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body, but it does not exist in the body, nor even in the same physical plane as the body. The question of how mind and body interact would be a persistent difficulty for
Descartes and his followers, with different Cartesians providing different answers. To this point Descartes wrote, "we should conclude from all this, that those things which we conceive clearly and distinctly as being diverse substances, as we regard mind and body to be, are really substances essentially distinct one from the other; and this is the conclusion of the Sixth Meditation." Therefore, we can see that, while mind and body are indeed separate, because they can be separated from each other, but, Descartes postulates, the mind is a whole, inseparable from itself, while the body can become separated from itself to some extent, as in when one loses an arm or a leg.
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1581:'s thought, angels are capable of an instantaneous knowledge that is not mediated by the human senses. (Descartes, for his part, dismissed Aquinas's cogitations on the knowledge of angels as "inept".) Maritain's interpretation is only one of many interpretations of Descartes' view about the relationship of body and soul, and some interpretations portray Descartes as instead, for example, a Scholastic-Aristotelian
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Cartesians view the mind as being wholly separate from the corporeal body. Sensation and the perception of reality are thought to be the source of untruth and illusions, with the only reliable truths to be had in the existence of a metaphysical mind. Such a mind can perhaps interact with a physical
1613:
called
Maritain's accusation of angelism a "phantasy". According to C. F. Fowler, Descartes explicitly denied an identity between human minds and the angels, but sometimes used language in a way that was vulnerable to the opposite interpretation.
1900:
First, in order that we may begin with the things which are most manifest, I ask you whether you yourself exist. Are you afraid that you will be deceived in this questioning, seeing that you certainly cannot be deceived if you do not
1897:
On the face of it, Descartes' philosophy bears many resemblances to the thought of
Augustine. Indeed, we know of several people who within Descartes' lifetime were sufficiently struck by these resemblances to call them to Descartes'
1560:
was initially attracted to the doctrine, his own changing attitudes toward
Descartes mirrored those of the country: "quick acceptance, serious examination with accumulating ambivalence, final rejection".
2293:
1441:
he writes, "ut what then am I? A thing which thinks. What is a thing which thinks? It is a thing which doubts, understands, , affirms, denies, wills, refuses, which also imagines and feels."
1783:
But contemporary debate has tended to...understand merely as the 'method of doubt'...I want to define
Descartes's method in broader terms...to trace its impact on the domains of
41:
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the influence of this doctrine was not relevant and followers of
Cartesianism in the German-speaking border regions between these countries (e.g., the
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1433:. Additionally, there is similarity between Descartes's work and that of Scottish philosopher George Campbell's 1776 publication, titled
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1516:, where Descartes had lived for a long time, Cartesianism was a doctrine popular mainly among university professors and lecturers. In
2420:
1504:
For
Descartes, the faculty of deductive reason is supplied by God and may therefore be trusted because God would not deceive us.
1476:) to the fore of philosophical enquiry. Many consider this to be Descartes' most lasting influence on the history of philosophy.
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and human minds, as if humans were angels inhabiting machines, a position that
Maritain derided as "angelism". In
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The
Downfall of Cartesianism 1673â1712. A Study of Epistemological Issues in Late 17th Century Cartesianism
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1809:"Letter of the Author to the French Translator of the Principles of Philosophy serving for a preface"
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Descartes held that all existence consists in three distinct substances, each with its own essence:
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1415:. Descartes is often regarded as the first thinker to emphasize the use of reason to develop the
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responded to
Maritain by saying that if Descartes committed the sin of angelism it wasn't an "
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1543:, the doctrine failed to make inroads, probably since Descartes' works were placed on the
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1556:, because of religious and other reasons, Cartesianism was not widely accepted. Though
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1999:
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1857:(Winter 2018 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, archived from
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and its subsequent development by other seventeenth century thinkers, most notably
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Receptions of Descartes. Cartesianism and Anti-Cartesianism in Early Modern Europe
2219:. Archives internationales d'histoire des idées. Vol. 60. Dordrecht; Boston:
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from East Frisia) frequently chose to publish their works in the Netherlands. In
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1969:
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81:
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Descartes on the Human Soul: Philosophy and the Demands of Christian Doctrine
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913:
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773:
728:
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2344:. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 414â426.
