Johannes Kepler - Knowledge

1894: 4611:

the rotation of the Earth drives the revolution of the Moon. In Kepler's era, no one had any evidence of Jupiter's rotation. However, Kepler argued that the force by which a central body causes its satellites to revolve around it, weakens with distance; consequently, satellites that are farther from the central body revolve slower. Kepler noted that Jupiter's moons obeyed this pattern and he inferred that a similar force was responsible. He also noted that the orbital periods and semi-major axes of Jupiter's satellites were roughly related by a 3/2 power law, as are the orbits of the six (then known) planets. However, this relation was approximate: the periods of Jupiter's moons were known within a few percent of their modern values, but the moons' semi-major axes were determined less accurately. Kepler discussed Jupiter's moons in his

8550: 947: 3525:" as the central event in the history of science, and Kepler as a (perhaps the) central figure in the revolution. Koyré placed Kepler's theorization, rather than his empirical work, at the center of the intellectual transformation from ancient to modern world-views. Since the 1960s, the volume of historical Kepler scholarship has expanded greatly, including studies of his astrology and meteorology, his geometrical methods, the role of his religious views in his work, his literary and rhetorical methods, his interaction with the broader cultural and philosophical currents of his time, and even his role as an historian of science. 2993:(1610). Nominally this work—presented to the common patron of Roeslin and Feselius—was a neutral mediation between the feuding scholars (the titled meaning "Third-party interventions"), but it also set out Kepler's general views on the value of astrology, including some hypothesized mechanisms of interaction between planets and individual souls. While Kepler considered most traditional rules and methods of astrology to be the "evil-smelling dung" in which "an industrious hen" scrapes, there was an "occasional grain-seed, indeed, even a pearl or a gold nugget" to be found by the conscientious scientific astrologer. 4620:(4) However, the credibility of this is proved by the comparison of the four of Jupiter and Jupiter with the six planets and the Sun. Because, regarding the body of Jupiter, whether it turns around its axis, we don't have proofs for what suffices for us the body of the Earth and especially of the Sun, certainly : but reason attests that, just as it is clearly among the six planets around the Sun, so also it is among the four of Jupiter, because around the body of Jupiter any that can go farther from it orbits slower, and even that is not in the same proportion, but greater ; that is, 3/2 ( 1998: 2308:

and part treatise on interplanetary travel (and is sometimes described as the first work of science fiction). Years later, a distorted version of the story may have instigated the witchcraft trial against his mother, as the mother of the narrator consults a demon to learn the means of space travel. Following her eventual acquittal, Kepler composed 223 footnotes to the story—several times longer than the actual text—which explained the allegorical aspects as well as the considerable scientific content (particularly regarding lunar geography) hidden within the text.

8634: 8502: 1642: 3622: 2322: 2212:, but Kepler's position in the imperial court allowed him to practice his Lutheran faith unhindered. The emperor nominally provided an ample income for his family, but the difficulties of the over-extended imperial treasury meant that actually getting hold of enough money to meet financial obligations was a continual struggle. Partly because of financial troubles, his life at home with Barbara was unpleasant, marred with bickering and bouts of sickness. Court life, however, brought Kepler into contact with other prominent scholars ( 8490: 2724:—began with the analysis, under Tycho's direction, of the orbit of Mars. In this work Kepler introduced the revolutionary concept of planetary orbit, a path of a planet in space resulting from the action of physical causes, distinct from previously held notion of planetary orb (a spherical shell to which planet is attached). As a result of this breakthrough astronomical phenomena came to be seen as being governed by physical laws. Kepler calculated and recalculated various approximations of Mars's orbit using an 2168:. To that end, Kepler composed an essay—dedicated to Ferdinand—in which he proposed a force-based theory of lunar motion: "In Terra inest virtus, quae Lunam ciet" ("There is a force in the earth which causes the moon to move"). Though the essay did not earn him a place in Ferdinand's court, it did detail a new method for measuring lunar eclipses, which he applied during the 10 July eclipse in Graz. These observations formed the basis of his explorations of the laws of optics that would culminate in 8586: 8144: 2012: 4601:"Kepler's decision to base his causal explanation of planetary motion on a distance-velocity law, rather than on uniform circular motions of compounded spheres, marks a major shift from ancient to modern conceptions of science ... had begun with physical principles and had then derived a trajectory from it, rather than simply constructing new models. In other words, even before discovering the area law, Kepler had abandoned uniform circular motion as a physical principle." 2451:). He eventually returned to Reuttinger (the fifth match) who, he wrote, "won me over with love, humble loyalty, economy of household, diligence, and the love she gave the stepchildren." The first three children of this marriage (Margareta Regina, Katharina, and Sebald) died in childhood. Three more survived into adulthood: Cordula (born 1621); Fridmar (born 1623); and Hildebert (born 1625). According to Kepler's biographers, this was a much happier marriage than his first. 2691: 2497: 1544: 960: 232: 8514: 2919: 1021: 2401: 1847: 8658: 8574: 8562: 2878: 2239: 3015: 8598: 8646: 3114: 2274:. In it, Kepler addressed the star's astronomical properties while taking a skeptical approach to the many astrological interpretations then circulating. He noted its fading luminosity, speculated about its origin, and used the lack of observed parallax to argue that it was in the sphere of fixed stars, further undermining the doctrine of the immutability of the heavens (the idea accepted since Aristotle that the 3444: 3583:(1856–1934). Dyck compiled copies of Kepler's unedited manuscripts, using international diplomatic contacts to convince the Soviet authorities to lend him the manuscripts kept in Leningrad for photographic reproduction. These manuscripts contained several works by Kepler that had not been available to Frisch. Dyck's photographs remain the basis for the modern editions of Kepler's unpublished manuscripts. 8526: 1556: 2128: 8610: 8478: 8622: 75: 8538: 8466: 3065:. From there, he extended his harmonic analysis to music, meteorology, and astrology; harmony resulted from the tones made by the souls of heavenly bodies—and in the case of astrology, the interaction between those tones and human souls. In the final portion of the work (Book V), Kepler dealt with planetary motions, especially relationships between 2161:, Kepler attempted to negotiate a more formal employment arrangement with Tycho, but negotiations broke down in an angry argument and Kepler left for Prague on 6 April. Kepler and Tycho soon reconciled and eventually reached an agreement on salary and living arrangements, and in June, Kepler returned home to Graz to collect his family. 2153:(35 km from Prague), the site where Tycho's new observatory was being constructed. Over the next two months, he stayed as a guest, analyzing some of Tycho's observations of Mars; Tycho guarded his data closely, but was impressed by Kepler's theoretical ideas and soon allowed him more access. Kepler planned to test his theory from 3291: 2732:(the average measurement error). But he was not satisfied with the complex and still slightly inaccurate result; at certain points the model differed from the data by up to eight arcminutes. The wide array of traditional mathematical astronomy methods having failed him, Kepler set about trying to fit an 4632:

presents these distances, from Jupiter, of the four of Jupiter: 3, 5, 8, 13 (or 14 Galileo) ... Mayr presents their time periods: 1 day 18 1/2 hours, 3 days 13 1/3 hours, 7 days 3 hours, 16 days 18 hours: for all the proportion is greater than double, thus greater than of the distances 3, 5,

4610:

By 1621 or earlier, Kepler recognized that Jupiter's moons obey his third law. Kepler contended that rotating massive bodies communicate their rotation to their satellites, so that the satellites are swept around the central body; thus the rotation of the Sun drives the revolutions of the planets and

3385:

Several astronomers tested Kepler's theory, and its various modifications, against astronomical observations. Two transits of Venus and Mercury across the face of the sun provided sensitive tests of the theory, under circumstances when these planets could not normally be observed. In the case of the

2467:

Kepler's belief that God created the cosmos in an orderly fashion caused him to attempt to determine and comprehend the laws that govern the natural world, most profoundly in astronomy. The phrase "I am merely thinking God's thoughts after Him" has been attributed to him, although this is probably a

2028:

Before concluding his studies at Tübingen, Kepler accepted an offer to teach mathematics as a replacement to Georg Stadius at the Protestant school in Graz (now in Styria, Austria). During this period (1594–1600), he issued many official calendars and prognostications that enhanced his reputation as

3236:. He endorsed Galileo's observations and offered a range of speculations about the meaning and implications of Galileo's discoveries and telescopic methods, for astronomy and optics as well as cosmology and astrology. Later that year, Kepler published his own telescopic observations of the moons in 3203:

when a focus moves toward infinity, and when two foci of an ellipse merge into one another, a circle is formed. As the foci of a hyperbola merge into one another, the hyperbola becomes a pair of straight lines. He also assumed that if a straight line is extended to infinity it will meet itself at a

2962:

is sentient but not conscious. As a shepherd is pleased by the piping of a flute without understanding the theory of musical harmony, so likewise Earth responds to the angles and aspects made by the heavens but not in a conscious manner. Eclipses are important as omens because the animal faculty of

2866:

from beginners to that of expert astronomers and mathematicians, as the arguments became more and more sophisticated and required advanced mathematics to be understood. The second volume, consisting of Book IV, was published in 1620, followed by the third volume, consisting of Books V–VII, in 1621.

2765:

of the Earth and Mars, he created a formula in which a planet's rate of motion is inversely proportional to its distance from the Sun. Verifying this relationship throughout the orbital cycle required very extensive calculation; to simplify this task, by late 1602 Kepler reformulated the proportion

2645:

was published late in 1596, and Kepler received his copies and began sending them to prominent astronomers and patrons early in 1597; it was not widely read, but it established Kepler's reputation as a highly skilled astronomer. The effusive dedication, to powerful patrons as well as to the men who

2307:

was to describe what practicing astronomy would be like from the perspective of another planet, to show the feasibility of a non-geocentric system. The manuscript, which disappeared after changing hands several times, described a fantastic trip to the Moon; it was part allegory, part autobiography,

2057:

and with the blessing of the Graz school inspectors, Kepler began an ambitious program to extend and elaborate his work. He planned four additional books: one on the stationary aspects of the universe (the Sun and the fixed stars); one on the planets and their motions; one on the physical nature of

2036:

In December 1595, Kepler was introduced to Barbara Müller, a 23-year-old widow (twice over) with a young daughter, Regina Lorenz, and he began courting her. Müller, an heiress to the estates of her late husbands, was also the daughter of a successful mill owner. Her father Jobst initially opposed a

2341:. Both sides sought Kepler's astrological advice, an opportunity he used to deliver conciliatory political advice (with little reference to the stars, except in general statements to discourage drastic action). However, it was clear that Kepler's future prospects in the court of Matthias were dim. 2675:

devices (viz., epicycles and eccentric circles) in order to explain the change in planets' orbital speed, and also continued to use as a point of reference the center of the Earth's orbit rather than that of the Sun "as an aid to calculation and in order not to confuse the reader by diverging too

5742:

When the celebrated German astronomer, Johannes Kepler (1571–1630), lost his first wife to cholera in 1611, he set about finding a new wife using the same methodical thoroughness and careful consideration of the data that he used in finding the orbit of Mars to be an ellipse ... The process

3097:

to demonstrate independently that the presumed gravitational attraction between the Sun and its planets decreased with the square of the distance between them. This refuted the traditional assumption of scholastic physics that the power of gravitational attraction remained constant with distance

2081:

with Tycho. Despite this black mark, Tycho also began corresponding with Kepler, starting with a harsh but legitimate critique of Kepler's system; among a host of objections, Tycho took issue with the use of inaccurate numerical data taken from Copernicus. Through their letters, Tycho and Kepler

2957:

In this work, Kepler describes the effects of the Sun, Moon, and the planets in terms of their light and their influences upon humors, finalizing with Kepler's view that the Earth possesses a soul with some sense of geometry. Stimulated by the geometric convergence of rays formed around it, the

2454:

On 8 October 1630, Kepler set out for Regensburg, hoping to collect interest on work he had done previously. A few days after reaching Regensburg, Kepler became sick, and progressively became worse. On 15 November 1630, just over a month after his arrival, he died. He was buried in a Protestant

2200:

Kepler's primary obligation as imperial mathematician was to provide astrological advice to the emperor. Though Kepler took a dim view of the attempts of contemporary astrologers to precisely predict the future or divine specific events, he had been casting well-received detailed horoscopes for

3408:

was read by astronomers throughout Europe, and following Kepler's death, it was the main vehicle for spreading Kepler's ideas. In the period 1630–1650, this book was the most widely used astronomy textbook, winning many converts to ellipse-based astronomy. However, few adopted his ideas on the

2939:

observed that Kepler was somewhat disdainful of astrology in his own day, as he was "continually attacking and throwing sarcasm at astrology, but it was the only thing for which people would pay him, and on it after a fashion he lived." Nonetheless, Kepler spent a huge amount of time trying to

3329:

in 1613, on measuring the volume of containers such as wine barrels, which was published in 1615. Kepler also contributed to the development of infinitesimal methods and numerical analysis, including iterative approximations, infinitesimals, and the early use of logarithms and transcendental

2556:

bound one inscribed and one circumscribed circle at definite ratios, which, he reasoned, might be the geometrical basis of the universe. After failing to find a unique arrangement of polygons that fit known astronomical observations (even with extra planets added to the system), Kepler began

2387:

Kepler postponed the move to Linz and remained in Prague until Rudolf's death in early 1612, though between political upheaval, religious tension, and family tragedy (along with the legal dispute over his wife's estate), Kepler could do no research. Instead, he pieced together a chronology

2175:

On 2 August 1600, after refusing to convert to Catholicism, Kepler and his family were banished from Graz. Several months later, Kepler returned, now with the rest of his household, to Prague. Through most of 1601, he was supported directly by Tycho, who assigned him to analyzing planetary

