
5134:
5118:
5106:
5090:
5068:
5056:
5035:
5023:
5007:
4991:
4979:
4963:
4924:
4918:
4909:
4903:
4875:
4860:
4842:
4824:
4806:
4788:
4770:
4743:
4731:
4719:
4707:
4686:
4674:
4662:
4641:
4635:
4629:
4617:
4605:
4593:
4581:
4551:
4539:
4527:
4515:
4502:
4490:
4478:
4466:
4454:
4441:
4429:
4417:
4405:
4392:
4380:
4368:
4356:
4344:
4331:
4319:
4307:
4295:
4282:
4270:
4258:
4240:
4216:
4210:
4204:
4202:is simplified in Chart 2 to
4192:
4184:
4178:
4172:
4166:
4160:
4139:
4127:
4125:is simplified in Chart 1 to
4107:
4095:
4083:
4065:
4047:
4035:
4023:
4011:
4009:is simplified in Chart 2 to
3988:
3982:
3976:
3949:
3937:
3925:
3913:
3880:
3868:
3847:
3835:
3823:
3811:
3799:
3778:
3766:
3754:
3742:
3730:
3718:
3706:
3694:
3682:
3661:
3601:
3581:
3569:
3545:
3533:
3513:
3501:
3489:
3477:
3456:
3444:
3432:
3420:
3399:
3387:
3375:
3363:
3351:
3327:
3315:
3303:
3291:
3279:
3267:
3247:
3235:
3223:
3211:
3199:
3178:
3166:
3154:
3142:
3130:
3118:
3106:
3094:
3082:
3070:
3049:
3037:
3025:
3013:
3001:
2989:
2977:
2962:
2956:
2944:
2932:
2920:
2908:
2896:
2884:
2872:
2860:
2848:
2836:
2824:
2812:
2800:
2788:
2776:
2749:
2737:
2725:
2713:
1786:
1709:
889:are one of two standardized
476: This article contains
7:
10661:Refreshable braille display
10640:Optical braille recognition
10237:Bengali (Bangla / Assamese)
9769:Chinese (mainland Mandarin)
8912:New Epoch Notation Painting
6553:Xing, Janet Zhiqun (2006).
6186:Xiandai Hanyu Guifan Cidian
5907:Xiandai Hanyu Guifan Cidian
5822:
5723:Ateneo de Manila University
5686:school Chinese curriculum.
5076:The traditional components
3999:in Chart 2, when used as a
2121:League of Left-Wing Writers
1912:Boxer Indemnity Scholarship
1269:(Hong Kong, 2007)
194:the claims made and adding
10:
12979:
12897:Taiwanese Phonetic Symbols
10728:Thakur Vishva Narain Singh
7167:
6971:Bergman, Peter M. (1980).
6559:Hong Kong University Press
5802:
5719:Saint Jude Catholic School
5575:
5126:The traditional component
4999:The traditional component
4955:The traditional component
4935:
3057:Omitting entire components
2387:
2054:National Language Movement
1767:
1761:
1753:
1746:
1740:
1734:
1728:
1694:
1685:
1676:
1669:
1663:
1602:Variant Chinese characters
1599:
1590:
1514:Transliteration of Chinese
1071:Neolithic symbols in China
903:People's Republic of China
12931:
12815:
12784:
12695:
12620:
12562:
12482:
12457:
12419:
12366:
12292:
12281:
12228:
12180:
12135:
12112:
12057:
12048:
11986:
11905:
11880:
11862:
11839:
11776:
11767:
11730:
11707:
11669:
11660:
11651:
11587:
11547:
11474:
11452:
11424:
11406:
11380:
11357:
11293:
11284:
11261:
11231:
11208:
11132:
11072:
11044:
11021:
10998:
10965:
10956:
10947:
10936:
10860:
10811:
10751:
10684:
10594:
10540:
10503:
10464:Mainland Chinese Mandarin
10443:
10424:
10405:
10310:
10216:
10177:
10104:
10031:
9730:
9723:
9684:
9642:
9445:
9432:
9400:
9387:
9338:
9297:
9293:
9280:
9256:
9220:
9194:
9143:
9100:
9065:
8985:
8978:Chinese family of scripts
8976:
8972:
8959:
8857:
8844:
8795:
8203:
8199:
8186:
8048:Boyd's syllabic shorthand
8035:
7683:
7426:
7417:
7413:
7400:
7175:
7162:
7158:
7150:
7145:
7133:by first written accounts
7102:
7081:
7077:
6718:Richard Ishida (editor):
6112:
5972:
5961:(in Chinese). 2006-03-22.
5886:Modern Chinese characters
5792:
5786:World Wide Web Consortium
5656:
5499:
5495:
5488:
5312:is listed in Chart 2 and
5300:appears in Chart 1 while
4944:Characters for Publishing
4559:Elimination of allographs
2761:
2689:Structural simplification
2657:originated from the 1965
2574:Structural simplification
2440:
2434:
2428:
2422:
2416:
2330:
2088:Doubting Antiquity School
2022:East-west cultural debate
1873:Coronation of Yuan Shikai
1615:
1026:Chinese family of scripts
968:
950:
893:widely used to write the
880:
859:
845:
831:
824:
807:
793:
777:
763:
749:
742:
737:
733:
719:
705:
700:
679:
665:
651:
644:
627:
613:
597:
583:
569:
562:
557:
553:
537:
521:
517:
512:
474:
458:
453:
405:
365:
360:
350:
336:
321:
311:
273:
261:
252:
246:
10451:Chinese semi-syllabaries
9714:Unicode braille patterns
9700:International uniformity
8155:Thomas Natural Shorthand
6945:
6738:
6646:
6638:
6614:
6589:. Hackett. p. 242.
6534:
6520:Taylor & Taylor 2014
6501:
6472:
6434:
6424:
6210:
6180:
6175:
6160:
6094:
6086:
6060:
6052:
6018:
5994:"Unihan data for U+6CA1"
5978:"Unihan data for U+6C92"
5953:
5891:
5445:one country, two systems
5404:Common Modern Characters
4948:Common Modern Characters
4946:and revised through the
4137:cannot be simplified to
3337:phono-semantic compounds
2677:Common Modern Characters
1266:Commonly-Used Characters
1258:Commonly Used Characters
721:Traditional Chinese
701:Alternative Chinese name
539:Traditional Chinese
12963:Chinese language reform
10788:Blindness organizations
10767:Braille Without Borders
10556:Canadian currency marks
10178:Egyptian lineage family
9361:Southwest Paleohispanic
6995:. Torrance, CA: Heian.
6806:Chen Ping (陳平) (1999).
5954:教育部就《汉字简化方案》等发布50周年答记者问
5715:Chiang Kai Shek College
2757:Adapting cursive shapes
2659:Characters for Printing
2620:Elimination of variants
2378:Characters for Printing
1878:National Protection War
1825:through the process of
1793:states of ancient China
1722:across China following
1239:Collation and standards
897:, with the other being
707:Simplified Chinese
523:Simplified Chinese
479:phonetic transcriptions
10105:Russian lineage family
9505:Great Lakes Algonquian
8414:Greco-Iberian alphabet
8347:Gabelsberger shorthand
7290:Inscriptional Parthian
6991:Chen, Huoping (1987).
6425:《通用规范汉字表》44个汉字"整形"引发争论
6310:Yen, Yuehping (2005).
6211:书同文 :《汉字简化方案》制订始末
6087:专家称恢复繁体字代价太大 新规范汉字表将公布
5566:co-curricular activity
5427:
5240:, when observing that
3957:Simplifying components
2492:Outside mainland China
2465:common characters and
2294:
1691:on the left, with the
1501:Slavonic transcription
1344:Japanese script reform
1329:Traditional characters
899:traditional characters
415:Traditional characters
10869:Accessible publishing
10795:Schools for the blind
10774:Japan Braille Library
10563:Computer Braille Code
10217:Indian lineage family
9597:Old Persian cuneiform
8464:Carolingian minuscule
7270:Ancient North Arabian
6911:Zhong, Yurou (2019).
6836:. New York: Octagon.
6768:Bökset, Roar (2006).
6532:Chia Shih Yar (谢世涯).
6499:Chia Shih Yar (谢世涯).
6024:china-language.gov.cn
5803:Further information:
5576:Further information:
5417:
5282:(not simplified) and
4055:simplified components
3997:simplified characters
2505:Ministry of Education
2318:(1892–1982) and poet
2288:
2116:Crescent Moon Society
1907:Scientific Revolution
1567:, or colloquially as
1317:Simplified characters
10633:Mountbatten Brailler
9988:(largely reassigned)
9771:(largely reassigned)
9320:Southeastern Iberian
9315:Northeastern Iberian
7213:Egyptian hieroglyphs
6296:, pp. 150–153;
6019:关于《通用规范汉字表》公开征求意见的公告
5610:improve this section
5472:Chinese characters.
2027:Total Westernization
1843:New Culture Movement
86:improve this article
10585:Nemeth braille code
10371:(reassigned vowels)
9896:(extended to 8-dot)
9470:Canadian Aboriginal
9356:Khitan small script
9078:Khitan large script
8268:Coorgi–Cox alphabet
6473:国务院关于公布《通用规范汉字表》的通知
6461:, pp. 145–146.
6397:, pp. 196–197.
6385:, pp. 159–160.
6373:, pp. 155–156.
6337:, pp. 150–153.
6161:国务院关于公布《通用规范汉字表》的通知
5704:Confucius Institute
2543:editing the article
2438:is used instead of
2312:May Fourth Movement
2147:The Critical Review
1927:May Fourth Movement
1812:), is that the Qin
1288:(Taiwan, 1982)
1280:(Taiwan, 2009)
982:Cultural Revolution
440:Khitan small script
435:Khitan large script
12892:Cantonese Bopomofo
12759:Chinese characters
12687:Written Sichuanese
11271:Zhangjiakou–Hohhot
10619:Braille translator
10596:Braille technology
10572:(science; GS8/GS6)
10541:Symbols in braille
10471:Taiwanese Mandarin
9986:Taiwanese Mandarin
9592:Nwagu Aneke script
9144:Other logosyllabic
9066:Chinese-influenced
9005:Oracle bone script
8987:Chinese characters
8922:Ojibwe Hieroglyphs
8312:Eclectic shorthand
8300:Duployan shorthand
8253:Caucasian Albanian
8053:Canadian syllabics
7089:History of writing
6615:市教委驳回政协委员普及繁体字教学建议
5735:GB encoding scheme
5729:Use with computers
5428:
4227:Sample Derivations
2461:, which specified
2295:
2133:Major publications
2082:Schools of thought
1922:Russian Revolution
1902:
1883:Manchu Restoration
1864:
1789: 782 BC
1712: 208 BC
1655:woodblock printing
1300:(Japan, 2010)
1006:Chinese characters
392:Simplified Chinese
373:Oracle bone script
247:Simplified Chinese
179:possibly contains
12945:
12944:
12927:
12926:
12754:
12753:
12672:Written Cantonese
12667:
12666:
12449:Classical grammar
12444:Cantonese grammar
12279:
12278:
12176:
12175:
11982:
11981:
11901:
11900:
11763:
11762:
11470:
11469:
11257:
11256:
11147:Chengdu–Chongqing
10940:Sinitic languages
10896:
10895:
10892:
10891:
10814:tactile alphabets
10742:William Bell Wait
10735:Sabriye Tenberken
10536:
10535:
10401:
10400:
10386:(Japanese vowels)
10184:-mediated scripts
10111:-mediated scripts
9638:
9637:
9634:
9633:
9630:
9629:
9490:Ditema tsa Dinoko
9428:
9427:
9383:
9382:
9379:
9378:
9276:
9275:
9272:
9271:
9096:
9095:
8955:
8954:
8840:
8839:
8836:
8835:
8182:
8181:
8178:
8177:
8031:
8030:
7396:
7395:
7383:Teeline Shorthand
7141:
7140:
6955:978-0-87415-349-1
6930:978-0-231-54989-9
6921:10.7312/zhon19262
6903:978-90-272-1794-3
6884:978-1-55729-071-7
6862:978-1-138-90731-7
6843:978-0-374-92095-1
6821:978-0-521-64572-0
6784:978-91-628-6832-1
6706:Google Noto Fonts
6596:978-1-60384-615-8
6568:978-962-209-763-6
6349:, pp. 27–29.
6300:, pp. 27–28.
6238:, pp. 44–45.