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1914:
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1590:
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708:
148:
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Descartes brought the question of how reliable knowledge may be obtained (
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1419:. For him, philosophy was a thinking system that embodied all knowledge.
1303:
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1088:
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61:
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753:
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374:
93:
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This contains a long review of the principles of Cartesian philosophy.
1539:, though there also, as in Italy, it became opposed by the Church. In
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1532:
1422:
485:
389:
3209:
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1331:
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574:
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542:
471:
2782:
2563:
2558:
1788:
1553:
1517:
1396:
1023:
678:
643:
601:
596:
475:
2122:
Lennon, Thomas M.; John M. Nicholas; John Whitney Davis (1982).
3105:
2712:
2362:
2359:
Descartes and the "Ingenium": The Embodied Soul in Cartesianism
2021:
The Concise Encyclopedia of Western Philosophy and Philosophers
1996:
The Concise Encyclopedia of Western Philosophy and Philosophers
1528:
783:
743:
703:
2933:
2351:
Descartes et le cartĂ©sianisme hollandais. Ătudes et documents
1606:
1594:
1574:
1540:
2321:(2 volumes) Paris: Durand 1854 (reprint: BiblioBazaar 2010).
1806:
1497:. Thus Cartesianism is opposed to both Aristotelianism and
813:
2361:. Brill's Studies in Intellectual History. Vol. 323.
1483:
because it holds that scientific knowledge can be derived
2260:
Ransom, John Crowe (January 1946). "Descartes's Angels:
1531:, it was very popular, and gained influence also among
2154:"Descartes and the Pineal Gland, § 2.4: Body and Soul"
16:
Philosophical and scientific system of René Descartes
1746:
1951:. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. p. 10.
3529:
2357:Garrod, Raphaële; Marr, Alexander, eds. (2020).
2048:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 123.
1457:matter, possessing extension in three dimensions
1573:, Descartes eliminated the distinction between
3225:
2421:
2087:
2085:
1768:Cartesian method and the problem of reduction
1369:
275:
2184:Three Reformers: Luther, Descartes, Rousseau
2083:
2081:
2079:
2077:
2075:
2073:
2071:
2069:
2067:
2065:
1915:"BBC Radio 4 - In Our Time, Cogito Ergo Sum"
1569:According to the Roman Catholic philosopher
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2414:
2356:
1376:
1362:
282:
268:
2210:
2208:
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2091:
2062:
1941:
1885:. Cambridge University Press. p. 6.
1807:Descartes, René; Translator John Veitch.
1507:
2151:
2142:
2101:. Continuum International. p. 174.
1764:
1621:
2435:
2180:Kim, Courtney Guest (14 October 2021).
1855:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1460:mind, possessing self-conscious thought
3530:
2319:Histoire de la philosophie cartésienne
2259:
2214:
2203:
1800:
3239:
3213:
2409:
2324:
2043:
1848:
1752:
1617:
3512:
2302:Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana
1964:
1962:
1960:
1958:
1937:
1935:
1878:
2298:Biographical Dictionary of Italians
2179:
2159:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2128:. McGill-Queen's Press. p. 4.
2018:
1993:
1463:God, possessing necessary existence
181:Rules for the Direction of the Mind
13:
2152:Lokhorst, Gert-Jan (Winter 2021).
1593:" but had been committed first by
14:
3574:
2402:The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff 1966.
2098:A History of Philosophy, Volume 4
2023:. London: Routledge. p. 75.
1998:. London: Routledge. p. 78.
1955:
1932:
3511:
3501:
3500:
3192:
3180:
3074:Stratification of emotional life
2523:
2517:
2511:
1342:
1330:
338:
330:
322:
297:
40:
2311:
2286:
2253:
2173:
2115:
2037:
2012:
1945:Meditations on First Philosophy
1723:Meditations on First Philosophy
1467:
1439:Meditations on First Philosophy
1429:'s work influenced Descartes's
206:Meditations on First Philosophy
2186:by Jacques Maritain: a Review"
1987:
1907:
1872:
1842:
1758:
1585:or even a covert materialist.