2201:

friends, family, and patrons since his time as a student in Tübingen. In addition to horoscopes for allies and foreign leaders, the emperor sought Kepler's advice in times of political trouble. Rudolf was actively interested in the work of many of his court scholars (including numerous

2636:

contained an extensive chapter reconciling heliocentrism with biblical passages that seemed to support geocentrism. With the support of his mentor Michael Maestlin, Kepler received permission from the Tübingen university senate to publish his manuscript, pending removal of the Bible

2029:

an astrologer. Although Kepler had mixed feelings about astrology and disparaged many customary practices of astrologers, he believed deeply in a connection between the cosmos and the individual. He eventually published some of the ideas he had entertained while a student in the

6520:

Tertius Interveniens, das ist Warnung an etliche Theologos, Medicos vnd Philosophos, sonderlich D. Philippum Feselium, dass sie bey billicher Verwerffung der Sternguckerischen Aberglauben nict das Kindt mit dem Badt aussschütten vnd hiermit jhrer Profession vnwissendt zuwider

3077:." Although he gives the date of this epiphany (8 March 1618), he does not give any details about how he arrived at this conclusion. However, the wider significance for planetary dynamics of this purely kinematical law was not realized until the 1660s. When conjoined with 3598:

in the following year. Assisted by Martha List (1908–1992) and Franz Hammer (1898–1969), Caspar continued editorial work during World War II. Max Caspar also published a biography of Kepler in 1948. The commission was later chaired by Volker Bialas (during 1976–2003) and

2192:. Two days after Tycho's unexpected death on 24 October 1601, Kepler was appointed his successor as the imperial mathematician with the responsibility to complete his unfinished work. The next 11 years as imperial mathematician would be the most productive of his life. 1890:. Johannes had six siblings, of which two brothers and one sister survived to adulthood. Born prematurely, he claimed to have been weak and sickly as a child. Nevertheless, he often impressed travelers at his grandfather's inn with his phenomenal mathematical faculty. 2109:

and other earthly phenomena. By 1599, however, he again felt his work limited by the inaccuracy of available data—just as growing religious tension was also threatening his continued employment in Graz. In December of that year, Tycho invited Kepler to visit him in

2082:

discussed a broad range of astronomical problems, dwelling on lunar phenomena and Copernican theory (particularly its theological viability). But without the significantly more accurate data of Tycho's observatory, Kepler had no way to address many of these issues.

3521:'s work on Kepler was, after Apelt, the first major milestone in historical interpretations of Kepler's cosmology and its influence. In the 1930s and 1940s, Koyré, and a number of others in the first generation of professional historians of science, described the " 2777:

orbit. After approximately 40 failed attempts, in late 1604 he at last hit upon the idea of an ellipse, which he had previously assumed to be too simple a solution for earlier astronomers to have overlooked. Finding that an elliptical orbit fit the Mars data (the

2041:, but the engagement nearly fell apart while Kepler was away tending to the details of publication. However, Protestant officials—who had helped set up the match—pressured the Müllers to honor their agreement. Barbara and Johannes were married on 27 April 1597. 6531:, that is warning to some theologians, medics and philosophers, especially D. Philip Feselius, that they in cheap condemnation of the star-gazer's superstition do not throw out the child with the bath and hereby unknowingly act contrary to their profession." 2380:—on the recommendation of the departing Galileo—sought Kepler to fill the mathematics professorship, but Kepler, preferring to keep his family in German territory, instead travelled to Austria to arrange a position as teacher and district mathematician in 2966:

Kepler surmises that the Earth has "cycles of humors" as living animals do, and gives for an example that "the highest tides of the sea are said by sailors to return after nineteen years around the same days of the year". (This may refer to the 18.6-year

2985:

engaged in a series of published attacks and counter-attacks on the importance of astrology after the supernova of 1604; around the same time, physician Philip Feselius published a work dismissing astrology altogether (and Roeslin's work in particular).

2757:) radiated by the Sun weakens with distance, causing faster or slower motion as planets move closer or farther from it. Perhaps this assumption entailed a mathematical relationship that would restore astronomical order. Based on measurements of the 3172:. The solution to this dilemma was not of particular importance to Kepler as he did not see it as pertaining to optics, although he did suggest that the image was later corrected "in the hollows of the brain" due to the "activity of the Soul." 2605:—Kepler found that the spheres could be placed at intervals corresponding to the relative sizes of each planet's path, assuming the planets circle the Sun. Kepler also found a formula relating the size of each planet's orb to the length of its 3098:

whenever it applied between two bodies, such as was assumed by Kepler and also by Galileo in his mistaken universal law that gravitational fall is uniformly accelerated, and also by Galileo's student Borrelli in his 1666 celestial mechanics.

2933:, Kepler considered astrology as the counterpart to astronomy, and as being of equal interest and value. However, in the following years, the two subjects drifted apart until astrology was no longer practiced among professional astronomers. 1810:). Kepler also incorporated religious arguments and reasoning into his work, motivated by the religious conviction and belief that God had created the world according to an intelligible plan that is accessible through the natural light of 3069:

and orbital distance from the Sun. Similar relationships had been used by other astronomers, but Kepler—with Tycho's data and his own astronomical theories—treated them much more precisely and attached new physical significance to them.

3568:

Modern translations of a number of Kepler's books appeared in the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries, the systematic publication of his collected works began in 1937 (and is nearing completion in the early 21st century).

2446:

to Protestant German lands. On 30 October 1613, Kepler married Susanna Reuttinger. Following the death of his first wife Barbara, Kepler had considered 11 different matches over two years (a decision process formalized later as the

2415:) were teaching at the district school and providing astrological and astronomical services. In his first years there, he enjoyed financial security and religious freedom relative to his life in Prague—though he was excluded from 3163:

and the apparent sizes of heavenly bodies. He also extended his study of optics to the human eye, and is generally considered by neuroscientists to be the first to recognize that images are projected inverted and reversed by the

2044:

In the first years of their marriage, the Keplers had two children (Heinrich and Susanna), both of whom died in infancy. In 1602, they had a daughter (Susanna); in 1604, a son (Friedrich); and in 1607, another son (Ludwig).

3247:

Kepler also started a theoretical and experimental investigation of telescopic lenses using a telescope borrowed from Duke Ernest of Cologne. The resulting manuscript was completed in September 1610 and published as

1643: 1893: 2480:

among Christian denominations, for example arguing that Catholics and Lutherans should be able to take communion together. He wrote, "Christ the Lord neither was nor is Lutheran, nor Calvinist, nor Papist."

3402:, had used his own observations to adjust the parameters of the Keplerian model, predicted the transit, and then built apparatus to observe the transit. He remained a firm advocate of the Keplerian model. 2830:

contained all three laws of planetary motion and attempted to explain heavenly motions through physical causes. Although it explicitly extended the first two laws of planetary motion (applied to Mars in

1870:). His grandfather, Sebald Kepler, had been Lord Mayor of the city. By the time Johannes was born, the Kepler family fortune was in decline. His father, Heinrich Kepler, earned a precarious living as a 1984:. Near the end of his studies, Kepler was recommended for a position as teacher of mathematics and astronomy at the Protestant school in Graz. He accepted the position in April 1594, at the age of 22. 2176:

observations and writing a tract against Tycho's (by then deceased) rival, Ursus. In September, Tycho secured him a commission as a collaborator on the new project he had proposed to the emperor: the

301: 3648:

and the last scientific astrologer". The debate over Kepler's place in the Scientific Revolution has produced a wide variety of philosophical and popular treatments. One of the most influential is

2278:

were perfect and unchanging). The birth of a new star implied the variability of the heavens. Kepler also attached an appendix where he discussed the recent chronology work of the Polish historian

2164:

Political and religious difficulties in Graz dashed his hopes of returning immediately to Brahe; in hopes of continuing his astronomical studies, Kepler sought an appointment as a mathematician to

3515:". Apelt, who saw Kepler's mathematics, aesthetic sensibility, physical ideas, and theology as part of a unified system of thought, produced the first extended analysis of Kepler's life and work. 2786:—his first law of planetary motion. Because he employed no calculating assistants, he did not extend the mathematical analysis beyond Mars. By the end of the year, he completed the manuscript for 2910:

in 1623, which at the time was considered his major work. However, due to the publishing requirements of the emperor and negotiations with Tycho Brahe's heir, it would not be printed until 1627.

2114:; on 1 January 1600 (before he even received the invitation), Kepler set off in the hopes that Tycho's patronage could solve his philosophical problems as well as his social and financial ones. 3147:

astronomical observations. Through most of 1603, Kepler paused his other work to focus on optical theory; the resulting manuscript, presented to the emperor on 1 January 1604, was published as

2940:

restore astrology on a firmer philosophical footing, composing numerous astrological calendars, more than 800 nativities, and a number of treaties dealing with the subject of astrology proper.

2058:

planets and the formation of geographical features (focused especially on Earth); and one on the effects of the heavens on the Earth, to include atmospheric optics, meteorology, and astrology.

3139:

presented unexplained phenomena, such as unexpected shadow sizes, the red color of a total lunar eclipse, and the reportedly unusual light surrounding a total solar eclipse. Related issues of

2609:: from inner to outer planets, the ratio of increase in orbital period is twice the difference in orb radius. However, Kepler later rejected this formula, because it was not precise enough. 2392:, from correspondence and earlier work. Upon succession as Holy Roman Emperor, Matthias re-affirmed Kepler's position (and salary) as imperial mathematician but allowed him to move to Linz. 2101:

consequences. By assuming the Earth to possess a soul (a property he would later invoke to explain how the Sun causes the motion of planets), he established a speculative system connecting

6857: 2419:

by his Lutheran church over his theological scruples. It was also during his time in Linz that Kepler had to deal with the accusation and ultimate verdict of witchcraft against his mother

2854:

to non-experts. Kepler completed the first of three volumes, consisting of Books I–III, by 1615 in the same question-answer format of Maestlin's and have it printed in 1617. However, the

3386:

transit of Mercury in 1631, Kepler had been extremely uncertain of the parameters for Mercury, and advised observers to look for the transit the day before and after the predicted date.

2253:) appeared, but Kepler did not believe the rumors until he saw it himself. Kepler began systematically observing the supernova. Astrologically, the end of 1603 marked the beginning of a 6794:

Nova stereometria doliorum vinariorum / New solid geometry of wine barrels. Accessit stereometriæ Archimedeæ supplementum / A supplement to the Archimedean solid geometry has been added

3576:

was prepared by Christian Frisch (1807–1881), during 1858 to 1871, on the occasion of Kepler's 300th birthday. Frisch's edition only included Kepler's Latin, with a Latin commentary.

3032:(1619), he attempted to explain the proportions of the natural world—particularly the astronomical and astrological aspects—in terms of music. The central set of "harmonies" was the 1980:

was the principal source of motive power in the universe. Despite his desire to become a minister in the Lutheran church, he was denied ordination because of beliefs contrary to the

4633:

8, 13 or 14, although less than of the squares, which double the proportions of the distances, namely 9, 25, 64, 169 or 196, just as 3/2 is also greater than 1 but less than 2.

1956:

while he was a student, until he became Chancellor at Tübingen in 1590. He proved himself to be a superb mathematician and earned a reputation as a skillful astrologer, casting

3073:

Among many other harmonies, Kepler articulated what came to be known as the third law of planetary motion. He tried many combinations until he discovered that (approximately) "

2657:, half as long again as the first, detailing in footnotes the corrections and improvements he had achieved in the 25 years since its first publication. In terms of impact, the 3705:(1957), and during the prolonged process of its creation, he also wrote a symphony of the same name based on the musical ideas he developed for it. Hindemith's opera inspired 3390:

observed the transit on the date predicted, a confirmation of Kepler's prediction. This was the first observation of a transit of Mercury. However, his attempt to observe the

325: 2352:. As Barbara was recovering, Kepler's three children all fell sick with smallpox; Friedrich, 6, died. Following his son's death, Kepler sent letters to potential patrons in 3394:

just one month later was unsuccessful due to inaccuracies in the Rudolphine Tables. Gassendi did not realize that it was not visible from most of Europe, including Paris.

2680:, despite flaws in its main thesis, "since it represents the first step in cleansing the Copernican system of the remnants of the Ptolemaic theory still clinging to it." 3778: 2157:

based on the Mars data, but he estimated that the work would take up to two years (since he was not allowed to simply copy the data for his own use). With the help of

3680:

was minted in 2002. The reverse side of the coin has a portrait of Kepler, who spent some time teaching in Graz and the surrounding areas. Kepler was acquainted with

3374:. Many astronomers, including Kepler's teacher, Michael Maestlin, objected to Kepler's introduction of physics into his astronomy. Some adopted compromise positions. 2037:

marriage. Even though Kepler had inherited his grandfather's nobility, Kepler's poverty made him an unacceptable match. Jobst relented after Kepler completed work on

3677: 1145: 2728:(the mathematical tool that Copernicus had eliminated with his system), eventually creating a model that generally agreed with Tycho's observations to within two 2472:

Those laws are within the grasp of the human mind; God wanted us to recognize them by creating us after his own image so that we could share in his own thoughts.

