Blaise Pascal - Knowledge

2688: 322: 2680: 3065:("Little Schools of Port-Royal"). The work was unpublished until over a century after his death. Here, Pascal looked into the issue of discovering truths, arguing that the ideal of such a method would be to found all propositions on already established truths. At the same time, however, he claimed this was impossible because such established truths would require other truths to back them up—first principles, therefore, cannot be reached. Based on this, Pascal argued that the procedure used in geometry was as perfect as possible, with certain principles assumed and other propositions developed from them. Nevertheless, there was no way to know the assumed principles to be true. 3223:

frequently tried to reject the ministrations of his doctors, saying, "Don't pity me, sickness is the natural state of Christians, because in it we are, as we should always be, in the suffering of evils, in the deprivation of all the goods and pleasures of the senses, free from all the passions that work throughout the course of life, without ambition, without avarice, in the continual expectation of death." Desiring to imitate Jesus’ poverty of spirit, in his spirit of zeal and charity, Pascal said if God allowed him to recover from his illness, he would be resolved to "have no other employment or occupation for the rest of my life than the service of the poor."

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Port-Royal. On that day, according to Gilberte concerning her brother, "He retired very sadly to his rooms without seeing Jacqueline, who was waiting in the little parlor..." In early June 1653, after what must have seemed like endless badgering from Jacqueline, Pascal formally signed over the whole of his sister's inheritance to Port-Royal, which, to him, "had begun to smell like a cult." With two-thirds of his father's estate now gone, the 29-year-old Pascal was now consigned to genteel poverty.

2494: 272: 289: 40: 5486: 11998: 12004: 314: 14152: 9200: 7117: 5860: 14142: 330: 12010: 12667: 11875: 10474: 9189: 1322: 2809: 5505: 3242:, moving passengers within Paris in a carriage with many seats. Pascal also designated the operation principles which were later used to plan public transportation: The carriages had a fixed route, fixed price, and left even if there were no passengers. It is widely considered that the idea of public transportation was well ahead of time. The lines were not commercially successful, and the last one closed by 1675. 5870: 2561: 12679: 1334: 3209: 2620:. He proved that hydrostatic pressure depends not on the weight of the fluid but on the elevation difference. He demonstrated this principle by attaching a thin tube to a barrel full of water and filling the tube with water up to the level of the third floor of a building. This caused the barrel to leak, in what became known as 2002: 3245:

In 1662, Pascal's illness became more violent, and his emotional condition had severely worsened since his sister's death. Aware that his health was fading quickly, he sought a move to the hospital for incurable diseases, but his doctors declared that he was too unstable to be carried. In Paris on 18

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In terms of God, Descartes and Pascal disagreed. Pascal wrote that "I cannot forgive Descartes. In all his philosophy he would have been quite willing to dispense with God, but he couldn't avoid letting him put the world in motion; afterwards he didn't need God anymore". He opposed the rationalism of

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Suddenly there was war in the Pascal household. Blaise pleaded with Jacqueline not to leave, but she was adamant. He commanded her to stay, but that didn't work, either. At the heart of this was...Blaise's fear of abandonment...if Jacqueline entered Port-Royal, she would have to leave her inheritance

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and immediately wrote a brief note to himself which began: "Fire. God of Abraham, God of Isaac, God of Jacob, not of the philosophers and the scholars..." and concluded by quoting Psalm 119:16: "I will not forget thy word. Amen." He seems to have carefully sewn this document into his coat and always

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By the end of October in 1651, a truce had been reached between brother and sister. In return for a healthy annual stipend, Jacqueline signed over her part of the inheritance to her brother. Gilberte had already been given her inheritance in the form of a dowry. In early January, Jacqueline left for

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Like so many others, Étienne was eventually forced to flee Paris because of his opposition to the fiscal policies of Richelieu, leaving his three children in the care of his neighbour Madame Sainctot, a great beauty with an infamous past who kept one of the most glittering and intellectual salons in

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He cared above all about the philosophy of religion. Pascalian theology has grown out of his perspective that humans are, according to Wood, "born into a duplicitous world that shapes us into duplicitous subjects and so we find it easy to reject God continually and deceive ourselves about our own

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that Pascal made his oft-quoted apology for writing a long letter, as he had not had time to write a shorter one. From Letter XVI, as translated by Thomas M'Crie: 'Reverend fathers, my letters were not wont either to be so prolix, or to follow so closely on one another. Want of time must plead my

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Pascal fell away from this initial religious engagement and experienced a few years of what some biographers have called his "worldly period" (1648–54). His father died in 1651 and left his inheritance to Pascal and his sister Jacqueline, for whom Pascal acted as conservator. Jacqueline announced

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I attached one of the tubes to the vessel and marked the height of the quicksilver and...asked Father Chastin, one of the Minim Brothers...to watch if any changes should occur through the day...Taking the other tube and a portion of the quick silver...I walked to the top of Puy-de-Dôme, about 500

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In 1658, Pascal, while suffering from a toothache, began considering several problems concerning the cycloid. His toothache disappeared, and he took this as a heavenly sign to proceed with his research. Eight days later he had completed his essay and, to publicize the results, proposed a contest.

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has multiple characters named after famous philosophers; one of these is a sentient pacifistic machine named Pascal, who serves as a major supporting character. Pascal creates a village for machines to live peacefully with the androids they are at war with and acts as a parental figure for other

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was convinced that Pascal's father had written it. When assured by Mersenne that it was, indeed, the product of the son and not the father, Descartes dismissed it with a sniff: "I do not find it strange that he has offered demonstrations about conics more appropriate than those of the ancients,"

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could be a very serious condition, perhaps even fatal. Rouen was home to two of the finest doctors in France, Deslandes and de la Bouteillerie. The elder Pascal "would not let anyone other than these men attend him...It was a good choice, for the old man survived and was able to walk again..."

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described him during this phase of his life as "a man of the world among ascetics, and an ascetic among men of the world." Pascal's ascetic lifestyle derived from a belief that it was natural and necessary for a person to suffer. In 1659, Pascal fell seriously ill. During his last years, he

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people like Descartes as applied to the existence of a God, preferring faith as "reason can decide nothing here". For Pascal the nature of God was such that such proofs cannot reveal God. Humans "are in darkness and estranged from God" because "he has hidden Himself from their knowledge".

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In 1631, five years after the death of his wife, Étienne Pascal moved with his children to Paris. The newly arrived family soon hired Louise Delfault, a maid who eventually became a key member of the family. Étienne, who never remarried, decided that he alone would educate his children.

2902: 2836:. Blaise spoke with the doctors frequently, and after their successful treatment of his father, borrowed from them works by Jansenist authors. In this period, Pascal experienced a sort of "first conversion" and began to write on theological subjects in the course of the following year. 5109: 3432:

points the way toward God and acknowledges the task to which we are called, the task which offers us the real meaning of human life. Man is not the ultimate measure of man. Man becomes truly man only by passing beyond himself. In the words of Pascal: "Man infinitely surpasses

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In 1642, in an effort to ease his father's endless, exhausting calculations, and recalculations, of taxes owed and paid (into which work the young Pascal had been recruited), Pascal, not yet 19, constructed a mechanical calculator capable of addition and subtraction, called

3076:. He distinguished between definitions which are conventional labels defined by the writer and definitions which are within the language and understood by everyone because they naturally designate their referent. The second type would be characteristic of the philosophy of 2640:. Having replicated an experiment that involved placing a tube filled with mercury upside down in a bowl of mercury, Pascal questioned what force kept some mercury in the tube and what filled the space above the mercury in the tube. At the time, most scientists including 1761:

The young Pascal showed an extraordinary intellectual ability, with an amazing aptitude for mathematics and science. Etienne had tried to keep his son from learning mathematics; but by the age of 12, Pascal had rediscovered, on his own, using charcoal on a tile floor,

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all France. It was only when Jacqueline performed well in a children's play with Richelieu in attendance that Étienne was pardoned. In time, Étienne was back in good graces with the Cardinal and in 1639 had been appointed the king's commissioner of taxes in the city of

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found that air pressure is equal to the weight of 30 inches of mercury. If air has a finite weight, Earth's atmosphere must have a maximum height. Pascal reasoned that if true, air pressure on a high mountain must be less than at a lower altitude. He lived near the

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that achieving certainty in these axioms and conclusions through human methods is impossible. He asserted that these principles can be grasped only through intuition, and that this fact underscored the necessity for submission to God in searching out truths.

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higher than the monastery, where upon experiment...found that the quicksilver reached a height of only 23" and 2 lines...I repeated the experiment five times with care...each at different points on the summit...found the same height of quicksilver...in each

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was introduced. John Ross writes, "Probability theory and the discoveries following it changed the way we regard uncertainty, risk, decision-making, and an individual's and society's ability to influence the course of future events." Pascal, in the

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for a two-week retreat in January 1655. For the next four years, he regularly travelled between Port-Royal and Paris. It was at this point immediately after his conversion when he began writing his first major literary work on religion, the

5105: 1917:, the calculator failed to be a great commercial success. Partly because it was still quite cumbersome to use in practice, but probably primarily because it was extraordinarily expensive, the Pascaline became little more than a toy, and a 2785:: "In order to show that a hypothesis is evident, it does not suffice that all the phenomena follow from it; instead, if it leads to something contrary to a single one of the phenomena, that suffices to establish its falsity." 4428:, May 2003. "Pascal worked on many versions of the devices, leading to his attempt to create a perpetual motion machine. He has been credited with introducing the roulette machine, which was a by-product of these experiments." 2451: 4532:

Pour faire qu'une hypothèse soit évidente, il ne suffit pas que tous les phénomènes s'en ensuivent, au lieu que, s'il s'ensuit quelque chose de contraire à un seul des phénomènes, cela suffit pour assurer de sa

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In literature, Pascal is regarded as one of the most important authors of the French Classical Period and is read today as one of the greatest masters of French prose. His use of satire and wit influenced later

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were popular as a literary work. Pascal's use of humor, mockery, and vicious satire in his arguments made the letters ripe for public consumption, and influenced the prose of later French writers like

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For the sources on which the hypothesis of a link between a carriage accident and Pascal's second conversion is based, and for a sage weighing of the evidence for and against, see Henri Gouhier,

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In the winter of 1646, Pascal's 58-year-old father broke his hip when he slipped and fell on an icy street of Rouen; given the man's age and the state of medicine in the 17th century, a

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probabilistic argument for why one should believe in God. In that year, he also wrote an important treatise on the arithmetical triangle. Between 1658 and 1659, he wrote on the

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For a while, Pascal pursued the life of a bachelor. During visits to his sister at Port-Royal in 1654, he displayed contempt for affairs of the world but was not drawn to God.

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The weather was chancy last Saturday... around five o'clock that morning...the Puy-de-Dôme was visible...so I decided to give it a try. Several important people of the city of

1969:, learning of the subject from the correspondence of Pascal and Fermat, wrote the first book on the subject. Later figures who continued the development of the theory include 2758:, a height of about 50 metres. The mercury dropped two lines. He found with both experiments that an ascent of 7 fathoms lowers the mercury by half a line. Note: Pascal used 2704:

mountain, 4,790 feet (1,460 m) tall, but his health was poor so could not climb it. On 19 September 1648, after many months of Pascal's friendly but insistent prodding,

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Pascal's triangle. Each number is the sum of the two directly above it. The triangle demonstrates many mathematical properties in addition to showing binomial coefficients.

1965:, to justify belief in God and a virtuous life. However, Pascal and Fermat, though doing important early work in probability theory, did not develop the field very far. 10139: 7468: 2708:, husband of Pascal's elder sister Gilberte, was finally able to carry out the fact-finding mission vital to Pascal's theory. The account, written by Périer, reads: 1671:. Following a religious experience in late 1654, he began writing influential works on philosophy and theology. His two most famous works date from this period: the 1913:

Although these machines are pioneering forerunners to a further 400 years of development of mechanical methods of calculation, and in a sense to the later field of

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lines above the quicksilver in the vessel...I repeated the experiment two more times while standing in the same spot... produced the same result each time...

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Pascal contributed to several fields in physics, most notably the fields of fluid mechanics and pressure. In honour of his scientific contributions, the name

3080:. Pascal claimed that only definitions of the first type were important to science and mathematics, arguing that those fields should adopt the philosophy of 11912: 8803: 4770: 3170:("Defense of the Christian Religion"). The first version of the numerous scraps of paper found after his death appeared in print as a book in 1669 titled 7901: 2848:. Pascal was deeply affected and very sad, not because of her choice, but because of his chronic poor health; he needed her just as she had needed him. 9790: 9270: 4997: 3851: 3306: 2705: 14180: 10165: 8368: 3639: 3517: 2825: 14748: 13068: 12716: 12488: 10240: 7154: 3524: 8689: 4060: 3700: 5653: 2334: 14422: 6181: 5919: 5358: 4071: 2548:

of the cycloid; Roberval claimed promptly that he had known of the proof for years. Wallis published Wren's proof (crediting Wren) in Wallis's

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which provided, if not a lavish, then certainly a comfortable income which allowed the Pascal family to move to, and enjoy, Paris, but in 1638

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In France at that time offices and positions could be—and were—bought and sold. In 1631, Étienne sold his position as second president of the

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1 ligne = 2.256 mm, and 1 toise = 1.949 m. Mercury density is 13.534 g/cm3. So by Pascal's numbers, the density of air is about 1.1 kg/m^3.

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However treatment and rehabilitation took three months, during which time La Bouteillerie and Deslandes had become regular visitors.

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Tobin, Paul. "The Rejection of Pascal's Wager: A Skeptic's Guide to the Bible and the Historical Jesus". authorsonline.co.uk, 2009.

2832:. This still fairly small sect was making surprising inroads into the French Catholic community at that time. It espoused rigorous 5161: 4679: 3442: 14875: 14561: 9222: 8988: 8082: 5954: 5719: 5686: 1855:, defaulted on the government's bonds. Suddenly Étienne Pascal's worth had dropped from nearly 66,000 livres to less than 7,300. 1817:

is inscribed in a circle (or conic) then the three intersection points of opposite sides lie on a line (called the Pascal line).

12503: 4564: 3915: 2667:. It also provided reasons why it was indeed a vacuum above the column of liquid in a barometer tube. This work was followed by 2663:("New experiments with the vacuum"), which detailed basic rules describing to what degree various liquids could be supported by 14845: 14795: 14790: 14702: 13109: 9652: 9594: 7316: 7311: 6372: 6044: 2876:

transferred it when he changed clothes; a servant discovered it only by chance after his death. This piece is now known as the

1790:. Following Desargues' thinking, the 16-year-old Pascal produced, as a means of proof, a short treatise on what was called the 5611: 3714: 3009:: "Everything is there—purity of language, nobility of thought, solidity in reasoning, finesse in raillery, and throughout an 14900: 14890: 10497: 9020: 8968: 7600: 5577: 5290: 4421: 4231: 3828: 3673: 3002:

excuse for both of these faults. The present letter is a very long one, simply because I had no leisure to make it shorter.'

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Discussion of the Pascaline, its history, mechanism, surviving examples, and modern replicas at http://things-that-count.net

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Kieren MacMillan, Jonathan Sondow (2011). "Proofs of power sum and binomial coefficient congruences via Pascal's identity".

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is disputed by some scholars. His belief and religious commitment revitalized, Pascal visited the older of two convents at

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had asked me to let them know when I would make the ascent...I was delighted to have them with me in this great work...

14805: 13001: 12984: 10362: 9664: 9415: 8657: 8154: 7763: 7488: 5912: 5332: 4425: 4336: 4924:"Lettres, opuscules et mémoires de madame Périer et de Jacqueline, sœurs de Pascal, et de Marguerite Périer, sa nièce" 4891:"Lettres, opuscules et mémoires de madame Périer et de Jacqueline, sœurs de Pascal, et de Marguerite Périer, sa nièce" 2971:, the Jansenist school at Port-Royal was condemned and closed down; those involved with the school had to sign a 1656 1825:

adding, "but other matters related to this subject can be proposed that would scarcely occur to a 16-year-old child."

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Louis XIV suppressed the Jansenist movement at Port-Royal in 1661. In response, Pascal wrote one of his final works,

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Pascal replicated the experiment in Paris by carrying a barometer up to the top of the bell tower at the church of

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at one end and opened at the other...then placed them in the vessel ...I found the quick silver stood at 26" and

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was not completed before his death. It was to have been a sustained and coherent examination and defense of the

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performed after his death revealed grave problems with his stomach and other organs of his abdomen, along with

3250:. He died the next morning, his last words being "May God never abandon me," and was buried in the cemetery of 2679: 1899: 1880: 297: 222: 6317: 3334:, which originally aired on Italian television in 1971. Pascal was a subject of the first edition of the 1984 14825: 14580: 14105: 13938: 13731: 13590: 13441: 12352: 11512: 11192: 10589: 10294: 9873: 9848: 9457: 8475: 8465: 7791: 7662: 7560: 7257: 7120: 6549: 6196: 5905: 5557: 4277: 3362: 3144: 2979:

himself. Even Pope Alexander, while publicly opposing them, nonetheless was persuaded by Pascal's arguments.

542: 154: 11962: 11608: 6458: 4987: 3061:("Of the Geometrical Spirit"), originally written as a preface to a geometry textbook for one of the famous 2951:). Pascal denounced casuistry as the mere use of complex reasoning to justify moral laxity and all sorts of 1193: 389: 14830: 14080: 10567: 10334: 9853: 9843: 9299: 9056: 9027: 9010: 8918: 8530: 8495: 8485: 8063: 8044: 7906: 7657: 7570: 6987: 6944: 4354:"A Note on Blaise Pascal (1623-1662). A Forerunner of Leibnitz and Newton in the Discovery of the Calculus" 4082: 1351: 1298: 5566: 3631: 3021:

Pascal is arguably best known as a philosopher, considered by some the second greatest French mind behind

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on the other, in order to bring the unbeliever to such despair and confusion that he would embrace God.

3174:("Thoughts of M. Pascal on religion, and on some other subjects") and soon thereafter became a classic. 1950:, based on the chance each has of winning the game from that point. From this discussion, the notion of 14865: 14431: 13454: 13119: 13084: 12880: 12651: 12528: 11618: 11557: 10520: 10308: 9333: 8983: 8781: 8435: 8087: 8053: 8012: 6949: 6559: 6484: 6422: 6287: 3748: 1228: 374: 11381: 11361: 6397: 6347: 4057: 3025:. He was a dualist following Descartes. However, he is also remembered for his opposition to both the 2013:, written in 1654 but published posthumously in 1665, described a convenient tabular presentation for 1977:. The work done by Fermat and Pascal into the calculus of probabilities laid important groundwork for 978: 14591: 13673: 13134: 10367: 10069: 9380: 9173: 9119: 8790: 8740: 8430: 8385: 7493: 6504: 6211: 6132: 5344:

Landkildehus, Søren. "Kierkegaard and Pascal as kindred spirits in the Fight against Christendom" in

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on the subject of gambling problems, and from that collaboration was born the mathematical theory of

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condemning the teachings of Jansen as heretical. The final letter from Pascal, in 1657, had defied

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The Unfinished Game: Pascal, Fermat, and the Seventeenth-Century Letter that Made the World Modern

4775:. Changing Paradigms in Historical and Systematic Theology. Oxford University Press. 4 July 2013. 3845: 3290: 3251: 3239: 14601: 14501: 14366: 14215: 13988: 13703: 13643: 13635: 13332: 13327: 13114: 13099: 12964: 11929: 11643: 11587: 11507: 10903: 9818: 9674: 9401: 9124: 8756: 8717: 8684: 8130: 8110: 7978: 7856: 7806: 7585: 7386: 7326: 6765: 6742: 6707: 6489: 6453: 6377: 6312: 3725: 1233: 863: 490: 352: 137: 5681: 4193: 2537: 1628:, Pascal was also a pioneer in the natural and applied sciences. Pascal wrote in defense of the 963: 14775: 14732: 13585: 13404: 13021: 13016: 12725: 12543: 11728: 11693: 11527: 11146: 10647: 10289: 10175: 9888: 9193: 9134: 9129: 8763: 8569: 8490: 8415: 8295: 7973: 7861: 7801: 7478: 7366: 7057: 6959: 6916: 6775: 6656: 6063: 6008: 5863: 5751: 5705: 4923: 4890: 4056:

A complete list of known Pascalines and also a review of contemporary replicas can be found at

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of the likes of Descartes and simultaneous opposition to the main countervailing epistemology,

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Histoire des instruments et machines à calculer, trois siècles de mécanique pensante 1642–1942

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The hidden God; a study of tragic vision in the Pensees of Pascal and the tragedies of Racine

5106:"Animal Crossing: New Horizons: Pascal - Spawn Times, Locations And Mermaid Clothing Rewards" 5093: 4007:

Cole, J. R. (1995). Pascal : the man and his two loves. United Kingdom: NYU Press. p. 40

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and produced several controversial results. He made important contributions to the study of

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That same year, Pascal had a religious experience, and mostly gave up work in mathematics.