1:
2304:. Retrieved 30 September 2015
2156:. In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.).
2046:The Rise of Modern Philosophy
1853:, in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.),
1739:
1674:François Poullain de la Barre
1405:François Poullain de la Barre
3548:Dualism (philosophy of mind)
2093:Copleston, Frederick Charles
1564:
7:
3482:Dualism (Indian philosophy)
2666:Theological intellectualism
1970:"Cartesianism | philosophy"
1771:. Oxford University Press.
1712:Cartesian coordinate system
1705:
1546:Index Librorum Prohibitorum
1448:
10:
3579:
3044:Principle of double effect
2221:Kluwer Academic Publishers
1479:Cartesianism is a form of
385:Principle of Double Effect
234:Christina, Queen of Sweden
3495:
3469:
3293:
3247:
3175:
3114:
2911:
2688:
2658:
2620:
2577:
2539:
2532:
2509:
2443:
2395:New York: Routledge 2005.
2349:Eduard Jan Dijksterhuis,
2229:10.1007/978-94-011-4804-7
249:Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
104:Causal adequacy principle
2125:Problems of Cartesianism
1942:Descartes, Rene (1996).
1849:Steup, Matthias (2018),
1765:Grosholz, Emily (1991).
211:Principles of Philosophy
2671:Theological voluntarism
2391:Tad M. Schmaltz (ed.),
2341:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
2044:Kelly, Anthony (2006).
1974:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
1882:Descartes and Augustine
501:Theological determinism
196:Discourse on the Method
3187:Catholicism portal
2317:Francisque Bouillier,
2264:by Jacques Maritain".
2262:The Dream of Descartes
2215:Fowler, C. F. (1999).
2019:Ree, Jonathan (1991).
1994:Ree, Jonathan (1991).
1879:Menn, Stephen (2002).
1729:Mentalism (psychology)
1630:
1627:Principia philosophiae
1508:Geographical dispersal
1435:Philosophy of Rhetoric
1337:Catholicism portal
689:Gregory (of Nazianzus)
553:Christian Neoplatonism
3558:Metatheory of science
3265:Non-Cartesian dualism
3199:Philosophy portal
3014:Infused righteousness
2292:Cristofolini, Paul; "
1656:Michelangelo Fardella
1625:
1349:Philosophy portal
3446:William Homan Thorpe
3406:Martine Nida-RĂŒmelin
3371:Edward Francis Kelly
3147:Doctor of the Church
3029:Ontological argument
2331:"Cartesianism"
2300:- Volume 17 (1974),
2274:(1): 153â156 (155).
2223:. pp. 156â160.
1861:on 22 September 2019
1684:Pierre-Sylvain RĂ©gis
585:Second scholasticism
216:Passions of the Soul
186:The Search for Truth
3431:Jeffrey M. Schwartz
2974:Divine illumination
2630:Augustinian realism
2498:Theological virtues
2437:Catholic philosophy
2398:Richard A. Watson,
1699:Christopher Wittich
1669:Nicolas Malebranche
1495:deductive reasoning
1409:Nicolas Malebranche
415:Liberation Theology
316:Catholic philosophy
239:Nicolas Malebranche
109:Mindâbody dichotomy
77:Doubt and certainty
3441:Charles Taliaferro
3416:Daniel N. Robinson
3142:Islamic philosophy
3096:Trademark argument
2989:Formal distinction
2939:Augustinian values
2612:Analytical Thomism
2592:Christian humanism
2267:The Sewanee Review
1834:has generic name (
1631:
1618:Notable Cartesians
1522:iatromathematician
694:Gregory (of Nyssa)
422:Christian Humanism
254:Francine Descartes
99:Trademark argument
3525:
3524:
3436:Richard Swinburne
3421:Howard D. Roelofs
3376:Charles Landesman
3301:Robert F. Almeder
3285:Thomistic dualism
3280:Substance dualism
3270:Predicate dualism
3255:Cartesian dualism
3241:Mindâbody dualism
3207:
3206:
3122:Catholic theology
3069:Seven deadly sins
3039:Peripatetic axiom
2949:Cartesian dualism
2684:
2683:
2650:Scotistic realism
2607:Neo-scholasticism
2376:978-90-04-43761-6
2294:Campailla, Thomas
2190:catholicreads.com
2135:978-0-7735-1000-5
2108:978-0-8264-6898-7
1717:Mindâbody dualism
1665:Adriaan Hereboord
1651:Johannes Clauberg
1646:Tommaso Campailla
1611:John Crowe Ransom
1386:
1385:
1319:
1318:
1204:Garrigou-Lagrange
513:Divine Attributes
292:
291:
144:Balloonist theory
119:Coordinate system
114:Analytic geometry
3570:
3515:
3514:
3504:
3503:
3341:Richard Fumerton
3331:C. Stephen Evans