8109: 3232:, Galileo sought the opinion of Kepler, in part to bolster the credibility of his observations. Kepler responded enthusiastically with a short published reply, 3330:

equations. Kepler's work on calculating volumes of shapes, and on finding the optimal shape of a wine barrel, were significant steps toward the development of

3272:

images, upright vs. inverted images, and the effects of focal length on magnification and reduction. He also described an improved telescope—now known as the

2862:, meant that publication of the next two volumes would be delayed. In the interim, and to avoid being subject to the ban, Kepler switched the audience of the 1929: 1516: 4800: 3306:

As a New Year's gift that year (1611), he also composed for his friend and some-time patron, Baron Wackher von Wackhenfels, a short pamphlet entitled

2971:.) Kepler advocates searching for such cycles by gathering observations over a period of many years, "and so far this observation has not been made". 4529:(2nd edition List, 1968), a complete bibliography of editions of Kepler's works, with a supplementary volume to the second edition (ed. Hamel 1998). 2265:(c. 800 years earlier) and the birth of Christ (c. 1600 years earlier), and thus expected events of great portent, especially regarding the emperor. 3409:

physical basis for celestial motions. In the late 17th century, a number of physical astronomy theories drawing from Kepler's work—notably those of

3129:

As Kepler slowly continued analyzing Tycho's Mars observations—now available to him in their entirety—and began the slow process of tabulating the

3314:). In this treatise, he published the first description of the hexagonal symmetry of snowflakes and, extending the discussion into a hypothetical 1905:

He was introduced to astronomy at an early age and developed a strong passion for it that would span his entire life. At age six, he observed the

4719: 7629:; with a new introduction and references by Owen Gingerich; bibliographic citations by Owen Gingerich and Alain Segonds. New York: Dover, 1993. 5097: 2268:

It was in this context, as the imperial mathematician and astrologer to the emperor, that Kepler described the new star two years later in his

7720: 2963:

the Earth is violently disturbed by the sudden intermission of light, experiencing something like emotion and persisting in it for some time.

2989:

In response to what Kepler saw as the excesses of astrology, on the one hand, and overzealous rejection of it, on the other, Kepler prepared

2333:

In 1611, the growing political-religious tension in Prague came to a head. Emperor Rudolf—whose health was failing—was forced to abdicate as

991: 3669:(1981), explored many of the themes developed in Koestler's non-fiction narrative and in the philosophy of science. A 2004 nonfiction book, 2954:(1601), whose full title can be translated as “On Giving Astrology Sounder Foundations”, as a short foreword to one of his yearly almanacs. 1779:, the Keplerian telescope, which became the foundation of the modern refracting telescope, while also improving on the telescope design by 4990:"How Kepler Invented Science Fiction and Defended His Mother in a Witchcraft Trial While Revolutionizing Our Understanding of the Universe" 3423: 1960:

for fellow students. Under the instruction of Michael Maestlin, Tübingen's professor of mathematics from 1583 to 1631, he learned both the

1586: 5681: 4916: 3417:—began to incorporate attractive forces (though not the quasi-spiritual motive species postulated by Kepler) and the Cartesian concept of 2213: 8728: 8718: 580: 8184: 2077:. Ursus did not reply directly, but republished Kepler's flattering letter to pursue his priority dispute over (what is now called) the 1909:, writing that he "was taken by mother to a high place to look at it." In 1580, at age nine, he observed another astronomical event, a 8443: 3755: 3616: 699: 3195:

were allowed to move along the line joining the foci, the geometric form would morph or degenerate, one into another. In this way, an

2569:; nesting these solids, each encased in a sphere, within one another would produce six layers, corresponding to the six known planets— 8818: 8708: 8698: 8254: 2790:, though it would not be published until 1609 due to legal disputes over the use of Tycho's observations, the property of his heirs. 8813: 7801: 7641:

Kepler's Witch: An Astronomer's Discovery of Cosmic Order Amid Religious War, Political Intrigue, and the Heresy Trial of His Mother

8823: 8768: 7266:. Ulf Hashagen, Walther von Dyck (1856–1934). Mathematik, Technik und Wissenschaftsorganisation an der TH München, Stuttgart, 2003. 3545: 3428: 1695: 672: 3378:

accepted elliptical orbits but replaced Kepler's area law with uniform motion in respect to the empty focus of the ellipse, while

8803: 8208: 4970: 8738: 8733: 8723: 8713: 4130: 3240:, providing further support of Galileo. To Kepler's disappointment, however, Galileo never published his reactions (if any) to 3028:

Kepler was convinced "that the geometrical things have provided the Creator with the model for decorating the whole world". In

257: 1833:, transforming the ancient tradition of physical cosmology by treating astronomy as part of a universal mathematical physics. 8082: 8037: 8019: 8011: 7997: 7974: 7949: 7935: 7907: 7891: 7883: 7875: 7857: 7840: 7738: 7716: 7702: 7666: 7648: 7634: 7184: 6805: 6603: 5691: 5081: 4930: 4831: 4779: 4748: 4458: 2616:

had revealed God's geometrical plan for the universe. Much of Kepler's enthusiasm for the Copernican system stemmed from his

2537: 7353: 8703: 8282: 7122: 5330: 3735: 3359: 2721: 1669: 1320: 158: 5315:

Barker, Peter; Goldstein, Bernard R. "Theological Foundations of Kepler's Astronomy", Osiris, 2nd Series, Vol. 16, Science

2901:(specific predictions of planet and star positions) based on the table, though neither would be completed for many years. 2438:(1613), an expanded treatise on the year of Christ's birth. He also participated in deliberations on whether to introduce 8798: 8693: 7961:, translated by Robert Schlapp and edited by P. Enz and Karl von Meyenn (Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1994). See section 21, 7057: 5825:

Letter (9/10 Apr 1599) to the Bavarian chancellor Herwart von Hohenburg. Collected in Carola Baumgardt and Jamie Callan,

5141:

Omodeo, Pietro Daniel (August 2015). "The 'Impiety' of Kepler's shift from mathematical astronomy to celestial physics".

4700: 4624:) of the proportion of each of the distances from Jupiter, which is clearly the very as the six planets above. In his 2667: 654: 2641:

and the addition of a simpler, more understandable, description of the Copernican system as well as Kepler's new ideas.

2286:—analogous to the present new star—would have coincided with the first great conjunction of the earlier 800-year cycle. 7709:

Heavenly Intrigue: Johannes Kepler, Tycho Brahe, and the Murder Behind One of History's Greatest Scientific Discoveries

5129:

From ancient times through the seventeenth century European astronomy and astrology remained two sides of the same coin

8102: 7357: 5812: 4765: 3688:(the motif of the obverse of the coin). In front of him on the coin is the model of nested spheres and polyhedra from 3640:

Kepler has acquired a popular image as an icon of scientific modernity and a man before his time; science popularizer

3282:—in which two convex lenses can produce higher magnification than Galileo's combination of convex and concave lenses. 8302: 8068: 8060: 7771: 7682: 4499: 4484: 4476: 4441: 4426: 4411: 4396: 4374: 4350: 4342: 4327: 4319: 4304: 4296: 4281: 4259: 4244: 4236: 4221: 4199: 4184: 4176: 4161: 4146: 3658:, in which Kepler is unambiguously the hero (morally and theologically as well as intellectually) of the revolution. 1529: 984: 8193: 8353: 7830: 4613: 3654: 2801: 2431:, is not seen as a coincidence but as a symptom of the full-fledged assault waged by the Lutherans against Kepler. 2165: 1756: 1686: 1579: 8549: 8014:(Studies in the history of mathematics and physical sciences; 13); reprinted Princeton:Princeton Univ. Pr., 1994. 3455:

Beyond his role in the historical development of astronomy and natural philosophy, Kepler has loomed large in the

2773:

He then set about calculating the entire orbit of Mars, using the geometrical rate law and assuming an egg-shaped

946: 8783: 8743: 1162: 320: 8793: 8753: 8312: 7591: 4989: 3418: 2624:; the universe itself was an image of God, with the Sun corresponding to the Father, the stellar sphere to the 1524: 1248: 1238: 575: 315: 1921:

left him with weak vision and crippled hands, limiting his ability in the observational aspects of astronomy.

34: 8788: 8247: 8130: 7254:, "Sechzig Jahre Kepler-Kommission", in: Sitzungsberichte der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften , 1996. 3743: 3483:

perspective treated Kepler's metaphysical and religious arguments with skepticism and disapproval, but later

3257: 3253: 3187:, Kepler introduced the idea of continuous change of a mathematical entity in this work. He argued that if a 3135:, Kepler also picked up the investigation of the laws of optics from his lunar essay of 1600. Both lunar and 2289:

Over the following years, Kepler attempted (unsuccessfully) to begin a collaboration with Italian astronomer

2070: 1883: 1748: 1167: 1090: 8808: 8758: 7315:, Vol. 13 (1982), pp. 135–136; "Dancing the grave dance: Science, art and religion in John Banville's 4571: 3594:(1842–1935). Caspar became Dyck's collaborator, succeeding him as project leader in 1934, establishing the 2338: 1752: 977: 964: 725: 648: 570: 413: 7912:

Lindberg, David C.: "The Genesis of Kepler's Theory of Light: Light Metaphysics from Plotinus to Kepler."

5008: 8763: 8748: 7694: 7615: 6818: 6425: 2855: 2744: 1572: 1548: 1095: 644: 445: 7556: 423: 80: 8602: 8456: 8226: 8029: 7763: 7658: 5111:

Dooley, Brendan (June 2021). "From astrology to astronomy: renaissance and early modern perspectives".

2699: 1508: 1314: 1294: 1102: 1047: 864: 753: 679: 539: 472: 8229:- Kepler's three laws of planetary motion in the historic context of developing the Heliocentric model 2297:. Around 1611, Kepler circulated a manuscript of what would eventually be published (posthumously) as 2282:; he calculated that, if Suslyga was correct that accepted timelines were four years behind, then the 8773: 8494: 7281: 3681: 3460: 2743:) was the source of motive force in the Solar System. As a physical basis, Kepler drew by analogy on 2334: 1736: 1140: 618: 30: 7530: 6240:

The Teaching of Astronomy, Proceedings of IAU Colloq. 105, Held in Williamstown, MA, 27–30 July 1988

2361: 1937: 144: 8778: 8678: 8329: 8240: 8213: 7867: 6188: 4544: 4109: 4099: 4089: 4079: 4069: 4059: 4049: 4039: 4029: 3987: 3887:

De vero Anno, quo aeternus Dei Filius humanam naturam in Utero benedictae Virginis Mariae assumpsit

3791: 3706: 3552:, falsification, and many other philosophical concepts have been found in Kepler's work. Physicist 3410: 3062: 2923: 2520: 2510: 1965: 1764: 1636: 1309: 1074: 894: 738: 7584:

De vero anno quo aeternus dei filius humanum naturam in utero benedictae Virginis Mariae assumpsit

5897:, pp. 60–65; see also: Barker and Goldstein, "Theological Foundations of Kepler's Astronomy." 4956: 3921: 3464: 7174: 6923:"Joannes Keplerus Leomontanus: Kepler's childhood in Weil der Stadt and Leonberg 1571–1584" 6697: 6664: 4815: 3963: 3951: 3941: 3931: 3815: 3767: 2528:, 1596), was the first published defense of the Copernican system. Kepler claimed to have had an 2345: 2290: 2224:, Martin Bachazek, and Johannes Brengger, among others) and astronomical work proceeded rapidly. 1820: 1277: 1157: 844: 608: 55: 8203: 7084:"Jeremiah Horrocks, the transit of Venus, and the 'New Astronomy' in early 17th-century England" 5906:

Barker and Goldstein. "Theological Foundations of Kepler's Astronomy," pp. 99–103, 112–113.

2810:, Kepler had intended to compose an astronomy textbook that would cover all the fundamentals of 884: 8423: 6059: 4863:"Commentary on Ernan McMullin, "The Impact of Newton's Principia on the Philosophy of Science"" 3774: 3634: 3533: 3529: 3484: 3472: 3427:(1687), in which Newton derived Kepler's laws of planetary motion from a force-based theory of 3399: 3140: 1874:, and he left the family when Johannes was five years old. He was believed to have died in the 889: 706: 8178: 7814:, Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1952. (contains English translations by of Kepler's 6154: 6138: 6063: 4823: 2150: 8396: 8307: 3763: 3739: 3701: 3557: 3522: 3512: 3504: 3456: 2233: 1665: 1482: 1284: 1226: 899: 874: 560: 378: 7797: 7793: 7789: 7785: 8688: 8683: 8437: 8297: 7486: 7439: 7022: 6830: 6437: 6390: 6303: 6243: 6010:

On motive species, see Lindberg, "The Genesis of Kepler's Theory of Light," pp. 38–40.

5852: 5020: 4549: 3590:

in 1923. Both Dyck and Caspar were influenced in their interest in Kepler by mathematician

3549: 3480: 3155:

governing the intensity of light, reflection by flat and curved mirrors, and principles of

2859: 2779: 2456: 2102: 1875: 1776: 1698:. The variety and impact of his work made Kepler one of the founders and fathers of modern 1653: 1495: 1467: 1289: 919: 879: 787: 783: 775: 765: 555: 548: 304: 5840: 5163: 4847: 4654:

is based on German astronomer Johannes Kepler's cosmological model from the 17th century,

3781:

as of 16 June 2023, with many of them being named after the telescope and Kepler himself.

3375: 1997: 1867: 914: 8: 8428: 8200: 8049: 7748:, Volume VII. Charles Coulston Gillispie, editor. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1973 7607:

Barker, Peter and Bernard R. Goldstein: "Theological Foundations of Kepler's Astronomy".