2018: 2014: 1996: 1974: 1914: 1852: 1767: 1674: 1118: 908: 873: 843: 813: 783: 678: 574: 394: 384: 305: 231: 13753: 11814: 11346: 6901: 6780: 5842: 1213: 104: 8: 14885: 14521: 14095: 13796: 13668: 13547: 13216: 13139: 13129: 13006: 12890: 12885: 12538: 12458: 12327: 12071: 12025: 11982: 11804: 11768: 11738: 11502: 11406: 11246: 11207: 11187: 11115: 11001: 10810: 10653: 10640: 10629: 10466: 10190: 10180: 10129: 9987: 9973: 9833: 9575: 9338: 9091: 8993: 8786: 8770: 8290: 8200: 7651: 7595: 7543: 7444: 7406: 6850: 6534: 6302: 6271: 5761: 5677: 4300: 4247: 3905:"Thesis submitted to the University of Nottingham for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy" 3627: 3567: 3562: 3557: 3193: 2960: 2872: 2788: 2755: 2696: 2653: 1810: 1594: 1183: 1053: 933: 868: 673: 601: 480: 469: 404: 246: 12382: 11849: 11306: 6407: 6382: 5628: 2781:, who believed in the plenum, Pascal wrote, echoing contemporary notions of science and 1783: 1108: 1068: 1023: 16:

French mathematician, physicist, inventor, writer, and Christian philosopher (1623–1662)

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believed in a plenum, i. e. some invisible matter filled all of space, rather than a

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Les Lettres de Blaise Pascal: Accompagnées de Lettres de ses Correspondants Publiées

4097: 3779: 3022: 2880:. The story of a carriage accident as having led to the experience described in the 1821: 1734: 1663:

In 1646, he and his sister Jacqueline identified with the religious movement within

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are given to outstanding international scientists to conduct their research in the

2713: 2589: 2541: 1939: 1722: 1602: 1512: 1506: 1431: 1384: 1278: 1273: 1268: 1243: 1173: 1098: 923: 833: 738: 713: 683: 451: 359: 241: 63: 14706: 11834: 11723: 11462: 11261: 8173: 6785: 5260: 4539:, ed. Maurice Beaufreton, 6th edition (Paris: G. Crès, 1922), 25–26, available at 4121:(in French). Clermont-Ferrand: La Française d'Edition et d'Imprimerie. p. 12. 3729: 1766:’s first thirty-two geometric propositions, and was thus given a copy of Euclid's 14716: 14672: 14491: 14461: 14276: 14246: 14055: 14038: 13993: 13983: 13928: 13901: 13838: 13833: 13818: 13743: 13479: 13469: 13104: 13094: 12895: 12772: 12616: 12292: 12282: 12277: 12192: 12160: 12150: 11844: 11733: 11668: 11658: 11582: 11477: 11472: 11376: 11351: 11182: 11162: 11135: 11130: 11100: 11041: 10785: 10612: 10372: 10339: 10283: 10277: 10134: 10039: 9943: 9755: 9249: 9214: 9168: 9051: 8908: 8873: 8679: 8674: 8599: 8594: 8535: 8460: 8210: 8140: 7672: 7613: 7163: 6875: 6760: 6636: 6598: 6417: 6261: 6256: 6058: 5964: 5756: 5615: 5540: 5380: 5306: 5237: 5028: 5019: 4868: 4859: 4683: 4547: 4104: 4086: 4075: 4064: 3814: 3784: 3695: 3391: 3247: 3163: 3148: 2940: 2671:("Account of the great experiment on equilibrium in liquids") published in 1648. 2613: 2609: 2581: 1844: 1649: 1617:

and later Pascalines), establishing him as one of the first two inventors of the

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Brill's Studies in Intellectual History 131 (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 2005), 126 n.7

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On the 23 of November, 1654, between 10:30 and 12:30 at night, Pascal had an

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Pascal's most influential theological work, referred to posthumously as the

2584:(an important principle of hydrostatics). He introduced a primitive form of 2456:

In the same treatise, Pascal gave an explicit statement of the principle of

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Philosophia Scientiæ. Travaux d'histoire et de philosophie des sciences

3411: 3345: 3310: 3212: 3185: 3073: 3030: 2972: 2545: 1898:. Of the eight Pascalines known to have survived, four are held by the 743: 456: 364: 11890: 5798: 5265:

Game of Probability. Literature and Calculation from Pascal and Kleist

3509: 3113: 3095:, specifically the question of how people come to be convinced of the 1957: 1737:, also an amateur mathematician, was a local judge and member of the " 1681: 14336: 14250: 14033: 13758: 13580: 13409: 13374: 13359: 13322: 12739: 12611: 12483: 11395: 11081: 10675: 8948: 8943: 8913: 8609: 8372: 8356: 8341: 8185: 8075: 7953: 7943: 7811: 7590: 6068: 5989: 5514: 5384: 5353:

The Miracle of Theism: Arguments for and against the Existence of God

3235: 3197: 3119:

Man is only a reed, the weakest in nature, but he is a thinking reed.

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Following more experimentation in this vein, in 1647 Pascal produced

2641: 2637: 2293: = 0, 1, 2, ... The boundary conditions are 2229: 1876: 1863:—a city whose tax records, thanks to uprisings, were in utter chaos. 1668: 1653: 1571: 475: 379: 167: 5627: 5580:

in orig. French/Latin and modern English, trans. Elizabeth T. Knuth.

5162:"David Pengelley - "Pascal's Treatise on the Arithmetical Triangle"" 2560: 14435: 14100: 14090: 13575: 13570: 13565: 13517: 13364: 13280: 13248: 13161: 13153: 12844: 12819: 12787: 12782: 12666: 12563: 12533: 12227: 12086: 12053: 11874: 11295: 10873: 10825: 10730: 10720: 10690: 10670: 10634: 10473: 9828: 9582: 9570: 9188: 9096: 8923: 8022: 7391: 6427: 6022: 6015: 5499: 5495: 4426:"Inventor of the Week Archive: Pascal : Mechanical Calculator" 3429: 3231: 3189: 3172:

Pensées de M. Pascal sur la religion, et sur quelques autres sujets

3091:("On the Art of Persuasion"), Pascal looked deeper into geometry's 2987: 2798: 2585: 2521: 1982: 1793: 1637: 1321: 688: 658: 564: 554: 532: 461: 7132: 5521: 5365:(London: Smith, Elder & Company, 1909; New York: E. P. Dutton) 4485:"– Chapitre XI – La Grande expérience de l'équilibre des liqueurs" 4291: 2808: 14535: 14370: 14270: 14260: 13349: 13260: 13181: 13171: 12814: 12767: 12267: 12048: 12043: 11327: 11216: 11066: 10805: 10780: 10695: 10623: 10577: 10085: 9699: 9321: 8893: 7731: 7605: 7548: 5400:

Saka, Paul (2001). "Pascal's Wager and the Many Gods Objection".

4552:

Pierre Gassendi's Philosophy and Science: Atomism for Empiricists

4274: 3983:"Blaise Pascal | Biography, Facts, & Inventions | Britannica" 3350: 3335: 3258: 3034: 2944: 2911: 2746: 2617: 2498: 1907: 1814: 1702: 1698: 1686: 1013: 668: 633: 591: 586: 465: 199: 172: 5697: 5661: 5609:

Blaise Pascal featured on the 500 French Franc banknote in 1977.

5049:

Zanello, Marc; Arnaud, Eric; Di Rocco, Federico (1 April 2015).

3155:

hailed the Pensées as "the most eloquent book in French prose".

2901: 2828:, proponent of a splinter group from Catholic teaching known as 14229: 14219: 13419: 13312: 13191: 12590: 12197: 10908: 10790: 10685: 10251:

Pope Pius XII 1942 consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary

9694: 9604: 9509: 9046: 8351: 8336: 8280: 8247: 6098: 4957:"Это в моде: почему в мире возрождается общественный транспорт" 4079: 3719: 3366: 3274: 3184:

s main strategies was to use the contradictory philosophies of

3096: 2936: 2931:

Beginning in 1656–57, Pascal published his memorable attack on

2645: 2506: 1910:, Germany, exhibit two of his original mechanical calculators. 1763: 1641: 1609:, strongly influencing the development of modern economics and 773: 733: 693: 5217:

Blaise Pascal: Mathematician, Physicist, and Thinker about God

1467: 14696: 14445: 14320: 14310: 14280: 13196: 12749: 12418: 9144: 8312: 8276: 5984: 3387:

machines trying to adapt to their newly-found individuality.

2770: 2540:) were judged to be adequate. While the contest was ongoing, 2017:

which he called the arithmetical triangle, but is now called

1860: 1633: 1590: 1530: 1518: 1443: 82: 14202: 5454:

Pascal à Mirefleurs ? Les dessins de la maison de Domat

3208: 14736: 14565: 14400: 14390: 12777: 10878: 8317: 8036: 5433: 4640:. (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1969), p. 124 4614:. (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1969), p. 122 4331:. New York, NY, USA: Dover Publications, Inc. p. 234. 3143:. When commenting on one particular section (Thought #72), 3099:

upon which later conclusions are based. Pascal agreed with

1805:) and sent it — his first serious work of mathematics — to 803: 5442:. Vol. 2. London: Duckworth and Co. pp. 241–284. 3313:, Democratic Republic of the Congo is named after Pascal. 14340: 12859: 10140:

Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution

3468:

Récit de la grande expérience de l'équilibre des liqueurs

2952: 2669:

Récit de la grande expérience de l'équilibre des liqueurs

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were the judges, and neither of the two submissions (by

1988: 1685:, the former set in the conflict between Jansenists and 5470:(1858) Paris: Libraire de L Hachette et Cie, link from 3246:

August 1662, Pascal went into convulsions and received

2321: = 1, 2, 3, ... The generator 2552:, giving Wren priority for the first published proof. 14757:

People whose names are used in chemical element names

14753:

Scientists whose names are used in physical constants

10171:

Dogma of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary

5889: 5348:(ed. Jon Stewart. Farnham: Ashgate Publishing, 2009). 5346:

Kierkegaard and the Renaissance and Modern Traditions

5339:

Pascal's Wager: Pragmatic Arguments and Belief in God

5048: 4469:

Périer to Pascal, 22 September 1648, Pascal, Blaise.

4222:

Katz, Victor (2009). "14.3: Elementary Probability".

3622: 2616:(using hydraulic pressure to multiply force) and the 2337: 1542: 1527: 1524: 1491: 1476: 1473: 1464: 1461: 1440: 1437: 1414: 1399: 1396: 5299:

Farrell, John. "Pascal and Power". Chapter seven of

3850:(in French). Gauthier-Villars et fils. p. 245. 2943:

thinkers in the early modern period (especially the

1597:; he wrote a significant treatise on the subject of 1533: 1515: 1482: 1455: 1446: 1405: 1387: 1589:who was educated by his father, a tax collector in 1521: 1452: 1434: 1393: 9244: 5375: 4988:"March 18, 1662: The Bus Starts Here ... in Paris" 4391: 2675:First atmospheric pressure vs. altitude experiment 2445: 5675: 5395:. Vol. 20 (11th ed.). pp. 878–881. 5132:"Populorum Progressio (March 26, 1967) | Paul VI" 2328: = 1. Pascal concluded with the proof, 1782:Particularly of interest to Pascal was a work of 1705:and its use in calculating the volume of solids. 14767: 14749:List of scientists whose names are used as units 10519: 10241:Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII 4725: 4591:Pascal's wager: the man who played dice with God 4394:Pascal's Wager: The Man Who Played Dice with God 4249:Pascal's triangle | World of Mathematics Summary 4125: 4037:Pascal's wager: the man who played dice with God 3963: 2799:Adult life: religion, literature, and philosophy 2516:Pascal proposed three questions relating to the 5231:"Pascal's Views on Mathematics and the Divine," 4757:A Companion to Phenomenology and Existentialism 5359:Stafford Harry Northcote, Viscount Saint Cyres 5241:Mathematics and the Divine: A Historical Study 14188: 12710: 11906: 10505: 9230: 7148: 5913: 5713: 5301:Paranoia and Modernity: Cervantes to Rousseau 5031:. (New York: Dover Publications, Inc, 1996). 4871:. (New York: Dover Publications, Inc, 1996). 4772:Blaise Pascal on Duplicity, Sin, and the Fall 4728:Mathematics and the Divine A Historical Study 4325:A Short Account of the History of Mathematics 4098:(fr) La Machine d'arithmétique, Blaise Pascal 3307:Établissement scolaire français Blaise-Pascal 2317: = 1, 2, 3, ... and 2289: = 0, 1, 2, ... and 1601:at the age of 16. He later corresponded with 1359: 6042: 6013: 5999: 4345: 3843: 3701:Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary 3486: 3125: 3048: 1672: 6108: 4712:Ariew, Roger (2007). Descartes and Pascal. 4119:Les machines arithmétiques de Blaise Pascal 2588:and the roulette wheel in his search for a 1708: 14195: 14181: 12724: 12717: 12703: 11913: 11899: 10512: 10498: 10256:Dogma of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary 10206:Prayer of Consecration to the Sacred Heart 9237: 9223: 9077:International Alliance of Catholic Knights 7155: 7141: 5920: 5906: 5720: 5706: 5596: 5355:. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1982). 5051:"The mysteries of Blaise Pascal's sutures" 4726:Bergmans, Luc; Koetsier, T., eds. (2004). 3608:Seventeenth-Century Indivisibles Revisited 2982:Aside from their religious influence, the 2544:sent Pascal a proposal for a proof of the 2228:He defined the numbers in the triangle by 1366: 1352: 38: 14116:Relationship between religion and science 4496: 4444: 4315: 4290: 4224:A History of Mathematics: An Introduction 4169: 4116: 3808:Schickard versus Pascal: An Empty Debate? 2917: 1593:. His earliest mathematical work was on 14203:Scientists whose names are used as units 5927: 5623:: text, concordances and frequency lists 4854: 4852: 4823: 4398:(1st ed.), HarperCollins, pp. 3377:featuring Pascal were released in 2016. 3284: 3207: 2900: 2853:behind... nothing would change her mind. 2807: 2686: 2678: 2559: 2492: 2021:. The triangle can also be represented: 2000: 1870: 1741:". Pascal had two sisters, the younger 1712: 21:For the Canadian singer-songwriter, see 14562:John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh 11920: 5687:MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive 4954: 4649:Richard H. Popkin, Paul Edwards (ed.), 4567:. Chaires Blaise Pascal. Archived from 4482: 4351: 4322:Ball, W. W. Rouse (16 September 2010). 3818: 3373:, which is named for Pascal. The first 3203: 2803: 14768: 13042:Proper basis and Reformed epistemology 11513:Wilhelm Emmanuel Freiherr von Ketteler 7536: 5456:, Impr. Blandin, 1985. (FRBNF40378895) 5372:, (University of Toronto Press, 1984). 4985: 4967:from the original on 15 September 2021 4921: 4888: 4801: 4389: 3462:Experiences nouvelles touchant le vide 3147:praised it as the finest pages in the 2967:in 1660. In 1661, in the midst of the 2661:Experiences nouvelles touchant le vide 1851:, desperate for money to carry on the 14176: 12698: 11894: 10493: 9218: 7136: 6158: 5939: 5901: 5888: 5701: 4849: 4740: 4701:Parallèle des Anciens et des Modernes 4656: 4217: 4215: 3660: 3618: 3616: 2656:rather than vacuum filled the space. 1990:Treatise on the Arithmetical Triangle 1820:Pascal's work was so precocious that 1809:in Paris; it is known still today as 1553: 5869: 5399: 5370:The Composition of Pascal's Apologia 5274:. (Boston: Twayne Publishers), 1983. 5142:from the original on 15 October 2022 5012: 5000:from the original on 14 October 2021 4839:, chapter II, Subsection 4.4, p. 66 4745:. Taylor & Francis. p. 391. 4643: 4321: 4301:10.4169/amer.math.monthly.118.06.549 4221: 4200:from the original on 3 February 2017 4143: 3951:from the original on 19 October 2022 3902: 3583:List of pioneers in computer science 3503:Écrit sur la signature du formulaire 3228:Écrit sur la signature du formulaire 2963:. The king ordered that the book be 2564:An illustration of the (apocryphal) 1934:In 1654, prompted by his friend the 10110:Suppression of the Society of Jesus 7162: 5546:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 5527:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy 5519: 5511:The Correspondence of Blaise Pascal 5428: 5112:from the original on 8 October 2020 4955:Blinkin, Mikhail (20 August 2021). 4450: 3760:from the original on 14 August 2019 3636:University of St. Andrews, Scotland 3053:Pascal's major contribution to the 1652:, in 1647 he rebutted the likes of 13: 14811:17th-century French mathematicians 9665:Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran 5565:. Renouard, Paris 1812 (2 vols.) ( 5534: 5341:. (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2006). 5277: 5205: 4833:: Volume 8, "The Age of Louis XIV" 4789:from the original on 9 August 2018 4763: 4212: 4131: 4026:; chapter II, subsection 4.1 p.56) 4020:: Volume 8, "The Age of Louis XIV" 3969: 3884:from the original on 10 March 2009 3854:from the original on 9 August 2018 3823:(in French). Hermann. p. 48. 3642:from the original on 19 April 2010 3613: 3168:Apologie de la religion Chrétienne 1775: 14: 14927: 14703:René Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur 5890:Articles related to Blaise Pascal 5727: 5664:(English translation) including, 5604:BBC Radio 4. In Our Time: Pascal. 5461: 5267:, Stanford University Press, 2012 4483:Rougier, Louis (1 October 2010). 4256:from the original on 4 March 2016 3668:(3rd ed.). Pearson Longman. 3588:List of works by Eugène Guillaume 3513:(incomplete at death; publ. 1670) 3458:"Essai pour les coniques" (1639) 2595: 1961:, used a probabilistic argument, 14916:Scientists from Clermont-Ferrand 14906:Burials at Saint-Étienne-du-Mont 14816:17th-century French philosophers 14151: 14150: 14140: 12677: 12665: 12559:Stratification of emotional life 12008: 12002: 11996: 11873: 10472: 10460: 9791:Fourth Council of Constantinople 9746:Second Council of Constantinople 9199: 9198: 9187: 9155:Society of Saint Vincent de Paul 8703:Criticism of the Catholic Church 7116: 7115: 5868: 5859: 5858: 5503: 4513:from the original on 5 July 2023 4498:10.4000/philosophiascientiae.189 3921:from the original on 5 June 2020 3666:Longman Pronunciation Dictionary 3518:Discourse on the Passion of Love 3420:issued in 1967, quotes Pascal's 3326:is based on the work of Pascal. 3013:not to be found anywhere else." 2691:Florin Périer on the Puy de Dôme 1828: 1752: 1656:and Descartes who insisted that 1636:, and clarified the concepts of 1511: 1430: 1383: 1332: 1320: 328: 320: 312: 287: 270: 14871:17th-century French theologians 10831:Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite 9761:Third Council of Constantinople 9685:First Council of Constantinople 7322:First seven ecumenical councils 5487:Works by or about Blaise Pascal 5192: 5154: 5124: 5098: 5081: 5042: 4986:Alfred, Randy (17 March 2008). 4979: 4948: 4915: 4882: 4749: 4734: 4719: 4706: 4693: 4669: 4630: 4617: 4604: 4583: 4557: 4550:and translated in Saul Fisher, 4525: 4476: 4463: 4431: 4415: 4383: 4268: 4240: 4226:. Addison-Wesley. p. 491. 4186: 4137: 4110: 4091: 4050: 4029: 4010: 4001: 3975: 3933: 3896: 3866: 3525:On the Conversion of the Sinner 3474:Traité du triangle arithmétique 2632:By 1647, Pascal had learned of 2011:Traité du triangle arithmétique 1693:, known in the original as the 14876:17th-century Christian mystics 14552:Sir George Stokes, 1st Baronet 10544:History of the Catholic Church 10000:Dissolution of the monasteries 9266:History of the Catholic Church 7897:Separation of church and state 5660:Etext of a number of Pascal's 5327:. (Belmont: Wadsworth, 2002). 4703:(Paris, 1693), Vol. I, p. 296. 4666:. (Paris: Seuil, 1960), p. 618 4473:. (Paris: Seuil, 1960), 2:682. 4453:"The Re-Designed Solar System" 3941:"Internet History Sourcebooks" 3837: 3800: 3785:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary 3772: 3736: 3707: 3682: 3654: 3600: 3365:is named for Pascal. In 2014, 3005:Charles Perrault wrote of the 2608:centered on the principles of 2428: 2416: 2408: 2396: 2390: 2372: 2369: 2357: 1929: 1924: 1843:. The money was invested in a 1: 14846:Converts to Roman Catholicism 14796:French Roman Catholic writers 14791:Writers from Clermont-Ferrand 14612:William John Macquorn Rankine 14542:Jean Léonard Marie Poiseuille 11193:Giovanni Pico della Mirandola 10590:History of Christian theology 9874:Fourth Council of the Lateran 9849:Second Council of the Lateran 9458:Apostles in the New Testament 5648:(English, in various formats) 5558:Mathematics Genealogy Project 5250:. (London: E. Arnold, 1965). 4491:(in French) (14–2): 196–206. 4278:American Mathematical Monthly 3593: 3477: 3447:Sublimitas et miseria hominis 3016: 2896: 2840:that she would soon become a 2756:Saint-Jacques-de-la-Boucherie 2612:. His inventions include the 1902:in Paris and one more by the 1562:June 1623 – 19 14901:17th-century Roman Catholics 14891:French probability theorists 14081:Desacralization of knowledge 10521:History of Catholic theology 9988:Catholic Counter-Reformation 9854:Third Council of the Lateran 9844:First Council of the Lateran 9300:Catholic ecumenical councils 6159: 6045:Liberté, égalité, fraternité 4080:http://things-that-count.net 3348:. The chameleon in the film 3084:as formulated by Descartes. 3063:Petites écoles de Port-Royal 2873:intense religious experience 2844:in the Jansenist convent of 1866: 1644:by generalising the work of 7: 14881:People with hypochondriasis 14801:17th-century French writers 14267:Charles-Augustin de Coulomb 13493:Best of all possible worlds 13450:Eschatological verification 13007:Fine-tuning of the universe 12151:Theological intellectualism 6014: 5502:(public domain audiobooks) 5468:Oeuvres complètes, volume 2 5317:. London: Routledge, 1964). 5313:(original ed. 1955, Trans. 4759:. Wiley. 2009. p. 140. 4688:Blaise Pascal: Commentaires 3610:, Birkhäuser, 2015, p. 188. 3531: 3297:One of the Universities of 2864: 2824:Both men were followers of 2768:for "inch" and "line", and 2236: + 1)th row and ( 1938:, Pascal corresponded with 1667:known by its detractors as 1648:. Following Torricelli and 10: 14932: 12529:Principle of double effect 11619:Pierre Teilhard de Chardin 11609:Reginald Garrigou-Lagrange 10894:Transubstantiation dispute 9334:History of the Roman Curia 9194:Catholic Church portal 5940: 4940:: CS1 maint: url-status ( 4907:: CS1 maint: url-status ( 4743:Fundamentals of Philosophy 4651:Encyclopedia of Philosophy 4593:(HarperCollins, NY, 2006) 4352:Ferroli, D. (April 1935). 4194:"The Mathematical Leibniz" 4039:(HarperCollins, NY, 2006) 3844:d'Ocagne, Maurice (1893). 3749:Collins English Dictionary 3330:directed a filmed biopic, 3166:, with the original title 3111: 3107: 2924: 2600:His work in the fields of 2555: 2488: 2232:: Call the number in the ( 1994: 1566:August 1662) was a French 375:Principle of Double Effect 44:Portrait of Pascal in 1691 20: 14806:17th-century male writers 14746: 14625: 14592:Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit 14575: 14420: 14239: 14208: 14136: 14068: 13972: 13857: 13777: 13712: 13634: 13541: 13526: 13478: 13440: 13152: 13077: 12952: 12943: 12873: 12810: 12801: 12732: 12660: 12599: 12396: 12173: 12143: 12105: 12062: 12024: 12017: 11994: 11928: 11868: 11787: 11596: 11455: 11325: 11201: 11080: 10937: 10844: 10704: 10598: 10536: 10527: 10455: 10355: 10221: 10148: 10083: 10070:European wars of religion 9967: 9902: 9804: 9726: 9617: 9540: 9400: 9389: 9381:Eastern Catholic Churches 9256: 9182: 9120:Aid to the Church in Need 9110: 8967: 8780: 8741:Vatican Television Center 8716: 8626: 8516: 8386:Eastern Catholic Churches 8367: 8256: 8149: 8096: 8021: 7992: 7917: 7842: 7777: 7722: 7641: 7511: 7425: 7357: 7302: 7221: 7198: 7170: 7102: 7056: 6958: 6915: 6894: 6841: 6810: 6794: 6741: 6675: 6627: 6591: 6558: 6477: 6436: 6280: 6169: 6165: 6154: 6059:Methodological skepticism 5950: 5946: 5935: 5895: 5854: 5811: 5780: 5735: 5414:10.1017/S0034412501005686 5285:. New York: Basic Books. 5067:10.1007/s00381-015-2622-9 4922:Périer, Gilberte (1845). 4889:Périer, Gilberte (1845). 4831:The Story of Civilization 4741:Shand, John, ed. (2004). 4390:Conner, James A. (2006), 4018:The Story of Civilization 3280: 3055:philosophy of mathematics 3049:Philosophy of mathematics 2627: 2466:relating the sums of the 2240: + 1)th column 1900:Musée des Arts et Métiers 1881:Musée des Arts et Métiers 278: 269: 264: 260: 208: 181: 153: 143: 133: 129: 121: 100: 90: 71: 49: 37: 30: 14856:French fluid dynamicists 13722:Friedrich Schleiermacher 13308:Theories about religions 13110:Inconsistent revelations 11533:Matthias Joseph Scheeben 10726:Athanasius of Alexandria 10618:First Epistle of Clement 10201:Mary of the Divine Heart 9824:Clash against the empire 9776:Second Council of Nicaea 9670:Old St. Peter's Basilica 9062:Communion and Liberation 8526:Eastern Catholic liturgy 7691:Mystici Corporis Christi 7619:Sixto-Clementine Vulgate 5692:University of St Andrews 5584:Biography, Bibliography. 5563:Pensées de Blaise Pascal 4730:. Elsevier. p. 402. 4690:, Vrin, 1984, pp. 379ff. 4682:29 February 2024 at the 4546:18 December 2016 at the 4455:. For Your Information. 4451:Ley, Willy (June 1966). 4162:10.1038/sj.embor.7400229 4085:15 December 2018 at the 3912:University of Nottingham 3452: 3371:Pascal microarchitecture 3303:Université Blaise Pascal 2636:'s experimentation with 2470:-th powers of the first 1948:divide the stakes fairly 1709:Early life and education 1695:Discourse on the Machine 23:Blaise Pascal (musician) 14602:Johann Heinrich Lambert 14502:Johann Heinrich Lambert 14367:Rolf Maximilian Sievert 12156:Theological voluntarism 11644:Dietrich von Hildebrand 11508:Giovanni Maria Cornoldi 11382:Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet 11362:Mary of Jesus of Ágreda 10904:Paulinus II of Aquileia 10899:Predestination disputes 10467:Vatican City portal 9819:Investiture Controversy 9675:First Council of Nicaea 7877:Philosophy of canon law 7807:Mariology of the saints 7387:Investiture Controversy 5666:De l'Esprit géométrique 5440:Studies of a Biographer 5392:Encyclopædia Britannica 5236:7 February 2023 at the 4837:Will & Ariel Durant 4714:Perspectives on Science 4565:"Chaires Blaise Pascal" 4117:Mourlevat, Guy (1988). 4074:5 November 2021 at the 4063:5 November 2021 at the 4024:Will & Ariel Durant 3945:sourcebooks.fordham.edu 3903:Grumball, Kevin Shaun. 