6195:978-7-5135-4562-4
5646:
5645:
5638:
5348:is simplified to
5336:is not. Based on
3521:Removing radicals
2571:
2570:
2563:
2536:layout guidelines
2339:Peking University
2306:that toppled the
2304:Xinhai Revolution
2291:Republic of China
2283:
2282:
2070:Education reforms
2065:Feminist movement
1964:Anti-Confucianism
1958:
1917:French Revolution
1898:
1868:Second Revolution
1859:
1814:small seal script
1782:King Xuan of Zhou
1720:small seal script
1648:small seal script
1550:
1549:
1414:Zetian characters
1246:Kangxi Dictionary
954:is simplified to
884:
883:
876:
875:
833:Yale Romanization
744:Standard Mandarin
696:
695:
653:Yale Romanization
564:Standard Mandarin
508:
507:
378:Small seal script
242:
241:
234:
224:
223:
216:
181:original research
162:
161:
154:
136:
59:
12970:
12937:
12936:
12909:Taiwanese Hangul
12798:Mainland Chinese
12711:
12710:
12702:
12701:
12627:
12626:
12304:Standard Chinese
12287:
12055:
12054:
11774:
11773:
11667:
11666:
11658:
11657:
11540:
11528:
11516:
11504:
11492:
11291:
11290:
10963:
10962:
10954:
10953:
10930:Chinese language
10923:
10916:
10909:
10900:
10899:
10885:
10878:
10876:Braille literacy
10871:
10853:
10846:
10839:
10832:
10825:
10804:
10797:
10790:
10783:
10776:
10769:
10762:
10744:
10737:
10730:
10723:
10716:
10709:
10702:
10695:
10677:
10670:
10668:Slate and stylus
10663:
10656:
10654:Perkins Brailler
10649:
10642:
10635:
10628:
10621:
10614:
10612:Braille embosser
10607:
10587:
10580:
10573:
10565:
10558:
10551:
10529:
10521:
10514:
10496:
10489:
10480:
10473:
10466:
10459:
10452:
10436:
10433:American Braille
10417:
10414:Algerian Braille
10394:
10387:
10379:
10372:
10364:
10357:
10350:
10343:
10335:
10328:
10321:
10303:
10295:
10288:
10281:
10274:
10267:
10260:
10253:
10246:
10239:
10232:
10209:
10201:
10194:
10170:
10163:
10156:
10149:
10142:
10135:
10128:
10121:
10095:
10090:
10085:
10078:
10073:
10068:
10063:
10056:
10049:
10042:
10029:
10028:
10024:
10017:
10010:
10003:
9996:
9989:
9981:
9974:
9967:
9960:
9953:
9946:
9939:
9932:
9925:
9918:
9911:
9904:
9897:
9889:
9882:
9875:
9868:
9861:
9854:
9847:
9840:
9833:
9826:
9819:
9812:
9805:
9798:
9786:
9779:
9772:
9764:
9757:
9750:
9743:
9728:
9727:
9716:
9709:
9702:
9695:
9678:
9667:
9660:
9653:
9644:
9643:
9434:
9433:
9389:
9388:
9295:
9294:
9287:Semi-syllabaries
9282:
9281:
8983:
8982:
8974:
8973:
8961:
8960:
8846:
8845:
8201:
8200:
8188:
8187:
8090:Japanese Braille
7675:Zanabazar square
7544:Nepalese scripts
7434:Bengali–Assamese
7424:
7423:
7415:
7414:
7402:
7401:
7319:Pitman shorthand
7164:
7163:
7160:
7159:
7147:
7146:
7079:
7078:
7060:
7053:
7046:
7037:
7036:
7006:
6987:
6959:
6934:
6907:
6888:
6866:
6847:
6825:
6813:
6802:
6800:
6799:
6793:
6776:
6755:
6754:
6752:
6751:
6733:
6727:
6716:
6710:
6709:
6698:
6692:
6691:
6689:
6688:
6679:. Archived from
6668:
6662:
6661:
6659:
6658:
6639:争鸣:繁体字教育进校园有必要吗?
6634:
6628:
6627:
6610:
6604:
6603:
6582:
6576:
6575:
6550:
6544:
6543:
6529:
6523:
6517:
6511:
6510:
6496:
6490:
6489:
6487:
6485:
6468:
6462:
6456:
6450:
6449:
6447:
6446:
6420:
6414:
6404:
6398:
6392:
6386:
6380:
6374:
6368:
6362:
6356:
6350:
6344:
6338:
6332:
6326:
6325:
6307:
6301:
6291:
6285:
6284:
6269:
6263:
6257:
6251:
6245:
6239:
6233:
6227:
6226:
6224:
6223:
6206:
6200:
6199:
6172:
6166:
6165:
6156:
6150:
6149:
6147:
6146:
6137:. Archived from
6126:
6117:
6115:
6114:
6110:Syndicated from
6109:
6107:
6106:
6082:
6076:
6075:
6073:
6072:
6048:
6039:
6038:
6036:
6035:
6014:
6008:
6007:
6005:
6004:
5991:
5989:
5988:
5975:
5974:
5969:
5963:
5962:
5949:
5928:
5924:
5915:
5913:
5902:
5853:
5848:
5847:
5846:
5839:
5834:
5833:
5794:
5641:
5634:
5630:
5627:
5621:
5590:
5582:
5501:
5497:
5421:
5401:
5400:
5395:
5394:
5389:
5388:
5383:
5382:
5377:
5376:
5371:
5370:
5365:
5364:
5359:
5358:
5353:
5352:
5347:
5346:
5341:
5340:
5335:
5334:
5329:
5328:
5323:
5322:
5317:
5316:
5311:
5310:
5305:
5304:
5299:
5298:
5293:
5292:
5287:
5286:
5281:
5280:
5275:
5274:
5269:
5268:
5263:
5262:
5257:
5256:
5251:
5250:
5245:
5244:
5239:
5238:
5233:
5232:
5227:
5226:
5221:
5220:
5215:
5214:
5209:
5208:
5203:
5202:
5197:
5196:
5191:
5190:
5185:
5184:
5179:
5178:
5165:
5164:
5159:
5158:
5153:
5152:
5147:
5146:
5137:
5136:
5131:
5130:
5121:
5120:
5115:
5114:
5109:
5108:
5103:
5102:
5093:
5092:
5087:
5086:
5081:
5080:
5071:
5070:
5065:
5064:
5059:
5058:
5053:
5052:
5038:
5037:
5032:
5031:
5026:
5025:
5020:
5019:
5010:
5009:
5004:
5003:
4994:
4993:
4988:
4987:
4982:
4981:
4976:
4975:
4966:
4965:
4960:
4959:
4927:
4926:
4921:
4920:
4912:
4911:
4906:
4905:
4900:
4896:
4892:
4891:
4886:
4882:
4878:
4877:
4872:
4871:
4863:
4862:
4857:
4856:
4851:
4850:
4845:
4844:
4839:
4838:
4833:
4832:
4827:
4826:
4821:
4820:
4815:
4814:
4809:
4808:
4803:
4802:
4797:
4796:
4791:
4790:
4785:
4784:
4779:
4778:
4773:
4772:
4767:
4766:
4761:
4760:
4746:
4745:
4740:
4739:
4734:
4733:
4728:
4727:
4722:
4721:
4716:
4715:
4710:
4709:
4704:
4703:
4689:
4688:
4683:
4682:
4677:
4676:
4671:
4670:
4665:
4664:
4659:
4658:
4644:
4643:
4638:
4637:
4632:
4631:
4626:
4625:
4620:
4619:
4614:
4613:
4608:
4607:
4602:
4601:
4596:
4595:
4590:
4589:
4584:
4583:
4578:
4577:
4554:
4553:
4548:
4547:
4542:
4541:
4536:
4535:
4530:
4529:
4524:
4523:
4518:
4517:
4512:
4511:
4505:
4504:
4499:
4498:
4493:
4492:
4487:
4486:
4481:
4480:
4475:
4474:
4469:
4468:
4463:
4462:
4457:
4456:
4451:
4450:
4444:
4443:
4438:
4437:
4432:
4431:
4426:
4425:
4420:
4419:
4414:
4413:
4408:
4407:
4402:
4401:
4395:
4394:
4389:
4388:
4383:
4382:
4377:
4376:
4371:
4370:
4365:
4364:
4359:
4358:
4353:
4352:
4347:
4346:
4341:
4340:
4334:
4333:
4328:
4327:
4322:
4321:
4316:
4315:
4310:
4309:
4304:
4303:
4298:
4297:
4292:
4291:
4285:
4284:
4279:
4278:
4273:
4272:
4267:
4266:
4261:
4260:
4255:
4254:
4249:
4243:
4242:
4237:
4236:
4221:
4220:
4219:
4213:
4212:
4207:
4206:
4201:
4200:
4195:
4194:
4189:
4188:
4187:
4181:
4180:
4175:
4174:
4169:
4168:
4163:
4162:
4157:
4156:
4151:
4150:
4142:
4141:
4136:
4135:
4130:
4129:
4124:
4123:
4110:
4109:
4104:
4103:
4098:
4097:
4092:
4091:
4086:
4085:
4080:
4079:
4074:
4068:
4067:
4063:, simplified to
4062:
4061:
4050:
4049:
4044:
4043:
4038:
4037:
4032:
4031:
4026:
4025:
4020:
4019:
4014:
4013:
4008:
4007:
3995:Each of the 132
3991:
3990:
3985:
3984:
3979:
3978:
3952:
3951:
3946:
3945:
3940:
3939:
3934:
3933:
3928:
3927:
3922:
3921:
3916:
3915:
3910:
3909:
3895:
3894:
3889:
3888:
3883:
3882:
3877:
3876:
3871:
3870:
3865:
3864:
3850:
3849:
3844:
3843:
3838:
3837:
3832:
3831:
3826:
3825:
3820:
3819:
3814:
3813:
3808:
3807:
3802:
3801:
3796:
3795:
3781:
3780:
3775:
3774:
3769:
3768:
3763:
3762:
3757:
3756:
3751:
3750:
3745:
3744:
3739:
3738:
3733:
3732:
3727:
3726:
3721:
3720:
3715:
3714:
3709:
3708:
3703:
3702:
3697:
3696:
3691:
3690:
3685:
3684:
3679:
3678:
3664:
3663:
3658:
3657:
3652:
3651:
3646:
3645:
3640:
3639:
3634:
3633:
3628:
3627:
3622:
3621:
3616:
3615:
3610:
3609:
3604:
3603:
3598:
3597:
3584:
3583:
3578:
3577:
3572:
3571:
3566:
3565:
3560:
3559:
3554:
3553:
3548:
3547:
3542:
3541:
3536:
3535:
3530:
3529:
3516:
3515:
3510:
3509:
3504:
3503:
3498:
3497:
3492:
3491:
3486:
3485:
3480:
3479:
3474:
3473:
3459:
3458:
3453:
3452:
3447:
3446:
3441:
3440:
3435:
3434:
3429:
3428:
3423:
3422:
3417:
3416:
3402:
3401:
3396:
3395:
3390:
3389:
3384:
3383:
3378:
3377:
3372:
3371:
3366:
3365:
3360:
3359:
3354:
3353:
3348:
3347:
3330:
3329:
3324:
3323:
3318:
3317:
3312:
3311:
3306:
3305:
3300:
3299:
3294:
3293:
3288:
3287:
3282:
3281:
3276:
3275:
3270:
3269:
3264:
3263:
3250:
3249:
3244:
3243:
3238:
3237:
3232:
3231:
3226:
3225:
3220:
3219:
3214:
3213:
3208:
3207:
3202:
3201:
3196:
3195:
3181:
3180:
3175:
3174:
3169:
3168:
3163:
3162:
3157:
3156:
3151:
3150:
3145:
3144:
3139:
3138:
3133:
3132:
3127:
3126:
3121:
3120:
3115:
3114:
3109:
3108:
3103:
3102:
3097:
3096:
3091:
3090:
3085:
3084:
3079:
3078:
3073:
3072:
3067:
3066:
3052:
3051:
3046:
3045:
3040:
3039:
3034:
3033:
3028:
3027:
3022:
3021:
3016:
3015:
3010:
3009:
3004:
3003:
2998:
2997:
2992:
2991:
2986:
2985:
2980:
2979:
2974:
2973:
2965:
2964:
2959:
2958:
2947:
2946:
2941:
2940:
2935:
2934:
2929:
2928:
2923:
2922:
2917:
2916:
2911:
2910:
2905:
2904:
2899:
2898:
2893:
2892:
2887:
2886:
2881:
2880:
2875:
2874:
2869:
2868:
2863:
2862:
2857:
2856:
2851:
2850:
2845:
2844:
2839:
2838:
2833:
2832:
2827:
2826:
2821:
2820:
2815:
2814:
2809:
2808:
2803:
2802:
2797:
2796:
2791:
2790:
2785:
2784:
2779:
2778:
2773:
2772:
2764:
2763:
2752:
2751:
2746:
2745:
2740:
2739:
2734:
2733:
2728:
2727:
2722:
2721:
2716:
2715:
2710:
2709:
2682:
2664:
2661:list containing
2639:
2634:
2613:
2584:, hereafter the
2566:
2559:
2555:
2552:
2546:
2527:
2526:
2519:
2486:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2454:
2443:
2442:
2437:
2436:
2431:
2430:
2425:
2424:
2419:
2418:
2374:
2332:
2275:
2268:
2261:
2154:A Madman's Diary
2108:New Confucianism
2103:Creation Society
1969:Social Darwinism
1954:
1839:
1838:
1811:
1808:
1790:
1788:
1770:
1769:
1764:
1763:
1758:
1756:
1755:
1749:
1748:
1743:
1742:
1737:
1736:
1731:
1730:
1713:
1711:
1699:
1697:
1696:
1690:
1688:
1687:
1681:
1679:
1678:
1672:
1671:
1666:
1665:
1640:
1635:
1631:
1622:
1617:
1585:
1584:
1583:
1582:
1580:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1542:
1535:
1528:
1261:(PRC, 2013)
1227:Digital encoding
1146:Modern typefaces
1029:
1016:
1002:
1001:
999:on 5 June 2013.