6595: 6364: 6352: 5054: 4539: 4337:. Commentary J. Hübner, H. Grössing, F. Boockmann, F. Seck. Directed by V. Bialas. 1990. 3591: 3508: 3278: 3184: 2936: 2662: 2477: 2377: 2369: 2294: 1969: 1949: 1906: 1898: 1387: 1357: 1304: 1260: 1152: 1042: 694: 635: 613: 358: 353: 348: 248: 7490: 7443: 7026: 6834: 6441: 6394: 6307: 6247: 5856: 5758:, p. 252, translated from an 23 October 1613 letter from Kepler to an anonymous nobleman 5024: 4660:, in which the harmony of the universe is determined by the motion of celestial bodies. 2671:. While Copernicus sought to advance a heliocentric system in this book, he resorted to 1427: 8506: 7896: 7512: 7455: 7408: 7170: 7038: 6952: 6877: 6484: 6406: 6335: 6327: 6216: 5980: 5876: 5798: 5733: 5707: 5377: 5091: 5036: 4898: 4890: 4806: 4581: 4554: 3379: 3261: 3152: 3078: 3034: 2968: 2842:

Originally intended as an introduction for the uninitiated, Kepler sought to model his

2753:(1600) and on his own work on optics. Kepler supposed that the motive power (or motive 2529: 2443: 2373: 2279: 2158: 1981: 1855: 1807: 1661: 1447: 1417: 1382: 1352: 1299: 1243: 1012: 824: 565: 440: 408: 368: 202: 7845: 6032:

Peter Barker and Bernard R. Goldstein, "Distance and Velocity in Kepler's Astronomy",

4764:

Krech, Eva-Maria; Stock, Eberhard; Hirschfeld, Ursula; Anders, Lutz Christian (2009).

3731:(2009) based on Kepler's life, with a libretto in German and Latin by Martina Winkel. 3621: 3518: 8590: 8566: 8518: 8501: 8482: 8369: 8277: 8173: 8161: 8139: 8078: 8064: 8056: 8033: 8015: 8007: 7993: 7970: 7945: 7931: 7903: 7887: 7879: 7871: 7853: 7836: 7767: 7734: 7712: 7698: 7678: 7662: 7644: 7630: 7504: 7447: 7400: 7190: 7180: 7042: 6956: 6944: 6881: 6842: 6801: 6797: 6771: 6599: 6590:

Deciphering the cosmic number: the strange friendship of Wolfgang Pauli and Carl Jung

6476: 6449: 6410: 6339: 6319: 6220: 6208: 5960: 5880: 5868: 5687: 5381: 5369: 5077: 5040: 4902: 4882: 4827: 4775: 4744: 4651: 4495: 4480: 4472: 4454: 4437: 4422: 4407: 4392: 4370: 4346: 4338: 4323: 4315: 4300: 4292: 4277: 4255: 4240: 4232: 4217: 4195: 4180: 4172: 4157: 4142: 3999: 3747: 3556:

even used Kepler's priority dispute with Robert Fludd to explore the implications of

3500: 3495:

of 1837, found Kepler to be the archetype of the inductive scientific genius; in his

3463:. Kepler and his laws of motion were central to early histories of astronomy such as 3395: 3339: 3335: 3319: 3295: 3205: 3180: 3131: 3075:

The square of the periodic times are to each other as the cubes of the mean distances

2982: 2906: 2839:, it did not explain how elliptical orbits could be derived from observational data. 2826:

is less about Copernicus's work and more about Kepler's own astronomical system. The

2448: 2439: 2283: 2275: 2258: 2178: 1703: 1477: 834: 791: 748: 743: 684: 460: 450: 343: 169: 163: 7900:

The Copernican Revolution: Planetary Astronomy in the Development of Western Thought

7113: 7083: 6970: 6235: 5984: 4661: 3367: 1933: 140: 8530: 8470: 8403: 8361: 8148: 7626: 7587: 7516: 7494: 7392: 7162: 7030: 6934: 6869: 6838: 6792:, pp. 209–220, 227–240. In 2018 a complete English translation was published: 6583: 6524: 6445: 6398: 6311: 6200: 5972: 5961:"Kepler's Move from Orbs to Orbits: Documenting a Revolutionary Scientific Concept" 5860: 5723: 5361: 5158: 5150: 5120: 5028: 4874: 4819: 3721:

composition based on Kepler's scheme for representing planetary motion with music.

3685: 3580: 3391: 3228: 3188: 3090: 2851: 2847: 2570: 2420: 2321: 2189: 1961: 1953: 1879: 1863: 1814:. Kepler described his new astronomy as "celestial physics", as "an excursion into 1605: 1560: 1362: 1198: 1067: 929: 909: 854: 849: 795: 770: 625: 483: 428: 403: 214: 209: 6969:

For a detailed study of the reception of Kepler's astronomy see Wilbur Applebaum,

5683:

Shifting the Earth: The Mathematica Quest to Understand the Motion of the Universe

3746:(a set of geometrical constructions), two of which were described by him; and the 1372: 1347: 8377: 8345: 8292: 8113: 7825: 7687: 7671: 7332: 6633:, p. 248; De Gandt, 'Force and Geometry in Newton's Principia', chapter 2; Wolf, 6588: 6360: 4934: 4811: 4734: 4695: 4656: 4564: 4022: 4011: 3979: 3973: 3879: 3837: 3714: 3649: 3604: 3537: 3488: 3387: 3219: 3020: 3009: 2712: 2566: 2553: 2428: 2384:. However, Barbara relapsed into illness and died shortly after Kepler's return. 2299: 2221: 2184: 2142: 2078: 1945: 1780: 1720: 1715: 1707: 1680: 1674: 1487: 1407: 1392: 1377: 1367: 1231: 1128: 924: 869: 819: 733: 8135: 5032: 3499:

of 1840, Whewell held Kepler up as the embodiment of the most advanced forms of

2208:

Officially, the only acceptable religious doctrines in Prague were Catholic and

8662: 8650: 8578: 8554: 8416: 8337: 7981: 7954: 7726: 7251: 7166: 7034: 7013:

van Helden, Albert (1976). "The Importance of the Transit of Mercury of 1631".

6402: 4576: 3825: 3751: 3727: 3696: 3600: 3553: 3432: 3165: 3156: 2836: 2740: 2606: 2562: 2501: 2270: 2066: 1859: 1826: 1711: 1472: 1432: 951: 859: 760: 477: 109: 8220: 8089:

A History of Science, Technology and Philosophy in the 16th and 17th centuries

7985:, Volume 51, No. 4. University of Chicago Press, 1960, pp. 531–545. 7396: 7061: 6896: 6873: 6137:

Linz ("Lentiis ad Danubium"), (Austria): Johann Planck, 1622, book 4, part 2,

3507:—the first to extensively study Kepler's manuscripts, after their purchase by 2918: 2353: 1913:, recording that he remembered being "called outdoors" to see it and that the 8672: 8638: 8409: 8126: 8118: 7508: 7451: 7404: 7194: 6948: 6480: 6465:"Johannes Kepler's on the More Certain Fundamentals of Astrology Prague 1601" 6378: 6323: 6212: 5976: 5872: 5373: 4957:"Molecular Expressions: Science, Optics and You – Timeline – Johannes Kepler" 4886: 4691: 4646: 3758:

include multiple city streets and squares, several educational institutions,

3662: 3269: 3226:—discovered four satellites orbiting Jupiter. Upon publishing his account as 3192: 3136: 3086: 3066: 3058: 2811: 2661:

can be seen as an important first step in modernizing the theory proposed by

2146: 1973: 1910: 1457: 1442: 1342: 839: 666: 6204: 5728: 5711: 4252:

Mysterium Cosmographicum. Editio altera cum notis. De Cometis. Hyperaspistes

3943:

Epitome astronomiae Copernicanae. 4, Doctrina theorica. 1, Physica coelestis

2217: 2018: 8614: 8542: 8287: 7966: 7805: 6759: 6689: 5311: 5309: 5154: 5124: 4629: 4559: 3722: 3645: 3487:-era natural philosophers viewed these elements as central to his success. 3414: 3094: 3082: 3051: 2621: 2594: 2505: 2254: 2061:

He also sought the opinions of many of the astronomers to whom he had sent

2011: 1925: 1799: 1691: 1462: 1437: 1412: 1397: 1253: 904: 829: 518: 398: 7179:(Advanced ed.). Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. p. 451. 6775: 4743:] (in German) (7th ed.). Berlin: Dudenverlag. pp. 487, 505. 4714: 2646:

controlled his position in Graz, also provided a crucial doorway into the

1976:

from both a theoretical and theological perspective, maintaining that the

8626: 7561: 3759: 3718: 3710: 3673:, suggested that Kepler murdered Tycho Brahe to gain access to his data. 3541: 2959: 2898: 2690: 2629: 2617: 2598: 2590: 2262: 2138: 2131: 2106: 2094: 2074: 1740: 1210: 1203: 198: 8103:

Kepler's Conversation with the Starry Messenger (English translation of

7963:

The influence of archetypical ideas on the scientific theories of Kepler

7812:

Great Books of the Western World. Volume 16: Ptolemy, Copernicus, Kepler

7459: 7427: 6331: 6291: 5306: 3322:, a statement about the most efficient arrangement for packing spheres. 2496: 2261:; astrologers associated the two previous such periods with the rise of 7412: 7380: 7276: 6939: 6922: 6315: 5737: 5177:

Barker and Goldstein. "Theological Foundations of Kepler's Astronomy",

4894: 4862: 4795: 3641: 3626: 3265: 3179:

is generally recognized as the foundation of modern optics (though the

3039: 2762: 2749: 2695: 2586: 2558: 2090: 2086: 1795: 1657: 1649: 1452: 689: 363: 128: 6488: 6464: 5864: 5328:

Westman, Robert S. "Kepler's Early Physico-Astrological Problematic,"

4507:

Manuscripta astronomica (III) et mathematica. De Calendario Gregoriano

4469:

Manuscripta astronomica (I). Apologia, De motu Terrae, Hipparchus etc.

4114:(in Latin). Vol. 9. Frankfurt am Main: Heyder & Zimmer. 1871. 4104:(in Latin). Vol. 8. Frankfurt am Main: Heyder & Zimmer. 1870. 4094:(in Latin). Vol. 7. Frankfurt am Main: Heyder & Zimmer. 1868. 4084:(in Latin). Vol. 6. Frankfurt am Main: Heyder & Zimmer. 1866. 4074:(in Latin). Vol. 5. Frankfurt am Main: Heyder & Zimmer. 1864. 4064:(in Latin). Vol. 4. Frankfurt am Main: Heyder & Zimmer. 1863. 4054:(in Latin). Vol. 3. Frankfurt am Main: Heyder & Zimmer. 1860. 4044:(in Latin). Vol. 2. Frankfurt am Main: Heyder & Zimmer. 1859. 4034:(in Latin). Vol. 1. Frankfurt am Main: Heyder & Zimmer. 1858. 3318:

physical basis for the symmetry, posed what later became known as the

3290: 231: 8177: 8156: 6236:"Five Centuries of Astronomical Textbooks and Their Role in Teaching" 5743:

consumed much of his attention and energy for nearly 2 years ...

3912: 3630: 3223: 2729: 2647: 2416: 2400: 2365: 2209: 2098: 1957: 1887: 1871: 1846: 1815: 1791: 1787: 1699: 1402: 711: 194: 190: 8044:

The Fabric of the Heavens: The Development of Astronomy and Dynamics

7499: 7474: 7216:

Jardine, "Koyré's Kepler/Kepler's Koyré," pp. 367–372; Shapin,

6748:

Schneer, "Kepler's New Year's Gift of a Snowflake," pp. 531–545

6153:, vol. 6 (Frankfurt-am-Main, (Germany): Heyder & Zimmer, 1866), 5349: 4016: 3807: 3586:

Max Caspar (1880–1956) published his German translation of Kepler's

2877: 2238: 7263: 6379:"Soul-Searching with Kepler: An Analysis of Anima in His Astrology" 5365: 4878: 3331: 3200: 3160: 3014: 2814:. Kepler spent the next several years working on what would become 2758: 2638: 2424: 1941: 1918: 1786:

Kepler lived in an era when there was no clear distinction between

1728: 1135: 1037: 1030: 630: 513: 488: 8573: 8561: 8232: 5055:"Keplerian telescope | Optical Design, Refracting, Astronomy" 2411:

In Linz, Kepler's primary responsibilities (beyond completing the

2033:(1596), published a little over a year after his arrival at Graz. 7916:, N.S. 2. University of Chicago Press, 1986, pp. 5–42. 4774:] (in German). Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. pp. 628, 646. 3363: 3315: 3196: 3043: 2930: 2672: 2545: 2349: 2250: 2243: 2202: 1803: 1794:, but there was a strong division between astronomy (a branch of 1771:, being named the father of modern optics, in particular for his 603: 456: 373: 8597: 7161: 3113: 2893:, most of Kepler's research was focused on preparations for the 2205:) and kept up with Kepler's work in physical astronomy as well. 5944: 5007:

Coullet, Pierre; San Martin, Jaime; Tirapegui, Enrique (2022).

3448: 3443: 3169: 2822:). Despite its title, which merely hints at heliocentrism, the 2739:

In Kepler's religious view of the cosmos, the Sun (a symbol of

2725: 2549: 2541: 2326: 2111: 1811: 1768: 1744: 662: 508: 418: 7557:"Kepler, the Little NASA Spacecraft That Could, No Longer Can" 6068:. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. p. 402. 2850:, who published a well-regarded book explaining the basics of 2620:

convictions about the connection between the physical and the

2127: 1623: 3362:

were not immediately accepted. Several major figures such as

3159:, as well as the astronomical implications of optics such as 3151:(The Optical Part of Astronomy). In it, Kepler described the 2774: 2625: 2578: 2574: 2357: 1901:, which attracted the attention of astronomers across Europe. 498: 493: 435: 8222:

The Heliocentric Model and Kepler's Laws of Planetary Motion

5799:"Johannes Kepler | Biography, Discoveries, & Facts" 4492:

Manuscripta astronomica (II). Commentaria in Theoriam Martis

4384:. Ed. M. Caspar. 1949. Out-of-print. 2nd ed. in preparation. 3933:

Epitome astronomiae Copernicanae. 1–3, De doctrina sphaerica

3382:

used an elliptical orbit with motions defined by an equant.