3306:Mario Beauregard
3275:Property dualism
3260:Emergent dualism
3234:
3227:
3220:
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3197:
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3009:Homo unius libri
2954:Cogito, ergo sum
2944:Cardinal virtues
2645:Moderate realism
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2515:
2514:
2453:Cardinal virtues
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2367:Brill Publishers
2353:Paris: PUF 1951.
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1661:Antoine Le Grand
1641:Balthasar Bekker
1571:Jacques Maritain
1417:natural sciences
1378:
1371:
1364:
1347:
1346:
1345:
1335:
1334:
724:John of Damascus
632:
631:
462:Moderate realism
370:Cardinal virtues
342:
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124:Cartesian circle
88:Cogito, ergo sum
44:
21:
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3567:
3553:Foundationalism
3528:
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3521:
3491:
3465:
3426:Howard Robinson
3391:Geoffrey Madell
3311:Frank B. Dilley
3289:
3243:
3238:
3208:
3203:
3193:
3191:
3179:
3171:
3132:Aristotelianism
3110:
2959:Dehellenization
2907:
2680:
2676:Foundationalism
2654:
2616:
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2493:Social teaching
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1708:
1703:
1694:Jacques Rohault
1689:Henricus Regius
1679:Edmond Pourchot
1636:Antoine Arnauld
1620:
1605:, and even the
1599:Saint Augustine
1567:
1537:Antoine Arnauld
1510:
1470:
1451:
1431:cogito argument
1382:
1353:
1343:
1341:
1329:
1321:
1320:
1315:
1314:
1313:
1148:
1140:
1139:
1138:
958:
950:
949:
948:
768:
760:
759:
758:
638:
629:
619:
618:
526:
518:
517:
447:
437:
436:
410:Social teaching
365:
355:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
288:
259:
258:
229:
221:
220:
176:
168:
167:
139:Cartesian diver
67:Foundationalism
52:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3576:
3566:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3543:René Descartes
3540:
3523:
3522:
3520:
3519:
3509:
3496:
3493:
3492:
3490:
3489:
3487:Interactionism
3484:
3479:
3473:
3471:
3467:
3466:
3464:
3463:
3461:Dean Zimmerman
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3401:Denyse O'Leary
3398:
3396:J. P. Moreland
3393:
3388:
3386:David. H. Lund
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3366:Michael Huemer
3363:
3361:William Hasker
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3321:René Descartes
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3297:
3295:
3291:
3290:
3288:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3251:
3249:
3245:
3244:
3237:
3236:
3229:
3222:
3214:
3205:
3204:
3202:
3201:
3189:
3176:
3173:
3172:
3170:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3118:
3116:
3112:
3111:
3109:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3092:
3091:
3086:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3034:Pascal's wager
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2994:Guardian angel
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2915:
2913:
2909:
2908:
2906:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2694:
2692:
2686:
2685:
2682:
2681:
2679:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2662:
2660:
2656:
2655:
2653:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2626:
2624:
2618:
2617:
2615:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2583:
2581:
2575:
2574:
2572:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2549:Augustinianism
2545:
2543:
2534:
2530:
2529:
2510:
2508:
2506:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2458:Divine command
2455:
2449:
2447:
2441:
2440:
2433:
2432:
2425:
2418:
2410:
2404:
2403:
2396:
2389:
2375:
2354:
2347:
2336:Chisholm, Hugh
2322:
2313:
2310:
2307:
2306:
2285:
2252:
2237:
2202:
2172:
2141:
2134:
2114:
2107:
2061:
2054:
2036:
2029:
2011:
2004:
1986:
1954:
1931:
1906:
1891:
1871:
1851:"Epistemology"
1841:
1832:|author2=
1799:
1777:
1757:
1755:, p. 414.