971:
970:
965:
957:
953:
952:
947:
939:
895:Chinese language
872:
871:
870:
855:
854:
841:
840:
820:
819:
818:
803:
802:
789:
788:
787:
773:
772:
759:
758:
735:
734:
729:
728:
715:
714:
692:
691:
690:
675:
674:
661:
660:
640:
639:
638:
623:
622:
609:
608:
607:
593:
592:
579:
578:
555:
554:
549:
548:
533:
532:
510:
509:
504:
498:
494:
469:
466:
257:
244:
243:
237:
230:
219:
212:
208:
205:
199:
196:inline citations
172:
171:
164:
157:
150:
146:
143:
137:
135:
94:
70:
62:
51:
29:
28:
21:
12978:
12977:
12973:
12972:
12971:
12969:
12968:
12967:
12948:
12947:
12946:
12941:
12923:
12860:Tongyong Pinyin
12840:Gwoyeu Romatzyh
12828:Dungan Cyrillic
12811:
12780:
12750:
12691:
12682:Written Hokkien
12663:
12622:
12616:
12592:Middle Mandarin
12558:
12478:
12453:
12415:
12362:
12295:
12288:
12275:
12224:
12172:
12131:
12108:
12044:
11978:
11897:
11876:
11858:
11835:
11759:
11726:
11703:
11647:
11583:
11543:
11534:
11522:
11510:
11498:
11486:
11466:
11448:
11420:
11402:
11376:
11353:
11280:
11253:
11227:
11204:
11128:
11068:
11040:
11017:
10994:
10943:
10932:
10927:
10897:
10888:
10881:
10874:
10867:
10856:
10849:
10842:
10835:
10828:
10821:
10807:
10800:
10793:
10786:
10779:
10772:
10765:
10758:
10747:
10740:
10733:
10726:
10719:
10712:
10705:
10700:Charles Barbier
10698:
10691:
10680:
10673:
10666:
10659:
10652:
10645:
10638:
10631:
10624:
10617:
10610:
10603:
10590:
10583:
10576:
10568:
10561:
10554:
10547:
10532:
10524:
10517:
10510:
10499:
10492:
10485:
10476:
10469:
10462:
10455:
10450:
10439:
10431:
10425:Frequency-based
10420:
10412:
10397:
10390:
10382:
10375:
10367:
10360:
10353:
10346:
10338:
10331:
10324:
10317:
10306:
10298:
10291:
10284:
10277:
10270:
10263:
10256:
10249:
10242:
10235:
10228:
10221:Bharati Braille
10218:
10212:
10204:
10197:
10190:
10179:
10173:
10166:
10159:
10152:
10145:
10138:
10131:
10124:
10117:
10106:
10100:
10093:
10088:
10081:
10076:
10071:
10066:
10059:
10052:
10045:
10038:
10027:
10020:
10013:
10006:
9999:
9992:
9984:
9977:
9970:
9963:
9956:
9949:
9942:
9935:
9928:
9921:
9914:
9907:
9900:
9892:
9885:
9878:
9871:
9864:
9857:
9850:
9843:
9836:
9829:
9822:
9815:
9808:
9801:
9795:Unified English
9789:
9782:
9775:
9767:
9760:
9753:
9746:
9739:
9724:Braille scripts
9719:
9712:
9705:
9698:
9691:
9680:
9676:
9671:
9626:
9441:
9424:
9420:Stokoe notation
9396:
9375:
9334:
9289:
9268:
9252:
9216:
9195:Logoconsonantal
9190:
9139:
9092:
9061:
8968:
8951:
8932:Siglas poveiras
8853:
8832:
8791:
8695:Younger Futhark
8399:Gregg shorthand
8195:
8174:
8027:
7679:
7409:
7392:
7171:
7154:
7137:
7110:Writing systems
7098:
7073:
7071:writing systems
7064:
7013:
7003:
6984:
6967:
6965:Further reading
6962:
6956:
6947:
6931:
6904:
6885:
6875:Chinese Writing
6863:
6851:Li, Yu (2020).
6844:
6830:DeFrancis, John
6822:
6797:
6795:
6791:
6785:
6774:
6763:
6758:
6749:
6747:
6744:Financial Times
6740:
6734:
6730:
6717:
6713:
6700:
6699:
6695:
6686:
6684:
6677:The Japan Times
6669:
6665:
6656:
6654:
6648:
6640:
6636:
6635:
6631:
6616:
6612:
6611:
6607:
6597:
6583:
6579:
6569:
6561:. p. 105.
6551:
6547:
6536:
6530:
6526:
6518:
6514:
6503:
6497:
6493:
6483:
6481:
6474:
6470:
6469:
6465:
6457:
6453:
6444:
6442:
6436:
6426:
6422:
6421:
6417:
6405:
6401:
6393:
6389:
6381:
6377:
6369:
6365:
6357:
6353:
6345:
6341:
6333:
6329:
6322:
6308:
6304:
6292:
6288:
6270:
6266:
6258:
6254:
6246:
6242:
6234:
6230:
6221:
6219:
6212:
6208:
6207:
6203:
6196:
6182:
6177:
6174:
6173:
6169:
6162:
6158:
6157:
6153:
6144:
6142:
6127:
6120:
6104:
6102:
6096:
6088:
6084:
6083:
6079:
6070:
6068:
6062:
6054:
6050:
6049:
6042:
6033:
6031:
6020:
6016:
6015:
6011:
6002:
6000:
5998:www.unicode.org
5992:
5986:
5984:
5982:www.unicode.org
5976:
5970:
5966:
5955:
5951:
5950:
5946:
5942:
5937:
5932:
5931:
5925:
5918:
5903:
5899:
5894:
5849:
5844:
5842:
5837:Language portal
5835:
5828:
5825:
5816:Financial Times
5807:
5801:
5782:
5766:Han unification
5731:
5696:
5675:
5659:
5642:
5631:
5625:
5622:
5607:
5591:
5580:
5574:
5561:
5552:
5540:
5529:
5508:
5491:
5478:
5443:As part of the
5437:
5412:
5172:
5170:Inconsistencies
4940:
4934:
4898:
4884:
4561:
3959:
2691:
2680:
2662:
2651:
2637:
2628:
2622:
2611:
2606:Chart 3 of the
2603:
2576:
2567:
2556:
2550:
2547:
2541:Please help by
2540:
2528:
2524:
2517:
2494:
2484:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2452:
2405:
2392:
2386:
2368:
2351:
2279:
2250:
2249:
2175:
2167:
2166:
2134:
2126:
2125:
2112:Research Clique
2083:
2075:
2074:
2034:Democratization
2012:
2004:
2003:
1940:
1932:
1931:
1862:1911 Revolution
1857:
1849:
1837:
1823:clerical script
1809:
1797:big seal script
1785:
1751:
1708:
1692:
1683:
1674:
1604:
1598:
1593:
1578:
1575:
1574:
1555:
1546:
1506:
1505:
1497:
1484:
1461:
1427:
1426:Derived systems
1419:
1418:
1409:
1399:
1398:
1388:
1378:
1369:
1358:
1357:
1340:
1312:
1304:
1303:
1291:
1272:
1253:
1240:
1232:
1231:
1179:
1175:Properties and
1168:
1167:
1142:
1114:
1089:
1076:
1065:
1036:Written Chinese
1032:
1023:
959:
941:
795:Tongyong Pinyin
785:
615:Tongyong Pinyin
605:
475:
467:
464:
449:
408:
401:
383:Clerical script
368:
361:Related scripts
337:Official script
314:
307:
306:
269:
248:
238:
227:
226:
225:
220:
209:
203:
200:
185:
173:
169:
158:
147:
141:
138:
95:
93:
83:
71:
30:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
12976:
12966:
12965:
12960:
12943:
12942:
12932:
12929:
12928:
12925:
12924:
12922:
12921:
12916:
12911:
12906:
12904:Taiwanese kana
12901:
12900:
12899:
12894:
12884:
12883:
12882:
12877:
12875:Lessing-Othmer
12872:
12867:
12862:
12857:
12852:
12847:
12842:
12832:
12831:
12830:
12819:
12817:
12813:
12812:
12810:
12805:
12800:
12795:
12790:
12788:
12782:
12781:
12779:
12778:
12773:
12772:
12771:
12766:
12755:
12752:
12751:
12749:
12744:
12739:
12734:
12729:
12724:
12719:
12717:
12708:
12699:
12693:
12692:
12690:
12689:
12684:
12679:
12677:Written Dungan
12674:
12668:
12665:
12664:
12662:
12661:
12656:
12655:
12654:
12649:
12644:
12633:
12631:
12624:
12618:
12617:
12615:
12614:
12609:
12604:
12599:
12594:
12589:
12584:
12582:Middle Chinese
12579:
12574:
12568:
12566:
12560:
12559:
12557:
12556:
12551:
12549:Wubi (Wang Ma)
12546:
12541:
12540:
12539:
12534:
12529:
12519:
12514:
12509:
12508:
12507:
12497:
12494:
12488:
12486:
12480:
12479:
12477:
12476:
12469:
12461:
12459:
12455:
12454:
12452:
12451:
12446:
12441:
12436:
12431:
12425:
12423:
12417:
12416:
12414:
12413:
12408:
12403:
12398:
12393:
12388:
12383:
12382:
12381:
12370:
12368:
12364:
12363:
12361:
12360:
12355:
12350:
12345:
12344:
12343:
12342:
12341:
12336:
12326:
12321:
12316:
12311:
12300:
12298:
12290:
12289:
12282:
12280:
12277:
12276:
12274:
12273:
12268:
12266:Xiangnan Tuhua
12263:
12258:
12253:
12251:Shaozhou Tuhua
12248:
12243:
12238:
12232:
12230:
12226:
12225:
12223:
12222:
12221:
12220:
12215:
12210:
12202:
12201:
12200:
12195:
12186:
12184:
12178:
12177:
12174:
12173:
12171:
12170:
12165:
12160:
12155:
12150:
12145:
12139:
12137:
12133:
12132:
12130:
12129:
12124:
12118:
12116:
12110:
12109:
12107:
12106:
12101:
12096:
12091:
12086:
12081:
12080:
12079:
12074:
12063:
12061:
12052:
12046:
12045:
12043:
12042:
12041:
12040:
12035:
12030:
12020:
12019:
12018:
12008:
12003:
11998:
11992:
11990:
11984:
11983:
11980:
11979:
11977:
11976:
11975:
11974:
11969:
11964:
11954:
11953:
11952:
11942:
11937:
11932:
11927:
11926:
11925:
11920:
11909:
11907:
11903:
11902:
11899:
11898:
11896:
11895:
11890:
11884:
11882:
11878:
11877:
11875:
11874:
11868:
11866:
11860:
11859:
11857:
11856:
11851:
11845:
11843:
11837:
11836:
11834:
11833:
11828:
11823:
11818:
11813:
11808:
11803:
11798:
11793:
11788:
11782:
11780:
11771:
11765:
11764:
11761:
11760:
11758:
11757:
11756:
11755:
11750:
11740:
11734:
11732:
11728:
11727:
11725:
11724:
11719:
11713:
11711:
11705:
11704:
11702:
11701:
11696:
11691:
11686:
11681:
11675:
11673:
11664:
11655:
11649:
11648:
11646:
11645:
11644:
11643:
11633:
11628:
11627:
11626:
11621:
11616:
11606:
11605:
11604:
11593:
11591:
11585:
11584:
11582:
11581:
11576:
11571:
11566:
11565:
11564:
11553:
11551:
11545:
11544:
11542:
11541:
11529:
11517:
11505:
11493:
11480:
11478:
11472:
11471:
11468:
11467:
11465:
11464:
11458:
11456:
11450:
11449:
11447:
11446:
11441:
11436:
11430:
11428:
11422:
11421:
11419:
11418:
11412:
11410:
11404:
11403:
11401:
11400:
11395:
11390:
11384:
11382:
11378:
11377:
11375:
11374:
11369:
11363:
11361:
11355:
11354:
11352:
11351:
11346:
11341:
11336:
11331:
11326:
11320:
11315:
11310:
11305:
11299:
11297:
11288:
11282:
11281:
11279:
11278:
11273:
11267:
11265:
11259:
11258:
11255:
11254:
11252:
11251:
11246:
11241:
11235:
11233:
11229:
11228:
11226:
11225:
11220:
11214:
11212:
11206:
11205:
11203:
11202:
11201:
11200:
11190:
11185:
11180:
11175:
11174:
11173:
11172:
11171:
11164:Renshou–Fushun
11161:
11160:
11159:
11149:
11138:
11136:
11130:
11129:
11127:
11126:
11121:
11116:
11111:
11106:
11101:
11100:
11099:
11089:
11084:
11078:
11076:
11074:Central Plains
11070:
11069:
11067:
11066:
11061:
11056:
11050:
11048:
11042:
11041:
11039:
11038:
11033:
11027:
11025:
11019:
11018:
11016:
11015:
11010:
11004:
11002:
10996:
10995:
10993:
10992:
10987:
10982:
10977:
10971:
10969:
10960:
10951:
10945:
10944:
10937:
10934:
10933:
10926:
10925:
10918:
10911:
10903:
10894:
10893:
10890:
10889:
10887:
10886:
10879:
10872:
10864:
10862:
10861:Related topics
10858:
10857:
10855:
10854:
10847:
10840:
10837:New York Point
10833:
10826:
10818:
10816:
10809:
10808:
10806:
10805:
10798:
10791:
10784:
10777:
10770:
10763:
10755:
10753:
10749:
10748:
10746:
10745:
10738:
10731:
10724:
10721:Harris Mowbray
10717:
10710:
10703:
10696:
10688:
10686:
10682:
10681:
10679:
10678:
10671:
10664:
10657:
10650:
10643:
10636:
10629:
10622:
10615:
10608:
10605:Braille e-book
10600:
10598:
10592:
10591:
10589:
10588:
10581:
10574:
10566:
10559:
10552:
10544:
10542:
10538:
10537:
10534:
10533:
10531:
10530:
10522:
10515:
10507:
10505:
10501:
10500:
10498:
10497:
10490:
10483:
10482:
10481:
10474:
10467:
10460:
10447:
10445:
10441:
10440:
10438:
10437:
10428:
10426:
10422:
10421:
10419:
10418:
10409:
10407:
10403:
10402:
10399:
10398:
10396:
10395:
10388:
10380:
10373:
10365:
10358:
10351:
10344:
10336:
10329:
10322:
10314:
10312:
10308:
10307:
10305:
10304:
10296:
10289:
10282:
10275:
10268:
10261:
10254:
10247:
10240:
10233:
10225:
10223:
10214:
10213:
10211:
10210:
10202:
10195:
10187:
10185:
10175:
10174:
10172:
10171:
10164:
10157:
10150:
10143:
10136:
10129:
10122:
10114:
10112:
10102:
10101:
10099:
10098:
10097:
10096:
10091:
10086:
10079:
10074:
10069:
10057:
10050:
10043:
10035:
10033:
10026:
10025:
10018:
10011:
10004:
9997:
9990:
9982:
9975:
9968:
9961:
9954:
9947:
9940:
9933:
9926:
9919:
9912:
9905:
9898:
9890:
9883:
9876:
9869:
9862:
9855:
9848:
9841:
9834:
9827:
9820:
9813:
9806:
9799:
9787:
9780:
9773:
9765:
9758:
9751:
9744:
9736:
9734:
9732:French-ordered
9725:
9721:
9720:
9718:
9717:
9710:
9703:
9696:
9688:
9686:
9682:
9681:
9670:
9669:
9662:
9655:
9647:
9640:
9639:
9636:
9635:
9632:
9631:
9628:
9627:
9625:
9624:
9619:
9614:
9609:
9604:
9599:
9594:
9589:
9584:
9579:
9574:
9572:Linear Elamite
9569:
9564:
9559:
9554:
9553:
9552:
9547:
9542:
9537:
9532:
9527:
9517:
9512:
9507:
9502:
9497:
9492:
9487:
9482:
9477:
9472:
9467:
9462:
9457:
9452:
9446:
9443:
9442:
9430:
9429:
9426:
9425:
9423:
9422:
9417:
9412:
9407:
9401:
9398:
9397:
9394:Sign languages
9385:
9384:
9381:
9380:
9377:
9376:
9374:
9373:
9371:Quốc Âm Tân Tự
9368:
9363:
9358:
9353:
9348:
9346:Espanca script
9342:
9340:
9336:
9335:
9333:
9332:
9327:
9322:
9317:
9312:
9307:
9305:Linear Elamite
9301:
9299:
9291:
9290:
9278:
9277:
9274:
9273:
9270:
9269:
9267:
9266:
9260:
9258:
9254:
9253:
9251:
9250:
9245:
9240:
9235:
9230:
9224:
9222:
9218:
9217:
9215:
9214:
9209:
9204:
9198:
9196:
9192:
9191:
9189:
9188:
9186:Yi (Classical)
9183:
9178:
9173:
9168:
9163:
9158:
9153:
9147:
9145:
9141:
9140:
9138:
9137:
9132:
9127:
9122:
9117:
9112:
9106:
9104:
9098:
9097:
9094:
9093:
9091:
9090:
9085:
9080:
9075:
9069:
9067:
9063:
9062:
9060:
9059:
9054:
9049:
9044:
9039:
9034:
9033:
9032:
9027:
9022:
9012:
9010:Bronze scripts
9007:
9002:
8997:
8991:
8989:
8980:
8970:
8969:
8957:
8956:
8953:
8952:
8950:
8949:
8944:
8939:
8934:
8929:
8924:
8919:
8914:
8909:
8904:
8899:
8894:
8889:
8884:
8879:
8874:
8869:
8864:
8858:
8855:
8854:
8842:
8841:
8838:
8837:
8834:
8833:
8831:
8830:
8825:
8823:Flag semaphore
8820:
8818:New York Point
8815:
8813:Telegraph code
8810:
8808:Maritime flags
8805:
8799:
8797:
8793:
8792:
8790:
8789:
8784:
8779:
8774:
8769:
8764:
8762:Visible Speech
8759:
8754:
8749:
8744:
8739:
8734:
8732:Sorang Sompeng
8729:
8724:
8719:
8718:
8717:
8712:
8707:
8702:
8697:
8692:
8687:
8682:
8677:
8667:
8662:
8657:
8652:
8647:
8642:
8637:
8636:
8635:
8634:
8633:
8628:
8623:
8618:
8616:Galik alphabet
8613:
8598:
8593:
8588:
8583:
8578:
8573:
8568:
8563:
8558:
8553:
8548:
8543:
8538:
8533:
8528:
8523:
8522:
8521:
8516:
8514:Tironian notes
8511:
8506:
8501:
8496:
8491:
8486:
8481:
8476:
8471:
8466:
8461:
8456:
8446:
8441:
8436:
8431:
8426:
8421:
8416:
8411:
8401:
8396:
8391:
8386:
8381:
8380:
8379:
8374:
8369:
8359:
8357:Garay alphabet
8354:
8349:
8344:
8339:
8334:
8329:
8324:
8319:
8314:
8309:
8308:
8307:
8297:
8292:
8291:
8290:
8285:
8275:
8270:
8265:
8260:
8255:
8250:
8245:
8240:
8235:
8234:
8233:
8223:
8218:
8213:
8207:
8205:
8197:
8196:
8184:
8183:
8180:
8179:
8176:
8175:
8173:
8172:
8167:
8162:
8157:
8152:
8147:
8142:
8140:Sorang Sompeng
8137:
8132:
8127:
8122:
8117:
8112:
8107:
8102:
8097:
8092:
8087:
8082:
8077:
8072:
8067:
8066:
8065:
8063:Déné syllabics
8060:
8050:
8045:
8039:
8037:
8033:
8032:
8029:
8028:
8026:
8025:
8024:
8023:
8018:
8008:
8007:
8006:
8001:
7996:
7991:
7986:
7981:
7976:
7966:
7961:
7956:
7951:
7946:
7941:
7936:
7931:
7926:
7921:
7916:
7911:
7906:
7901:
7900:
7899:
7889:
7884:
7879:
7874:
7869:
7864:
7859:
7854:
7853:
7852:
7847:
7837:
7832:
7827:
7826:
7825:
7815:
7810:
7805:
7800:
7795:
7790:
7789:
7788:
7778:
7773:
7768:
7763:
7758:
7753:
7748:
7743:
7738:
7733:
7728:
7723:
7718:
7713:
7708:
7703:
7698:
7693:
7687:
7685:
7681:
7680:
7678:
7677:
7672:
7667:
7666:
7665:
7660:
7650:
7645:
7640:
7635:
7630:
7625:
7620:
7619:
7618:
7608:
7607:
7606:
7601:
7596:
7591:
7586:
7581:
7576:
7571:
7566:
7561:
7556:
7551:
7541:
7536:
7531:
7526:
7521:
7516:
7511:
7506:
7501:
7496:
7491:
7486:
7481:
7476:
7471:
7466:
7461:
7456:
7451:
7446:
7441:
7436:
7430:
7428:
7421:
7411:
7410:
7398:
7397:
7394:
7393:
7391:
7390:
7385:
7380:
7379:
7378:
7373:
7368:
7358:
7353:
7352:
7351:
7346:
7336:
7331:
7326:
7324:Proto-Sinaitic
7321:
7316:
7315:
7314:
7304:
7299:
7298:
7297:
7292:
7287:
7282:
7272:
7267:
7262:
7257:
7252:
7247:
7246:
7245:
7240:
7235:
7230:
7220:
7215:
7210:
7209:
7208:
7198:
7197:
7196:
7185:
7184:
7176:
7173:
7172:
7156:
7155:
7143:
7142:
7139:
7138:
7136:
7135:
7129:
7128:
7127:
7122:
7117:
7106:
7104:
7100:
7099:
7097:
7096:
7091:
7085:
7083:
7075:
7074:
7063:
7062:
7055:
7048:
7040:
7034:
7033:
7028:
7023:
7012:
7011:External links
7009:
7008:
7007:
7001:
6988:
6982:
6966:
6963:
6961:
6960:
6954:
6935:
6929:
6908:
6902:
6889:
6883:
6867:
6861:
6848:
6842:
6826:
6820:
6803:
6783:
6764:
6762:
6759:
6757:
6756:
6728:
6711:
6693:
6663:
6629:
6626:on 2005-01-23.
6605:
6595:
6577:
6567:
6545:
6524:
6522:, p. 118.
6512:
6502:新加坡与中国调整简体字的评骘
6491:
6463:
6451:
6415:
6413:, p. 136.
6409:, p. 79;
6399:
6387:
6375:
6363:
6361:, pp. 32.
6351:
6339:
6327:
6320:
6302:
6286:
6273:Chao, Yuen Ren
6264:
6252:
6240:
6228:
6201:
6194:
6167:
6151:
6118:
6077:
6040:
6009:
5964:
5943:
5941:
5938:
5936:
5933:
5930:
5929:
5916:
5896:
5895:
5893:
5890:
5889:
5888:
5883:
5878:
5871:
5866:
5861:
5855:
5854:
5840:
5824:
5821:
5800:
5797:
5781:
5780:Internet usage
5778:
5730:
5727:
5695:
5694:Southeast Asia
5692:
5674:
5671:
5658:
5655:
5644:
5643:
5594:
5592:
5585:
5573:
5570:
5560:
5557:
5551:
5548:
5539:
5538:Mainland China
5536:
5528:
5525:
5513:hawker centres
5507:
5506:Southeast Asia
5504:
5490:
5487:
5477:
5474:
5456:People's Daily
5451:People's Daily
5436:
5435:Mainland China
5433:
5411:
5408:
5171:
5168:
5167:
5166:
5123:
5122:
5073:
5072:
5040:
5039:
4996:
4995:
4936:Main article:
4933:
4930:
4865:
4864:
4748:
4747:
4691:
4690:
4646:
4645:
4560:
4557:
4556:
4555:
4506:
4445:
4396:
4335:
4286:
4224:
4223:
4214:in Chart 2 as
4182:in Chart 2 to
4144:
4113:
4112:
4111:
4051:
3980:, not only is
3958:
3955:
3954:
3953:
3897:
3896:
3852:
3851:
3783:
3782:
3666:
3665:
3586:
3585:
3518:
3517:
3461:
3460:
3404:
3403:
3332:
3331:
3252:
3251:
3183:
3182:
3054:
3053:
2949:
2948:
2754:
2753:
2690:
2687:
2686:
2685:
2667:vulgar variant
2650:
2647:
2646:
2645:
2621:
2618:
2617:
2616:
2602:
2599:
2598:
2597:
2593:
2575:
2572:
2569:
2568:
2531:
2529:
2522:
2516:
2513:
2493:
2490:
2404:
2401:
2388:Main article:
2385:
2382:
2350:
2347:
2281:
2280:
2278:
2277:
2270:
2263:
2255:
2252:
2251:
2248:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2176:
2174:Notable people
2173:
2172:
2169:
2168:
2165:
2164:
2157:
2150:
2143:
2135:
2132:
2131:
2128:
2127:
2124:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2093:Xueheng School
2090:
2084:
2081:
2080:
2077:
2076:
2073:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2059:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2030:
2029:
2024:
2017:Westernization
2013:
2010:
2009:
2006:
2005:
2002:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1960:
1959:
1947:
1941:
1938:
1937:
1934:
1933:
1930:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1896:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1858:
1855:
1854:
1851:
1850:
1846:
1845:
1836:
1833:
1765:. Ultimately,
1703:on the right.