3726:Oxford University Press 3606:Vincent Jullien (ed.), 3497:De l'Esprit géométrique 3404:is named in his honor. 3072:to develop a theory of 3070:De l'Esprit géométrique 3059:De l'Esprit géométrique 1799:Essai pour les coniques 1725:, which is in France's 491:Theological determinism 138:17th-century philosophy 14836:Roman Catholic mystics 14733:Evangelista Torricelli 13586:Gaunilo of Marmoutiers 12726:Philosophy of religion 12672:Catholicism portal 11880:Catholicism portal 11729:Hans Urs von Balthasar 11528:Tommaso Maria Zigliara 11468:Félicité de La Mennais 11147:The Cloud of Unknowing 10648:The Shepherd of Hermas 10479:Catholicism portal 10290:Second Vatican Council 10176:Our Lady of La Salette 9983:Protestant Reformation 9970:Protestant Reformation 9889:Second Council of Lyon 9278:Ecclesiastical history 9130:Catholic Charities USA 8764:Acta Apostolicae Sedis 8752:Vatican Polyglot Press 7802:Mariology of the popes 7440:Protestant Reformation 6109: 6043: 6009:Enlightened absolutism 6000: 5590:Works by Blaise Pascal 5496:Works by Blaise Pascal 5478:Works by Blaise Pascal 5386:"Pascal, Blaise" 5055:Child's Nervous System 4820:p. 174 (2009 reprint). 4457:Galaxy Science Fiction 4144:Ross, John F. (2004). 3819:Marguin, Jean (1994). 3694:6 January 2015 at the 3487: 3435: 3305:– is named after him. 3294: 3216: 3133: 3126: 2906: 2855: 2813: 2752: 2692: 2684: 2650:Nature abhors a vacuum 2634:Evangelista Torricelli 2576:has been given to the 2569: 2509: 2474:positive integers for 2458:mathematical induction 2447: 2006: 1981:'s formulation of the 1884: 1813:. It states that if a 1718: 1689:. The latter contains 1673: 1658:nature abhors a vacuum 1646:Evangelista Torricelli 1624:Like his contemporary 1327:Catholicism portal 679:Gregory (of Nazianzus) 543:Christian Neoplatonism 14896:Catholic philosophers 14861:French mathematicians 14633:Alexander Graham Bell 14532:Hans Christian Ørsted 14432:Anders Jonas Ångström 14121:Faith and rationality 14076:Criticism of religion 14014:Robert Merrihew Adams 14004:Nicholas Wolterstorff 13207:Divine command theory 12684:Philosophy portal 12499:Infused righteousness 11654:Marie-Dominique Chenu 11573:Marie-Joseph Lagrange 11558:Désiré-Joseph Mercier 11442:Clement Mary Hofbauer 11437:Johann Michael Sailer 10864:Maximus the Confessor 10556:History of the papacy 10186:First Vatican Council 9884:First Council of Lyon 9648:Constantine the Great 9344:Christian monasticism 8884:Good Shepherd Sisters 8726:Holy See Press Office 7964:Doctors of the Church 7797:Immaculate Conception 7752:Anointing of the Sick 7287:History of the papacy 5975:Counter-Enlightenment 5670:De l'Art de persuader 5635:Catholic Encyclopedia 5629:"Blaise Pascal" 5621:Blaise Pascal's works 5614:16 April 2009 at the 5351:Mackie, John Leslie. 5027:11 April 2023 at the 4867:11 April 2023 at the 4541:http://gallica.bnf.fr 3878:Catholic Encyclopedia 3722:UK English Dictionary 3578:Scientific revolution 3426: 3397:is named for Pascal. 3293:, where he was buried 3291:Saint-Étienne-du-Mont 3288: 3252:Saint-Étienne-du-Mont 3240:carrosses à cinq sols 3211: 3117: 3089:De l'Art de persuader 2992:Jean-Jacques Rousseau 2969:formulary controversy 2904: 2850: 2811: 2710: 2690: 2682: 2563: 2496: 2460:. In 1654, he proved 2448: 2015:binomial coefficients 2004: 1874: 1716: 1619:mechanical calculator 1339:Philosophy portal 14826:Christian apologists 14626:Non-systematic units 14472:Carl Friedrich Gauss 14407:Wilhelm Eduard Weber 14317:James Prescott Joule 14111:Religious philosophy 13591:Pico della Mirandola 13556:Anselm of Canterbury 13488:Augustinian theodicy 13400:Religious skepticism 12733:Concepts in religion 12632:Doctor of the Church 12514:Ontological argument 11830:Raniero Cantalamessa 11800:Alice von Hildebrand 11749:Edward Schillebeeckx 11427:Maria Gaetana Agnesi 11312:Lawrence of Brindisi 11242:Francisco de Vitoria 11032:Beatrice of Nazareth 11007:Hugh of Saint Victor 10987:Bernard of Clairvaux 10967:Anselm of Canterbury 10929:John Scotus Eriugena 10924:Paschasius Radbertus 10771:Gregory of Nazianzus 10665:Epistle to Diognetus 10363:Sexual abuse scandal 10272:Mit brennender Sorge 10115:Age of Enlightenment 9894:Bernard of Clairvaux 9771:Byzantine Iconoclasm 9710:Council of Chalcedon 9490:Council of Jerusalem 9359:Role in civilization 9339:Religious institutes 9271:By country or region 8757:L'Osservatore Romano 8695:Role in civilisation 8421:Croatian and Serbian 8169:Episcopal conference 8131:St. Peter's Basilica 7489:Sexual abuse scandal 7445:Catholic Reformation 5929:Age of Enlightenment 5789:Lettres provinciales 5678:Robertson, Edmund F. 5654:Lettres Provinciales 4196:. Math.rutgers.edu. 4058:Surviving Pascalines 3813:8 April 2014 at the 3489:Lettres provinciales 3416:Populorum progressio 3363:programming language 3289:Pascal's epitaph in 3204:Last works and death 2947:, and in particular 2927:Lettres provinciales 2804:Religious conversion 2789:Blaise Pascal Chairs 2538:Antoine de Lalouvère 2497:Pascal studying the 2335: 1975:Pierre-Simon Laplace 1915:computer engineering 1675:Lettres provinciales 1615:Pascal's calculators 1555:[blɛzpaskal] 575:Second scholasticism 14831:Christian humanists 14522:James Clerk Maxwell 14096:History of religion 13797:Friedrich Nietzsche 13674:Gottfried W Leibniz 13669:Nicolas Malebranche 13601:King James VI and I 12881:Abrahamic religions 12459:Divine illumination 12115:Augustinian realism 11983:Theological virtues 11922:Catholic philosophy 11805:Carlo Maria Martini 11769:Johann Baptist Metz 11739:Frederick Copleston 11563:Friedrich von Hügel 11523:Joseph Hergenröther 11503:Gaetano Sanseverino 11483:Ignaz von Döllinger 11407:Nicolas Malebranche 11247:Thomas of Villanova 11208:Counter-Reformation 11188:Girolamo Savonarola 11002:Hildegard of Bingen 10811:Cyril of Alexandria 10654:Aristides of Athens 10641:Epistle of Barnabas 10630:Ignatius of Antioch 10568:Ecumenical councils 10191:Papal infallibility 10181:Our Lady of Lourdes 10130:Shimabara Rebellion 9974:Counter-Reformation 9092:Neocatechumenal Way 9057:Charismatic Renewal 8771:Annuario Pontificio 8369:Particular churches 8045:Ecumenical councils 7817:Perpetual virginity 7652:Communitas perfecta 7596:Sermon on the Mount 6935:Feijóo y Montenegro 6886:Vorontsova-Dashkova 5752:Pascal's calculator 5676:O'Connor, John J.; 5303:(Cornell UP, 2006). 5108:. 8 November 2021. 4810:Seventeenth Century 4638:Pascal and Theology 4623:Jacqueline Pascal, 4612:Pascal and Theology 4156:(Suppl 1): S7–S10. 4103:15 May 2011 at the 3847:Le calcul simplifié 3732:on 5 December 2021. 3553:Pascal distribution 3263:damage to his brain 2725:hermetically sealed 2697:Torricellian vacuum 2578:SI unit of pressure 2313: = 0 for 1891:Pascal's calculator 1721:Pascal was born in 1717:Pascal's birthplace 1595:projective geometry 405:Liberation Theology 306:Catholic philosophy 252:Pascal's calculator 223:Pascal distribution 14841:Critics of atheism 14357:Werner von Siemens 14216:André-Marie Ampère 14106:Religious language 14086:Ethics in religion 14044:William Lane Craig 13919:Charles Hartshorne 13659:Desiderius Erasmus 13561:Augustine of Hippo 13503:Inconsistent triad 13465:Apophatic theology 13460:Logical positivism 13442:Religious language 13062:Watchmaker analogy 13027:Necessary existent 12803:Conceptions of God 12763:Intelligent design 12627:Islamic philosophy 12581:Trademark argument 12474:Formal distinction 12424:Augustinian values 12097:Analytical Thomism 12077:Christian humanism 11820:Alasdair MacIntyre 11699:Nouvelle théologie 11588:Thérèse of Lisieux 11432:Alfonso Muzzarelli 11372:Jean-Jacques Olier 11342:Tommaso Campanella 11257:Francisco de Osuna 11252:Ignatius of Loyola 11121:Catherine of Siena 11017:Robert Grosseteste 10914:Benedict of Aniane 10854:Isidore of Seville 10796:Augustine of Hippo 10761:Cyril of Jerusalem 10756:Hilary of Poitiers 10236:Our Lady of Fátima 10025:Ignatius of Loyola 9949:Catherine of Siena 9917:Pope Boniface VIII 9736:Benedict of Nursia 9705:Council of Ephesus 9542:Ante-Nicene period 9495:Split with Judaism 9329:Crusading movement 8929:Premonstratensians 7312:Ante-Nicene period 7190:Lists of Catholics 6074:Natural philosophy 5651:Etext of Pascal's 5642:Etext of Pascal's 5377:Saintsbury, George 5321:Groothuis, Douglas 5270:Davidson, Hugh M. 5094:TCM Movie Database 5021:Of Men and Numbers 4861:Of Men and Numbers 4699:Charles Perrault, 4589:Connor, James A., 4459:. pp. 94–106. 4069:Replica Pascalines 4035:Connor, James A., 3987:www.britannica.com 3369:announced its new 3328:Roberto Rossellini 3323:My Night at Maud's 3295: 3217: 3192:, personalized by 2999:Provincial Letters 2984:Provincial Letters 2965:shredded and burnt 2920:Provincial Letters 2907: 2891:Provincial Letters 2814: 2812:Portrait of Pascal 2693: 2685: 2570: 2526:Gilles de Roberval 2510: 2443: 2007: 1967:Christiaan Huygens 1885: 1879:on display at the 1849:Cardinal Richelieu 1719: 1607:probability theory 684:Gregory (of Nyssa) 412:Christian Humanism 218:Probability theory 148:Western philosophy 66:, Auvergne, France 14866:French physicists 14763: 14762: 14287:Louis Harold Gray 14170: 14169: 14164: 14163: 14064: 14063: 14024:Peter van Inwagen 14009:Richard Swinburne 13954:George I Mavrodes 13814:Vladimir Solovyov 13754:Søren Kierkegaard 13679:William Wollaston 13626:William of Ockham 13606:Marcion of Sinope 13508:Irenaean theodicy 13498:Euthyphro dilemma 13425:Transcendentalism 13254:Womanist theology 13244:Feminist theology 13148: 13147: 12939: 12938: 12825:Divine simplicity 12745:Euthyphro dilemma 12692: 12691: 12607:Catholic theology 12554:Seven deadly sins 12524:Peripatetic axiom 12434:Cartesian dualism 12169: 12168: 12135:Scotistic realism 12092:Neo-scholasticism 11888: 11887: 11815:Gustavo Gutiérrez 11810:Pope Benedict XVI 11795:Pope John Paul II 11694:Josemaría Escrivá 11684:Henri Daniel-Rops 11568:Vladimir Solovyov 11548:Neo-scholasticism 11488:John Henry Newman 11422:Louis de Montfort 11417:Alphonsus Liguori 11412:Giambattista Vico 11347:Pierre de Bérulle 11333:French Revolution 11302:Robert Bellarmine 11282:John of the Cross 11168:Julian of Norwich 11126:Bridget of Sweden 11116:John of Ruusbroec 11106:William of Ockham 11022:Francis of Assisi 11012:Dominic de Guzmán 10982:Decretum Gratiani 10957:Berengar of Tours 10846:Early Middle Ages 10816:Peter Chrysologus 10766:Basil of Caesarea 10751:Ephrem the Syrian 10691:Antipope Novatian 10487: 10486: 10447:COVID-19 pandemic 10425:Pope Benedict XVI 10330:Pope John Paul II 10105:Pope Benedict XIV 10091:French Revolution 10075:Thirty Years' War 10065:Robert Bellarmine 10050:John of the Cross 9954:Pope Alexander VI 9939:Council of Vienne 9869:Francis of Assisi 9859:Pope Innocent III 9728:Early Middle Ages 9722: 9721: 9718: 9717: 9660:Arian controversy 9613: 9612: 9561:Apostolic Fathers 9212: 9211: 8622: 8621: 8015: 7838: 7837: 7530: 7507: 7506: 7499:COVID-19 pandemic 7469:French Revolution 7459:Thirty Years' War 7367:Islamic conquests 7280:Apostolic fathers 7215: 7130: 7129: 7098: 7097: 7094: 7093: 6150: 6149: 6146: 6145: 6123:Scientific method 5980:Critical thinking 5882: 5881: 5843:Marguerite Périer 5827:Jacqueline Pascal 5793:(1656–1657) 5767:Pascal's triangle 5578:Pascal's Memorial 5535:Clarke, Desmond. 5522:""Blaise Pascal"" 5482:Project Gutenberg 5402:Religious Studies 5368:Pugh, Anthony R. 5292:978-0-465-00910-7 5229:Adamson, Donald. 4897:. pp. 41–42. 4677:Hold Your Horses. 4664:Oeuvres complètes 4471:Oeuvres complètes 4233:978-0-321-38700-4 4146:"Pascal's legacy" 3830:978-2-7056-6166-3 3788:. Merriam-Webster 3675:978-1-4058-8118-0 3573:Problem of points 3390:The otter in the 3196:on one hand, and 3068:Pascal also used 2957:Louis de Montalte 2530:Pierre de Carcavi 2518:center of gravity 2463:Pascal's identity 2438: 2226: 2225: 2019:Pascal's triangle 1997:Pascal's triangle 1971:Abraham de Moivre 1936:Chevalier de Méré 1853:Thirty Years' War 1630:scientific method 1500:-kəl, -⁠kal 1376: 1375: 1309: 1308: 1194:Garrigou-Lagrange 503:Divine Attributes 282: 281: 232:Pascal's triangle 124:Philosophy career 110:Jacqueline Pascal 105:Marguerite Périer 14923: 14387:Alessandro Volta 14240:SI derived units 14197: 14190: 14183: 14174: 14173: 14154: 14153: 14144: 14049:Ali Akbar Rashad 13912:Reinhold Niebuhr 13872:Bertrand Russell 13867:George Santayana 13764:Albrecht Ritschl 13749:Ludwig Feuerbach 13539: 13538: 13535:(by date active) 13395:Process theology 13140:Russell's teapot 12950: 12949: 12945:Existence of God 12855:Process theology 12808: 12807: 12793:Theological veto 12756:religious belief 12719: 12712: 12705: 12696: 12695: 12682: 12681: 12680: 12670: 12669: 12494:Homo unius libri 12439:Cogito, ergo sum 12429:Cardinal virtues 12130:Moderate realism 12022: 12021: 12012: 12011: 12006: 12005: 12000: 11999: 11938:Cardinal virtues 11915: 11908: 11901: 11892: 11891: 11878: 11877: 11719:Emmanuel Mounier 11714:Bernard Lonergan 11639:Georges Bernanos 11624:Jacques Maritain 11604:G. K. Chesterton 11493:Henri Lacordaire 11392:Cornelius Jansen 11387:François Fénelon 11317:Francis de Sales 11307:Francisco Suárez 11178:Nicholas of Cusa 11062:Siger of Brabant 11047:Boetius of Dacia 11027:Anthony of Padua 10972:Joachim of Fiore 10952:Gregory of Narek 10939:High Middle Ages 10884:John of Damascus 10776:Gregory of Nyssa 10514: 10507: 10500: 10491: 10490: 10477: 10476: 10465: 10464: 10463: 10442:Patriarch Kirill 10315:Pope John Paul I 10120:Anti-clericalism 10100:Pope Innocent XI 10020:Society of Jesus 10005:Council of Trent 9959:Age of Discovery 9904:Late Middle Ages 9806:High Middle Ages 9796:East–West Schism 9680:Pope Sylvester I 9626: 9625: 9615: 9614: 9525:General epistles 9520:Pauline epistles 9453:John the Baptist 9436:Great Commission 9398: 9397: 9349:Catholic culture 9239: 9232: 9225: 9216: 9215: 9202: 9201: 9192: 9191: 8934:Redemptoristines 8782:Religious orders 8708:Anti-Catholicism 8658:Church buildings 8518:Catholic liturgy 8258:Consecrated life 8116:Apostolic Palace 8083:Synod of Bishops 8019: 8018: 7995: 7601:Ten Commandments 7534: 7533: 7516: 7417:Age of Discovery 7251:Great Commission 7219: 7218: 7203: 7157: 7150: 7143: 7134: 7133: 7119: 7118: 6167: 6166: 6156: 6155: 6114: 6048: 6019: 6005: 5948: 5947: 5937: 5936: 5922: 5915: 5908: 5899: 5898: 5886: 5885: 5872: 5871: 5862: 5861: 5847: 5839: 5831: 5823: 5804: 5794: 5762:Pascal's theorem 5722: 5715: 5708: 5699: 5698: 5694: 5639: 5631: 5600: 5550: 5541:Zalta, Edward N. 5531: 5520:Simpson, David. 5507: 5506: 5491:Internet Archive 5443: 5437: 5425: 5396: 5388: 5381:Chrystal, George 5307:Goldmann, Lucien 5296: 5199: 5196: 5184: 5183: 5181: 5179: 5174:on 28 March 2017 5173: 5167:. Archived from 5166: 5158: 5152: 5151: 5149: 5147: 5128: 5122: 5121: 5119: 5117: 5102: 5096: 5085: 5079: 5078: 5046: 5040: 5016: 5010: 5009: 5007: 5005: 4983: 4977: 4976: 4974: 4972: 4952: 4946: 4945: 4939: 4931: 4919: 4913: 4912: 4906: 4898: 4886: 4880: 4856: 4847: 4827: 4821: 4805: 4799: 4798: 4796: 4794: 4767: 4761: 4760: 4753: 4747: 4746: 4738: 4732: 4731: 4723: 4717: 4710: 4704: 4697: 4691: 4673: 4667: 4662:Pascal, Blaise. 4660: 4654: 4647: 4641: 4634: 4628: 4621: 4615: 4608: 4602: 4587: 4581: 4580: 4578: 4576: 4561: 4555: 4529: 4523: 4522: 4520: 4518: 4500: 4480: 4474: 4467: 4461: 4460: 4448: 4442: 4435: 4429: 4419: 4413: 4412: 4397: 4387: 4381: 4380: 4378: 4376: 4349: 4343: 4342: 4330: 4319: 4313: 4312: 4294: 4272: 4266: 4265: 4263: 4261: 4244: 4238: 4237: 4219: 4210: 4209: 4207: 4205: 4190: 4184: 4183: 4173: 4141: 4135: 4129: 4123: 4122: 4114: 4108: 4095: 4089: 4054: 4048: 4033: 4027: 4014: 4008: 4005: 3999: 3998: 3996: 3994: 3979: 3973: 3967: 3961: 3960: 3958: 3956: 3937: 3931: 3930: 3928: 3926: 3920: 3909: 3900: 3894: 3893: 3891: 3889: 3870: 3864: 3863: 3861: 3859: 3841: 3835: 3834: 3804: 3798: 3797: 3795: 3793: 3776: 3770: 3769: 3767: 3765: 3740: 3734: 3733: 3728:. Archived from 3715:"Pascal, Blaise" 3711: 3705: 3686: 3680: 3679: 3664:(3 April 2008). 