3183:

is conspicuously absent). With respect to the beginnings of

1664:

and writer on music. He is a key figure in the 17th-century

1020: 8053:

The Construction of Modern Science: Mechanism and Mechanics

7979:

Schneer, Cecil: "Kepler's New Year's Gift of a Snowflake."

6971:"Keplerian Astronomy after Kepler: Researches and Problems" 4931:"Johannes Kepler: His Life, His Laws and Times | NASA" 3956:(in Latin). Vol. 44323. Linz: Gottfried Tambach. 1621. 3684:

personally, and he probably influenced the construction of

2733: 2602: 2582: 2533: 2405: 2381: 1914: 1760: 1732: 1614: 503: 466: 8621: 7428:"Kepler's Harmony of the World: A Realization for the Ear" 7207:

Jardine, "Koyré's Kepler/Kepler's Koyré," pp. 363–367

7055: 5006: 4763: 4732: 2585:, Jupiter, and Saturn. By ordering the solids selectively— 74: 7804:, Frankfurt am Main and Erlangen, Heyder & Zimmer, – 4171:. Ed. M. Caspar. 1937. IV, 487 p. 2. ed. 1990. Paperback 3122: 3046:

and others before Kepler; in fact, soon after publishing

1977: 296:{\displaystyle {\textbf {F}}={\frac {d\mathbf {p} }{dt}}} 7959:

Wolfgang Pauli – Writings on physics and philosophy

7586:, on the chronology related to the Star of Bethlehem.", 3953:

Epitome astronomiae Copernicanae. 5–7, Doctrina theorica

3734:

Directly named for Kepler's contribution to science are

3252:

in 1611. In it, Kepler set out the theoretical basis of

3081:' newly discovered law of centrifugal force, it enabled 2653:

In 1621, Kepler published an expanded second edition of

1767:. Additionally, he did fundamental work in the field of 3946:(in Latin). Vol. 4. Linz: Gottfried Tambach. 1622. 3936:(in Latin). Vol. 44199. Linz: Johann Planck. 1618. 3431:, a mathematical challenge later known as "solving the 3061:, including the figures that would come to be known as 2950:

In his bid to become imperial astronomer, Kepler wrote

2784:

all planets move in ellipses, with the Sun at one focus

2427:. That blow, happening only a few years after Kepler's 8122:(with links to digital scans of the published volumes) 7864:

The Astronomical Revolution: Copernicus-Kepler-Borelli

7582:"... in 1614, Johannes Kepler published his book 7346: 7335:, "Kepler in the Dock", review of Gilder and Gilder's 6065:

History of the Planetary Systems from Thales to Kepler

4733:

Dudenredaktion; Kleiner, Stefan; Knöbl, Ralf (2015) .

4335:

Theologica. Hexenprozeß. Tacitus-Übersetzung. Gedichte

4312:

Calendaria et Prognostica. Astronomica minora. Somnium

3054:, who had recently published his own harmonic theory. 1940:. There, he studied philosophy under Vitus Müller and 8454: 8026:

The Music of the Heavens: Kepler's Harmonic Astronomy

7833:: A History of Man's Changing Vision of the Universe. 7473:

Pasachoff, Jay M.; Pasachoff, Naomi (December 2009).

6629:, pp. 143, 152, 402–403; Toulmin and Goodfield, 6189:"Kepler's Epitome of Copernican Astronomy in context" 5348:

Barker, Peter; Goldstein, Bernard R. (January 2001).

5273:, p. 234 (translated from Kepler's family horoscope). 3820:(in Latin). Frankfurt am Main: Claude de Marne. 1604. 3038:

or "music of the spheres", which had been studied by

2069:(Nicolaus Reimers Bär)—the imperial mathematician to 1694:, providing one of the foundations for his theory of 1611: 260: 7088:

Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society,

6858:"Early Numerical Analysis in Kepler's New Astronomy" 6819:"Johannes Kepler and the development of mathematics" 2858:

by the Catholic Church, as well as the start of the

2455:

churchyard that was completely destroyed during the

1972:

at that time. In a student disputation, he defended

1648:; 27 December 1571 – 15 November 1630) was a German 1620: 1617: 6120: 6118: 5071: 3325:Kepler wrote the influential mathematical treatise 1608: 7472: 6796:. Edited and translated, with an Introduction, by 6587: 5949:, Dover Publications, 1953, pp. 331, 377–379. 4799: 4269:. Ed. F. Hammer. 1955, 2nd ed. 1999. Out-of-print. 3050:, Kepler was embroiled in a priority dispute with 2793: 2676:much from Ptolemy." Modern astronomy owes much to 2565:could be inscribed and circumscribed by spherical 1783:, who mentioned Kepler's discoveries in his work. 295: 8198: 8188:. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). pp. 749–751. 7902:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1957. 7323:, Vol. 86, no. 5 (October 2005), pp. 424–438 6694:Mathematical Thought from Ancient to Modern Times 6469:Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 6462: 6273:Robert J. King, “Johannes Kepler and Australia”, 4664:also composed the score according to this theory. 3610: 2835:) to all the planets as well as the Moon and the 2747:'s theory of the magnetic soul of the Earth from 2710:The extended line of research that culminated in 2364:in Württemberg, concerns over Kepler's perceived 1739:. Later he became an assistant to the astronomer 8670: 7923:. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1965 7751:Jardine, Nick: "Koyré's Kepler/Kepler's Koyré," 6463:Brackenridge, J. Bruce; Rossi, Mary Ann (1979). 6115: 4121:A critical edition of Kepler's collected works ( 3208:, thus having the properties of a large circle. 2628:, and the intervening space between them to the 7928:The Fontana History of Astronomy and Cosmology, 6426:"Kepler's astrology: The direction of a reform" 6168:A History of Science, Technology and Philosophy 5350:"Theological Foundations of Kepler's Astronomy" 5347: 4141:. Ed. M. Caspar. 1938, 2nd ed. 1993. Paperback 3579:A new edition was planned beginning in 1914 by 3544:—have repeatedly turned to Kepler: examples of 3057:Kepler began by exploring regular polygons and 2468:capsulized version of a writing from his hand: 1747:, and eventually the imperial mathematician to 51:German astronomer and mathematician (1571–1630) 8063:; reprinted Cambridge University Press, 1978. 7992:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996. 7731:The Eye of Heaven: Ptolemy, Copernicus, Kepler 7554: 7139:, Cambridge University Press, 2016, "Inertia." 5265: 5263: 3742:SN 1604, which he observed and described; the 2698:trajectory of Mars through several periods of 2329: – house where Kepler lived, now a museum 1924:In 1589, after moving through grammar school, 1775:. He also invented an improved version of the 8248: 7762:trans. W. Donahue, foreword by O. Gingerich, 7548: 6635:History of Science, Technology and Philosophy 3968:(in Latin). Augsburg: Sebastian Müller. 1619. 3354: 2344:Also in that year, Barbara Kepler contracted 1580: 985: 54:"Kepler" redirects here. For other uses, see 7675:A History of Astronomy from Thales to Kepler 7381:"Review of Hindemith: Die Harmonie der Welt" 7229:Pauli, "The Influence of Archetypical Ideas" 5958: 4720:Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary 4125:, KGW) in 22 volumes is being edited by the 3563: 3479:. These and other histories written from an 2768:planets sweep out equal areas in equal times 2293:, and dealt with chronology, especially the 2249:In October 1604, a bright new evening star ( 1854:Kepler was born on 27 December 1571, in the 7425: 7285:, episode III: "The Harmony of the Worlds". 7176:The Mechanical Universe: Mechanics and Heat 7056:HM Nautical Almanac Office (10 June 2004). 6855: 5686:. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 5260: 4314:. Commentary V. Bialas, H. Grössing. 1993. 4023:English translation on Google Books preview 2489: 2257:, the start of the about 800-year cycle of 15: 8255: 8241: 8075:Never at Rest: A Biography of Isaac Newton 7302:, Vol. 59, no. 18 (1962), pp. 500–503 7012: 6663:Finger, "Origins of Neuroscience," p. 74. 6576: 5317:in Theistic Contexts: Cognitive Dimensions 5096:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3617:List of things named after Johannes Kepler 3285: 3106: 1714:. He has been described as the "father of 1587: 1573: 1019: 992: 978: 73: 16: 7498: 7378: 7343:, Vol. 35, pt. 4 (2004), pp. 487–489 6938: 6233: 5813:"Astronomy – the techniques of astronomy" 5727: 5712:"Who solved the secretary problem ?" 5194:, title page, tr. Donohue, pp. 26–27 5162: 3633:discovered using data transmitted by the 2889:In the years following the completion of 2214:Johannes Matthäus Wackher von Wackhenfels 1917:"appeared quite red". However, childhood 8120:Herausgabe der Werke von Johannes Kepler 7755:, Vol. 38 (2000), pp. 363–376 7657:Principia, Translated by Curtis Wilson, 7311:William Donahue, "A Novelist's Kepler," 6292:"A Lutheran Astrologer: Johannes Kepler" 5706: 5700: 4494:. Commentary V. Bialas. 1998. Paperback 4254:. Commentary F. Hammer. 1955. Paperback 4139:Mysterium Cosmographicum. De Stella Nova 3620: 3442: 3289: 3260:—and how they are combined to produce a 3112: 3013: 2917: 2876: 2689: 2518:Kepler's first major astronomical work, 2495: 2399: 2320: 2237: 2126: 1892: 1845: 1841: 24:This is an accepted version of this page 8209:MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive 7782:John Kepler, Astronomer; Complete Works 7776:Kepler, Johannes and Christian Frisch. 7744:Gingerich, Owen: "Kepler, Johannes" in 7733:. American Institute of Physics, 1993. 6920: 6186: 5959:Goldstein, Bernard; Hon, Giora (2005). 5838: 4971:"Kepler, the Father of Science Fiction" 4860: 4824:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.14903 4521:Vol. 22: General index, in preparation. 4192:Kleinere Schriften 1602–1611. Dioptrice 2974: 1824:", and as "a supplement to Aristotle's 14: 8671: 8172: 7475:"Third physics opera for Philip Glass" 6894: 6757: 6594:. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 6582: 6518:, pp. 181–185. The full title is 6058: 5841:"Johannes Kepler's pursuit of harmony" 5140: 5119:(1). Walter de Gruyter GmbH: 156–175. 5110: 5009:"Kepler in search of the 'Anaclastic'" 4987: 4131:Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften 3926:(in Latin). Linz: Johann Planck. 1618. 3863:Conversation with the Starry Messenger 3803:De Fundamentis Astrologiae Certioribus 3447:Monument to Tycho Brahe and Kepler in 2017:House of Kepler and Barbara Müller in 1850:Kepler's birthplace, in Weil der Stadt 1727:Kepler was a mathematics teacher at a 8236: 8194:Kepler and the "Music of the Spheres" 8042:Toulmin, Stephen and June Goodfield. 7778:Joannis Kepleri Astronomi Opera Omnia 6897:"Kepler: The Volume of a Wine Barrel" 6816: 6423: 6376: 6296:Archive for History of Exact Sciences 6289: 6285: 6283: 6182: 6180: 6151:Joannis Kepleri Astronomi Opera Omnia 5679: 4794: 4525:The Kepler-Kommission also publishes 4391:. Ed. M. Caspar. 1951. 2nd ed. 1995. 4231:. Ed. M. Caspar. 1953, 2nd ed. 1991. 4216:. Ed. M. Caspar. 1940, 2nd ed. 1981, 3903:Nova stereometria doliorum vinariorum 3699:wrote an opera about Kepler entitled 3438: 3327:Nova stereometria doliorum vinariorum 2782:), Kepler immediately concluded that 2770:—his second law of planetary motion. 2295:dating of events in the life of Jesus 2122: 1635: 674:Newton's law of universal gravitation 8077:. Cambridge University Press, 1981. 7707:Gilder, Joshua and Anne-Lee Gilder: 7531:"Exoplanet and Candidate Statistics" 7426:Rodgers, John; Ruff, Willie (1979). 7341:Journal for the History of Astronomy 7313:Journal for the History of Astronomy 7238:Gingerich, introduction to Caspar's 7155: 7123:Journal for the History of Astronomy 7015:Journal for the History of Astronomy 6544:, pp. 265–266, translated from 6383:Journal for the History of Astronomy 5454:, pp. 89–100, 114–116; Caspar. 5331:Journal for the History of Astronomy 4801:"Kepler [Keppler], Johannes" 4209:. Ed. F. Hammer. 1953. Out-of-print. 3777:observed 530,506 stars and detected 3661:A well-received historical novel by 3511:—identified Kepler as a key to the " 3497:Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences 3421:. This culminated in Isaac Newton's 2885:showing eclipses of the Sun and Moon 2870: 2227: 2117: 2085:Instead, he turned his attention to 110:Free Imperial City of Weil der Stadt 8262: 7114:"Boulliau, Mercator, and Horrock's 7112:Wilbur Applebaum and Robert Hatch, 6921:Albinus, Hans-Joachim (June 2002). 6901:Mathematical Association of America 6800:. Paris: Les Belles Lettres, 2018. 6124:Gingerich, "Kepler, Johannes" from 5076:. Kent, England. pp. 233–237. 4701:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 4289:Ephemerides novae motuum coelestium 3914:Ephemerides nouae motuum coelestium 3831:On the New Star in Ophiuchus's Foot 3678:10-euro Johannes Kepler silver coin 3312:A New Year's Gift of Hexagonal Snow 2668:De revolutionibus orbium coelestium 2532:on 19 July 1595, while teaching in 2395: 2195: 1987: 655:Mechanics of planar particle motion 263: 48: 8729:17th-century German mathematicians 8719:16th-century German mathematicians 7746:Dictionary of Scientific Biography 7555:Dennis Overbye (30 October 2018). 7101:History of Astronomy and Cosmology 7001:History of Astronomy and Cosmology 6639:The Construction of Modern Science 6280: 6177: 6126:Dictionary of Scientific Biography 5072:Tunnacliffe, AH; Hirst JG (1996). 4988:Popova, Maria (27 December 2019). 4689: 4194:. Ed. M. Caspar, F. Hammer. 1941. 3826:De Stella nova in pede Serpentarii 3338:, an approximation method used in 3001: 2683: 2434:His first publication in Linz was 2097:and the physical world, and their 1735:, where he became an associate of 1315:2dF Galaxy Redshift Survey ("2dF") 49: 8835: 8283:Kepler's laws of planetary motion 8145:Works by or about Johannes Kepler 8096: 8091:. George Allen & Unwin, 1950. 7965:, concerning Johannes Kepler and 7741:(Masters of modern physics; v. 7) 7535:exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu 5839:Rothman, Aviva (1 January 2020). 5113:Berliner Theologische Zeitschrift 4156:. Ed. F. Hammer. 1939, Paperback 3808:On Firmer Fundaments of Astrology 3736:Kepler's laws of planetary motion 3676:In Austria, a silver collector's 3493:History of the Inductive Sciences 3360:Kepler's laws of planetary motion 2943: 2561:. He found that each of the five 2557:experimenting with 3-dimensional 2048: 1968:of planetary motion. He became a 1897:As a child, Kepler witnessed the 1882:, an innkeeper's daughter, was a 1530:Timeline of cosmological theories 1295:Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE) 159:Kepler's laws of planetary motion 8819:17th-century German philosophers 8709:17th-century German male writers 8699:16th-century German male writers 8656: 8644: 8632: 8620: 8608: 8596: 8584: 8572: 8560: 8548: 8536: 8524: 8512: 8500: 8488: 8476: 8464: 8354:Epitome Astronomiae Copernicanae 7677:. Dover Publications Inc, 1967. 7576: 7523: 7466: 7419: 7372: 7326: 7305: 7288: 7269: 7257: 7245: 7232: 7223: 7210: 7201: 7142: 7129: 7106: 7093: 7076: 7049: 7006: 6993: 6980: 6963: 6914: 6888: 6849: 6810: 6782: 6770:]. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 6751: 6742: 6729: 6716: 6703: 6683: 6036:51 (1994): 59–73, at p. 60. 5827:Johannes Kepler Life and Letters 5221:Great Books of the Western World 4229:Epitome Astronomiae Copernicanae 4129:(founded 1935) on behalf of the 4123:Johannes Kepler Gesammelte Werke 3993:The Sacred Mystery of the Cosmos 3923:Epitome astronomiae copernicanae 3797:The Sacred Mystery of the Cosmos 3682:Prince Hans Ulrich von Eggenberg 3528:Philosophers of science—such as 3477:Histoire de l'astronomie moderne 3121:, illustrating the structure of 2816:Epitome Astronomiae Copernicanae 2802:Epitome Astronomiae Copernicanae 2010: 2003:Portraits of Kepler and his wife 1996: 1952:at Wittenberg), who also taught 1878:in the Netherlands. His mother, 1759:. He also taught mathematics in 1737:Prince Hans Ulrich von Eggenberg 1687:Epitome Astronomiae Copernicanae 1604: 1554: 1543: 1542: 959: 958: 945: 278: 230: 129:Free Imperial City of Regensburg 8824:16th-century German astronomers 8769:17th-century German astronomers 8105:Dissertation cum Nuncio Sidereo 7944:, Dover Publications Inc 1989. 7356:. Austrian Mint. Archived from 7137:The Cambridge Descartes Lexicon 6670: 6657: 6644: 6619: 6563: 6550: 6534: 6508: 6495: 6456: 6417: 6370: 6346: 6267: 6254: 6227: 6170:, pp. 140–141; Pannekoek, 6160: 6143: 6131: 6102: 6085: 6072: 6052: 6039: 6026: 6013: 6004: 5991: 5952: 5935: 5922: 5909: 5900: 5887: 5832: 5819: 5805: 5791: 5778: 5761: 5748: 5673: 5660: 5643: 5630: 5617: 5604: 5591: 5578: 5565: 5552: 5539: 5526: 5513: 5500: 5487: 5474: 5461: 5444: 5431: 5418: 5405: 5388: 5341: 5322: 5293: 5276: 5243: 5226: 5217:Epitome of Copernican Astronomy 5210: 5197: 5184: 5171: 5134: 5104: 5065: 5047: 5000: 4981: 4963: 4772:German Pronunciation Dictionary 4638: 4614:Summary of Copernican Astronomy 4604: 4595: 3907:New Stereometry of Wine Barrels 3406:Epitome of Copernican Astronomy 3258:double-concave diverging lenses 3254:double-convex converging lenses 2904:Kepler, at last, completed the 2820:Epitome of Copernican Astronomy 2795:Epitome of Copernican Astronomy 2462: 2137:On 4 February 1600, Kepler met 1310:Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) 1163:Future of an expanding universe 8804:Members of the Lincean Academy 7691:Kepler's geometrical cosmology 7655:Force and Geometry in Newton's 7592:Kapteyn Astronomical Institute 6927:The Mathematical Intelligencer 5930:Kepler's Geometrical Cosmology 5164:11858/00-001M-0000-002A-8F0F-E 5013:Chaos, Solitons & Fractals 4949: 4923: 4909: 4854: 4788: 4767:Deutsches Aussprachewörterbuch 4757: 4726: 4708: 4683: 4369:. Ed. M. Caspar. 