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1554:
1551:
1548:
1547:
1545:
1544:
1537:
1530:
1522:
1519:
1518:
1517:
1516:
1508:
1507:
1504:
1503:
1496:
1495:
1490:
1483:
1482:
1481:
1480:
1475:
1467:
1465:Jurchen script
1460:
1459:
1458:
1457:
1450:
1443:
1428:
1425:
1424:
1421:
1420:
1417:
1416:
1410:
1405:
1404:
1401:
1400:
1397:
1396:
1387:
1386:
1377:
1376:
1370:
1364:
1363:
1360:
1359:
1356:
1355:
1354:
1353:
1339:
1338:
1337:
1336:
1326:
1325:
1324:
1313:
1310:
1309:
1306:
1305:
1302:
1301:
1290:
1289:
1281:
1271:
1270:
1262:
1252:
1251:
1241:
1238:
1237:
1234:
1233:
1230:
1229:
1224:
1223:
1222:
1215:
1203:
1198:
1197:
1196:
1186:
1180:
1177:classification
1174:
1173:
1170:
1169:
1166:
1165:
1164:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1141:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1113:
1112:
1111:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1088:
1087:
1082:
1075:
1074:
1066:
1060:
1059:
1056:
1055:
1054:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1031:
1030:
1018:
1017:
1009:
1008:
907:mainland China
891:character sets
882:
881:
878:
877:
874:
873:
863:
857:
856:
853:Gaan2 tai2 zi6
849:
843:
842:
835:
829:
828:
826:Yue: Cantonese
822:
821:
811:
805:
804:
797:
791:
790:
781:
775:
774:
767:
761:
760:
753:
747:
746:
740:
739:
738:Transcriptions
731:
730:
723:
717:
716:
709:
703:
702:
698:
697:
694:
693:
683:
677:
676:
673:Gaan2 faa3 zi6
669:
663:
662:
655:
649:
648:
646:Yue: Cantonese
642:
641:
631:
625:
624:
617:
611:
610:
601:
595:
594:
587:
581:
580:
573:
567:
566:
560:
559:
558:Transcriptions
551:
550:
541:
535:
534:
525:
519:
518:
515:
514:
506:
505:
499:⟩, see
472:
471:
462:
456:
455:
451:
450:
448:
447:
442:
437:
432:
427:
422:
417:
411:
409:
407:Sister systems
406:
403:
402:
400:
399:
398:
397:
396:
395:
394:
393:
388:Regular script
371:
369:
367:Parent systems
366:
363:
362:
358:
357:
352:
348:
347:
338:
334:
333:
332:
331:
328:
323:
319:
318:
315:
312:
309:
308:
305:
304:
299:
294:
289:
284:
278:
277:
275:
271:
270:
265:
263:
259:
258:
250:
249:
240:
239:
222:
221:
176:
174:
167:
160:
159:
74:
72:
65:
60:
34:
33:
31:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
12975:
12964:
12961:
12959:
12956:
12955:
12953:
12940:
12930:
12920:
12917:
12915:
12912:
12910:
12907:
12905:
12902:
12898:
12895:
12893:
12890:
12889:
12888:
12885:
12881:
12878:
12876:
12873:
12871:
12868:
12866:
12863:
12861:
12858:
12856:
12853:
12851:
12848:
12846:
12843:
12841:
12838:
12837:
12836:
12833:
12829:
12826:
12825:
12824:
12823:Cyrillization
12821:
12820:
12818:
12814:
12809:
12806:
12804:
12801:
12799:
12796:
12794:
12791:
12789:
12787:
12783:
12777:
12774:
12770:
12767:
12765:
12762:
12761:
12760:
12757:
12756:
12748:
12745:
12743:
12740:
12738:
12735:
12733:
12730:
12728:
12725:
12723:
12720:
12718:
12716:
12715:Script styles
12712:
12709:
12707:
12703:
12700:
12698:
12694:
12688:
12685:
12683:
12680:
12678:
12675:
12673:
12670:
12669:
12660:
12657:
12653:
12650:
12648:
12645:
12643:
12640:
12639:
12638:
12635:
12634:
12632:
12628:
12625:
12619:
12613:
12610:
12608:
12605:
12603:
12600:
12598:
12595:
12593:
12590:
12588:
12585:
12583:
12580:
12578:
12575:
12573:
12570:
12569:
12567:
12565:
12561:
12555:
12552:
12550:
12547:
12545:
12542:
12538:
12535:
12533:
12530:
12528:
12525:
12524:
12523:
12520:
12518:
12515:
12513:
12510:
12506:
12503:
12502:
12501:
12498:
12495:
12493:
12490:
12489:
12487:
12485:
12481:
12475:
12474:
12470:
12468:
12467:
12463:
12462:
12460:
12456:
12450:
12447:
12445:
12442:
12440:
12437:
12435:
12432:
12430:
12427:
12426:
12424:
12422:
12418:
12412:
12409:
12407:
12404:
12402:
12399:
12397:
12394:
12392:
12389:
12387:
12384:
12380:
12377:
12376:
12375:
12372:
12371:
12369:
12365:
12359:
12356:
12354:
12351:
12349:
12346:
12340:
12337:
12335:
12332:
12331:
12330:
12327:
12325:
12322:
12320:
12317:
12315:
12312:
12310:
12307:
12306:
12305:
12302:
12301:
12299:
12297:
12291:
12286:
12272:
12269:
12267:
12264:
12262:
12259:
12257:
12254:
12252:
12249:
12247:
12244:
12242:
12239:
12237:
12234:
12233:
12231:
12227:
12219:
12216:
12214:
12211:
12209:
12206:
12205:
12203:
12199:
12196:
12194:
12191:
12190:
12188:
12187:
12185:
12183:
12179:
12169:
12166:
12164:
12161:
12159:
12156:
12154:
12151:
12149:
12146:
12144:
12141:
12140:
12138:
12134:
12128:
12125:
12123:
12120:
12119:
12117:
12115:
12111:
12105:
12102:
12100:
12097:
12095:
12092:
12090:
12087:
12085:
12082:
12078:
12075:
12073:
12070:
12069:
12068:
12065:
12064:
12062:
12060:
12056:
12053:
12051:
12047:
12039:
12036:
12034:
12031:
12029:
12026:
12025:
12024:
12021:
12017:
12014:
12013:
12012:
12009:
12007:
12004:
12002:
11999:
11997:
11994:
11993:
11991:
11989:
11985:
11973:
11970:
11968:
11965:
11963:
11960:
11959:
11958:
11955:
11951:
11948:
11947:
11946:
11943:
11941:
11938:
11936:
11933:
11931:
11928:
11924:
11921:
11919:
11916:
11915:
11914:
11911:
11910:
11908:
11904:
11894:
11891:
11889:
11886:
11885:
11883:
11879:
11873:
11870:
11869:
11867:
11865:
11861:
11855:
11852:
11850:
11847:
11846:
11844:
11842:
11838:
11832:
11829:
11827:
11824:
11822:
11819:
11817:
11814:
11812:
11809:
11807:
11804:
11802:
11799:
11797:
11794:
11792:
11789:
11787:
11784:
11783:
11781:
11779:
11775:
11772:
11770:
11766:
11754:
11751:
11749:
11746:
11745:
11744:
11741:
11739:
11736:
11735:
11733:
11729:
11723:
11720:
11718:
11715:
11714:
11712:
11710:
11706:
11700:
11697:
11695:
11692:
11690:
11687:
11685:
11682:
11680:
11677:
11676:
11674:
11672:
11668:
11665:
11663:
11659:
11656:
11654:
11650:
11642:
11639:
11638:
11637:
11634:
11632:
11629:
11625:
11622:
11620:
11617:
11615:
11612:
11611:
11610:
11607:
11603:
11600:
11599:
11598:
11595:
11594:
11592:
11590:
11586:
11580:
11577:
11575:
11572:
11570:
11567:
11563:
11560:
11559:
11558:
11555:
11554:
11552:
11550:
11546:
11538:
11533:
11530:
11526:
11521:
11518:
11514:
11509:
11506:
11502:
11497:
11494:
11490:
11485:
11482:
11481:
11479:
11477:
11473:
11463:
11460:
11459:
11457:
11455:
11451:
11445:
11442:
11440:
11437:
11435:
11432:
11431:
11429:
11427:
11423:
11417:
11414:
11413:
11411:
11409:
11405:
11399:
11396:
11394:
11391:
11389:
11386:
11385:
11383:
11379:
11373:
11370:
11368:
11365:
11364:
11362:
11360:
11356:
11350:
11347:
11345:
11342:
11340:
11337:
11335:
11332:
11330:
11327:
11324:
11321:
11319:
11316:
11314:
11311:
11309:
11306:
11304:
11301:
11300:
11298:
11296:
11292:
11289:
11287:
11283:
11277:
11274:
11272:
11269:
11268:
11266:
11264:
11260:
11250:
11247:
11245:
11242:
11240:
11237:
11236:
11234:
11230:
11224:
11221:
11219:
11216:
11215:
11213:
11211:
11207:
11199:
11196:
11195:
11194:
11191:
11189:
11186:
11184:
11181:
11179:
11176:
11170:
11167:
11166:
11165:
11162:
11158:
11155:
11154:
11153:
11150:
11148:
11145:
11144:
11143:
11140:
11139:
11137:
11135:
11131:
11125:
11122:
11120:
11117:
11115:
11112:
11110:
11107:
11105:
11102:
11098:
11095:
11094:
11093:
11090:
11088:
11085:
11083:
11080:
11079:
11077:
11075:
11071:
11065:
11062:
11060:
11057:
11055:
11052:
11051:
11049:
11047:
11043:
11037:
11034:
11032:
11029:
11028:
11026:
11024:
11020:
11014:
11011:
11009:
11006:
11005:
11003:
11001:
10997:
10991:
10988:
10986:
10983:
10981:
10978:
10976:
10973:
10972:
10970:
10968:
10964:
10961:
10959:
10955:
10952:
10950:
10946:
10942:
10941:
10935:
10931:
10924:
10919:
10917:
10912:
10910:
10905:
10904:
10901:
10884:
10880:
10877:
10873:
10870:
10866:
10865:
10863:
10859:
10852:
10848:
10845:
10844:Night writing
10841:
10838:
10834:
10831:
10827:
10824:
10820:
10819:
10817:
10815:
10810:
10803:
10799:
10796:
10792:
10789:
10785:
10782:
10778:
10775:
10771:
10768:
10764:
10761:
10757:
10756:
10754:
10752:Organisations
10750:
10743:
10739:
10736:
10732:
10729:
10725:
10722:
10718:
10715:
10714:Valentin Haüy
10711:
10708:
10704:
10701:
10697:
10694:
10693:Louis Braille
10690:
10689:
10687:
10683:
10676:
10672:
10669:
10665:
10662:
10658:
10655:
10651:
10648:
10644:
10641:
10637:
10634:
10630:
10627:
10626:Braille watch
10623:
10620:
10616:
10613:
10609:
10606:
10602:
10601:
10599:
10597:
10593:
10586:
10582:
10579:
10575:
10571:
10567:
10564:
10560:
10557:
10553:
10550:
10549:Braille music
10546:
10545:
10543:
10539:
10527:
10523:
10520:
10516:
10513:
10512:Luxembourgish
10509:
10508:
10506:
10502:
10495:
10491:
10488:
10484:
10479:
10475:
10472:
10468:
10465:
10461:
10458:
10454:
10453:
10449:
10448:
10446:
10442:
10434:
10430:
10429:
10427:
10423:
10415:
10411:
10410:
10408:
10404:
10393:
10389:
10385:
10381:
10378:
10374:
10370:
10366:
10363:
10359:
10356:
10352:
10349:
10345:
10341:
10337:
10334:
10330:
10327:
10323:
10320:
10316:
10315:
10313:
10311:Other scripts
10309:
10301:
10297:
10294:
10290:
10287:
10283:
10280:
10276:
10273:
10269:
10266:
10262:
10259:
10255:
10252:
10248:
10245:
10241:
10238:
10234:
10231:
10227:
10226:
10224:
10222:
10215:
10207:
10203:
10200:
10196:
10193:
10189:
10188:
10186:
10183:
10176:
10169:
10165:
10162:
10158:
10155:
10151:
10148:
10144:
10141:
10137:
10134:
10130:
10127:
10123:
10120:
10116:
10115:
10113:
10110:
10103:
10092:
10087:
10084:
10083:Northern Sámi
10080:
10075:
10070:
10065:
10064:
10062:
10058:
10055:
10051:
10048:
10044:
10041:
10037:
10036:
10034:
10032:Nordic family
10030:
10023:
10019:
10016:
10012:
10009:
10005:
10002:
9998:
9995:
9991:
9987:
9983:
9980:
9976:
9973:
9972:South African
9969:
9966:
9962:
9959:
9955:
9952:
9948:
9945:
9941:
9938:
9934:
9931:
9927:
9924:
9920:
9917:
9913:
9910:
9906:
9903:
9899:
9895:
9894:Luxembourgish
9891:
9888:
9884:
9881:
9877:
9874:
9870:
9867:
9863:
9860:
9856:
9853:
9849:
9846:
9842:
9839:
9835:
9832:
9828:
9825:
9821:
9818:
9814:
9811:
9807:
9804:
9800:
9796:
9792:
9788:
9785:
9781:
9778:
9774:
9770:
9766:
9763:
9759:
9756:
9752:
9749:
9745:
9742:
9738:
9737:
9735:
9733:
9729:
9726:
9722:
9715:
9711:
9708:
9707:ASCII braille
9704:
9701:
9697:
9694:
9690:
9689:
9687:
9683:
9675:
9668:
9663:
9661:
9656:
9654:
9649:
9648:
9645:
9641:
9623:
9620:
9618:
9615:
9613:
9610:
9608:
9605:
9603:
9600:
9598:
9595:
9593:
9590:
9588:
9585:
9583:
9580:
9578:
9575:
9573:
9570:
9568:
9565:
9563:
9560:
9558:
9555:
9551:
9548:
9546:
9543:
9541:
9538:
9536:
9533:
9531:
9528:
9526:
9523:
9522:
9521:
9518:
9516:
9513:
9511:
9508:
9506:
9503:
9501:
9498:
9496:
9493:
9491:
9488:
9486:
9483:
9481:
9478:
9476:
9473:
9471:
9468:
9466:
9463:
9461:
9458:
9456:
9453:
9451:
9448:
9447:
9444:
9440:
9435:
9431:
9421:
9418:
9416:
9413:
9411:
9408:
9406:
9403:
9402:
9399:
9395:
9390:
9386:
9372:
9369:
9367:
9364:
9362:
9359:
9357:
9354:
9352:
9349:
9347:
9344:
9343:
9341:
9337:
9331:
9328:
9326:
9323:
9321:
9318:
9316:
9313:
9311:
9308:
9306:
9303:
9302:
9300:
9296:
9292:
9288:
9283:
9279:
9265:
9262:
9261:
9259:
9255:
9249:
9246:
9244:
9241:
9239:
9238:Attic (Greek)
9236:
9234:
9231:
9229:
9226:
9225:
9223:
9219:
9213:
9210:
9208:
9205:
9203:
9200:
9199:
9197:
9193:
9187:
9184:
9182:
9179:
9177:
9176:Proto-Elamite
9174:
9172:
9169:
9167:
9164:
9162:
9159:
9157:
9154:
9152:
9149:
9148:
9146:
9142:
9136:
9133:
9131:
9128:
9126:
9123:
9121:
9118:
9116:
9113:
9111:
9108:
9107:
9105:
9103:
9099:
9089:
9086:
9084:
9081:
9079:
9076:
9074:
9071:
9070:
9068:
9064:
9058:
9055:
9053:
9050:
9048:
9045:
9043:
9040:
9038:
9035:
9031:
9028:
9026:
9023:
9021:
9018:
9017:
9016:
9013:
9011:
9008:
9006:
9003:
9001:
8998:
8996:
8993:
8992:
8990:
8988:
8984:
8981:
8979:
8975:
8971:
8967:
8962:
8958:
8948:
8945:
8943:
8940:
8938:
8935:
8933:
8930:
8928:
8925:
8923:
8920:
8918:
8915:
8913:
8910:
8908:
8905:
8903:
8900:
8898:
8895:
8893:
8890:
8888:
8885:
8883:
8880:
8878:
8875:
8873:
8870:
8868:
8865:
8863:
8860:
8859:
8856:
8852:
8847:
8843:
8829:
8826:
8824:
8821:
8819:
8816:
8814:
8811:
8809:
8806:
8804:
8801:
8800:
8798:
8794:
8788:
8785:
8783:
8780:
8778:
8775:
8773:
8770:
8768:
8765:
8763:
8760:
8758:
8755:
8753:
8750:
8748:
8745:
8743:
8740:
8738:
8735:
8733:
8730:
8728:
8725:
8723:
8720:
8716:
8713:
8711:
8708:
8706:
8703:
8701:
8698:
8696:
8693:
8691:
8690:Elder Futhark
8688:
8686:
8683:
8681:
8678:
8676:
8673:
8672:
8671:
8668:
8666:
8663:
8661:
8658:
8656:
8653:
8651:
8648:
8646:
8643:
8641:
8638:
8632:
8629:
8627:
8624:
8622:
8619:
8617:
8614:
8612:
8609:
8608:
8607:
8604:
8603:
8602:
8599:
8597:
8594:
8592:
8589:
8587:
8584:
8582:
8581:Old Hungarian
8579:
8577:
8574:
8572:
8569:
8567:
8564:
8562:
8559:
8557:
8554:
8552:
8549:
8547:
8544:
8542:
8539:
8537:
8534:
8532:
8529:
8527:
8524:
8520:
8517:
8515:
8512:
8510:
8507:
8505:
8502:
8500:
8497:
8495:
8492:
8490:
8487:
8485:
8482:
8480:
8477:
8475:
8472:
8470:
8467:
8465:
8462:
8460:
8457:
8455:
8452:
8451:
8450:
8447:
8445:
8442:
8440:
8437:
8435:
8432:
8430:
8427:
8425:
8422:
8420:
8417:
8415:
8412:
8409:
8405:
8402:
8400:
8397:
8395:
8392:
8390:
8387:
8385:
8382:
8378:
8375:
8373:
8370:
8368:
8365:
8364:
8363:
8360:
8358:
8355:
8353:
8350:
8348:
8345:
8343:
8340:
8338:
8335:
8333:
8330:
8328:
8325:
8323:
8320:
8318:
8315:
8313:
8310:
8306:
8303:
8302:
8301:
8298:
8296:
8293:
8289:
8286:
8284:
8281:
8280:
8279:
8276:
8274:
8271:
8269:
8266:
8264:
8261:
8259:
8256:
8254:
8251:
8249:
8246:
8244:
8241:
8239:
8236:
8232:
8229:
8228:
8227:
8224:
8222:
8219:
8217:
8214:
8212:
8209:
8208:
8206:
8202:
8198:
8194:
8189:
8185:
8171:
8168:
8166:
8163:
8161:
8158:
8156:
8153:
8151:
8148:
8146:
8143:
8141:
8138:
8136:
8133:
8131:
8128:
8126:
8123:
8121:
8118:
8116:
8115:Masaram Gondi
8113:
8111:
8108:
8106:
8103:
8101:
8098:
8096:
8093:
8091:
8088:
8086:
8085:Gunjala Gondi
8083:
8081:
8078:
8076:
8073:
8071:
8068:
8064:
8061:
8059:
8056:
8055:
8054:
8051:
8049:
8046:
8044:
8041:
8040:
8038:
8034:
8022:
8019:
8017:
8014:
8013:
8012:
8009:
8005:
8002:
8000:
7997:
7995:
7992:
7990:
7987:
7985:
7982:
7980:
7977:
7975:
7972:
7971:
7970:
7967:
7965:
7962:
7960:
7957:
7955:
7952:
7950:
7947:
7945:
7942:
7940:
7937:
7935:
7932:
7930:
7927:
7925:
7922:
7920:
7917:
7915:
7912:
7910:
7907:
7905:
7902:
7898:
7897:Old Sundanese
7895:
7894:
7893:
7890:
7888:
7885:
7883:
7880:
7878:
7875:
7873:
7870:
7868:
7865:
7863:
7860:
7858:
7855:
7851:
7848:
7846:
7843:
7842:
7841:
7840:Old Maldivian
7838:
7836:
7833:
7831:
7828:
7824:
7823:Bilang-bilang
7821:
7820:
7819:
7816:
7814:
7811:
7809:
7806:
7804:
7801:
7799:
7796:
7794:
7791:
7787:
7784:
7783:
7782:
7779:
7777:
7774:
7772:
7769:
7767:
7764:
7762:
7759:
7757:
7754:
7752:
7749:
7747:
7744:
7742:
7739:
7737:
7734:
7732:
7729:
7727:
7724:
7722:
7719:
7717:
7714:
7712:
7709:
7707:
7704:
7702:
7699:
7697:
7694:
7692:
7689:
7688:
7686:
7682:
7676:
7673:
7671:
7668:
7664:
7661:
7659:
7656:
7655:
7654:
7651:
7649:
7646:
7644:
7643:Sylheti Nagri
7641:
7639:
7636:
7634:
7631:
7629:
7626:
7624:
7621:
7617:
7614:
7613:
7612:
7609:
7605:
7602:
7600:
7597:
7595:
7592:
7590:
7587:
7585:
7582:
7580:
7577:
7575:
7572:
7570:
7567:
7565:
7562:
7560:
7557:
7555:
7552:
7550:
7547:
7546:
7545:
7542:
7540:
7537:
7535:
7532:
7530:
7527:
7525:
7522:
7520:
7517:
7515:
7512:
7510:
7507:
7505:
7502:
7500:
7497:
7495:
7492:
7490:
7487:
7485:
7482:
7480:
7477:
7475:
7472:
7470:
7467:
7465:
7462:
7460:
7457:
7455:
7452:
7450:
7447:
7445:
7444:Brahmi script
7442:
7440:
7437:
7435:
7432:
7431:
7429:
7425:
7422:
7420:
7416:
7412:
7408:
7403:
7399:
7389:
7386:
7384:
7381:
7377:
7374:
7372:
7369:
7367:
7364:
7363:
7362:
7359:
7357:
7354:
7350:
7347:
7345:
7342:
7341:
7340:
7339:South Arabian
7337:
7335:
7332:
7330:
7327:
7325:
7322:
7320:
7317:
7313:
7310:
7309:
7308:
7305:
7303:
7300:
7296:
7293:
7291:
7288:
7286:
7285:Inscriptional
7283:
7281:
7278:
7277:
7276:
7273:
7271:
7268:
7266:
7263:
7261:
7258:
7256:
7253:
7251:
7248:
7244:
7241:
7239:
7236:
7234:
7231:
7229:
7226:
7225:
7224:
7221:
7219:
7216:
7214:
7211:
7207:
7204:
7203:
7202:
7199:
7195:
7192:
7191:
7190:
7187:
7186:
7183:
7182:
7178:
7177:
7174:
7170:
7165:
7161:
7157:
7153:
7148:
7144:
7134:
7130:
7126:
7123:
7121:
7118:
7116:
7113:
7112:
7111:
7108:
7107:
7105:
7101:
7095:
7092:
7090:
7087:
7086:
7084:
7080:
7076:
7072:
7068:
7061:
7056:
7054:
7049:
7047:
7042:
7041:
7038:
7032:
7029:
7027:
7024:
7022:
7018:
7015:
7014:
7004:
7002:0-89346-293-4
6998:
6994:
6989:
6985:
6983:0-451-09262-7
6979:
6975:
6969:
6968:
6957:
6951:
6944:
6940:
6939:Zhou Youguang
6936:
6932:
6926:
6922:
6918:
6914:
6909:
6905:
6899:
6895:
6890:
6886:
6880:
6876:
6872:
6868:
6864:
6858:
6855:. Routledge.
6854:
6849:
6845:
6839:
6835:
6831:
6827:
6823:
6817:
6812:
6811:
6804:
6790:
6786:
6780:
6773:
6772:
6766:
6765:
6745:
6741:
6732:
6725:
6721:
6715:
6707:
6703:
6697:
6683:on 2008-12-26
6682:
6678:
6674:
6667:
6653:on 2008-03-17
6652:
6645:
6641:
6633:
6625:
6621:
6620:Qiānlóng wǎng
6617:
6609:
6602:
6598:
6592:
6588:
6581:
6574:
6570:
6564:
6560:
6556:
6549:
6541:
6537:
6535:新加坡汉字规范的回顾与前瞻
6528:
6521:
6516:
6508:
6504:
6495:
6479:
6475:
6467:
6460:
6455:
6441:on 2017-01-09
6440:
6433:
6432:
6427:
6419:
6412:
6408:
6403:
6396:
6391:
6384:
6379:
6372:
6367:
6360:
6355:
6348:
6343:
6336:
6331:
6323:
6321:0-415-31753-3
6317:
6314:. Routledge.
6313:
6306:
6299:
6295:
6290:
6282:
6278:
6274:
6268:
6262:, p. 17.
6261:
6256:
6250:, p. 19.
6249:
6244:
6237:
6232:
6218:on 2013-11-11
6217:
6213:
6205:
6197:
6191:
6187:
6183:
6171:
6163:
6155:
6141:on 2009-08-16
6140:
6136:
6132:
6125:
6123:
6101:on 2009-04-12
6100:
6093:
6089:
6081:
6067:on 2009-04-28
6066:
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6047:
6045:
6030:on 2009-08-15
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5595:This section
5593:
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5535:
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5524:
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5425:
5420:战无不胜的毛泽东思想万岁!
5416:
5407:
5405:
5366:. Since both
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4228:
4145:
4118:
4114:
4073:
4056:
4052:
4002:
3998:
3994:
3993:
3972:
3971:Complete List
3968:
3967:
3966:
3964:
3963:Complete List
3905:
3904:
3903:
3901:
3860:
3859:
3858:
3856:
3791:
3790:
3789:
3787:
3674:
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3187:
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2953:
2768:
2767:
2766:
2758:
2705:
2704:
2703:
2702:
2698:
2696:
2695:Complete List
2678:
2674:
2673:
2668:
2660:
2656:
2653:
2652:
2643:
2642:Complete List
2632:
2627:
2624:
2623:
2609:
2605:
2604:
2594:
2591:
2590:
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2532:This section
2530:
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2509:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2489:
2482:
2481:
2477:In 2013, the
2475:
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2445:
2413:
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2379:
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2358:
2357:
2346:
2344:
2343:Qian Xuantong
2340:
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2317:
2316:Yuen Ren Chao
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2245:Qian Xuantong
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2223:
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2220:Qian Xuantong
2218:
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2019:
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2015:
2014:
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1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
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1980:
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1975:
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1967:
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1860:Aftermath of
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1847:
1844:
1841:
1840:
1832:
1830:
1829:
1824:
1820:
1815:
1810: 100 AD
1804:
1803:
1802:Shuowen Jiezi
1798:
1794:
1783:
1779:
1778:
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1725:
1721:
1717:
1706:
1702:
1673:—with either
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1068:
1067:
1064:
1063:script styles
1061:Evolution of
1058:
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1044:
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1037:
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1021:
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997:State Council
994:
993:
987:
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786:Chien-tʻi-tzŭ
782:
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606:Chien-hua-tzŭ
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568:
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327:Left-to-right
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177:This article
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156:
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145:
134:
131:
127:
124:
120:
117:
113:
110:
106:
103: –
102:
98:
97:Find sources:
91:
87:
81:
80:
75:This article
73:
69:
64:
63:
58:
56:
49:
48:
43:
42:
37:
32:
23:
22:
19:
12845:Hanyu Pinyin
12835:Romanization
12742:Semi-cursive
12587:Old Mandarin
12544:Stroke count
12471:
12464:
12386:Old National
12229:Unclassified
11134:Southwestern
10967:Northeastern
10949:Major groups
10938:
10384:Thai and Lao
10061:Scandinavian
9693:1829 braille
9685:Braille cell
9485:Cypro-Minoan
9351:Pahawh Hmong
9264:Sitelen Pona
9228:Hindu-Arabic
8994:
8561:Mundari Bani
8135:Pahawh Hmong
7944:Tamil-Brahmi
7850:Eveyla Akuru
7845:Dhives Akuru
7312:Paleo-Hebrew
7179:
7115:undeciphered
6992:
6972:
6942:
6912:
6893:
6874:
6852:
6833:
6809:
6796:. Retrieved
6770:
6748:. Retrieved
6746:(in Chinese)
6743:
6736:Liu, Shahe.