3658: 3652: 3651: 3649: 3647: 3632:"Étienne Pascal" 3620: 3611: 3604: 3568:Pascal's simplex 3563:Pascal's pyramid 3558:Pascal's mugging 3492: 3482: 3479: 3443:apostolic letter 3299:Clermont-Ferrand 3215:of Blaise Pascal 3183: 3131: 3129: 3093:axiomatic method 2740: 2739: 2735: 2732: 2610:hydraulic fluids 2590:perpetual motion 2542:Christopher Wren 2478:= 0, 1, 2, ..., 2452: 2450: 2449: 2444: 2439: 2437: 2411: 2355: 2350: 2349: 2303: = 0, 2024: 2023: 1940:Pierre de Fermat 1811:Pascal's theorem 1739:Noblesse de Robe 1723:Clermont-Ferrand 1678: 1603:Pierre de Fermat 1565: 1561: 1557: 1552: 1546: 1540: 1539: 1536: 1535: 1532: 1529: 1526: 1523: 1520: 1517: 1510: 1499: 1495: 1489: 1488: 1485: 1484: 1481: 1478: 1475: 1470: 1469: 1466: 1463: 1460: 1457: 1454: 1449: 1448: 1445: 1442: 1439: 1436: 1429: 1418: 1412: 1411: 1408: 1407: 1404: 1401: 1398: 1395: 1392: 1389: 1368: 1361: 1354: 1337: 1336: 1335: 1325: 1324: 714:John of Damascus 622: 621: 452:Moderate realism 360:Cardinal virtues 332: 331: 327: 324: 323: 319: 316: 315: 291: 284: 283: 274: 247:Pascal's theorem 78: 64:Clermont-Ferrand 59: 57: 42: 28: 27: 14931: 14930: 14926: 14925: 14924: 14922: 14921: 14920: 14766: 14765: 14764: 14759: 14742: 14713:Wilhelm Röntgen 14673:Michael Faraday 14621: 14582: 14571: 14492:Heinrich Kayser 14482:William Gilbert 14462:Galileo Galilei 14421:Non-SI metric ( 14416: 14277:Michael Faraday 14247:Henri Becquerel 14235: 14204: 14201: 14171: 14166: 14165: 14160: 14132: 14060: 14056:Alexander Pruss 14039:Jean-Luc Marion 13994:Alvin Plantinga 13989:Dewi Z Phillips 13976: 13974: 13968: 13939:Walter Kaufmann 13929:Frithjof Schuon 13902:Rudolf Bultmann 13859: 13853: 13849:Joseph Maréchal 13839:Pavel Florensky 13834:Sergei Bulgakov 13819:Ernst Troeltsch 13802:Harald Høffding 13779: 13773: 13744:William Whewell 13732:Georg W F Hegel 13727:Karl C F Krause 13714: 13708: 13704:Johann G Herder 13694:Baron d'Holbach 13644:Augustin Calmet 13630: 13546: 13534: 13533: 13530: 13522: 13480:Problem of evil 13474: 13470:Verificationism 13436: 13144: 13090:Atheist's Wager 13073: 12935: 12869: 12797: 12773:Problem of evil 12728: 12723: 12693: 12688: 12678: 12676: 12664: 12656: 12617:Aristotelianism 12595: 12444:Dehellenization 12392: 12165: 12161:Foundationalism 12139: 12101: 12058: 12013: 12009: 12007: 12003: 12001: 11997: 11992: 11978:Social teaching 11924: 11919: 11889: 11884: 11872: 11864: 11845:Jean-Luc Marion 11783: 11734:Marcel Lefebvre 11659:Romano Guardini 11614:Joseph Maréchal 11592: 11583:Maurice Blondel 11478:Antonio Rosmini 11473:Luigi Taparelli 11451: 11377:Louis Thomassin 11352:Pierre Gassendi 11335: 11331: 11321: 11272:Teresa of Ávila 11210: 11206: 11197: 11183:Marsilio Ficino 11173:Thomas à Kempis 11163:Devotio Moderna 11136:Johannes Tauler 11131:Meister Eckhart 11101:Dante Alighieri 11076: 11042:Albertus Magnus 10933: 10840: 10786:John Chrysostom 10714: 10710: 10700: 10613:Clement of Rome 10594: 10532: 10523: 10518: 10488: 10483: 10471: 10461: 10459: 10451: 10373:World Youth Day 10351: 10340:World Youth Day 10284:Pacem in terris 10278:Pope John XXIII 10217: 10144: 10135:Edict of Nantes 10093: 10089: 10079: 10045:Teresa of Ávila 10040:Tridentine Mass 9976: 9972: 9963: 9944:Knights Templar 9898: 9800: 9756:Gregorian chant 9714: 9640: 9637: 9634: 9632: 9621: 9609: 9536: 9405: 9393: 9385: 9252: 9250:Catholic Church 9243: 9213: 9208: 9186: 9178: 9157: 9140:Relief Services 9106: 9052:Catholic Action 9042:Military orders 8979:Confraternities 8971:of the faithful 8970: 8963: 8785: 8776: 8712: 8618: 8512: 8371: 8363: 8296:Prior, Prioress 8252: 8145: 8141:Vatican Museums 8092: 8025: 8011: 8007: 8003: 7999: 7994: 7988: 7913: 7867:Social teaching 7834: 7773: 7718: 7673:One true church 7637: 7614:Sixtine Vulgate 7610:Official Bible 7524: 7520: 7515: 7503: 7421: 7353: 7298: 7268:Petrine primacy 7211: 7207: 7202: 7194: 7166: 7164:Catholic Church 7161: 7131: 7126: 7125: 7112: 7090: 7052: 6954: 6911: 6890: 6837: 6806: 6802:Carvalho e Melo 6790: 6737: 6671: 6623: 6587: 6554: 6473: 6432: 6276: 6161: 6142: 6128:Spanish America 6002:Encyclopédistes 5965:Civil liberties 5942: 5931: 5926: 5891: 5883: 5878: 5850: 5845: 5837: 5835:Gilberte Périer 5829: 5821: 5807: 5802: 5792: 5776: 5745: 5731: 5726: 5682:"Blaise Pascal" 5626: 5616:Wayback Machine 5537:"Blaise Pascal" 5504: 5464: 5459: 5430:Stephen, Leslie 5293: 5238:Wayback Machine 5213:Adamson, Donald 5208: 5206:Further reading 5203: 5202: 5197: 5193: 5188: 5187: 5177: 5175: 5171: 5164: 5160: 5159: 5155: 5145: 5143: 5130: 5129: 5125: 5115: 5113: 5104: 5103: 5099: 5086: 5082: 5047: 5043: 5029:Wayback Machine 5017: 5013: 5003: 5001: 4984: 4980: 4970: 4968: 4953: 4949: 4933: 4932: 4920: 4916: 4900: 4899: 4887: 4883: 4869:Wayback Machine 4857: 4850: 4828: 4824: 4806: 4802: 4792: 4790: 4783: 4769: 4768: 4764: 4755: 4754: 4750: 4739: 4735: 4724: 4720: 4716:15 (4):397-409. 4711: 4707: 4698: 4694: 4684:Wayback Machine 4674: 4670: 4661: 4657: 4648: 4644: 4635: 4631: 4622: 4618: 4609: 4605: 4588: 4584: 4574: 4572: 4571:on 13 June 2009 4563: 4562: 4558: 4548:Wayback Machine 4530: 4526: 4516: 4514: 4481: 4477: 4468: 4464: 4449: 4445: 4436: 4432: 4420: 4416: 4410: 4388: 4384: 4374: 4372: 4364:(10): 459–461. 4358:Current Science 4350: 4346: 4339: 4328: 4320: 4316: 4273: 4269: 4259: 4257: 4246: 4245: 4241: 4234: 4220: 4213: 4203: 4201: 4192: 4191: 4187: 4142: 4138: 4130: 4126: 4115: 4111: 4105:Wayback Machine 4096: 4092: 4087:Wayback Machine 4076:Wayback Machine 4065:Wayback Machine 4055: 4051: 4034: 4030: 4015: 4011: 4006: 4002: 3992: 3990: 3981: 3980: 3976: 3968: 3964: 3954: 3952: 3939: 3938: 3934: 3924: 3922: 3918: 3907: 3901: 3897: 3887: 3885: 3874:"Blaise Pascal" 3872: 3871: 3867: 3857: 3855: 3842: 3838: 3831: 3815:Wayback Machine 3805: 3801: 3791: 3789: 3778: 3777: 3773: 3763: 3761: 3742: 3741: 3737: 3713: 3712: 3708: 3696:Wayback Machine 3687: 3683: 3676: 3659: 3655: 3645: 3643: 3630:(August 2006). 3628:Robertson, E.F. 3621: 3614: 3605: 3601: 3596: 3548:Pascal's barrel 3534: 3480: 3455: 3393:Animal Crossing 3344:, presented by 3283: 3248:extreme unction 3206: 3181: 3164:Christian faith 3149:French language 3132: 3124:Blaise Pascal, 3123: 3116: 3110: 3051: 3019: 2949:Antonio Escobar 2939:method used by 2929: 2923: 2899: 2869: 2826:Jean Guillebert 2806: 2801: 2737: 2733: 2730: 2728: 2677: 2630: 2622:Pascal's barrel 2614:hydraulic press 2598: 2566:Pascal's barrel 2558: 2491: 2412: 2356: 2354: 2342: 2338: 2336: 2333: 2332: 2327: 2312: 2302: 2284: 2270: 2257: 2248: 1999: 1993: 1932: 1927: 1869: 1845:government bond 1831: 1803:Essay on Conics 1780: 1777:Essay on Conics 1755: 1727:Auvergne region 1711: 1650:Galileo Galilei 1563: 1559: 1550: 1544: 1514: 1505: 1504: 1497: 1493: 1472: 1451: 1433: 1423: 1422: 1416: 1386: 1382: 1372: 1343: 1333: 1331: 1319: 1311: 1310: 1305: 1304: 1303: 1138: 1130: 1129: 1128: 948: 940: 939: 938: 758: 750: 749: 748: 628: 619: 609: 608: 516: 508: 507: 437: 427: 426: 400:Social teaching 355: 345: 329: 325: 321: 317: 313: 256: 225: 211: 204: 184: 177: 122: 115:Gilberte Périer 113: 108: 86: 80: 76: 67: 61: 55: 53: 45: 33: 26: 17: 12: 11: 5: 14929: 14919: 14918: 14913: 14908: 14903: 14898: 14893: 14888: 14883: 14878: 14873: 14868: 14863: 14858: 14853: 14848: 14843: 14838: 14833: 14828: 14823: 14818: 14813: 14808: 14803: 14798: 14793: 14788: 14783: 14778: 14761: 14760: 14747: 14744: 14743: 14741: 14740: 14730: 14720: 14710: 14707:degree Réaumur 14700: 14690: 14683:Heinrich Mache 14680: 14670: 14660: 14650: 14640: 14629: 14627: 14623: 14622: 14620: 14619: 14616:degree Rankine 14609: 14599: 14588: 14586: 14573: 14572: 14570: 14569: 14559: 14549: 14539: 14529: 14519: 14512:Samuel Langley 14509: 14499: 14489: 14479: 14469: 14459: 14449: 14439: 14428: 14426: 14418: 14417: 14415: 14414: 14404: 14394: 14384: 14374: 14364: 14354: 14344: 14334: 14324: 14314: 14307:Heinrich Hertz 14304: 14294: 14284: 14274: 14264: 14257:Anders Celsius 14254: 14243: 14241: 14237: 14236: 14234: 14233: 14223: 14212: 14210: 14206: 14205: 14200: 14199: 14192: 14185: 14177: 14168: 14167: 14162: 14161: 14159: 14158: 14148: 14137: 14134: 14133: 14131: 14130: 14123: 14118: 14113: 14108: 14103: 14098: 14093: 14088: 14083: 14078: 14072: 14070: 14069:Related topics 14066: 14065: 14062: 14061: 14059: 14058: 14052: 14051: 14046: 14041: 14036: 14031: 14029:Daniel Dennett 14026: 14021: 14019:Ravi Zacharias 14016: 14011: 14006: 14001: 13996: 13991: 13986: 13984:William L Rowe 13980: 13978: 13970: 13969: 13967: 13966: 13961: 13959:William Alston 13956: 13951: 13946: 13941: 13936: 13931: 13926: 13921: 13915: 13914: 13909: 13907:Gabriel Marcel 13904: 13899: 13894: 13889: 13884: 13879: 13874: 13869: 13863: 13861: 13855: 13854: 13852: 13851: 13846: 13844:Ernst Cassirer 13841: 13836: 13831: 13826: 13821: 13816: 13810: 13809: 13804: 13799: 13794: 13789: 13783: 13781: 13775: 13774: 13772: 13771: 13766: 13761: 13756: 13751: 13746: 13741: 13739:Thomas Carlyle 13735: 13734: 13729: 13724: 13718: 13716: 13710: 13709: 13707: 13706: 13701: 13696: 13691: 13686: 13681: 13676: 13671: 13666: 13664:Baruch Spinoza 13661: 13656: 13651: 13649:René Descartes 13646: 13640: 13638: 13632: 13631: 13629: 13628: 13623: 13621:Thomas Aquinas 13618: 13613: 13608: 13603: 13598: 13593: 13588: 13583: 13578: 13573: 13568: 13563: 13558: 13552: 13550: 13536: 13527: 13524: 13523: 13521: 13520: 13515: 13510: 13505: 13500: 13495: 13490: 13484: 13482: 13476: 13475: 13473: 13472: 13467: 13462: 13457: 13452: 13446: 13444: 13438: 13437: 13435: 13434: 13427: 13422: 13417: 13412: 13407: 13402: 13397: 13392: 13390:Possibilianism 13387: 13382: 13377: 13372: 13367: 13362: 13357: 13352: 13347: 13346: 13345: 13340: 13335: 13325: 13320: 13315: 13310: 13305: 13300: 13299: 13298: 13293: 13288: 13278: 13273: 13268: 13266:Fundamentalism 13263: 13258: 13257: 13256: 13251: 13241: 13240: 13239: 13234: 13227:Existentialism 13224: 13219: 13214: 13209: 13204: 13199: 13194: 13189: 13184: 13179: 13174: 13169: 13164: 13158: 13156: 13150: 13149: 13146: 13145: 13143: 13142: 13137: 13132: 13127: 13122: 13120:Noncognitivism 13117: 13112: 13107: 13102: 13097: 13092: 13087: 13081: 13079: 13075: 13074: 13072: 13071: 13069:Transcendental 13066: 13065: 13064: 13059: 13049: 13044: 13039: 13037:Pascal's wager 13034: 13029: 13024: 13019: 13014: 13009: 13004: 12999: 12994: 12989: 12988: 12987: 12982: 12972: 12967: 12965:Christological 12962: 12956: 12954: 12947: 12941: 12940: 12937: 12936: 12934: 12933: 12928: 12923: 12918: 12913: 12908: 12903: 12898: 12893: 12888: 12883: 12877: 12875: 12871: 12870: 12868: 12867: 12862: 12857: 12852: 12847: 12842: 12837: 12832: 12827: 12822: 12817: 12811: 12805: 12799: 12798: 12796: 12795: 12790: 12785: 12780: 12775: 12770: 12765: 12760: 12759: 12758: 12747: 12742: 12736: 12734: 12730: 12729: 12722: 12721: 12714: 12707: 12699: 12690: 12689: 12687: 12686: 12674: 12661: 12658: 12657: 12655: 12654: 12649: 12644: 12639: 12634: 12629: 12624: 12619: 12614: 12609: 12603: 12601: 12597: 12596: 12594: 12593: 12588: 12583: 12578: 12577: 12576: 12571: 12561: 12556: 12551: 12546: 12541: 12536: 12531: 12526: 12521: 12519:Pascal's wager 12516: 12511: 12506: 12501: 12496: 12491: 12486: 12481: 12479:Guardian angel 12476: 12471: 12466: 12461: 12456: 12451: 12446: 12441: 12436: 12431: 12426: 12421: 12416: 12411: 12406: 12400: 12398: 12394: 12393: 12391: 12390: 12385: 12380: 12375: 12370: 12365: 12360: 12355: 12350: 12345: 12340: 12335: 12330: 12325: 12320: 12315: 12310: 12305: 12300: 12295: 12290: 12285: 12280: 12275: 12270: 12265: 12260: 12255: 12250: 12245: 12240: 12235: 12230: 12225: 12220: 12215: 12210: 12205: 12200: 12195: 12190: 12185: 12179: 12177: 12171: 12170: 12167: 12166: 12164: 12163: 12158: 12153: 12147: 12145: 12141: 12140: 12138: 12137: 12132: 12127: 12122: 12117: 12111: 12109: 12103: 12102: 12100: 12099: 12094: 12089: 12084: 12079: 12074: 12068: 12066: 12060: 12059: 12057: 12056: 12051: 12046: 12041: 12036: 12034:Augustinianism 12030: 12028: 12019: 12015: 12014: 11995: 11993: 11991: 11990: 11985: 11980: 11975: 11970: 11965: 11960: 11955: 11950: 11945: 11943:Divine command 11940: 11934: 11932: 11926: 11925: 11918: 11917: 11910: 11903: 11895: 11886: 11885: 11883: 11882: 11869: 11866: 11865: 11863: 11862: 11857: 11852: 11847: 11842: 11837: 11832: 11827: 11822: 11817: 11812: 11807: 11802: 11797: 11791: 11789: 11785: 11784: 11782: 11781: 11776: 11771: 11766: 11761: 11756: 11751: 11746: 11741: 11736: 11731: 11726: 11721: 11716: 11711: 11706: 11701: 11696: 11691: 11686: 11681: 11676: 11674:Henri de Lubac 11671: 11666: 11661: 11656: 11651: 11649:Gabriel Marcel 11646: 11641: 11636: 11631: 11629:Étienne Gilson 11626: 11621: 11616: 11611: 11606: 11600: 11598: 11594: 11593: 11591: 11590: 11585: 11580: 11578:George Tyrrell 11575: 11570: 11565: 11560: 11555: 11550: 11545: 11540: 11538:Émile Boutroux 11535: 11530: 11525: 11520: 11518:Giuseppe Pecci 11515: 11510: 11505: 11500: 11495: 11490: 11485: 11480: 11475: 11470: 11465: 11459: 11457: 11453: 11452: 11450: 11449: 11444: 11439: 11434: 11429: 11424: 11419: 11414: 11409: 11404: 11399: 11389: 11384: 11379: 11374: 11369: 11367:António Vieira 11364: 11359: 11357:René Descartes 11354: 11349: 11344: 11338: 11336: 11328:Baroque period 11326: 11323: 11322: 11320: 11319: 11314: 11309: 11304: 11299: 11292:Luis de Molina 11289: 11287:Peter Canisius 11284: 11279: 11274: 11269: 11267:Francis Xavier 11264: 11259: 11254: 11249: 11244: 11239: 11234: 11229: 11224: 11222:Thomas Cajetan 11219: 11213: 11211: 11202: 11199: 11198: 11196: 11195: 11190: 11185: 11180: 11175: 11170: 11165: 11160: 11155: 11153:Heinrich Seuse 11150: 11143: 11138: 11133: 11128: 11123: 11118: 11113: 11108: 11103: 11098: 11093: 11087: 11085: 11078: 11077: 11075: 11074: 11069: 11064: 11059: 11057:Thomas Aquinas 11054: 11052:Henry of Ghent 11049: 11044: 11039: 11034: 11029: 11024: 11019: 11014: 11009: 11004: 10999: 10997:Anselm of Laon 10994: 10989: 10984: 10979: 10974: 10969: 10964: 10959: 10954: 10949: 10943: 10941: 10935: 10934: 10932: 10931: 10926: 10921: 10919:Rabanus Maurus 10916: 10911: 10906: 10901: 10896: 10891: 10886: 10881: 10876: 10871: 10866: 10861: 10856: 10850: 10848: 10842: 10841: 10839: 10838: 10836:Pope Gregory I 10833: 10828: 10823: 10818: 10813: 10808: 10803: 10798: 10793: 10788: 10783: 10778: 10773: 10768: 10763: 10758: 10753: 10748: 10743: 10738: 10733: 10728: 10723: 10717: 10715: 10712:Pope Gregory I 10705: 10702: 10701: 10699: 10698: 10693: 10688: 10683: 10678: 10673: 10668: 10661: 10656: 10651: 10644: 10637: 10632: 10627: 10620: 10615: 10610: 10604: 10602: 10596: 10595: 10593: 10592: 10587: 10586: 10585: 10583:Biblical canon 10580: 10573:Catholic Bible 10570: 10565: 10564: 10563: 10553: 10552: 10551: 10540: 10538: 10534: 10533: 10528: 10525: 10524: 10517: 10516: 10509: 10502: 10494: 10485: 10484: 10482: 10481: 10469: 10456: 10453: 10452: 10450: 10449: 10444: 10439: 10432: 10427: 10422: 10421: 10420: 10415: 10410: 10405: 10400: 10395: 10390: 10385: 10380: 10370: 10365: 10359: 10357: 10353: 10352: 10350: 10349: 10348: 10347: 10337: 10332: 10327: 10322: 10317: 10312: 10302: 10297: 10292: 10287: 10280: 10275: 10268: 10263: 10261:Lateran Treaty 10258: 10253: 10248: 10243: 10238: 10233: 10227: 10225: 10219: 10218: 10216: 10215: 10208: 10203: 10198: 10193: 10188: 10183: 10178: 10173: 10168: 10163: 10158: 10152: 10150: 