1945. 432 p. 4291:. Commentary V. Bialas. 1983. 3897:Dissertatio cum Nuncio Sidereo 3859:Dissertatio cum Nuncio Sidereo 3611:Cultural influence and eponymy 3238:Narratio de Jovis Satellitibus 3234:Dissertatio cum Nuncio Sidereo 2837:Medicean satellites of Jupiter 2242:Remnant of Kepler's Supernova 2105:and astronomical distances to 1637:[joˈhanəsˈkɛplɐ,-nɛs-] 1525:History of the Big Bang theory 1321:Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy 13: 1: 8814:University of Tübingen alumni 8739:German expatriates in Austria 8734:17th-century German novelists 8724:17th-century writers in Latin 8714:16th-century writers in Latin 8131:Mathematics Genealogy Project 8055:. John Wiley and Sons, 1971. 7760:Johannes Kepler New Astronomy 7618:, 2001, pp. 88–113 7613:Science in Theistic Contexts. 5181:, 16, 2001, pp. 112–113. 4917:"DPMA | Johannes Kepler" 4671: 3880:On the Six-Cornered Snowflake 3572:An edition in eight volumes, 3560:on scientific investigation. 3218:In the first months of 1610, 2536:, demonstrating the periodic 2368:heresies in violation of the 2311: 2053:Following the publication of 1836: 1517:Discovery of cosmic microwave 1168:Ultimate fate of the universe 581:Koopman–von Neumann mechanics 84: 8006:. New York: Springer, 1987. 7643:. HarperSanFrancisco, 2004. 7118:: Three Unpublished Letters" 6843:10.1016/0083-6656(75)90149-X 6450:10.1016/0083-6656(75)90122-1 5943:A History of Astronomy from 5771:, pp. 220–223; Connor, 5653:, pp. 222–226; Caspar, 5238:Revolutionizing the Sciences 4848:UK public library membership 4741:The Pronunciation Dictionary 4676: 4471:Commentary V. Bialas. 1988. 4453:. Commentary M. List. 1975. 3644:described him as "the first 3370:completely ignored Kepler's 3308:Strena Seu de Nive Sexangula 3300:Strena Seu de Nive Sexangula 3264:—as well as the concepts of 3211: 2913: 2484: 2325:Karlova street in Old Town, 649:Non-inertial reference frame 7: 8704:16th-century German writers 8004:Kepler's physical astronomy 7695:University of Chicago Press 7616:University of Chicago Press 7294:Stephen Toulmin, Review of 6988:The Astronomical Revolution 6652:The Astronomical Revolution 6560:, pp. 264–266, 290–293 6112:, pp. 239–240, 293–300 6097:The Astronomical Revolution 6095:, pp. 131–140; Koyré, 6021:The Astronomical Revolution 5575:, pp. 146–148, 159–177 5398:, pp. 38–52; Connor. 5234:Kepler's Physical Astronomy 5033:10.1016/j.chaos.2022.112695 4532: 4451:Dokumente zu Leben und Werk 3294:A diagram illustrating the 3018:Geometrical harmonies from 2969:lunar node precession cycle 2897:and a comprehensive set of 2856:banning of Copernican books 2316: 2093:relationships among music, 1690:, influencing among others 1285:Black Hole Initiative (BHI) 576:Appell's equation of motion 446:Inertial frame of reference 10: 8840: 8799:Mathematicians from Prague 8694:People from Weil der Stadt 8030:Princeton University Press 7784:), 8 volumes (1858–1871). 7764:Cambridge University Press 7659:Princeton University Press 7600: 7035:10.1177/002182867600700101 6758:Kepler, Johannes (1966) . 6403:10.1177/002182860503600102 5286:, pp. 36–38; Connor. 4861:Voelkel, James R. (2001). 3629:, a potentially habitable 3614: 3513:Revolution of the sciences 3469:Histoire des mathématiques 3355:Reception of his astronomy 3007: 2799: 2720:)—including the first two 2700:apparent retrograde motion 2632:. His first manuscript of 2423:in the Protestant town of 2376:prevented his return. The 2231: 1048:Chronology of the universe 53: 8388: 8321: 8270: 7990:The Scientific Revolution 7810:Kepler, Johannes, et al. 7397:10.1017/S0040298204210063 7379:MacDonald, Calum (2004). 7300:The Journal of Philosophy 7282:Cosmos: A Personal Voyage 7218:The Scientific Revolution 7150:The Copernican Revolution 6874:10.1017/S0269889709990238 6631:The Fabric of the Heavens 4644:The opening of the movie 4464:Vols. 20–21: manuscripts 3853:Third-party Interventions 3625:An artist's rendition of 3564:Editions and translations 3461:historiography of science 3349: 3101: 2846:after that of his master 2303:. Part of the purpose of 1141:Expansion of the universe 229: 224: 220: 208: 186: 179: 151: 136: 117: 95: 72: 65: 8330:Mysterium Cosmographicum 8214:University of St Andrews 8136:Works by Johannes Kepler 7868:Cornell University Press 6895:Cardil, Roberto (2020). 6856:Thorvaldsen, S. (2010). 6357:The World of Mathematics 6277:no. 90, 2021, pp. 15–24. 6234:Gingerich, Owen (1990). 5977:10.1162/1063614053714126 5059:Encyclopaedia Britannica 4736:Das Aussprachewörterbuch 4588: 4572:Kepler–Bouwkamp constant 4527:Bibliographia Kepleriana 4207:Chronologische Schriften 3988:Mysterium cosmographicum 3792:Mysterium Cosmographicum 3784: 3744:Kepler–Poinsot polyhedra 3690:Mysterium Cosmographicum 3588:Mysterium Cosmographicum 3411:Giovanni Alfonso Borelli 3346:(Kepler's barrel rule). 3342:, is known in German as 3222:—using his powerful new 2996: 2881:Two pages from Kepler's 2722:laws of planetary motion 2678:Mysterium Cosmographicum 2526:The Cosmographic Mystery 2521:Mysterium Cosmographicum 2511:Mysterium Cosmographicum 2491:Mysterium Cosmographicum 2182:that should replace the 2155:Mysterium Cosmographicum 2031:Mysterium Cosmographicum 1763:, and was an adviser to 1670:laws of planetary motion 1305:Planck space observatory 1091:Gravitational wave (GWB) 739:Rotating reference frame 571:Hamilton–Jacobi equation 31:latest accepted revision 8185:Encyclopædia Britannica 8112:17 October 2020 at the 7852:Harvester Press, 1977. 7818:, Books IV & V and 7354:"Eggenberg Palace coin" 7165:; Olenick, Richard P.; 7152:, pp. 238, 246–252 7058:"1631 Transit of Venus" 6768:The Six-sided Snowflake 6698:Oxford University Press 6665:Oxford University Press 6540:Quotation from Caspar, 6205:10.1111/1600-0498.12356 6149:Christian Frisch, ed., 6060:Dreyer, John Louis Emil 5965:Perspectives on Science 5932:, Chapter IV, pp. 73ff. 5754:Quotation from Connor, 4816:Oxford University Press 4436:. Ed. M. Caspar. 1959. 4421:. Ed. M. Caspar. 1955. 4406:. Ed. M. Caspar. 1954. 4276:. Ed. F. Hammer. 1969. 4267:Mathematische Schriften 4154:Astronomiae pars optica 3817:Astronomiae pars optica 3779:2,778 confirmed planets 3603:(during 1984–1999) and 3286:Mathematics and physics 3177:Astronomiae Pars Optica 3149:Astronomiae Pars Optica 3119:Astronomiae Pars Optica 3108:Astronomiae Pars Optica 2922:Kepler's horoscope for 2346:Hungarian spotted fever 2291:Giovanni Antonio Magini 2170:Astronomiae Pars Optica 2021:, near Graz (1597–1599) 1866:in the German state of 1773:Astronomiae pars optica 1751:and his two successors 1158:Inhomogeneous cosmology 680:Newton's laws of motion 540:Newton's laws of motion 56:Kepler (disambiguation) 8784:German music theorists 8744:Scientists from Prague 8424:Kepler space telescope 8179:"Kepler, Johann" 7942:A History of Astronomy 7135:Lawrence Nolan (ed.), 6172:A History of Astronomy 5680:Mazer, Arthur (2010). 5236:, pp. 1–2; Dear, 5155:10.1002/andp.201500238 5125:10.1515/bthz-2021-0010 4690:Liscia, Daniel A. Di. 4635: 3895:(1615, published with 3775:Kepler space telescope 3754:. Places and entities 3725:wrote an opera called 3637: 3635:Kepler space telescope 3534:Norwood Russell Hanson 3530:Charles Sanders Peirce 3473:Jean-Baptiste Delambre 3452: 3303: 3141:atmospheric refraction 3126: 3025: 2926: 2886: 2812:heliocentric astronomy 2766:in terms of geometry: 2707: 2515: 2474: 2408: 2404:A statue of Kepler in 2362:University of Tübingen 2330: 2246: 2134: 2073:and a bitter rival of 1938:University of Tübingen 1902: 1851: 707:Simple harmonic motion 620:Euler's laws of motion 414:D'Alembert's principle 297: 145:University of Tübingen 8794:Copernican Revolution 8754:Christian astrologers 8397:Die Harmonie der Welt 8073:Westfall, Richard S. 7930:Fontana Press, 1994. 7625:; transl. and ed. by 7588:The Star of Bethlehem 6817:Belyi, Y. A. (1975). 6377:Boner, P. J. (2005). 6355:, "Johann Kepler" in 6290:Field, J. V. (1984). 5729:10.1214/ss/1177012493 5253:, pp. 29–36; Connor. 4867:Philosophy of Science 4618: 4545:Cavalieri's principle 4358:Vols. 13–18: Letters: 3995:), 2nd edition (1621) 3980:Harmony of the Worlds 3702:Die Harmonie der Welt 3624: 3558:analytical psychology 3523:Scientific Revolution 3505:Ernst Friedrich Apelt 3491:, in his influential 3465:Jean-Étienne Montucla 3446: 3429:universal gravitation 3424:Principia Mathematica 3293: 3116: 3017: 2921: 2880: 2806:Since completing the 2800:Further information: 2693: 2499: 2476:Kepler advocated for 2470: 2403: 2324: 2241: 2130: 1930:seminary at Maulbronn 1896: 1849: 1842:Childhood (1571–1590) 1696:universal gravitation 1668:, best known for his 1666:Scientific Revolution 1249:Large-scale structure 1227:Shape of the universe 561:Hamiltonian mechanics 379:Statistical mechanics 298: 90:, after 1627 original 8789:Natural philosophers 8438:Astronomers Monument 8201:Robertson, Edmund F. 8165:(1920 book, part of 8050:Westfall, Richard S. 7711:, Doubleday (2004). 7653:De Gandt, Francois. 7264:kepler-kommission.de 7163:Frautschi, Steven C. 6977:, 34(1996): 451–504. 6637:, p. 150; Westfall, 6529:Tertius Interveniens 6359:, Vol. 1 (1956) Ed. 6187:Rothman, A. (2021). 4626:The World of Jupiter 4550:History of astronomy 3849:Tertius Interveniens 3695:The German composer 3574:Kepleri Opera omnia, 3550:analogical reasoning 3344:Keplersche Fassregel 2991:Tertius Interveniens 2976:Tertius Interveniens 2852:geocentric astronomy 2780:Vicarious Hypothesis 2348:, then began having 2103:astrological aspects 1880:Katharina Guldenmann 1777:refracting telescope 1561:Astronomy portal 1519:background radiation 1496:List of cosmologists 784:Angular acceleration 776:Rotational frequency 556:Lagrangian mechanics 549:Analytical mechanics 305:Second law of motion 258: 8809:Writers about music 8759:German cosmologists 8603:Speculative fiction 8313:Keplerian telescope 8199:O'Connor, John J.; 8024:Stephenson, Bruce. 8002:Stephenson, Bruce. 7491:2009Natur.462..724P 7444:1979AmSci..67..286R 7171:Goodstein, David L. 7126:, 14(1983): 166–179 7103:, pp. 348–349 7090:31 (1990): 333–357. 7027:1976JHA.....7....1V 7003:, pp. 355–360 6835:1975VA.....18..643B 6823:Vistas in Astronomy 6442:1975VA.....18..439S 6430:Vistas in Astronomy 6395:2005JHA....36....7B 6308:1984AHES...31..189F 6248:1990teas.conf..189G 6023:, pp. 199–202. 5857:2020PhT....73a..36R 5775:, pp. 251–254. 5716:Statistical Science 5708:Ferguson, Thomas S. 5601:, pp. 151–153. 5549:, pp. 111–122. 5536:, pp. 108–111. 5510:, pp. 100–108. 5025:2022CSF...16412695C 4977:. 16 November 2015. 4540:Theoretical physics 4274:Tabulae Rudolphinae 4000:Tabulae Rudolphinae 3592:Alexander von Brill 3509:Catherine the Great 3398:, who observed the 3279:Keplerian telescope 3185:projective geometry 2924:General Wallenstein 2736:orbit to the data. 2612:Kepler thought the 2552:: he realized that 2378:University of Padua 2370:Augsburg Confession 2151:Benátky nad Jizerou 2141:and his assistants 2089:and "harmony," the 1950:Philipp Melanchthon 1907:Great Comet of 1577 1899:Great Comet of 1577 1765:General Wallenstein 1662:natural philosopher 1261:Structure formation 1153:Friedmann equations 1043:Age of the universe 1007:Part of a series on 636:Harmonic oscillator 614:Equations of motion 249:Classical mechanics 243:Part of a series on 131:, Holy Roman Empire 112:, Holy Roman Empire 21:Page version status 8764:German astrologers 8749:Austrian Lutherans 8495:History of science 8308:Kepler's Supernova 8174:Clerke, Agnes Mary 8154:Walter W. Bryant. 7940:Pannekoek, Anton: 7862:Koyré, Alexandre: 7758:Kepler, Johannes. 7753:History of Science 7432:American Scientist 7116:Venus in sole visa 6990:, pp. 362–364 6975:History of Science 6940:10.1007/BF03024733 6862:Science in Context 6739:, pp. 198–202 6641:, chapters 7 and 8 6573:, pp. 266–290 6505:, pp. 178–181 6424:Simon, G. (1975). 6365:Simon and Schuster 6316:10.1007/BF00327703 6128:, pp. 302–304 6099:, pp. 277–279 6049:, pp. 129–132 6034:Annals of Science, 6001:, pp. 123–128 5788:, pp. 358–360 5670:, pp. 208–211 5657:, pp. 204–207 5640:, pp. 202–204 5614:, pp. 153–157 5562:, pp. 149–153 5402:, pp. 49–69. 