1744:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1737:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1719:
1714:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1632:
1619:
1616:
1587:Ătienne Gilson
1579:Thomas Aquinas
1566:
1563:
1509:
1506:
1469:
1466:
1465:
1464:
1461:
1458:
1450:
1447:
1413:Baruch Spinoza
1401:René Descartes
1384:
1383:
1381:
1380:
1373:
1366:
1358:
1355:
1354:
1352:
1351:
1339:
1326:
1323:
1322:
1317:
1316:
1312:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1150:
1149:
1146:
1145:
1142:
1141:
1137:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1001:
996:
991:
986:
981:
976:
971:
966:
960:
959:
956:
955:
952:
951:
947:
946:
941:
936:
931:
926:
921:
916:
911:
906:
901:
896:
891:
886:
881:
876:
871:
866:
861:
856:
851:
846:
841:
836:
831:
826:
821:
816:
811:
806:
801:
796:
791:
786:
781:
776:
770:
769:
766:
765:
762:
761:
757:
756:
751:
746:
741:
736:
731:
726:
721:
716:
711:
706:
701:
696:
691:
686:
681:
676:
671:
666:
661:
656:
651:
646:
640:
639:
636:
635:
630:
625:
624:
621:
620:
617:
616:
615:
614:
609:
599:
594:
593:
592:
587:
577:
572:
567:
562:
561:
560:
558:Friends of God
550:
545:
540:
539:
538:
531:Augustinianism
527:
524:
523:
520:
519:
516:
515:
510:
509:
508:
503:
496:Predestination
493:
488:
483:
469:
464:
459:
454:
448:
443:
442:
439:
438:
435:
434:
432:Works of mercy
429:
424:
419:
418:
417:
407:
402:
397:
392:
387:
382:
377:
372:
366:
361:
360:
357:
356:
343:
319:
318:
312:
311:
303:
302:
290:
289:
287:
286:
279:
272:
264:
261:
260:
257:
256:
251:
246:
244:Baruch Spinoza
241:
236:
230:
227:
226:
223:
222:
219:
218:
213:
208:
203:
198:
193:
188:
183:
177:
174:
173:
170:
169:
166:
165:
158:
151:
146:
141:
136:
131:
126:
121:
116:
111:
106:
101:
96:
91:
84:
82:Dream argument
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
53:
50:
49:
46:
45:
37:
36:
34:René Descartes
30:
29:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3575:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3535:
3533:
3518:
3510:
3508:
3507:
3498:
3497:
3494:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3474:
3472:
3468:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3456:Keith Yandell
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3351:Stewart Goetz
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3326:Michael Egnor
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3298:
3296:
3292:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3252:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3235:
3230:
3228:
3223:
3221:
3216:
3215:
3212:
3200:
3190:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3177:
3174:
3168:
3167:Phenomenology
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3119:
3117:
3113:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3081:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3064:Rota Fortunae
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3024:Occam's razor
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3004:Head of a pin
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2919:Actus Essendi
2917:
2916:
2914:
2910:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2753:Chateaubriand
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2695:
2693:
2691:
2687:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2663:
2661:
2657:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2640:Conceptualism
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2627:
2625:
2623:
2619:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2584:
2582:
2580:
2576:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2554:Scholasticism
2552:
2550:
2547:
2546:
2544:
2542:
2538:
2535:
2531:
2504:
2503:Virtue ethics
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2488:Seven virtues
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2450:
2448:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2431:
2426:
2424:
2419:
2417:
2412:
2411:
2408:
2401:
2397:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2355:
2352:
2348:
2343:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2326:Caird, Edward
2323:
2320:
2316:
2315:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2289:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2268:
2263:
2256:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2211:
2209:
2207:
2191:
2187:
2185:
2176:
2161:
2160:
2155:
2148:
2146:
2137:
2131:
2127:
2126:
2118:
2110:
2104:
2100:
2099:
2094:
2088:
2086:
2084:
2082:
2080:
2078:
2076:
2074:
2072:
2070:
2068:
2066:
2057:
2055:9780198752769
2051:
2047:
2040:
2032:
2026:
2022:
2015:
2007:
2001:
1997:
1990:
1975:
1971:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1959:
1947:
1946:
1938:
1936:
1920:
1916:
1910:
1903:
1902:
1894:
1888:
1884:
1883:
1875:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1845:
1837:
1825:
1810:
1803:
1796:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1780:
1778:0-19-824250-6
1774:
1770:
1769:
1761:
1754:
1749:
1745:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1724:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1709:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1633:
1628:
1624:
1615:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1562:
1559:
1555:
1550:
1548:
1547:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1475:
1462:
1459:
1456:
1455:
1454:
1446:
1442:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1427:St. Augustine
1424:
1420:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1393:philosophical
1390:
1379:
1374:
1372:
1367:
1365:
1360:
1359:
1357:
1356:
1350:
1340:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1327:
1325:
1324:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1151:
1144:
1143:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1009:Chateaubriand
1007:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
990:
987:
985:
982:
980:
977:
975:
972:
970:
967:
965:
962:
961:
954:
953:
945:
942:
940:
937:
935:
932:
930:
927:
925:
922:
920:
917:
915:
912:
910:
907:
905:
902:
900:
897:
895:
892:
890:
887:
885:
882:
880:
877:
875:
874:Gundissalinus
872:
870:
867:
865:
862:
860:
857:
855:
852:
850:
847:
845:
842:
840:
837:
835:
832:
830:
827:
825:
822:
820:
817:
815:
812:
810:
807:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
785:
782:
780:
777:
775:
772:
771:
764:
763:
755:
752:
750:
747:
745:
742:
740:
737:
735:
732:
730:
727:
725:
722:
720:
717:
715:
712:
710:
707:
705:
702:
700:
697:
695:
692:
690:
687:
685:
682:
680:
677:
675:
672:
670:
667:
665:
662:
660:
657:
655:
652:
650:
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3411:Scott B. Rae
3346:Brie Gertler
3336:Edward Feser
3137:Neoplatonism
3059:Ressentiment
3054:Quinque viae
3019:Memento mori
2979:Double truth
2924:Actus primus
2690:Philosophers
2597:Cartesianism
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1896:
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1591:original sin
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1389:Cartesianism
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1249:John Paul II
1174:Benedict XVI
1147:Contemporary
627:Philosophers
548:Cartesianism
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491:Quinque Viae
201:La Géométrie
160:
155:Res cogitans
153:
149:Wax argument
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57:Cartesianism
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3563:Rationalism
3451:Peter Unger
3316:John Beloff
3157:Rationalism
3152:Renaissance
3084:Augustinian
2969:Disputation
2964:Differentia
2929:Actus purus
2833:Malebranche
2748:Bonaventure
2483:Personalism
2478:Natural law
2473:Probabilism
2195:12 February
2165:12 February
1793:metaphysics
1791:as well as
1785:mathematics
1514:Netherlands
1481:rationalism
1064:Malebranche
924:Roscellinus
869:Grosseteste
829:Bonaventure
649:Athenagoras
445:Metaphysics
405:Personalism
400:Natural law
395:Probabilism
162:Res extensa
62:Rationalism
3532:Categories
3381:E. J. Lowe
3356:W. D. Hart
3162:Empiricism
2984:Evil demon
2758:Chesterton
2635:Nominalism
2622:Universals
2463:Just price
2238:0792354737
2030:0415078830
2005:0415078830
1979:27 January
1892:0521012848
1753:Caird 1911
1740:References
1558:Henry More
1533:Jansenists
1525:Yvo Gaukes
1499:empiricism
1493:' through
1437:. In his
1399:system of
1397:scientific
1244:Hildebrand
1184:Chesterton
1049:La Mennais
979:Bellarmine
974:Azpilcueta
919:Paschasius
799:Autrecourt
754:Tertullian
714:Chrysostom
654:Athanasius
536:Victorines
467:Nominalism
375:Just price
94:Evil demon
51:Philosophy
3127:Platonism
3101:Univocity
2999:Haecceity
2878:Ratzinger
2843:Montaigne
2823:MacIntyre
2778:Dionysius
2773:Descartes
2733:Augustine
2587:Salamanca
2385:0920-8607
1814:18 August
1565:Criticism
1549:in 1663.