10146: 10145: 10143: 10142: 10137: 10132: 10127: 10122: 10117: 10112: 10107: 10102: 10096: 10094: 10086:Baroque period 10084: 10081: 10080: 10078: 10077: 10072: 10067: 10062: 10057: 10055:Peter Canisius 10052: 10047: 10042: 10037: 10032: 10030:Francis Xavier 10027: 10022: 10017: 10012: 10007: 10002: 9997: 9994:Exsurge Domine 9990: 9985: 9979: 9977: 9968: 9965: 9964: 9962: 9961: 9956: 9951: 9946: 9941: 9936: 9934:Pope Clement V 9931: 9930: 9929: 9927:Avignon Papacy 9922:Western Schism 9919: 9914: 9912:Thomas Aquinas 9908: 9906: 9900: 9899: 9897: 9896: 9891: 9886: 9881: 9876: 9871: 9866: 9861: 9856: 9851: 9846: 9841: 9836: 9831: 9826: 9821: 9816: 9810: 9808: 9802: 9801: 9799: 9798: 9793: 9788: 9783: 9778: 9773: 9768: 9766:Saint Boniface 9763: 9758: 9753: 9751:Pope Gregory I 9748: 9743: 9738: 9732: 9730: 9724: 9723: 9720: 9719: 9716: 9715: 9713: 9712: 9707: 9702: 9697: 9692: 9690:Biblical canon 9687: 9682: 9677: 9672: 9667: 9662: 9657: 9656: 9655: 9644: 9642: 9623: 9619:Late antiquity 9611: 9610: 9608: 9607: 9602: 9597: 9592: 9587: 9586: 9585: 9580: 9579: 9578: 9573: 9568: 9566:Pope Clement I 9556:Church Fathers 9553: 9547: 9545: 9538: 9537: 9535: 9534: 9533: 9532: 9527: 9522: 9517: 9512: 9507: 9497: 9492: 9487: 9482: 9481: 9480: 9475: 9470: 9465: 9455: 9450: 9445: 9440: 9439: 9438: 9433: 9428: 9423: 9412: 9410: 9395: 9387: 9386: 9384: 9383: 9378: 9373: 9368: 9363: 9362: 9361: 9356: 9346: 9341: 9336: 9331: 9326: 9325: 9324: 9319: 9317:Biblical canon 9312:Catholic Bible 9309: 9308: 9307: 9297: 9296: 9295: 9285: 9280: 9275: 9274: 9273: 9262: 9260: 9254: 9253: 9242: 9241: 9234: 9227: 9219: 9210: 9209: 9207: 9206: 9196: 9183: 9180: 9179: 9177: 9176: 9171: 9166: 9161: 9158: 9152: 9147: 9142: 9137: 9132: 9127: 9122: 9116: 9114: 9108: 9107: 9105: 9104: 9099: 9094: 9089: 9087:Legion of Mary 9084: 9079: 9074: 9069: 9064: 9059: 9054: 9049: 9044: 9039: 9038: 9037: 9036: 9035: 9025: 9024: 9023: 9016:Lay Carmelites 9013: 9003: 9002: 9001: 8996: 8991: 8986: 8975: 8973: 8965: 8964: 8962: 8961: 8956: 8951: 8946: 8941: 8936: 8931: 8926: 8921: 8916: 8911: 8906: 8901: 8896: 8891: 8886: 8881: 8876: 8871: 8866: 8864:Conceptionists 8861: 8856: 8851: 8846: 8841: 8836: 8831: 8826: 8821: 8816: 8811: 8806: 8801: 8799:Assumptionists 8795: 8793: 8778: 8777: 8775: 8774: 8767: 8760: 8753: 8750: 8749: 8748: 8743: 8738: 8728: 8722: 8720: 8714: 8713: 8711: 8710: 8705: 8700: 8697: 8692: 8687: 8682: 8677: 8672: 8667: 8666: 8665: 8655: 8650: 8645: 8644: 8643: 8632: 8630: 8624: 8623: 8620: 8619: 8617: 8616: 8615: 8614: 8613: 8612: 8607: 8602: 8597: 8587: 8582: 8577: 8567: 8566: 8565: 8564: 8563: 8553: 8548: 8543: 8538: 8533: 8522: 8520: 8514: 8513: 8511: 8510: 8509: 8508: 8503: 8501:Syro-Malankara 8498: 8493: 8488: 8483: 8478: 8473: 8468: 8463: 8458: 8453: 8451:Italo-Albanian 8448: 8443: 8438: 8433: 8428: 8423: 8418: 8413: 8408: 8403: 8398: 8393: 8383: 8377: 8375: 8365: 8364: 8362: 8361: 8360: 8359: 8354: 8349: 8339: 8334: 8333: 8332: 8322: 8321: 8320: 8315: 8305: 8300: 8299: 8298: 8293: 8288: 8283: 8269: 8262: 8260: 8254: 8253: 8251: 8250: 8245: 8240: 8235: 8234: 8233: 8228: 8223: 8218: 8213: 8208: 8203: 8198: 8193: 8188: 8178: 8177: 8176: 8171: 8160: 8158: 8147: 8146: 8144: 8143: 8138: 8133: 8128: 8123: 8121:Lateran Treaty 8118: 8113: 8108: 8102: 8100: 8094: 8093: 8091: 8090: 8085: 8080: 8079: 8078: 8068: 8067: 8066: 8061: 8047: 8042: 8033: 8031: 8016: 7990: 7989: 7987: 7986: 7981: 7976: 7971: 7966: 7961: 7956: 7951: 7946: 7941: 7940: 7939: 7934: 7923: 7921: 7915: 7914: 7912: 7911: 7910: 7909: 7904: 7894: 7893: 7892: 7882: 7879: 7874: 7869: 7864: 7859: 7857:Moral theology 7854: 7848: 7846: 7840: 7839: 7836: 7835: 7833: 7832: 7827: 7824: 7819: 7814: 7809: 7804: 7799: 7794: 7789: 7783: 7781: 7775: 7774: 7772: 7771: 7766: 7761: 7760: 7759: 7749: 7744: 7739: 7734: 7728: 7726: 7720: 7719: 7717: 7716: 7711: 7704: 7699: 7694: 7687: 7682: 7681: 7680: 7675: 7665: 7660: 7655: 7647: 7645: 7639: 7638: 7636: 7635: 7630: 7629: 7628: 7621: 7616: 7608: 7603: 7598: 7593: 7588: 7583: 7578: 7573: 7568: 7563: 7558: 7557: 7556: 7551: 7540: 7538: 7531: 7509: 7508: 7505: 7504: 7502: 7501: 7496: 7491: 7486: 7481: 7476: 7471: 7466: 7461: 7456: 7455: 7454: 7453: 7452: 7442: 7431: 7429: 7423: 7422: 7420: 7419: 7414: 7409: 7404: 7399: 7394: 7389: 7384: 7379: 7374: 7372:Pope Gregory I 7369: 7363: 7361: 7355: 7354: 7352: 7351: 7346: 7344:Biblical canon 7341: 7339:Late antiquity 7336: 7335: 7334: 7329: 7319: 7314: 7308: 7306: 7300: 7299: 7297: 7296: 7295: 7294: 7284: 7283: 7282: 7275:Church fathers 7272: 7271: 7270: 7265: 7255: 7254: 7253: 7248: 7243: 7238: 7227: 7225: 7216: 7209:Ecclesiastical 7196: 7195: 7193: 7192: 7187: 7182: 7177: 7171: 7168: 7167: 7160: 7159: 7152: 7145: 7137: 7128: 7127: 7124: 7123: 7105: 7104: 7103: 7100: 7099: 7096: 7095: 7092: 7091: 7089: 7088: 7083: 7078: 7073: 7068: 7062: 7060: 7054: 7053: 7051: 7050: 7045: 7040: 7035: 7030: 7025: 7020: 7015: 7010: 7005: 7000: 6995: 6990: 6985: 6980: 6975: 6970: 6964: 6962: 6956: 6955: 6953: 6952: 6947: 6942: 6937: 6932: 6927: 6921: 6919: 6913: 6912: 6910: 6909: 6904: 6898: 6896: 6892: 6891: 6889: 6888: 6883: 6878: 6873: 6868: 6863: 6858: 6853: 6847: 6845: 6839: 6838: 6836: 6835: 6830: 6825: 6820: 6814: 6812: 6808: 6807: 6805: 6804: 6798: 6796: 6792: 6791: 6789: 6788: 6783: 6778: 6773: 6768: 6763: 6758: 6753: 6747: 6745: 6739: 6738: 6736: 6735: 6730: 6725: 6720: 6715: 6710: 6705: 6700: 6695: 6690: 6685: 6679: 6677: 6673: 6672: 6670: 6669: 6664: 6659: 6654: 6649: 6644: 6639: 6633: 6631: 6625: 6624: 6622: 6621: 6616: 6611: 6606: 6601: 6595: 6593: 6589: 6588: 6586: 6585: 6580: 6575: 6570: 6564: 6562: 6556: 6555: 6553: 6552: 6547: 6542: 6537: 6532: 6527: 6522: 6517: 6512: 6507: 6502: 6497: 6492: 6487: 6481: 6479: 6475: 6474: 6472: 6471: 6466: 6461: 6456: 6451: 6446: 6440: 6438: 6434: 6433: 6431: 6430: 6425: 6420: 6415: 6410: 6405: 6400: 6395: 6390: 6385: 6380: 6375: 6370: 6365: 6360: 6355: 6350: 6345: 6340: 6335: 6330: 6325: 6320: 6315: 6310: 6305: 6300: 6295: 6290: 6284: 6282: 6278: 6277: 6275: 6274: 6272:Wollstonecraft 6269: 6264: 6259: 6254: 6249: 6244: 6239: 6234: 6229: 6224: 6219: 6214: 6209: 6204: 6199: 6194: 6189: 6184: 6179: 6173: 6171: 6163: 6162: 6152: 6151: 6148: 6147: 6144: 6143: 6141: 6140: 6135: 6130: 6125: 6120: 6115: 6106: 6101: 6096: 6091: 6086: 6081: 6076: 6071: 6066: 6061: 6056: 6049: 6040: 6035: 6030: 6025: 6020: 6011: 6006: 5997: 5992: 5987: 5982: 5977: 5972: 5967: 5962: 5957: 5951: 5944: 5943: 5933: 5932: 5925: 5924: 5917: 5910: 5902: 5896: 5893: 5892: 5880: 5879: 5877: 5876: 5866: 5855: 5852: 5851: 5849: 5848: 5840: 5832: 5824: 5819:Étienne Pascal 5815: 5813: 5809: 5808: 5806: 5805: 5795: 5784: 5782: 5778: 5777: 5775: 5774: 5772:Pascal's wager 5769: 5764: 5759: 5754: 5748: 5746: 5744: 5743: 5740: 5736: 5733: 5732: 5725: 5724: 5717: 5710: 5702: 5696: 5695: 5673: 5658: 5649: 5640: 5624: 5618: 5606: 5601: 5587: 5581: 5575: 5570: 5560: 5551: 5532: 5517: 5508: 5493: 5484: 5475: 5463: 5462:External links 5460: 5458: 5457: 5447: 5444: 5435:"Pascal" 5426: 5397: 5373: 5366: 5356: 5349: 5342: 5337:Jordan, Jeff. 5335: 5333:978-0534583910 5318: 5304: 5297: 5291: 5275: 5268: 5261:Campe, Rüdiger 5258: 5244: 5227: 5209: 5207: 5204: 5201: 5200: 5190: 5189: 5186: 5185: 5153: 5123: 5097: 5080: 5061:(4): 503–506. 5041: 5011: 4978: 4963:(in Russian). 4947: 4914: 4881: 4848: 4822: 4807:Sainte-Beuve, 4800: 4781: 4762: 4748: 4733: 4718: 4705: 4692: 4668: 4655: 4642: 4629: 4616: 4603: 4582: 4556: 4524: 4475: 4462: 4443: 4430: 4414: 4408: 4382: 4344: 4338:978-0486206301 4337: 4314: 4285:(6): 549–551. 4267: 4239: 4232: 4211: 4185: 4136: 4124: 4109: 4090: 4049: 4028: 4009: 4000: 3989:. 8 April 2024 3974: 3962: 3932: 3895: 3865: 3836: 3829: 3799: 3771: 3735: 3706: 3681: 3674: 3653: 3624:O'Connor, J.J. 3612: 3598: 3597: 3595: 3592: 3591: 3590: 3585: 3580: 3575: 3570: 3565: 3560: 3555: 3550: 3545: 3543:Gambler's ruin 3540: 3538:Expected value 3533: 3530: 3529: 3528: 3521: 3514: 3506: 3500: 3499:(1657 or 1658) 3494: 3484: 3471: 3465: 3459: 3454: 3451: 3383:Nier: Automata 3380:The 2017 game 3375:graphics cards 3282: 3279: 3271:stomach cancer 3205: 3202: 3121: 3112:Main article: 3109: 3106: 3057:came with his 3050: 3047: 3023:René Descartes 3018: 3015: 2925:Main article: 2922: 2916: 2898: 2895: 2868: 2863: 2805: 2802: 2800: 2797: 2783:falsifiability 2777:In a reply to 2774:for "fathom". 2676: 2673: 2629: 2626: 2597: 2596:Fluid dynamics 2594: 2557: 2554: 2503:Augustin Pajou 2490: 2487: 2454: 2453: 2442: 2436: 2433: 2430: 2427: 2424: 2421: 2418: 2415: 2410: 2407: 2404: 2401: 2398: 2395: 2392: 2389: 2386: 2383: 2380: 2377: 2374: 2371: 2368: 2365: 2362: 2359: 2353: 2348: 2345: 2341: 2325: 2307: 2297: 2275: 2262: 2253: 2244: 2224: 2223: 2221: 2219: 2217: 2215: 2213: 2211: 2208: 2202: 2201: 2199: 2197: 2195: 2193: 2191: 2188: 2185: 2179: 2178: 2176: 2174: 2172: 2170: 2167: 2164: 2161: 2155: 2154: 2152: 2150: 2148: 2145: 2142: 2139: 2136: 2130: 2129: 2127: 2125: 2122: 2119: 2116: 2113: 2110: 2104: 2103: 2101: 2098: 2095: 2092: 2089: 2086: 2083: 2077: 2076: 2073: 2070: 2067: 2064: 2061: 2058: 2055: 2049: 2048: 2045: 2042: 2039: 2036: 2033: 2030: 2027: 1995:Main article: 1992: 1987: 1963:Pascal's wager 1952:expected value 1931: 1928: 1926: 1923: 1904:Zwinger museum 1868: 1865: 1836:Cour des Aides 1830: 1827: 1822:René Descartes 1788:conic sections 1779: 1774: 1754: 1751: 1745:and the elder 1735:Étienne Pascal 1731:Massif Central 1710: 1707: 1691:Pascal's wager 1626:René Descartes 1611:social science 1599:conic sections 1374: 1373: 1371: 1370: 1363: 1356: 1348: 1345: 1344: 1342: 1341: 1329: 1316: 1313: 1312: 1307: 1306: 1302: 1301: 1296: 1291: 1286: 1281: 1276: 1271: 1266: 1261: 1256: 1251: 1246: 1241: 1236: 1231: 1226: 1221: 1216: 1211: 1206: 1201: 1196: 1191: 1186: 1181: 1176: 1171: 1166: 1161: 1156: 1151: 1146: 1140: 1139: 1136: 1135: 1132: 1131: 1127: 1126: 1121: 1116: 1111: 1106: 1101: 1096: 1091: 1086: 1081: 1076: 1071: 1066: 1061: 1056: 1051: 1046: 1041: 1036: 1031: 1026: 1021: 1016: 1011: 1006: 1001: 996: 991: 986: 981: 976: 971: 966: 961: 956: 950: 949: 946: 945: 942: 941: 937: 936: 931: 926: 921: 916: 911: 906: 901: 896: 891: 886: 881: 876: 871: 866: 861: 856: 851: 846: 841: 836: 831: 826: 821: 816: 811: 806: 801: 796: 791: 786: 781: 776: 771: 766: 760: 759: 756: 755: 752: 751: 747: 746: 741: 736: 731: 726: 721: 716: 711: 706: 701: 696: 691: 686: 681: 676: 671: 666: 661: 656: 651: 646: 641: 636: 630: 629: 626: 625: 620: 615: 614: 611: 610: 607: 606: 605: 604: 599: 589: 584: 583: 582: 577: 567: 562: 557: 552: 551: 550: 548:Friends of God 540: 535: 530: 529: 528: 521:Augustinianism 517: 514: 513: 510: 509: 506: 505: 500: 499: 498: 493: 486:Predestination 483: 478: 473: 459: 454: 449: 444: 438: 433: 432: 429: 428: 425: 424: 422:Works of mercy 419: 414: 409: 408: 407: 397: 392: 387: 382: 377: 372: 367: 362: 356: 351: 350: 347: 346: 333: 309: 308: 302: 301: 293: 292: 280: 279: 276: 275: 267: 266: 262: 261: 258: 257: 255: 254: 249: 244: 239: 234: 229: 227:Pascal's wager 220: 214: 212: 209: 206: 205: 203: 202: 197: 194: 191: 187: 185: 183:Main interests 182: 179: 178: 176: 175: 170: 165: 159: 157: 151: 150: 145: 141: 140: 135: 131: 130: 127: 126: 119: 118: 102: 98: 97: 95:Étienne Pascal 92: 88: 87: 81: 79:(aged 39) 75:19 August 1662 73: 69: 68: 62: 51: 47: 46: 43: 35: 34: 31: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 14928: 14917: 14914: 14912: 14909: 14907: 14904: 14902: 14899: 14897: 14894: 14892: 14889: 14887: 14884: 14882: 14879: 14877: 14874: 14872: 14869: 14867: 14864: 14862: 14859: 14857: 14854: 14852: 14849: 14847: 14844: 14842: 14839: 14837: 14834: 14832: 14829: 14827: 14824: 14822: 14819: 14817: 14814: 14812: 14809: 14807: 14804: 14802: 14799: 14797: 14794: 14792: 14789: 14787: 14784: 14782: 14779: 14777: 14776:Blaise Pascal 14774: 14773: 14771: 14758: 14754: 14750: 14745: 14738: 14734: 14731: 14728: 14724: 14723:J. J. Thomson 14721: 14718: 14714: 14711: 14708: 14704: 14701: 14698: 14694: 14691: 14688: 14684: 14681: 14678: 14674: 14671: 14668: 14664: 14661: 14658: 14654: 14651: 14648: 14644: 14641: 14638: 14634: 14631: 14630: 14628: 14624: 14617: 14613: 14610: 14607: 14603: 14600: 14597: 14593: 14590: 14589: 14587: 14584: 14578: 14574: 14567: 14563: 14560: 14557: 14553: 14550: 14547: 14543: 14540: 14537: 14533: 14530: 14527: 14523: 14520: 14517: 14513: 14510: 14507: 14503: 14500: 14497: 14493: 14490: 14487: 14483: 14480: 14477: 14473: 14470: 14467: 14463: 14460: 14457: 14453: 14452:Loránd Eötvös 14450: 14447: 14443: 14440: 14437: 14433: 14430: 14429: 14427: 14424: 14419: 14412: 14408: 14405: 14402: 14398: 14395: 14392: 14388: 14385: 14382: 14378: 14375: 14372: 14368: 14365: 14362: 14358: 14355: 14352: 14348: 14347:Blaise Pascal 14345: 14342: 14338: 14335: 14332: 14328: 14325: 14322: 14318: 14315: 14312: 14308: 14305: 14302: 14298: 14295: 14292: 14288: 14285: 14282: 14278: 14275: 14272: 14268: 14265: 14262: 14258: 14255: 14252: 14248: 14245: 14244: 14242: 14238: 14231: 14227: 14224: 14221: 14217: 14214: 14213: 14211: 14209:SI base units 14207: 14198: 14193: 14191: 14186: 14184: 14179: 14178: 14175: 14157: 14149: 14147: 14143: 14139: 14138: 14135: 14129: 14128: 14124: 14122: 14119: 14117: 14114: 14112: 14109: 14107: 14104: 14102: 14099: 14097: 14094: 14092: 14089: 14087: 14084: 14082: 14079: 14077: 14074: 14073: 14071: 14067: 14057: 14054: 14053: 14050: 14047: 14045: 14042: 14040: 14037: 14035: 14032: 14030: 14027: 14025: 14022: 14020: 14017: 14015: 14012: 14010: 14007: 14005: 14002: 14000: 13999:Anthony Kenny 13997: 13995: 13992: 13990: 13987: 13985: 13982: 13981: 13979: 13971: 13965: 13962: 13960: 13957: 13955: 13952: 13950: 13947: 13945: 13942: 13940: 13937: 13935: 13932: 13930: 13927: 13925: 13924:Mircea Eliade 13922: 13920: 13917: 13916: 13913: 13910: 13908: 13905: 13903: 13900: 13898: 13895: 13893: 13890: 13888: 13885: 13883: 13880: 13878: 13875: 13873: 13870: 13868: 13865: 13864: 13862: 13856: 13850: 13847: 13845: 13842: 13840: 13837: 13835: 13832: 13830: 13827: 13825: 13822: 13820: 13817: 13815: 13812: 13811: 13808: 13807:William James 13805: 13803: 13800: 13798: 13795: 13793: 13790: 13788: 13787:Ernst Haeckel 13785: 13784: 13782: 13776: 13770: 13767: 13765: 13762: 13760: 13757: 13755: 13752: 13750: 13747: 13745: 13742: 13740: 13737: 13736: 13733: 13730: 13728: 13725: 13723: 13720: 13719: 13717: 13711: 13705: 13702: 13700: 13699:Immanuel Kant 13697: 13695: 13692: 13690: 13687: 13685: 13682: 13680: 13677: 13675: 13672: 13670: 13667: 13665: 13662: 13660: 13657: 13655: 13654:Blaise Pascal 13652: 13650: 13647: 13645: 13642: 13641: 13639: 13637: 13633: 13627: 13624: 13622: 13619: 13617: 13614: 13612: 13609: 13607: 13604: 13602: 13599: 13597: 13594: 13592: 13589: 13587: 13584: 13582: 13579: 13577: 13574: 13572: 13569: 13567: 13564: 13562: 13559: 13557: 13554: 13553: 13551: 13549: 13544: 13540: 13537: 13532: 13525: 13519: 13516: 13514: 13511: 13509: 13506: 13504: 13501: 13499: 13496: 13494: 13491: 13489: 13486: 13485: 13483: 13481: 13477: 13471: 13468: 13466: 13463: 13461: 13458: 13456: 13455:Language game 13453: 13451: 13448: 13447: 13445: 13443: 13439: 13433: 13432: 13428: 13426: 13423: 13421: 13418: 13416: 13413: 13411: 13408: 13406: 13403: 13401: 13398: 13396: 13393: 13391: 13388: 13386: 13383: 13381: 13378: 13376: 13373: 13371: 13368: 13366: 13363: 13361: 13358: 13356: 13353: 13351: 13348: 13344: 13341: 13339: 13336: 13334: 13331: 13330: 13329: 13326: 13324: 13321: 13319: 13316: 13314: 13311: 13309: 13306: 13304: 13301: 13297: 13294: 13292: 13289: 13287: 13284: 13283: 13282: 13279: 13277: 13274: 13272: 13269: 13267: 13264: 13262: 13259: 13255: 13252: 13250: 13247: 13246: 13245: 