6731:
6723:
6714:
6705:
6696:
6685:. Retrieved
6681:the original
6676:
6666:
6655:. Retrieved
6651:the original
6643:
6632:
6624:the original
6619:
6608:
6600:
6586:
6580:
6572:
6554:
6548:
6539:
6527:
6515:
6506:
6494:
6482:. Retrieved
6477:
6466:
6454:
6443:. Retrieved
6439:the original
6429:
6418:
6402:
6390:
6378:
6366:
6354:
6342:
6330:
6311:
6305:
6289:
6280:
6267:
6255:
6243:
6231:
6220:. Retrieved
6216:the original
6204:
6185:
6170:
6154:
6143:. Retrieved
6139:the original
6134:
6103:. Retrieved
6099:the original
6091:
6080:
6069:. Retrieved
6065:the original
6057:
6032:. Retrieved
6028:the original
6023:
6012:
6001:. Retrieved
5997:
5985:. Retrieved
5981:
5967:
5958:
5947:
5905:
5900:
5873:
5851:China portal
5814:
5808:
5790:language tag
5783:
5775:
5771:localisation
5763:
5740:
5732:
5708:
5697:
5688:
5676:
5668:
5660:
5651:
5647:
5632:
5623:
5608:Please help
5596:
5562:
5553:
5541:
5533:
5530:
5527:In education
5521:
5517:
5509:
5492:
5483:
5479:
5470:
5459:
5455:
5449:
5442:
5438:
5429:
5410:Distribution
5403:
5173:
5125:
5124:
5075:
5074:
5042:
5041:
4998:
4997:
4954:
4953:
4947:
4943:
4941:
4915:
4866:
4750:
4749:
4693:
4692:
4648:
4647:
4567:
4566:
4562:
4226:
4225:
4116:
4075:), include:
4054:
4000:
3996:
3970:
3962:
3960:
3899:
3898:
3854:
3853:
3785:
3784:
3668:
3667:
3588:
3587:
3520:
3519:
3463:
3462:
3406:
3405:
3334:
3333:
3254:
3253:
3185:
3184:
3056:
3055:
2951:
2950:
2756:
2755:
2700:
2699:
2694:
2692:
2676:
2670:
2658:
2641:
2608:General List
2607:
2586:General List
2585:
2579:
2577:
2557:
2548:
2533:
2510:
2495:
2478:
2476:
2456:
2448:
2446:
2409:
2406:
2393:
2377:
2364:
2354:
2352:
2324:
2308:Qing dynasty
2296:
2225:Shen Congwen
2160:
2152:
2145:
2138:
2038:
1999:New humanism
1897:
1826:
1805:dictionary (
1800:
1775:
1773:
1652:
1637:
1625:
1619:
1611:
1605:
1572:
1562:
1556:
1553:Nomenclature
1452:
1445:
1438:
1431:
1391:
1381:
1368:and readings
1348:
1322:second round
1295:
1283:
1275:
1264:
1256:
1245:
1218:
1211:
1128:Semi-cursive
1069:
1024:
990:
979:
927:
886:
885:
839:Gáan tái jih
751:Hanyu Pinyin
706:
659:Gáan faa jih
621:Jiǎn-huà-zìh
591:ㄐㄧㄢˇ ㄏㄨㄚˋ ㄗˋ
571:Hanyu Pinyin
522:
495:and ⟨
477:
317:1956–present
228:
210:
201:
178:
148:
139:
129:
122:
115:
108:
96:
84:Please help
79:verification
76:
52:
45:
39:
38:Please help
35:
18:
12914:Xiao'erjing
12776:Punctuation
12769:Traditional
12722:Oracle bone
12706:Logographic
12602:Proto-Hakka
12577:Eastern Han
12572:Old Chinese
12434:Classifiers
12401:Northern Wu
12329:Singaporean
11535: [
11523: [
11511: [
11499: [
11487: [
10883:RoboBraille
10707:Róża Czacka
10647:Perforation
10444:Independent
10342:(Bhutanese)
10077:Greenlandic
9748:Azerbaijani
9550:Jindai moji
9439:Syllabaries
9410:SignWriting
9310:Celtiberian
9212:Hieroglyphs
9015:Seal script
9000:Traditional
8872:Blissymbols
8777:Warang Citi
8752:Tolong Siki
8705:Marcomannic
8685:Dalecarlian
8675:Anglo-Saxon
8655:Pau Cin Hau
8546:Medefaidrin
8499:Merovingian
8459:Blackletter
8367:Asomtavruli
8160:Warang Citi
7969:Ulu scripts
7914:New Tai Lue
7857:Mon–Burmese
7711:Bhattiprolu
7539:Nandinagari
7366:ʾEsṭrangēlā
7125:constructed
7017:Andrew West
6761:Works cited
6644:Xīnhuá wǎng
6435:中国教育和科研计算机网
6359:Bökset 2006
6347:Bökset 2006
6260:Bökset 2006
6248:Bökset 2006
5761:encodings.
5700:Philippines
5679:South Korea
5424:Xinhua Gate
5418:The slogan
4932:Novel forms
2684:simplified.
2679:) contains
2675:(hereafter
2649:Novel forms
2629: [
2615:simplified.
2596:characters.
2515:Methodology
2432:; the form
2376:(hereafter
2369: [
2240:Kang Youwei
2140:La Jeunesse
1893:Warlord Era
1819:Han dynasty
1777:Book of Han
1659:Qin dynasty
1644:Qin dynasty
1206:Orthography
1080:Oracle bone
801:Jiǎn-tǐ-zìh
771:ㄐㄧㄢˇ ㄊㄧˇ ㄗˋ
313:Time period
267:Logographic
262:Script type
12952:Categories
12865:Wade–Giles
12764:Simplified
12659:Vernacular
12652:in Vietnam
12505:Simplified
12492:Biaoxingma
12439:Honorifics
12374:Historical
12319:Philippine
12309:Sichuanese
12236:Badong Yao
11940:Shao–Jiang
11811:Philippine
11619:Xiangxiang
11614:Shuangfeng
11359:Taizhou Wu
11142:Sichuanese
10435:(obsolete)
10416:(obsolete)
10208:(Pakistan)
10119:Belarusian
10001:Vietnamese
9944:Portuguese
9930:Philippine
9887:Lithuanian
9540:Hentaigana
9535:Man'yōgana
8995:Simplified
8882:Ersu Shaba
8796:Non-linear
8601:Old Uyghur
8591:Old Permic
8586:Old Italic
8519:Visigothic
8454:Beneventan
8389:Glagolitic
8352:Gadabuursi
8016:Kolezhuthu
8011:Vatteluttu
7949:Tanchangya
7872:Saurashtra
7449:Devanagari
7307:Phoenician
7260:Manichaean
6798:2024-03-12
6750:2021-06-01
6702:"Noto CJK"
6687:2008-12-23
6657:2008-03-15
6484:8 November
6445:2017-01-09
6298:Zhong 2019
6222:2024-03-16
6145:2009-08-17
6135:China View
6105:2009-04-10
6071:2009-04-10
6034:2009-08-18
6003:2023-09-30
5987:2023-09-30
5935:References
5626:March 2018
5426:in Beijing
4938:Xin zixing
2499:underwent
2403:Since 1986
2361:Zhou Enlai
2341:professor
2335:Kuomintang
2235:Zhu Ziqing
2185:Chen Duxiu
2098:Communists
1984:Liberalism
1939:Ideologies
1856:Background
1716:Chancellor
1600:See also:
1596:Background
1440:man'yōgana
1366:Homographs
1219:xin zixing
1212:jiu zixing
1184:Components
1138:Flat brush
779:Wade–Giles
599:Wade–Giles
204:April 2018
188:improve it
142:April 2018
112:newspapers
41:improve it
12803:Taiwanese
12793:Cantonese
12637:Classical
12597:Proto-Min
12532:Microsoft
12391:Cantonese
12367:Phonology
12348:Cantonese
12339:Singdarin
12324:Malaysian
12314:Taiwanese
12218:Rongjiang
12208:Yongjiang
12204:Southern
12189:Northern
12163:Luo–Guang
12072:Hong Kong
12067:Guangzhou
12023:Taiwanese
12016:Changting
11950:Zhanjiang
11864:Zhongshan
11831:Malaysian
11826:Singapore
11791:Zhangzhou
11743:Zhongshan
11636:Yong–Quan
11532:Jing-Zhan
11462:Xuancheng
11439:Jiangshan
11318:Changzhou
11239:Junjiahua
11092:Guanzhong
10975:Changchun
10851:Vibratese
10830:Moon type
10823:Decapoint
10504:Eight-dot
10457:Cantonese
10406:Reordered
10369:Inuktitut
10258:Malayalam
10168:Ukrainian
10147:Mongolian
10126:Bulgarian
10089:Norwegian
10054:Icelandic
9845:Hungarian
9803:Esperanto
9755:Cantonese
9339:Redundant
9151:Anatolian
9102:Cuneiform
9030:bird-worm
8966:Logograms
8937:Testerian
8851:Ideograms
8828:Moon type
8715:Staveless
8606:Mongolian
8551:Molodtsov
8509:Sütterlin
8377:Mkhedruli
8243:Bassa Vah
8193:Alphabets
8165:Mwangwego
8130:Mwangwego
8105:Kharosthi
8058:Blackfoot
8021:Malayanma
7892:Sundanese
7887:Sukhothai
7835:Malayalam
7786:Khom Thai
7746:Goykanadi
7670:Tocharian
7623:ʼPhags-pa
7494:Khudabadi
7439:Bhaiksuki
7334:Samaritan
7265:Nabataean
7120:inventors
6946:中国语文的时代演进
6873:(2000) .
6871:Qiu Xigui
6832:(1972) .
6411:Chen 1999
6407:Zhou 2003
6395:Chen 1999
6383:Chen 1999
6371:Chen 1999
6335:Chen 1999
6294:Chen 1999
6053:汉字,该繁还是简?
5940:Citations
5875:Shinjitai
5811:Liu Shahe
5799:Criticism
5673:East Asia
5597:does not
5550:Hong Kong
5476:Hong Kong
4001:component
2954:(such as
2610:includes
2551:June 2024
2497:Singapore
2331:漢字不滅,中國必亡
2300:Lufei Kui
2205:Li Dazhao
2190:Guo Moruo
2161:The Tiger
1994:Communism
1989:Socialism
1979:Modernism
1974:Anarchism
1956:Scientism
1945:Democracy
1817:Qin. The
1701:component
1608:Qiu Xigui
1564:jiǎnhuàzì
1108:Bird-worm
915:Hong Kong
911:Singapore
577:Jiǎnhuàzì
460:ISO 15924
454:ISO 15924
351:Languages
345:Singapore
322:Direction
274:Published
192:verifying
47:talk page
12887:Bopomofo
12816:Phonetic
12808:Two-cell
12737:Clerical
12647:in Japan
12642:Adoption
12630:Official
12621:Literary
12496:Boshiamy
12473:Xiehouyu
12429:Numerals
12406:Mandarin
12334:Standard
12294:Standard
12168:Qin–Lian
12158:Yong–Xun
12143:Gao–Yang
12089:Jiujiang
12077:Malaysia
12011:Tingzhou
11962:Wenchang
11923:Jianyang
11913:Northern
11872:Sanxiang
11786:Quanzhou
11769:Southern
11738:Manjiang
11602:Changsha
11562:Nanchang
11557:Chang–Du
11454:Xuanzhou
11444:Qingtian
11398:Wencheng
11344:Jiangyin
11339:Jinxiang
11329:Shaoxing
11323:Hangzhou
11303:Shanghai
11244:Qinjiang
11152:Minjiang
11124:Xinjiang
11082:Dongping
11046:Jiaoliao
10985:Shenyang
10958:Mandarin
10487:Japanese
10348:Georgian
10340:Dzongkha
10326:Armenian
10244:Gujarati
10109:Cyrillic
10040:Estonian
10015:Yugoslav
9951:Romanian
9923:Nigerian
9838:Hawaiian
9824:Ghanaian
9741:Albanian
9602:Sumerian
9567:Linear B
9530:Katakana
9525:Hiragana
9475:Cherokee
9405:ASLwrite
9366:Bopomofo
9221:Numerals
9207:Hieratic
9166:Isthmian
9135:Sumerian
9115:Assyrian
9110:Akkadian
8767:Vithkuqi
8742:Tifinagh
8710:Medieval
8665:Pisidian
8660:Phrygian
8631:Vagindra
8576:Ol Chiki
8484:Interlac
8439:Kayah Li
8429:Jenticha
8384:Veso Bey
8372:Nuskhuri
8362:Georgian
8332:Formosan
8327:Etruscan
8322:Enochian
8278:Cyrillic
8263:Coelbren
8221:Armenian
8120:Meroitic
8110:Mandombe
8100:Jenticha
7964:Tigalari
7929:Tai Viet
7924:Tai Tham
7904:Tagbanwa
7756:Javanese
7706:Baybayin
7696:Balinese
7684:Southern
7579:Pracalit
7574:Pachumol
7549:Bhujimol
7509:Mahajani
7469:Gurmukhi
7459:Gujarati
7427:Northern
7407:Abugidas
7388:Ugaritic
7376:Maḏnḥāyā
7250:Tifinagh
7243:Solitreo
7181:Numerals
7094:Grapheme
7082:Overview
6974:Alphabet
6941:(2003).
6789:Archived
6283:. 11–15.