1423:Aristotle
1264:MacIntyre
1224:Gutiérrez
1194:Copleston
1164:Balthasar
1019:Descartes
879:Hildegard
864:Gregory I
839:Catherine
789:Alexander
739:Dionysius
659:Augustine
612:Salamanca
486:Haecceity
390:Casuistry
191:The World
72:Mechanism
3506:Category
3294:Dualists
3089:Irenaean
3079:Theodicy
3049:Quiddity
2912:Concepts
2838:Maritain
2808:Krasicki
2798:Gassendi
2788:Eriugena
2743:Boethius
2718:Anscombe
2708:Albertus
2602:Molinism
2569:Occamism
2541:Medieval
2468:Just war
2328:(1911).
2280:27537665
2247:40043673
2095:(2003).
1924:17 April
1865:17 April
1824:cite web
1734:Simulism
1706:See also
1603:Avicenna
1535:such as
1486:a priori
1449:Ontology
1279:Maritain
1254:Lonergan
1234:Guardini
1159:Anscombe
1134:Caramuel
1044:Krasicki
1039:KoĆĆÄ
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994:Brentano
854:Eriugena
819:Berengar
767:Medieval
719:Climacus
699:Irenaeus
669:Boethius
664:Benedict
607:Analytic
575:Occamism
565:Molinism
543:Llullism
472:Quiddity
380:Just war
308:a series
306:Part of
26:a series
24:Part of
3517:Commons
3470:Related
3115:Related
2903:WojtyĆa
2883:Scheler
2828:Maistre
2818:Lombard
2803:Isidore
2783:Erasmus
2763:Clement
2728:Aquinas
2698:Abelard
2564:Scotism
2559:Thomism
2533:Schools
2338:(ed.).
1789:physics
1575:angelic
1554:England
1518:Germany
1512:In the
1391:is the
1289:Mounier
1284:McLuhan
1239:Haldane
1179:Blondel
1129:Vitoria
1104:Rosmini
1079:Mercado
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1069:Mariana
1059:Maistre
1054:Liguori
1034:GraciĂĄn
1029:FĂ©nelon
1024:Erasmus
1004:Cajetan
989:Bossuet
964:Arnauld
944:Thierry
899:Lombard
889:Isidore
849:Eckhart
834:Buridan
824:Bernard
804:Aquinas
774:Abelard
734:Maximus
709:Cassian
679:Cyprian
674:Clement
644:Ambrose
637:Ancient
602:Thomism
597:Scotism
525:Schools
476:essence
457:Realism
345:Aquinas
3106:Utopia
2898:SuĂĄrez
2888:Scotus
2873:Rahner
2863:Pascal
2853:Newman
2793:Ficino
2723:Anselm
2713:Alcuin
2579:Modern
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1214:Gilson
1199:Finnis
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1169:Barron
1119:SuĂĄrez
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1094:Newman
1084:Molina
1014:Cortés
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957:Modern
939:Symeon
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909:Ockham
904:Martin
794:Anselm
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779:Albert
744:Origen
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2296:" in
2276:JSTOR
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894:Llull
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2381:ISSN
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