13242: 13238: 13235: 13233: 13230: 13229: 13228: 13225: 13223: 13220: 13218: 13215: 13213: 13210: 13208: 13205: 13203: 13200: 13198: 13195: 13193: 13190: 13188: 13185: 13183: 13180: 13178: 13175: 13173: 13170: 13168: 13165: 13163: 13160: 13159: 13157: 13155: 13151: 13141: 13138: 13136: 13133: 13131: 13128: 13126: 13125:Occam's razor 13123: 13121: 13118: 13116: 13113: 13111: 13108: 13106: 13103: 13101: 13098: 13096: 13093: 13091: 13088: 13086: 13083: 13082: 13080: 13076: 13070: 13067: 13063: 13060: 13058: 13055: 13054: 13053: 13050: 13048: 13045: 13043: 13040: 13038: 13035: 13033: 13030: 13028: 13025: 13023: 13020: 13018: 13015: 13013: 13010: 13008: 13005: 13003: 13000: 12998: 12995: 12993: 12990: 12986: 12983: 12981: 12978: 12977: 12976: 12973: 12971: 12970:Consciousness 12968: 12966: 12963: 12961: 12958: 12957: 12955: 12951: 12948: 12946: 12942: 12932: 12929: 12927: 12924: 12922: 12919: 12917: 12914: 12912: 12909: 12907: 12904: 12902: 12899: 12897: 12894: 12892: 12889: 12887: 12884: 12882: 12879: 12878: 12876: 12872: 12866: 12865:Unmoved mover 12863: 12861: 12860:Supreme Being 12858: 12856: 12853: 12851: 12848: 12846: 12843: 12841: 12838: 12836: 12833: 12831: 12828: 12826: 12823: 12821: 12818: 12816: 12813: 12812: 12809: 12806: 12804: 12800: 12794: 12791: 12789: 12786: 12784: 12781: 12779: 12776: 12774: 12771: 12769: 12766: 12764: 12761: 12757: 12753: 12752: 12751: 12748: 12746: 12743: 12741: 12738: 12737: 12735: 12731: 12727: 12720: 12715: 12713: 12708: 12706: 12701: 12700: 12697: 12685: 12675: 12673: 12668: 12663: 12662: 12659: 12653: 12652:Phenomenology 12650: 12648: 12645: 12643: 12640: 12638: 12635: 12633: 12630: 12628: 12625: 12623: 12620: 12618: 12615: 12613: 12610: 12608: 12605: 12604: 12602: 12598: 12592: 12589: 12587: 12584: 12582: 12579: 12575: 12572: 12570: 12567: 12566: 12565: 12562: 12560: 12557: 12555: 12552: 12550: 12549:Rota Fortunae 12547: 12545: 12542: 12540: 12537: 12535: 12532: 12530: 12527: 12525: 12522: 12520: 12517: 12515: 12512: 12510: 12509:Occam's razor 12507: 12505: 12502: 12500: 12497: 12495: 12492: 12490: 12489:Head of a pin 12487: 12485: 12482: 12480: 12477: 12475: 12472: 12470: 12467: 12465: 12462: 12460: 12457: 12455: 12452: 12450: 12447: 12445: 12442: 12440: 12437: 12435: 12432: 12430: 12427: 12425: 12422: 12420: 12417: 12415: 12412: 12410: 12407: 12405: 12404:Actus Essendi 12402: 12401: 12399: 12395: 12389: 12386: 12384: 12381: 12379: 12376: 12374: 12371: 12369: 12366: 12364: 12361: 12359: 12356: 12354: 12351: 12349: 12346: 12344: 12341: 12339: 12336: 12334: 12331: 12329: 12326: 12324: 12321: 12319: 12316: 12314: 12311: 12309: 12306: 12304: 12301: 12299: 12296: 12294: 12291: 12289: 12286: 12284: 12281: 12279: 12276: 12274: 12271: 12269: 12266: 12264: 12261: 12259: 12256: 12254: 12251: 12249: 12246: 12244: 12241: 12239: 12238:Chateaubriand 12236: 12234: 12231: 12229: 12226: 12224: 12221: 12219: 12216: 12214: 12211: 12209: 12206: 12204: 12201: 12199: 12196: 12194: 12191: 12189: 12186: 12184: 12181: 12180: 12178: 12176: 12172: 12162: 12159: 12157: 12154: 12152: 12149: 12148: 12146: 12142: 12136: 12133: 12131: 12128: 12126: 12125:Conceptualism 12123: 12121: 12118: 12116: 12113: 12112: 12110: 12108: 12104: 12098: 12095: 12093: 12090: 12088: 12085: 12083: 12080: 12078: 12075: 12073: 12070: 12069: 12067: 12065: 12061: 12055: 12052: 12050: 12047: 12045: 12042: 12040: 12039:Scholasticism 12037: 12035: 12032: 12031: 12029: 12027: 12023: 12020: 12016: 11989: 11988:Virtue ethics 11986: 11984: 11981: 11979: 11976: 11974: 11973:Seven virtues 11971: 11969: 11966: 11964: 11961: 11959: 11956: 11954: 11951: 11949: 11946: 11944: 11941: 11939: 11936: 11935: 11933: 11931: 11927: 11923: 11916: 11911: 11909: 11904: 11902: 11897: 11896: 11893: 11881: 11876: 11871: 11870: 11867: 11861: 11858: 11856: 11855:Aidan Nichols 11853: 11851: 11848: 11846: 11843: 11841: 11838: 11836: 11835:Michał Heller 11833: 11831: 11828: 11826: 11825:Walter Kasper 11823: 11821: 11818: 11816: 11813: 11811: 11808: 11806: 11803: 11801: 11798: 11796: 11793: 11792: 11790: 11786: 11780: 11777: 11775: 11772: 11770: 11767: 11765: 11762: 11760: 11757: 11755: 11754:Thomas Merton 11752: 11750: 11747: 11745: 11742: 11740: 11737: 11735: 11732: 11730: 11727: 11725: 11724:Jean Daniélou 11722: 11720: 11717: 11715: 11712: 11710: 11707: 11705: 11702: 11700: 11697: 11695: 11692: 11690: 11687: 11685: 11682: 11680: 11677: 11675: 11672: 11670: 11667: 11665: 11662: 11660: 11657: 11655: 11652: 11650: 11647: 11645: 11642: 11640: 11637: 11635: 11632: 11630: 11627: 11625: 11622: 11620: 11617: 11615: 11612: 11610: 11607: 11605: 11602: 11601: 11599: 11595: 11589: 11586: 11584: 11581: 11579: 11576: 11574: 11571: 11569: 11566: 11564: 11561: 11559: 11556: 11554: 11551: 11549: 11546: 11544: 11541: 11539: 11536: 11534: 11531: 11529: 11526: 11524: 11521: 11519: 11516: 11514: 11511: 11509: 11506: 11504: 11501: 11499: 11496: 11494: 11491: 11489: 11486: 11484: 11481: 11479: 11476: 11474: 11471: 11469: 11466: 11464: 11463:Joseph Görres 11461: 11460: 11458: 11454: 11448: 11447:Bruno Lanteri 11445: 11443: 11440: 11438: 11435: 11433: 11430: 11428: 11425: 11423: 11420: 11418: 11415: 11413: 11410: 11408: 11405: 11403: 11402:Blaise Pascal 11400: 11397: 11393: 11390: 11388: 11385: 11383: 11380: 11378: 11375: 11373: 11370: 11368: 11365: 11363: 11360: 11358: 11355: 11353: 11350: 11348: 11345: 11343: 11340: 11339: 11337: 11334: 11329: 11324: 11318: 11315: 11313: 11310: 11308: 11305: 11303: 11300: 11297: 11293: 11290: 11288: 11285: 11283: 11280: 11278: 11275: 11273: 11270: 11268: 11265: 11263: 11262:John of Ávila 11260: 11258: 11255: 11253: 11250: 11248: 11245: 11243: 11240: 11238: 11235: 11233: 11230: 11228: 11225: 11223: 11220: 11218: 11215: 11214: 11212: 11209: 11205: 11200: 11194: 11191: 11189: 11186: 11184: 11181: 11179: 11176: 11174: 11171: 11169: 11166: 11164: 11161: 11159: 11156: 11154: 11151: 11149: 11148: 11144: 11142: 11141:Walter Hilton 11139: 11137: 11134: 11132: 11129: 11127: 11124: 11122: 11119: 11117: 11114: 11112: 11111:Richard Rolle 11109: 11107: 11104: 11102: 11099: 11097: 11094: 11092: 11089: 11088: 11086: 11083: 11079: 11073: 11070: 11068: 11065: 11063: 11060: 11058: 11055: 11053: 11050: 11048: 11045: 11043: 11040: 11038: 11035: 11033: 11030: 11028: 11025: 11023: 11020: 11018: 11015: 11013: 11010: 11008: 11005: 11003: 11000: 10998: 10995: 10993: 10992:Peter Lombard 10990: 10988: 10985: 10983: 10980: 10978: 10977:Peter Abelard 10975: 10973: 10970: 10968: 10965: 10963: 10960: 10958: 10955: 10953: 10950: 10948: 10945: 10944: 10942: 10940: 10936: 10930: 10927: 10925: 10922: 10920: 10917: 10915: 10912: 10910: 10907: 10905: 10902: 10900: 10897: 10895: 10892: 10890: 10887: 10885: 10882: 10880: 10877: 10875: 10872: 10870: 10869:Monothelitism 10867: 10865: 10862: 10860: 10859:John Climacus 10857: 10855: 10852: 10851: 10849: 10847: 10843: 10837: 10834: 10832: 10829: 10827: 10824: 10822: 10819: 10817: 10814: 10812: 10809: 10807: 10804: 10802: 10799: 10797: 10794: 10792: 10789: 10787: 10784: 10782: 10779: 10777: 10774: 10772: 10769: 10767: 10764: 10762: 10759: 10757: 10754: 10752: 10749: 10747: 10746:Monophysitism 10744: 10742: 10739: 10737: 10734: 10732: 10729: 10727: 10724: 10722: 10719: 10718: 10716: 10713: 10708: 10703: 10697: 10694: 10692: 10689: 10687: 10684: 10682: 10679: 10677: 10674: 10672: 10669: 10667: 10666: 10662: 10660: 10659:Justin Martyr 10657: 10655: 10652: 10650: 10649: 10645: 10643: 10642: 10638: 10636: 10633: 10631: 10628: 10626: 10625: 10621: 10619: 10616: 10614: 10611: 10609: 10606: 10605: 10603: 10601: 10597: 10591: 10588: 10584: 10581: 10579: 10576: 10575: 10574: 10571: 10569: 10566: 10562: 10561:Papal primacy 10559: 10558: 10557: 10554: 10550: 10547: 10546: 10545: 10542: 10541: 10539: 10535: 10531: 10526: 10522: 10515: 10510: 10508: 10503: 10501: 10496: 10495: 10492: 10480: 10475: 10470: 10468: 10458: 10457: 10454: 10448: 10445: 10443: 10440: 10438: 10437: 10433: 10431: 10428: 10426: 10423: 10419: 10416: 10414: 10411: 10409: 10406: 10404: 10401: 10399: 10396: 10394: 10391: 10389: 10386: 10384: 10381: 10379: 10376: 10375: 10374: 10371: 10369: 10366: 10364: 10361: 10360: 10358: 10354: 10346: 10343: 10342: 10341: 10338: 10336: 10333: 10331: 10328: 10326: 10323: 10321: 10320:Mother Teresa 10318: 10316: 10313: 10310: 10306: 10303: 10301: 10298: 10296: 10293: 10291: 10288: 10286: 10285: 10281: 10279: 10276: 10274: 10273: 10269: 10267: 10264: 10262: 10259: 10257: 10254: 10252: 10249: 10247: 10246:Pope Pius XII 10244: 10242: 10239: 10237: 10234: 10232: 10229: 10228: 10226: 10224: 10220: 10214: 10213: 10212:Rerum novarum 10209: 10207: 10204: 10202: 10199: 10197: 10196:Pope Leo XIII 10194: 10192: 10189: 10187: 10184: 10182: 10179: 10177: 10174: 10172: 10169: 10167: 10166:United States 10164: 10162: 10159: 10157: 10156:Pope Pius VII 10154: 10153: 10151: 10147: 10141: 10138: 10136: 10133: 10131: 10128: 10126: 10123: 10121: 10118: 10116: 10113: 10111: 10108: 10106: 10103: 10101: 10098: 10097: 10095: 10092: 10087: 10082: 10076: 10073: 10071: 10068: 10066: 10063: 10061: 10058: 10056: 10053: 10051: 10048: 10046: 10043: 10041: 10038: 10036: 10033: 10031: 10028: 10026: 10023: 10021: 10018: 10016: 10013: 10011: 10008: 10006: 10003: 10001: 9998: 9996: 9995: 9991: 9989: 9986: 9984: 9981: 9980: 9978: 9975: 9971: 9966: 9960: 9957: 9955: 9952: 9950: 9947: 9945: 9942: 9940: 9937: 9935: 9932: 9928: 9925: 9924: 9923: 9920: 9918: 9915: 9913: 9910: 9909: 9907: 9905: 9901: 9895: 9892: 9890: 9887: 9885: 9882: 9880: 9877: 9875: 9872: 9870: 9867: 9865: 9862: 9860: 9857: 9855: 9852: 9850: 9847: 9845: 9842: 9840: 9839:Scholasticism 9837: 9835: 9832: 9830: 9827: 9825: 9822: 9820: 9817: 9815: 9814:Pope Urban II 9812: 9811: 9809: 9807: 9803: 9797: 9794: 9792: 9789: 9787: 9784: 9782: 9779: 9777: 9774: 9772: 9769: 9767: 9764: 9762: 9759: 9757: 9754: 9752: 9749: 9747: 9744: 9742: 9739: 9737: 9734: 9733: 9731: 9729: 9725: 9711: 9708: 9706: 9703: 9701: 9698: 9696: 9693: 9691: 9688: 9686: 9683: 9681: 9678: 9676: 9673: 9671: 9668: 9666: 9663: 9661: 9658: 9654: 9651: 9650: 9649: 9646: 9645: 9643: 9639: 9631: 9627: 9624: 9620: 9616: 9606: 9603: 9601: 9598: 9596: 9593: 9591: 9590:Justin Martyr 9588: 9584: 9581: 9577: 9574: 9572: 9569: 9567: 9564: 9563: 9562: 9559: 9558: 9557: 9554: 9552: 9549: 9548: 9546: 9543: 9539: 9531: 9528: 9526: 9523: 9521: 9518: 9516: 9513: 9511: 9508: 9506: 9503: 9502: 9501: 9500:New Testament 9498: 9496: 9493: 9491: 9488: 9486: 9483: 9479: 9476: 9474: 9471: 9469: 9466: 9464: 9463:Commissioning 9461: 9460: 9459: 9456: 9454: 9451: 9449: 9446: 9444: 9441: 9437: 9434: 9432: 9429: 9427: 9424: 9422: 9419: 9418: 9417: 9414: 9413: 9411: 9408: 9407:Apostolic Age 9403: 9399: 9396: 9392: 9388: 9382: 9379: 9377: 9374: 9372: 9369: 9367: 9364: 9360: 9357: 9355: 9352: 9351: 9350: 9347: 9345: 9342: 9340: 9337: 9335: 9332: 9330: 9327: 9323: 9320: 9318: 9315: 9314: 9313: 9310: 9306: 9303: 9302: 9301: 9298: 9294: 9293:Papal primacy 9291: 9290: 9289: 9286: 9284: 9281: 9279: 9276: 9272: 9269: 9268: 9267: 9264: 9263: 9261: 9259: 9255: 9251: 9247: 9240: 9235: 9233: 9228: 9226: 9221: 9220: 9217: 9205: 9197: 9195: 9190: 9185: 9184: 9181: 9175: 9172: 9170: 9167: 9165: 9162: 9159: 9156: 9153: 9151: 9148: 9146: 9143: 9141: 9138: 9136: 9135:Home Missions 9133: 9131: 9128: 9126: 9123: 9121: 9118: 9117: 9115: 9113: 9109: 9103: 9100: 9098: 9095: 9093: 9090: 9088: 9085: 9083: 9080: 9078: 9075: 9073: 9070: 9068: 9065: 9063: 9060: 9058: 9055: 9053: 9050: 9048: 9045: 9043: 9040: 9034: 9031: 9030: 9029: 9028:Saint Francis 9026: 9022: 9019: 9018: 9017: 9014: 9012: 9011:Saint Dominic 9009: 9008: 9007: 9004: 9000: 8997: 8995: 8992: 8990: 8987: 8985: 8982: 8981: 8980: 8977: 8976: 8974: 8972: 8966: 8960: 8957: 8955: 8952: 8950: 8947: 8945: 8942: 8940: 8937: 8935: 8932: 8930: 8927: 8925: 8922: 8920: 8917: 8915: 8912: 8910: 8907: 8905: 8902: 8900: 8897: 8895: 8892: 8890: 8887: 8885: 8882: 8880: 8877: 8875: 8872: 8870: 8867: 8865: 8862: 8860: 8857: 8855: 8852: 8850: 8847: 8845: 8842: 8840: 8837: 8835: 8832: 8830: 8827: 8825: 8824:Bethlehemites 8822: 8820: 8817: 8815: 8812: 8810: 8807: 8805: 8802: 8800: 8797: 8796: 8794: 8792: 8788: 8783: 8779: 8773: 8772: 8768: 8766: 8765: 8761: 8759: 8758: 8754: 8751: 8747: 8746:Vatican Radio 8744: 8742: 8739: 8737: 8734: 8733: 8732: 8731:Vatican Media 8729: 8727: 8724: 8723: 8721: 8719: 8715: 8709: 8706: 8704: 8701: 8698: 8696: 8693: 8691: 8688: 8686: 8683: 8681: 8678: 8676: 8673: 8671: 8668: 8664: 8661: 8660: 8659: 8656: 8654: 8651: 8649: 8646: 8642: 8639: 8638: 8637: 8634: 8633: 8631: 8629: 8625: 8611: 8608: 8606: 8603: 8601: 8598: 8596: 8593: 8592: 8591: 8588: 8586: 8583: 8581: 8578: 8576: 8573: 8572: 8571: 8568: 8562: 8559: 8558: 8557: 8554: 8552: 8549: 8547: 8544: 8542: 8539: 8537: 8534: 8532: 8529: 8528: 8527: 8524: 8523: 8521: 8519: 8515: 8507: 8504: 8502: 8499: 8497: 8494: 8492: 8489: 8487: 8484: 8482: 8479: 8477: 8474: 8472: 8469: 8467: 8464: 8462: 8459: 8457: 8454: 8452: 8449: 8447: 8444: 8442: 8439: 8437: 8434: 8432: 8429: 8427: 8424: 8422: 8419: 8417: 8414: 8412: 8409: 8407: 8404: 8402: 8399: 8397: 8394: 8392: 8389: 8388: 8387: 8384: 8382: 8379: 8378: 8376: 8374: 8370: 8366: 8358: 8355: 8353: 8350: 8348: 8345: 8344: 8343: 8340: 8338: 8335: 8331: 8328: 8327: 8326: 8323: 8319: 8316: 8314: 8311: 8310: 8309: 8306: 8304: 8301: 8297: 8294: 8292: 8289: 8287: 8284: 8282: 8278: 8275: 8274: 8273: 8270: 8267: 8264: 8263: 8261: 8259: 8255: 8249: 8246: 8244: 8241: 8239: 8236: 8232: 8229: 8227: 8224: 8222: 8219: 8217: 8214: 8212: 8209: 8207: 8204: 8202: 8199: 8197: 8194: 8192: 8189: 8187: 8184: 8183: 8182: 8179: 8175: 8172: 8170: 8167: 8166: 8165: 8162: 8161: 8159: 8156: 8152: 8148: 8142: 8139: 8137: 8134: 8132: 8129: 8127: 8124: 8122: 8119: 8117: 8114: 8112: 8109: 8107: 8104: 8103: 8101: 8099: 8095: 8089: 8086: 8084: 8081: 8077: 8074: 8073: 8072: 8069: 8065: 8062: 8060: 8057: 8056: 8055: 8051: 8048: 8046: 8043: 8041: 8038: 8035: 8034: 8032: 8029: 8028:List of popes 8024: 8020: 8017: 8014: 8010: 8006: 8002: 7998: 7991: 7985: 7982: 7980: 7977: 7975: 7972: 7970: 7967: 7965: 7962: 7960: 7957: 7955: 7952: 7950: 7947: 7945: 7942: 7938: 7935: 7933: 7930: 7929: 7928: 7925: 7924: 7922: 7920: 7916: 7908: 7905: 7903: 7900: 7899: 7898: 7895: 7891: 7888: 7887: 7886: 7883: 7880: 7878: 7875: 7873: 7870: 7868: 7865: 7863: 7860: 7858: 7855: 7853: 7850: 7849: 7847: 7845: 7841: 7831: 7828: 7825: 7823: 7820: 7818: 7815: 7813: 7812:Mother of God 7810: 7808: 7805: 7803: 7800: 7798: 7795: 7793: 7790: 7788: 7785: 7784: 7782: 7780: 7776: 7770: 7767: 7765: 7762: 7758: 7755: 7754: 7753: 7750: 7748: 7745: 7743: 7740: 7738: 7735: 7733: 7730: 7729: 7727: 7725: 7721: 7715: 7712: 7710: 7709: 7705: 7703: 7700: 7698: 7697:People of God 7695: 7693: 7692: 7688: 7686: 7685:Infallibility 7683: 7679: 7676: 7674: 7671: 7670: 7669: 7666: 7664: 7661: 7659: 7656: 7654: 7653: 7649: 7648: 7646: 7644: 7640: 7634: 7631: 7627: 7626: 7622: 7620: 7617: 7615: 7612: 7611: 7609: 7607: 7604: 7602: 7599: 7597: 7594: 7592: 7589: 7587: 7584: 7582: 7579: 7577: 7574: 7572: 7569: 7567: 7564: 7562: 7561:Body and soul 7559: 7555: 7552: 7550: 7547: 7546: 7545: 7542: 7541: 7539: 7535: 7532: 7529: 7528: 7523: 7519: 7514: 7510: 7500: 7497: 7495: 7492: 7490: 7487: 7485: 7482: 7480: 7477: 7475: 7472: 7470: 7467: 7465: 7464:Enlightenment 7462: 7460: 7457: 7451: 7448: 7447: 7446: 7443: 7441: 7438: 7437: 7436: 7435:Protestantism 7433: 7432: 7430: 7428: 7424: 7418: 7415: 7413: 7412:Scholasticism 7410: 7408: 7405: 7403: 7400: 7398: 7397:Schism (1378) 7395: 7393: 7390: 7388: 7385: 7383: 7382:Schism (1054) 7380: 7378: 7375: 7373: 7370: 7368: 7365: 7364: 7362: 7360: 7356: 7350: 7347: 7345: 7342: 7340: 7337: 