6277:Hu, Shih
6236:Qiu 2000
6181:现代汉语规范词典
5823:See also
5755:Japanese
5747:GB 18030
5132:becomes
5005:becomes
4961:becomes
4901:radical
4895:⽊
4250:), thus
2011:Practice
1724:the wars
1689:'window'
1579:jiǎntǐzì
1493:Bopomofo
1454:katakana
1447:hiragana
1407:Variants
1350:kyūjitai
1201:Radicals
1151:Fangsong
1118:Clerical
956:⼏
938:⼓
847:Jyutping
765:Bopomofo
757:Jiǎntǐzì
667:Jyutping
585:Bopomofo
493:/ /
489:Help:IPA
445:Bopomofo
12786:Braille
12747:Cursive
12697:Scripts
12564:History
12554:ZhengMa
12500:Cangjie
12466:Chengyu
12421:Grammar
12396:Hokkien
12353:Hokkien
12261:Waxiang
12241:Danzhou
12213:Guandao
12198:Younian
12193:Tongdao
12182:Pinghua
12122:Taishan
12038:Raoping
12006:Huizhou
11996:Meixian
11972:Banqiao
11945:Leizhou
11935:Pu–Xian
11930:Central
11918:Jian'ou
11893:Longyan
11841:Teochew
11778:Hokkien
11753:Nanlang
11709:Fu–Ning
11689:Changle
11671:Houguan
11662:Eastern
11609:Loushao
11597:Changyi
11579:Da–Tong
11574:Ying–Yi
11520:Yanzhou
11388:Wenzhou
11381:Oujiang
11372:Tiantai
11367:Taizhou
11276:Zhi–Yan
11223:Nantong
11218:Nanjing
11193:Gui–Liu
11183:Nanping
11178:Kunming
11104:Luoyang
11059:Qingdao
11031:Tianjin
11008:Beijing
11000:Beijing
10392:Tibetan
10333:Burmese
10319:Amharic
10302:(India)
10279:Sinhala
10272:Punjabi
10251:Kannada
10199:Persian
10154:Russian
10094:Swedish
10072:Finnish
10047:Faroese
10022:Zambian
9994:Turkish
9979:Spanish
9902:Maltese
9880:Latvian
9873:Italian
9852:Iñupiaq
9831:Guarani
9791:English
9762:Catalan
9679:⠃⠗⠁⠊⠇⠇⠑
9674:Braille
9557:Kikakui
9495:Eskayan
9480:Cypriot
9330:Dunging
9202:Demotic
9181:Tenevil
9125:Hittite
9120:Elamite
9073:Jurchen
9052:Sawndip
9047:Chữ Nôm
8947:Zapotec
8942:Yerkish
8917:Nsibidi
8902:Miꞌkmaw
8892:Isotype
8862:Adinkra
8803:Braille
8787:Zaghawa
8757:Vellara
8737:Sunuwar
8727:Sidetic
8722:Shavian
8650:Osmanya
8640:Ol Onal
8494:Kurrent
8479:Insular
8469:Fraktur
8444:Klingon
8434:Kaddare
8408:Archaic
8317:Elbasan
8305:Chinook
8295:Deseret
8283:Bosnian
8238:Avoiuli
8226:Avestan
8216:Ariyaka
8145:Tengwar
8043:Bharati
8004:Serawai
7994:Pasemah
7979:Lampung
7934:Lai Tay
7919:Tai Noi
7882:Sinhala
7862:Pallava
7830:Makasar
7818:Lontara
7793:Kulitan
7766:Kannada
7761:Kadamba
7751:Hanunoo
7741:Grantha
7736:Fakkham
7653:Tibetan
7638:Soyombo
7633:Siddhaṃ
7628:Sharada
7604:Litumol
7594:Tirhuta
7584:Ranjana
7569:Kvemmol
7529:Multani
7514:Marchen
7479:Kalinga
7419:Brahmic
7356:Sogdian
7295:Psalter
7275:Pahlavi
7255:Mandaic
7233:Cursive
7218:Elymaic
7189:Aramaic
6459:Li 2020
5912:经过简化的汉字
5869:Ryakuji
5809:Author
5793:zh-Hans
5751:Unicode
5743:GB 2312
5698:In the
5618:removed
5603:sources
5088:become
4897:
4883:
4519:, thus
4458:, thus
4409:, thus
4348:, thus
4299:, thus
4053:The 14
2732:乾、幹、榦、干
2720:復、複、覆、复
2708:蒙、懞、濛、矇
2320:Hu Shih
2230:Yu Dafu
2215:Mao Dun
2200:Lao She
2195:Hu Shih
1950:Science
1750:, with
1714:), the
1591:History
1469:Khitan
1311:Reforms
1189:Strokes
1133:Regular
1123:Cursive
1051:Chữ Hán
974:cursive
958:
940:
934:strokes
930:radical
481:in the
425:Chữ Nôm
355:Chinese
186:Please
126:scholar
12855:Postal
12850:MPS II
12727:Bronze
12607:Ba–Shu
12527:Google
12522:Pinyin
12458:Idioms
12271:Yeheni
12153:Wu–Hua
12148:Goulou
12127:Xinhui
12104:Dapeng
12099:Weitou
12084:Xiguan
12059:Yuehai
12028:Sixian
11967:Haikou
11957:Hainan
11888:Zhenan
11854:Haklau
11849:Swatow
11821:Penang
11806:Taiwan
11801:Chawan
11748:Longdu
11717:Ningde
11694:Gutian
11684:Fuqing
11679:Fuzhou
11641:Qiyang
11624:Wugang
11569:Yi–Liu
11496:Xiu-Yi
11484:Ji-She
11434:Quzhou
11426:Chu–Qu
11416:Jinhua
11408:Wuzhou
11393:Rui'an
11334:Ningbo
11308:Suzhou
11198:Wuming
11169:Zigong
11157:Leshan
11119:Lanyin
11114:Dungan
11109:Xuzhou
11087:Gangou
11064:Weihai
11054:Dalian
11013:Taiwan
10980:Harbin
10812:Other
10685:People
10675:Braigo
10494:Korean
10362:Hebrew
10293:Telugu
10192:Arabic
10182:Arabic
10140:Kyrgyz
10133:Kazakh
10067:Danish
9965:Slovak
9958:Samoan
9937:Polish
9916:Navajo
9817:German
9810:French
9677:
9622:Yugtun
9612:Woleai
9562:Kpelle
9545:Sōgana
9465:Byblos
9243:Muisca
9161:Cretan
9130:Luwian
9088:Tangut
8907:Mixtec
8877:Dongba
8782:Yezidi
8772:Wancho
8747:Todhri
8700:Gothic
8680:Cipher
8621:Manchu
8611:Evenki
8596:Orkhon
8541:Manchu
8536:Lydian
8531:Lycian
8474:Gaelic
8424:Hanifi
8419:Hangul
8394:Gothic
8342:Fraser
8337:Fox II
8273:Coptic
8248:Carian
8231:Pazend
8204:Linear
8150:Thaana
8095:Sarati
8036:Others
7999:Rejang
7984:Lembak
7974:Incung
7954:Telugu
7909:Tai Le
7803:Langdi
7726:Chakma
7616:Karani
7589:Tamyig
7564:Kummol
7559:Himmol
7554:Golmol
7534:Nagari
7519:Meitei
7504:Lepcha
7489:Khojki
7474:Kaithi
7361:Syriac
7349:Musnad
7228:Ashuri
7223:Hebrew
7206:Elifba
7201:Arabic
7194:Hatran
7169:Abjads
6999:
6980:
6952:
6927:
6900:
6881:
6859:
6840:
6818:
6781:
6739:简化字不讲理
6593:
6565:
6431:CERNET
6318:
6192:
6092:Xinhua
6058:Xinhua
5959:GOV.cn
5759:Korean
5657:Europe
5489:Taiwan
5461:Xinhua
5406:list.
5354:, and
4899:'TREE'
4885:'HAND'
4879:. The
4131:, but
2327:Lu Xun
2210:Lu Xun
2180:Ba Jin
1828:libian
1698:'Moon'
1621:zìxíng
1383:Kanbun
1334:debate
1250:(1716)
1085:Bronze
923:Taiwan
921:, and
497:
128:
121:
114:
107:
99:
12919:Nüshu
12623:forms
12537:Sogou
12484:Input
12358:Hakka
12296:forms
12136:Other
12094:Shiqi
12033:Hailu
12001:Wuhua
11988:Hakka
11906:Other
11881:Other
11816:Pedan
11731:Other
11722:Fu'an
11699:Matsu
11631:Ji–Xu
11589:Xiang
11539:]
11527:]
11515:]
11508:Qi-De
11503:]
11491:]
11349:Shadi
11295:Taihu
11249:Gyami
11232:Other
11188:Wuhan
11097:Xi'an
11036:Jinan
10528:(GS8)
10519:Kanji
10377:Khmer
10355:Greek
10286:Tamil
10219:i.e.
10180:i.e.
10161:Tatar
10107:i.e.
10008:Welsh
9909:Māori
9866:Irish
9784:Dutch
9777:Czech
9587:Nüshu
9455:Bamum
9450:Afaka
9257:Other
9248:Roman
9233:Abjad
9156:Bagam
9057:Bowen
9042:Kanji
9037:Hanja
9025:small
9020:large
8927:Olmec
8897:Kaidā
8887:Emoji
8867:Aztec
8670:Runic
8645:Osage
8626:Oirat
8571:Ogham
8504:Sigla
8449:Latin
8404:Greek
8288:Early
8258:Cirth
8211:Adlam
8080:Geʽez
8075:Fox I
7939:Tamil
7798:Lanna
7781:Khmer
7771:Karen
7721:Buhid
7701:Batak
7658:Uchen
7648:Takri
7599:Limbu
7499:Laṇḍā
7484:Khema
7464:Gupta
7454:Dogri
7371:Serṭā
7344:Zabur
7329:Punic
7302:Pegon
7238:Rashi
7152:Types
7103:Lists
7067:Types
6792:(PDF)
6775:(PDF)
6538:[
6505:[
6184:[
5892:Notes
5683:MPS I
5664:TAFEs
4813:鬦、鬪、鬭
4681:災、烖、菑
4624:虖、嘑、謼
2633:]
2373:]
1757:'eye'
1705:Li Si
1680:'Sun'
1612:shape
1488:Nüshu
1478:small
1473:large
1298:kanji
1248:forms
1194:order
1103:Small
1098:Large
1046:Hanja
1041:Kanji
962:TABLE
919:Macau
485:(IPA)
468:(501)
430:Hanja
420:Kanji
341:China
133:JSTOR
119:books
12880:Yale
12870:EFEO
12732:Seal
12517:Dayi
12114:Siyi
11796:Amoy
11313:Wuxi
11210:Huai
11023:Jilu
10300:Urdu
10265:Odia
10206:Urdu
9582:Loma
9577:Lisu
9520:Kana
9510:Iban
9500:Geba
9460:Bété
9415:si5s
9325:Khom
9298:Full
9171:Maya
8566:N'Ko
8125:Miao
8070:Dham
7989:Ogan
7959:Thai
7877:Shan
7813:Leke
7776:Kawi
7731:Cham
7716:Buda
7691:Ahom
7611:Odia
7524:Modi
7280:Book
6997:ISBN
6978:ISBN
6950:ISBN
6925:ISBN
6898:ISBN
6879:ISBN
6857:ISBN
6838:ISBN
6816:ISBN
6779:ISBN
6591:ISBN
6563:ISBN
6486:2023
6316:ISBN
6190:ISBN
5904:The
5784:The
5757:and
5717:and
5601:any
5599:cite
5466:Big5
5458:and
5396:and
5378:and
5082:and
4190:and
4176:and
4164:and
4152:and
3969:The
3950:头(斗)
3938:龙(尤)
3926:发(友)
3914:义(乂)
2960:and
2762:草書楷化
2681:7000
2663:6196
2638:1027
2612:1753
2485:8105
2471:8300
2467:1000
2463:2500
2453:7000
2447:The
1774:The
1639:zìtǐ
1626:form
1433:Kana
1296:Jōyō
1156:Ming
1093:Seal
984:, a
944:WRAP
909:and
465:Hans
302:2013
297:1988
292:1977
287:1964
282:1956
105:news
12612:Gan
12512:CKC
12379:Old
12256:She
12246:Mai
12050:Yue
11653:Min
11549:Gan
11476:Hui
11325:(?)
11263:Jin
10990:Taz
9859:IPA
9607:Vai
9515:Idu
9083:Sui
8556:Mru
8526:Luo
8489:IPA
8170:Rma
7867:Pyu
7808:Lao
7663:Umê
7069:of
6917:doi
6722:in
6647:新华网
6176:简体字
6113:新京报
6095:新华网
6061:新华网
5677:In
5612:by
5360:to
4831:厤、暦
4795:唘、啓
4738:獃、騃
4193:⿰讠夸
4140:⿰衤习
3920:髮、發
3887:裡/裏
3576:關/関
3552:裡/裏
3439:歷、曆
2966:):
2765:):
2744:髮、發
1682:or
1667:or
1569:简体字
1559:简化字
1393:Idu
1161:Hei
861:IPA
809:IPA
727:簡體字
713:简体字
681:IPA
629:IPA
546:簡化字
530:简化字
190:by
88:by
12954::
11537:zh
11525:zh
11513:zh
11501:zh
11489:zh
11286:Wu
9617:Yi
7019:,
6923:.
6787:.
6704:.
6675:.
6599:.
6571:.
6557:.
6428:.
6275:;
6178:.
6133:.
6121:^
6090:.
6056:.
6043:^
6022:.
5996:.
5980:.
5957:.
5919:^
5914:).
5819:.
5384:→
5372:→
5342:,
5318:→
5306:→
5294:→
5276:,
5270:→
5264:,
5258:→
5252:,
5246:→
5234:→
5228:,
5222:→
5216:,
5210:→
5204:,
5198:→
5192:,
5186:→
5160:→
5154:;
5148:→
5139::
5116:→
5110:;
5104:→
5095::
5066:→
5060:;
5054:→
5045::
5033:→
5027:;
5021:→
5012::
4989:→
4983:;
4977:→
4968::
4913:.
4858:→
4852:→
4846:;
4840:→
4834:→
4828:;
4822:→
4816:→
4810:;
4804:→
4798:→
4792:;
4786:→
4780:→
4774:;
4768:→
4762:→
4753::
4741:→
4735:;
4729:→
4723:;
4717:→
4711:;
4705:→
4696::
4684:→
4678:;
4672:→
4666:;
4660:→
4651::
4639:→
4633:;
4627:→
4621:;
4615:→
4609:;
4603:→
4597:;
4591:→
4585:;
4579:→
4570::
4549:→
4543:;
4537:→
4531:;
4525:→
4513:→
4500:→
4494:;
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