7333: 7330: 7328: 7325: 7324: 7323: 7320: 7318: 7315: 7313: 7310: 7309: 7307: 7305: 7301: 7293: 7290: 7289: 7288: 7285: 7281: 7278: 7277: 7276: 7273: 7269: 7266: 7264: 7261: 7260: 7259: 7256: 7252: 7249: 7247: 7244: 7242: 7239: 7237: 7234: 7233: 7232: 7229: 7228: 7226: 7224: 7220: 7217: 7214: 7210: 7206: 7201: 7197: 7191: 7188: 7186: 7183: 7181: 7178: 7176: 7173: 7172: 7169: 7165: 7158: 7153: 7151: 7146: 7144: 7139: 7138: 7135: 7122: 7114: 7113: 7111: 7109: 7101: 7087: 7084: 7082: 7079: 7077: 7074: 7072: 7069: 7067: 7064: 7063: 7061: 7059: 7058:United States 7055: 7049: 7046: 7044: 7041: 7039: 7036: 7034: 7031: 7029: 7026: 7024: 7021: 7019: 7016: 7014: 7011: 7009: 7006: 7004: 7001: 6999: 6996: 6994: 6991: 6989: 6986: 6984: 6981: 6979: 6976: 6974: 6971: 6969: 6966: 6965: 6963: 6961: 6957: 6951: 6948: 6946: 6943: 6941: 6938: 6936: 6933: 6931: 6928: 6926: 6923: 6922: 6920: 6918: 6914: 6908: 6905: 6903: 6900: 6899: 6897: 6893: 6887: 6884: 6882: 6879: 6877: 6874: 6872: 6869: 6867: 6864: 6862: 6859: 6857: 6854: 6852: 6849: 6848: 6846: 6844: 6840: 6834: 6831: 6829: 6826: 6824: 6821: 6819: 6818:Budai-Deleanu 6816: 6815: 6813: 6809: 6803: 6800: 6799: 6797: 6793: 6787: 6784: 6782: 6779: 6777: 6774: 6772: 6769: 6767: 6764: 6762: 6759: 6757: 6754: 6752: 6749: 6748: 6746: 6744: 6740: 6734: 6731: 6729: 6726: 6724: 6721: 6719: 6716: 6714: 6711: 6709: 6706: 6704: 6701: 6699: 6696: 6694: 6691: 6689: 6686: 6684: 6681: 6680: 6678: 6674: 6668: 6665: 6663: 6660: 6658: 6655: 6653: 6650: 6648: 6645: 6643: 6640: 6638: 6635: 6634: 6632: 6630: 6626: 6620: 6617: 6615: 6612: 6610: 6607: 6605: 6602: 6600: 6597: 6596: 6594: 6590: 6584: 6581: 6579: 6576: 6574: 6571: 6569: 6566: 6565: 6563: 6561: 6557: 6551: 6548: 6546: 6543: 6541: 6538: 6536: 6533: 6531: 6528: 6526: 6523: 6521: 6518: 6516: 6513: 6511: 6508: 6506: 6503: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6493: 6491: 6488: 6486: 6483: 6482: 6480: 6476: 6470: 6467: 6465: 6462: 6460: 6457: 6455: 6452: 6450: 6447: 6445: 6442: 6441: 6439: 6435: 6429: 6426: 6424: 6421: 6419: 6416: 6414: 6411: 6409: 6406: 6404: 6401: 6399: 6396: 6394: 6391: 6389: 6386: 6384: 6381: 6379: 6376: 6374: 6371: 6369: 6366: 6364: 6361: 6359: 6356: 6354: 6351: 6349: 6346: 6344: 6341: 6339: 6336: 6334: 6331: 6329: 6326: 6324: 6321: 6319: 6316: 6314: 6311: 6309: 6306: 6304: 6301: 6299: 6296: 6294: 6291: 6289: 6286: 6285: 6283: 6279: 6273: 6270: 6268: 6265: 6263: 6260: 6258: 6255: 6253: 6250: 6248: 6245: 6243: 6240: 6238: 6235: 6233: 6230: 6228: 6225: 6223: 6220: 6218: 6215: 6213: 6210: 6208: 6205: 6203: 6200: 6198: 6195: 6193: 6190: 6188: 6185: 6183: 6182:Ashley-Cooper 6180: 6178: 6175: 6174: 6172: 6168: 6164: 6157: 6153: 6139: 6136: 6134: 6131: 6129: 6126: 6124: 6121: 6119: 6116: 6113: 6112: 6107: 6105: 6102: 6100: 6097: 6095: 6092: 6090: 6087: 6085: 6084:Progressivism 6082: 6080: 6077: 6075: 6072: 6070: 6067: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6054: 6050: 6047: 6046: 6041: 6039: 6036: 6034: 6033:Individualism 6031: 6029: 6026: 6024: 6021: 6018: 6017: 6012: 6010: 6007: 6004: 6003: 5998: 5996: 5993: 5991: 5988: 5986: 5983: 5981: 5978: 5976: 5973: 5971: 5968: 5966: 5963: 5961: 5958: 5956: 5953: 5952: 5949: 5945: 5938: 5934: 5930: 5923: 5918: 5916: 5911: 5909: 5904: 5903: 5900: 5894: 5887: 5875: 5867: 5865: 5857: 5856: 5853: 5844: 5841: 5836: 5833: 5828: 5825: 5820: 5817: 5816: 5814: 5810: 5801: 5800: 5796: 5791: 5790: 5786: 5785: 5783: 5779: 5773: 5770: 5768: 5765: 5763: 5760: 5758: 5755: 5753: 5750: 5749: 5747: 5741: 5738: 5737: 5734: 5730: 5729:Blaise Pascal 5723: 5718: 5716: 5711: 5709: 5704: 5703: 5700: 5693: 5689: 5688: 5683: 5679: 5674: 5671: 5667: 5663: 5659: 5656: 5655: 5650: 5647: 5646: 5641: 5637: 5636: 5630: 5625: 5622: 5619: 5617: 5613: 5610: 5607: 5605: 5602: 5599: 5595: 5591: 5588: 5585: 5582: 5579: 5576: 5574: 5571: 5568: 5564: 5561: 5559: 5555: 5554:Blaise Pascal 5552: 5548: 5547: 5542: 5538: 5533: 5529: 5528: 5523: 5518: 5516: 5512: 5509: 5501: 5497: 5494: 5492: 5488: 5485: 5483: 5479: 5476: 5473: 5469: 5466: 5465: 5455: 5451: 5448: 5445: 5441: 5436: 5431: 5427: 5423: 5419: 5415: 5411: 5408:(3): 321–41. 5407: 5403: 5398: 5394: 5393: 5387: 5382: 5378: 5374: 5371: 5367: 5364: 5360: 5357: 5354: 5350: 5347: 5343: 5340: 5336: 5334: 5330: 5326: 5322: 5319: 5316: 5312: 5308: 5305: 5302: 5298: 5294: 5288: 5284: 5280: 5279:Devlin, Keith 5276: 5273: 5272:Blaise Pascal 5269: 5266: 5262: 5259: 5257: 5256:0-7131-5021-1 5253: 5249: 5246:Broome, J.H. 5245: 5242: 5239: 5235: 5232: 5228: 5226: 5225:0-333-55036-6 5222: 5218: 5214: 5211: 5210: 5195: 5191: 5170: 5163: 5157: 5141: 5137: 5133: 5127: 5111: 5107: 5101: 5095: 5091: 5090: 5089:Blaise Pascal 5084: 5076: 5072: 5068: 5064: 5060: 5056: 5052: 5045: 5038: 5037:0-486-28973-7 5034: 5030: 5026: 5023: 5022: 5015: 4999: 4995: 4994: 4989: 4982: 4966: 4962: 4958: 4951: 4943: 4937: 4930:. p. 44. 4929: 4925: 4918: 4910: 4904: 4896: 4892: 4885: 4878: 4877:0-486-28973-7 4874: 4870: 4866: 4863: 4862: 4855: 4853: 4846: 4845:1-56731-019-2 4842: 4838: 4834: 4832: 4826: 4819: 4818:1-113-16675-4 4815: 4812: 4811: 4804: 4788: 4784: 4782:9780199656363 4778: 4774: 4773: 4766: 4758: 4752: 4744: 4737: 4729: 4722: 4715: 4709: 4702: 4696: 4689: 4685: 4681: 4678: 4672: 4665: 4659: 4652: 4646: 4639: 4633: 4626: 4620: 4613: 4607: 4600: 4599:0-06-076691-3 4596: 4592: 4586: 4570: 4566: 4560: 4553: 4549: 4545: 4542: 4538: 4534: 4528: 4512: 4508: 4504: 4499: 4494: 4490: 4486: 4479: 4472: 4466: 4458: 4454: 4447: 4440: 4434: 4427: 4423: 4418: 4411: 4409:9780060766917 4405: 4401: 4396: 4395: 4386: 4371: 4367: 4363: 4359: 4355: 4348: 4340: 4334: 4327: 4326: 4318: 4310: 4306: 4302: 4298: 4293: 4288: 4284: 4280: 4279: 4271: 4255: 4251: 4250: 4243: 4235: 4229: 4225: 4218: 4216: 4199: 4195: 4189: 4181: 4177: 4172: 4167: 4163: 4159: 4155: 4151: 4147: 4140: 4134:, p. 24. 4133: 4128: 4120: 4113: 4106: 4102: 4099: 4094: 4088: 4084: 4081: 4077: 4073: 4070: 4066: 4062: 4059: 4053: 4046: 4045:0-06-076691-3 4042: 4038: 4032: 4025: 4021: 4019: 4013: 4004: 3988: 3984: 3978: 3972:, p. 20. 3971: 3966: 3950: 3946: 3942: 3936: 3917: 3913: 3906: 3899: 3883: 3879: 3875: 3869: 3853: 3849: 3848: 3840: 3832: 3826: 3822: 3816: 3812: 3809: 3803: 3787: 3786: 3781: 3775: 3759: 3755: 3754:HarperCollins 3751: 3750: 3745: 3739: 3731: 3727: 3723: 3721: 3716: 3710: 3703: 3702: 3697: 3693: 3690: 3685: 3677: 3671: 3667: 3663: 3657: 3641: 3637: 3633: 3629: 3625: 3619: 3617: 3609: 3603: 3599: 3589: 3586: 3584: 3581: 3579: 3576: 3574: 3571: 3569: 3566: 3564: 3561: 3559: 3556: 3554: 3551: 3549: 3546: 3544: 3541: 3539: 3536: 3535: 3526: 3522: 3519: 3515: 3512: 3511: 3507: 3504: 3501: 3498: 3495: 3491: 3490: 3485: 3483:; publ. 1665) 3475: 3472: 3469: 3466: 3463: 3460: 3457: 3456: 3450: 3448: 3444: 3440: 3434: 3431: 3425: 3423: 3419: 3417: 3413: 3409: 3405: 3403: 3400:Minor planet 3398: 3396: 3394: 3388: 3385: 3384: 3378: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3359: 3357: 3354:is named for 3353: 3352: 3347: 3343: 3342: 3338:documentary, 3337: 3333: 3332:Blaise Pascal 3329: 3325: 3324: 3319: 3314: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3292: 3287: 3278: 3276: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3255: 3253: 3249: 3243: 3241: 3237: 3233: 3229: 3224: 3221: 3214: 3210: 3201: 3199: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3180: 3175: 3173: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3156: 3154: 3150: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3128: 3120: 3115: 3105: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3085: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3071: 3066: 3064: 3060: 3056: 3046: 3045:sinfulness". 3042: 3038: 3036: 3033:, preferring 3032: 3028: 3024: 3014: 3012: 3008: 3003: 3000: 2997:It is in the 2995: 2993: 2989: 2985: 2980: 2978: 2977:Alexander VII 2974: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2959:and incensed 2958: 2954: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2928: 2921: 2915: 2913: 2903: 2894: 2892: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2874: 2867: 2862: 2859: 2854: 2849: 2847: 2843: 2837: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2822: 2819: 2810: 2796: 2794: 2793:Ile de France 2790: 2786: 2784: 2780: 2775: 2773: 2772: 2767: 2766: 2762: 2757: 2751: 2748: 2742: 2726: 2722: 2717: 2715: 2709: 2707: 2706:Florin Périer 2703: 2698: 2689: 2681: 2672: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2657: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2625: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2602:hydrodynamics 2593: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2567: 2562: 2553: 2551: 2547: 2546:rectification 2543: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2514: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2495: 2486: 2483: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2464: 2459: 2440: 2434: 2431: 2425: 2422: 2419: 2413: 2405: 2402: 2399: 2393: 2387: 2384: 2381: 2378: 2375: 2366: 2363: 2360: 2351: 2346: 2343: 2339: 2331: 2330: 2329: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2311: 2306: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2271: + 2269: 2265: 2261: 2258: = 2256: 2252: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2222: 2220: 2218: 2216: 2214: 2212: 2209: 2207: 2204: 2203: 2200: 2198: 2196: 2194: 2192: 2189: 2186: 2184: 2181: 2180: 2177: 2175: 2173: 2171: 2168: 2165: 2162: 2160: 2157: 2156: 2153: 2151: 2149: 2146: 2143: 2140: 2137: 2135: 2132: 2131: 2128: 2126: 2123: 2120: 2117: 2114: 2111: 2109: 2106: 2105: 2102: 2099: 2096: 2093: 2090: 2087: 2084: 2082: 2079: 2078: 2074: 2071: 2068: 2065: 2062: 2059: 2056: 2054: 2051: 2050: 2046: 2043: 2040: 2037: 2034: 2031: 2028: 2026: 2025: 2022: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2003: 1998: 1991: 1986: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1959: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1922: 1920: 1919:status symbol 1916: 1911: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1892: 1882: 1878: 1873: 1864: 1862: 1856: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1837: 1829:Leaving Paris 1826: 1823: 1818: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1807:Père Mersenne 1804: 1800: 1796: 1795: 1789: 1785: 1778: 1773: 1771: 1770: 1765: 1759: 1753:Move to Paris 1750: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1715: 1706: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1683: 1677: 1676: 1670: 1666: 1661: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1622: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1587:child prodigy 1585:Pascal was a 1583: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1568:mathematician 1556: 1548: 1547: 1538: 1508: 1502: 1501: 1487: 1427: 1420: 1419: 1410: 1380: 1379:Blaise Pascal 1369: 1364: 1362: 1357: 1355: 1350: 1349: 1347: 1346: 1340: 1330: 1328: 1323: 1318: 1317: 1315: 1314: 1300: 1297: 1295: 1292: 1290: 1287: 1285: 1282: 1280: 1277: 1275: 1272: 1270: 1267: 1265: 1262: 1260: 1257: 1255: 1252: 1250: 1247: 1245: 1242: 1240: 1237: 1235: 1232: 1230: 1227: 1225: 1222: 1220: 1217: 1215: 1212: 1210: 1207: 1205: 1202: 1200: 1197: 1195: 1192: 1190: 1187: 1185: 1182: 1180: 1177: 1175: 1172: 1170: 1167: 1165: 1162: 1160: 1157: 1155: 1152: 1150: 1147: 1145: 1142: 1141: 1134: 1133: 1125: 1122: 1120: 1117: 1115: 1112: 1110: 1107: 1105: 1102: 1100: 1097: 1095: 1092: 1090: 1087: 1085: 1082: 1080: 1077: 1075: 1072: 1070: 1067: 1065: 1062: 1060: 1057: 1055: 1052: 1050: 1047: 1045: 1042: 1040: 1037: 1035: 1032: 1030: 1027: 1025: 1022: 1020: 1017: 1015: 1012: 1010: 1007: 1005: 1002: 1000: 999:Chateaubriand 997: 995: 992: 990: 987: 985: 982: 980: 977: 975: 972: 970: 967: 965: 962: 960: 957: 955: 952: 951: 944: 943: 935: 932: 930: 927: 925: 922: 920: 917: 915: 912: 910: 907: 905: 902: 900: 897: 895: 892: 890: 887: 885: 882: 880: 877: 875: 872: 870: 867: 865: 864:Gundissalinus 862: 860: 857: 855: 852: 850: 847: 845: 842: 840: 837: 835: 832: 830: 827: 825: 822: 820: 817: 815: 812: 810: 807: 805: 802: 800: 797: 795: 792: 790: 787: 785: 782: 780: 777: 775: 772: 770: 767: 765: 762: 761: 754: 753: 745: 742: 740: 737: 735: 732: 730: 727: 725: 722: 720: 717: 715: 712: 710: 707: 705: 702: 700: 697: 695: 692: 690: 687: 685: 682: 680: 677: 675: 672: 670: 667: 665: 662: 660: 657: 655: 652: 650: 647: 645: 642: 640: 637: 635: 632: 631: 624: 623: 618: 613: 612: 603: 600: 598: 595: 594: 593: 590: 588: 585: 581: 578: 576: 573: 572: 571: 570:Scholasticism 568: 566: 563: 561: 560:Ressourcement 558: 556: 553: 549: 546: 545: 544: 541: 539: 536: 534: 531: 527: 524: 523: 522: 519: 518: 512: 511: 504: 501: 497: 496:Compatibilism 494: 492: 489: 488: 487: 484: 482: 479: 477: 474: 471: 467: 463: 460: 458: 455: 453: 450: 448: 445: 443: 442:Conceptualism 440: 439: 436: 431: 430: 423: 420: 418: 417:Virtue ethics 415: 413: 410: 406: 403: 402: 401: 398: 396: 393: 391: 388: 386: 383: 381: 378: 376: 373: 371: 368: 366: 363: 361: 358: 357: 354: 349: 348: 344: 340: 336: 311: 310: 307: 304: 303: 299: 295: 294: 290: 286: 285: 277: 273: 268: 263: 259: 253: 250: 248: 245: 243: 242:Pascal's rule 240: 238: 235: 233: 230: 228: 224: 221: 219: 216: 215: 213: 210:Notable ideas 207: 201: 198: 195: 192: 189: 188: 186: 180: 174: 171: 169: 166: 164: 161: 160: 158: 156: 152: 149: 146: 142: 139: 136: 132: 128: 125: 120: 116: 111: 106: 103: 99: 96: 93: 89: 84: 74: 70: 65: 52: 48: 41: 36: 32:Blaise Pascal 29: 24: 19: 14911:Cartesianism 14653:Pierre Curie 14606:foot-lambert 14377:Nikola Tesla 14346: 14327:Isaac Newton 14297:Joseph Henry 14125: 13944:Martin Lings 13897:Emil Brunner 13887:Paul Tillich 13877:Martin Buber 13792:W K Clifford 13769:Afrikan Spir 13684:Thomas Chubb 13653: 13636:Early modern 13616:Adi Shankara 13529:Philosophers 13513:Natural evil 13429: 13405:Spiritualism 13380:Perennialism 13333:Metaphysical 13177:Antireligion 13052:Teleological 12975:Cosmological 12926:Baháʼí Faith 12891:Christianity 12850:Personal god 12622:Neoplatonism 12544:Ressentiment 12539:Quinque viae 12504:Memento mori 12464:Double truth 12409:Actus primus 12347: 12175:Philosophers 12082:Cartesianism 11840:Peter Kreeft 11788:21st century 11779:Henri Nouwen 11689:Jean Guitton 11669:Fulton Sheen 11597:20th century 11498:Jaime Balmes 11456:19th century 11401: 11277:Luis de León 11158:Geert Groote 11145: 10962:Peter Damian 10801:John Cassian 10741:Nestorianism 10663: 10646: 10639: 10622: 10600:Early Church 10434: 10430:Pope Francis 10356:21st century 10305:Pope Paul VI 10282: 10270: 10223:20th century 10210: 10161:Pope Pius IX 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7959:Martyrs 7885:Science 7792:History 7747:Penance 7732:Baptism 7633:Worship 7606:Vulgate 7554:Kingdom 7549:Trinity 7537:General 7292:Primacy 7200:History 7180:Outline 7076:Madison 7048:Stewart 6988:Burnett 6983:Boswell 6968:Beattie 6940:Moratín 6925:Cadalso 6876:Novikov 6811:Romania 6786:Wybicki 6781:Staszic 6728:Spinoza 6698:Huygens 6693:Grotius 6647:Galvani 6642:Galiani 6592:Ireland 6573:Feraios 6545:Wieland 6510:Lessing 6505:Leibniz 6478:Germany 6459:Prévost 6444:Abauzit 6408:Quesnay 6398:Morelly 6388:Meslier 6373:Leclerc 6333:Diderot 6222:Johnson 6197:Collins 6192:Bentham 6177:Addison 6170:England 6118:Science 5955:Atheism 5874:Commons 5846:(niece) 5799:Pensées 5645:Pensées 5638:. 1913. 5556:at the 5543:(ed.). 5489:at the 5219:(1995) 5092:at the 4439:Physics 4375:2 March 4171:1299210 3510:Pensées 3422:Pensées 3351:Tangled 3336:BBC Two 3259:autopsy 3160:Pensées 3137:Pensées 3127:Pensées 3114:Pensées 3108:Pensées 3035:fideism 3007:Letters 2945:Jesuits 2937:ethical 2750:case... 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