5143:Annalen der Physik 4994:themarginalian.org 4807:Grove Music Online 4582:Radiation pressure 4555:History of physics 3756:named in his honor 3740:Kepler's Supernova 3638: 3546:incommensurability 3453: 3439:History of science 3400:1639 Venus transit 3304: 3262:Galilean telescope 3153:inverse-square law 3127: 3125:of various species 3079:Christiaan Huygens 3035:musica universalis 3026: 2927: 2887: 2708: 2516: 2409: 2374:Formula of Concord 2331: 2280:Laurentius Suslyga 2259:great conjunctions 2247: 2234:Kepler's Supernova 2166:Archduke Ferdinand 2159:Johannes Jessenius 2135: 2123:Prague (1600–1612) 1982:Formula of Concord 1932:, Kepler attended 1903: 1856:Free Imperial City 1852: 1808:natural philosophy 1300:Dark Energy Survey 1244:Large quasar group 1013:Physical cosmology 952:Physics portal 566:Routhian mechanics 441:Frame of reference 293: 203:natural philosophy 27: 8452: 8451: 8444:List of namesakes 8370:Rudolphine Tables 8298:Kepler's equation 8278:Kepler conjecture 8271:Scientific career 8204:"Johannes Kepler" 8162:Project Gutenberg 8140:Project Gutenberg 8083:978-0-521-23143-5 8038:978-0-691-03439-3 8020:978-0-691-03652-6 8012:978-0-387-96541-3 7998:978-0-226-75020-0 7975:978-3-540-56859-9 7950:978-0-486-65994-7 7936:978-0-00-686177-5 7908:978-0-674-17103-9 7892:978-2-7056-5648-5 7886:; Hermann, 1973. 7884:978-0-416-76980-7 7878:; Methuen, 1973. 7876:978-0-8014-0504-4 7858:978-0-85527-354-5 7841:978-0-14-019246-9 7739:978-0-88318-863-7 7717:978-0-385-50844-5 7703:978-0-226-24823-3 7667:978-0-691-03367-9 7649:978-0-06-052255-1 7639:Connor, James A. 7635:978-0-486-67605-0 7337:Heavenly Intrigue 7186:978-0-521-71590-4 7064:on 1 October 2006 6806:978-2-251-44832-9 6798:Eberhard Knobloch 6764:De nive sexangula 6605:978-0-393-06532-9 6584:Miller, Arthur I. 5919:, pp. 65–71. 5865:10.1063/PT.3.4388 5801:. 31 August 2023. 5693:978-1-118-02427-0 5497:, pp. 89–100 5471:, pp. 85–86. 5441:. pp. 71–75. 5428:. pp. 58–65. 5415:. pp. 50–51. 5299:Connor, James A. 5290:, pp. 25–27. 5223:, Vol. 15, p. 845 5083:978-0-900099-15-1 4846:(subscription or 4833:978-1-56159-263-0 4781:978-3-11-018202-6 4750:978-3-411-04067-4 4692:"Johannes Kepler" 4652:Martin Villeneuve 4516:. In preparation. 4514:Manuscripta varia 4509:. In preparation. 4459:978-3-406-01674-5 4179:. Semi-parchment 4127:Kepler-Kommission 4005:Rudolphine Tables 3893:Eclogae Chronicae 3875:De nive sexangula 3748:Kepler conjecture 3671:Heavenly Intrigue 3596:Kepler-Kommission 3501:scientific method 3396:Jeremiah Horrocks 3376:Ismaël Bullialdus 3340:integral calculus 3320:Kepler conjecture 3296:Kepler conjecture 3206:point at infinity 3181:law of refraction 3132:Rudolphine Tables 2983:Helisaeus Roeslin 2907:Rudolphine Tables 2895:Rudolphine Tables 2883:Rudolphine Tables 2872:Rudolphine Tables 2860:Thirty Years' War 2457:Thirty Years' War 2444:reformed calendar 2413:Rudolphine Tables 2390:Eclogae Chronicae 2284:Star of Bethlehem 2276:celestial spheres 2228:Supernova of 1604 2179:Rudolphine Tables 2118:Scientific career 1966:Copernican system 1876:Eighty Years' War 1868:Baden-Württemberg 1862:(now part of the 1749:Emperor Rudolf II 1704:scientific method 1597: 1596: 1268: 1267: 1110: 1109: 1002: 1001: 749:Centrifugal force 744:Centripetal force 700:Euler's equations 685:Relative velocity 461:Moment of inertia 291: 265: 238: 237: 181:Scientific career 170:Rudolphine Tables 164:Kepler conjecture 39:25 September 2024 18: 8831: 8774:German Lutherans 8661: 8660: 8659: 8649: 8648: 8647: 8637: 8636: 8635: 8625: 8624: 8613: 8612: 8611: 8601: 8600: 8589: 8588: 8587: 8577: 8576: 8565: 8564: 8553: 8552: 8541: 8540: 8539: 8529: 8528: 8527: 8517: 8516: 8515: 8505: 8504: 8493: 8492: 8491: 8481: 8480: 8479: 8469: 8468: 8467: 8460: 8404:Katharina Kepler 8362:Harmonices Mundi 8303:Kepler polyhedra 8257: 8250: 8243: 8234: 8233: 8223: 8217: 8189: 8181: 8164: 8149:Internet Archive 8046:. Pelican, 1963. 7988:Shapin, Steven. 7850:Galilean Studies 7846:Koyré, Alexandre 7831:The Sleepwalkers 7826:Koestler, Arthur 7672:Dreyer, J. L. E. 7627:C. Doris Hellman 7594: 7580: 7574: 7573: 7571: 7569: 7552: 7546: 7545: 7543: 7541: 7527: 7521: 7520: 7502: 7470: 7464: 7463: 7423: 7417: 7416: 7376: 7370: 7369: 7367: 7365: 7350: 7344: 7330: 7324: 7309: 7303: 7296:The Sleepwalkers 7292: 7286: 7273: 7267: 7261: 7255: 7249: 7243: 7236: 7230: 7227: 7221: 7214: 7208: 7205: 7199: 7198: 7159: 7153: 7146: 7140: 7133: 7127: 7110: 7104: 7097: 7091: 7080: 7074: 7073: 7071: 7069: 7060:. Archived from 7053: 7047: 7046: 7010: 7004: 6997: 6991: 6984: 6978: 6967: 6961: 6960: 6942: 6918: 6912: 6911: 6909: 6907: 6892: 6886: 6885: 6853: 6847: 6846: 6814: 6808: 6786: 6780: 6779: 6755: 6749: 6746: 6740: 6733: 6727: 6724:The Sleepwalkers 6720: 6714: 6707: 6701: 6687: 6681: 6674: 6668: 6661: 6655: 6648: 6642: 6623: 6617: 6616: 6614: 6612: 6593: 6580: 6574: 6567: 6561: 6554: 6548: 6538: 6532: 6525:C. Doris Hellman 6523:, translated by 6512: 6506: 6499: 6493: 6492: 6460: 6454: 6453: 6421: 6415: 6414: 6374: 6368: 6350: 6344: 6343: 6287: 6278: 6271: 6265: 6258: 6252: 6251: 6231: 6225: 6224: 6184: 6175: 6164: 6158: 6147: 6141: 6135: 6129: 6122: 6113: 6106: 6100: 6089: 6083: 6076: 6070: 6069: 6056: 6050: 6043: 6037: 6030: 6024: 6017: 6011: 6008: 6002: 5995: 5989: 5988: 5956: 5950: 5939: 5933: 5926: 5920: 5913: 5907: 5904: 5898: 5891: 5885: 5884: 5836: 5830: 5823: 5817: 5816: 5809: 5803: 5802: 5795: 5789: 5782: 5776: 5765: 5759: 5752: 5746: 5745: 5731: 5704: 5698: 5697: 5677: 5671: 5664: 5658: 5647: 5641: 5634: 5628: 5621: 5615: 5608: 5602: 5595: 5589: 5582: 5576: 5569: 5563: 5556: 5550: 5543: 5537: 5530: 5524: 5517: 5511: 5504: 5498: 5491: 5485: 5484:, pp. 86–89 5478: 5472: 5465: 5459: 5458:, pp. 75–77 5448: 5442: 5435: 5429: 5422: 5416: 5409: 5403: 5392: 5386: 5385: 5345: 5339: 5338:(2001): 227–236. 5326: 5320: 5313: 5304: 5297: 5291: 5280: 5274: 5271:The Sleepwalkers 5267: 5258: 5247: 5241: 5240:, pp. 74–78 5230: 5224: 5214: 5208: 5201: 5195: 5188: 5182: 5175: 5169: 5168: 5166: 5138: 5132: 5131: 5108: 5102: 5101: 5095: 5087: 5069: 5063: 5062: 5051: 5045: 5044: 5004: 4998: 4997: 4985: 4979: 4978: 4975:bbvaopenmind.com 4967: 4961: 4960: 4953: 4947: 4946: 4944: 4942: 4933:. Archived from 4927: 4921: 4920: 4913: 4907: 4906: 4858: 4852: 4851: 4844: 4842: 4840: 4803: 4792: 4786: 4785: 4761: 4755: 4754: 4730: 4724: 4712: 4706: 4705: 4696:Zalta, Edward N. 4687: 4665: 4642: 4636: 4608: 4602: 4599: 4434:Briefe 1620–1630 4419:Briefe 1612–1620 4404:Briefe 1607–1611 4389:Briefe 1604–1607 4382:Briefe 1599–1603 4367:Briefe 1590–1599 4115: 4105: 4095: 4085: 4075: 4065: 4055: 4045: 4035: 3969: 3957: 3947: 3937: 3927: 3821: 3686:Eggenberg Castle 3655:The Sleepwalkers 3581:Walther von Dyck 3451:, Czech Republic 3392:transit of Venus 3229:Sidereus Nuncius 3091:Christopher Wren 3067:orbital velocity 2937:Sir Oliver Lodge 2848:Michael Maestlin 2648:patronage system 2554:regular polygons 2449:marriage problem 2396:Linz (1612–1630) 2196:Imperial Advisor 2190:Erasmus Reinhold 2014: 2000: 1988:Graz (1594–1600) 1962:Ptolemaic system 1954:Michael Maestlin 1864:Stuttgart Region 1832: 1718:" for his novel 1672:, and his books 1647: 1646: 1645: 1639: 1634: 1630: 1629: 1626: 1625: 1622: 1619: 1616: 1613: 1610: 1589: 1582: 1575: 1559: 1558: 1557: 1546: 1545: 1239:Galaxy formation 1199:Lambda-CDM model 1188: 1187: 1180:Components 1062: 1061: 1023: 1004: 1003: 994: 987: 980: 967: 962: 961: 954: 950: 949: 855:Johann Bernoulli 850:Daniel Bernoulli 771:Tangential speed 675: 651: 626:Fictitious force 621: 473:Mechanical power 463: 404:Angular momentum 302: 300: 299: 294: 292: 290: 282: 281: 272: 267: 266: 240: 239: 234: 215:Michael Maestlin 210:Doctoral advisor 124: 121:15 November 1630 106:27 December 1571 105: 103: 89: 86: 77: 63: 62: 8839: 8838: 8834: 8833: 8832: 8830: 8829: 8828: 8779:Anglican saints 8679:Johannes Kepler 8669: 8668: 8667: 8657: 8655: 8645: 8643: 8633: 8631: 8619: 8609: 8607: 8595: 8585: 8583: 8571: 8559: 8547: 8537: 8535: 8525: 8523: 8513: 8511: 8499: 8489: 8487: 8477: 8475: 8465: 8463: 8455: 8453: 8448: 8430:Johannes Kepler 8384: 8357:(1618, 1620-21) 8346:Astronomia nova 8317: 8293:Kepler triangle 8266: 8264:Johannes Kepler 8261: 8221: 8153: 8127:Johannes Kepler 8114:Wayback Machine 8099: 8094: 7955:Pauli, Wolfgang 7897:Kuhn, Thomas S. 7727:Gingerich, Owen 7603: 7598: 7597: 7581: 7577: 7567: 7565: 7553: 7549: 7539: 7537: 7529: 7528: 7524: 7500:10.1038/462724a 7471: 7467: 7424: 7420: 7377: 7373: 7363: 7361: 7360:on May 31, 2011 7352: 7351: 7347: 7333:Marcelo Gleiser 7331: 7327: 7321:English Studies 7310: 7306: 7293: 7289: 7274: 7270: 7262: 7258: 7250: 7246: 7237: 7233: 7228: 7224: 7215: 7211: 7206: 7202: 7187: 7167:Apostol, Tom M. 7160: 7156: 7147: 7143: 7134: 7130: 7111: 7107: 7098: 7094: 7082:Allan Chapman, 7081: 7077: 7067: 7065: 7054: 7050: 7011: 7007: 6998: 6994: 6985: 6981: 6968: 6964: 6919: 6915: 6905: 6903: 6893: 6889: 6854: 6850: 6815: 6811: 6787: 6783: 6756: 6752: 6747: 6743: 6734: 6730: 6721: 6717: 6708: 6704: 6688: 6684: 6675: 6671: 6662: 6658: 6649: 6645: 6624: 6620: 6610: 6608: 6606: 6581: 6577: 6568: 6564: 6555: 6551: 6546:Harmonice Mundi 6539: 6535: 6513: 6509: 6500: 6496: 6461: 6457: 6422: 6418: 6375: 6371: 6351: 6347: 6288: 6281: 6272: 6268: 6259: 6255: 6232: 6228: 6185: 6178: 6165: 6161: 6148: 6144: 6136: 6132: 6123: 6116: 6107: 6103: 6090: 6086: 6077: 6073: 6057: 6053: 6044: 6040: 6031: 6027: 6018: 6014: 6009: 6005: 5996: 5992: 5957: 5953: 5941:Dreyer, J.L.E. 5940: 5936: 5927: 5923: 5914: 5910: 5905: 5901: 5892: 5888: 5837: 5833: 5824: 5820: 5815:. 26 July 2024. 5811: 5810: 5806: 5797: 5796: 5792: 5783: 5779: 5766: 5762: 5753: 5749: 5705: 5701: 5694: 5678: 5674: 5665: 5661: 5648: 5644: 5635: 5631: 5627:, pp. 1–78 5622: 5618: 5609: 5605: 5596: 5592: 5583: 5579: 5570: 5566: 5557: 5553: 5544: 5540: 5531: 5527: 5518: 5514: 5505: 5501: 5492: 5488: 5479: 5475: 5466: 5462: 5449: 5445: 5436: 5432: 5423: 5419: 5410: 5406: 5393: 5389: 5346: 5342: 5327: 5323: 5314: 5307: 5298: 5294: 5281: 5277: 5268: 5261: 5248: 5244: 5231: 5227: 5215: 5211: 5202: 5198: 5189: 5185: 5176: 5172: 5139: 5135: 5109: 5105: 5089: 5088: 5084: 5070: 5066: 5053: 5052: 5048: 5005: 5001: 4986: 4982: 4969: 4968: 4964: 4955: 4954: 4950: 4940: 4938: 4937:on 24 June 2021 4929: 4928: 4924: 4915: 4914: 4910: 4859: 4855: 4845: 4838: 4836: 4834: 4812:H. Floris Cohen 4793: 4789: 4782: 4762: 4758: 4751: 4731: 4727: 4713: 4709: 4688: 4684: 4679: 4674: 4669: 4668: 4657:Harmonice Mundi 4643: 4639: 4609: 4605: 4600: 4596: 4591: 4586: 4565:Kepler triangle 4535: 4214:Harmonice Mundi 4169:Astronomia Nova 4111:[Opere] 4108: 4101:[Opere] 4098: 4091:[Opere] 4088: 4081:[Opere] 4078: 4071:[Opere] 4068: 4061:[Opere] 4058: 4051:[Opere] 4048: 4041:[Opere] 4038: 4031:[Opere] 4028: 3974:Harmonice Mundi 3962: 3950: 3940: 3930: 3920: 3838:Astronomia nova 3814: 3787: 3715:Yale University 3650:Arthur Koestler 3619: 3613: 3605:Roland Bulirsch 3566: 3538:Stephen Toulmin 3519:Alexandre Koyré 3489:William Whewell 3441: 3388:Pierre Gassendi 3372:Astronomia nova 3357: 3352: 3288: 3242:Astronomia Nova 3220:Galileo Galilei 3216: 3157:pinhole cameras 3111: 3104: 3063:Kepler's solids 3048:Harmonice Mundi 3030:Harmonice Mundi 3021:Harmonice Mundi 3012: 3010:Harmonice Mundi 3006: 3003:Harmonice Mundi 2999: 2979: 2948: 2916: 2891:Astronomia Nova 2875: 2833:Astronomia nova 2808:Astronomia Nova 2804: 2798: 2788:Astronomia nova 2745:William Gilbert 2718:A New Astronomy 2713:Astronomia Nova 2704:Astronomia Nova 2694:Diagram of the 2688: 2685:Astronomia Nova 2563:Platonic solids 2494: 2487: 2465: 2429:excommunication 2398: 2337:by his brother 2335:King of Bohemia 2319: 2314: 2236: 2230: 2222:David Fabricius 2198: 2185:Prutenic Tables 2143:Franz Tengnagel 2125: 2120: 2079:Tychonic system 2051: 2026: 2025: 2024: 2023: 2022: 2015: 2006: 2005: 2004: 2001: 1990: 1946:Jacob Heerbrand 1844: 1839: 1830: 1781:Galileo Galilei 1716:science fiction 1681:Harmonice Mundi 1675:Astronomia nova 1641: 1640: 1632: 1607: 1603: 1600:Johannes Kepler 1593: 1555: 1553: 1535: 1534: 1521: 1518: 1511: 1509:Subject history 1501: 1500: 1492: 1337: 1329: 1328: 1325: 1322: 1280: 1270: 1269: 1232:Galaxy filament 1185: 1173: 1172: 1124: 1119:Expansion 1112: 1111: 1096:Microwave (CMB) 1075:Nucleosynthesis 1059: 998: 957: 944: 943: 936: 935: 934: 809: 801: 800: 780: 734:Circular motion 728: 718: 717: 716: 673: 643: 640: 619: 598: 590: 589: 586: 585: 543: 533: 525: 524: 523: 482: 478:Mechanical work 471: 455: 393: 385: 384: 383: 338: 330: 307: 283: 277: 273: 271: 262: 261: 259: 256: 255: 175: 132: 126: 122: 113: 107: 101: 99: 91: 87: 68: 67:Johannes Kepler 59: 52: 47: 46: 45: 44: 43: 42: 26: 12: 11: 5: 8837: 8827: 8826: 8821: 8816: 8811: 8806: 8801: 8796: 8791: 8786: 8781: 8776: 8771: 8766: 8761: 8756: 8751: 8746: 8741: 8736: 8731: 8726: 8721: 8716: 8711: 8706: 8701: 8696: 8691: 8686: 8681: 8666: 8665: 8653: 8641: 8629: 8617: 8605: 8593: 8581: 8569: 8557: 8545: 8533: 8521: 8509: 8497: 8485: 8473: 8450: 8449: 8447: 8446: 8441: 8434: 8426: 8421: 8413: 8407: 8401: 8392: 8390: 8386: 8385: 8383: 8382: 8374: 8366: 8358: 8350: 8342: 8338:De Stella Nova 8334: 8325: 8323: 8319: 8318: 8316: 8315: 8310: 8305: 8300: 8295: 8290: 8285: 8280: 8274: 8272: 8268: 8267: 8260: 8259: 8252: 8245: 8237: 8231: 8230: 8218: 8196: 8192:Plant, David, 8190: 8170: 8167:Men of Science 8151: 8142: 8133: 8124: 8116: 8098: 8097:External links 8095: 8093: 8092: 8085: 8071: 8047: 8040: 8022: 8000: 7986: 7977: 7952: 7938: 7924: 7921:Kepler's Dream 7917: 7910: 7894: 7860: 7843: 7823: 7808: 7774: 7756: 7749: 7742: 7724: 7705: 7685: 7669: 7651: 7637: 7619: 7604: 7602: 7599: 7596: 7595: 7575: 7547: 7522: 7465: 7438:(3): 286–292. 7418: 7391:(227): 63–66. 7371: 7345: 7325: 7304: 7287: 7268: 7256: 7252:Ulrich Grigull 7244: 7242:, pp. 3–4 7231: 7222: 7220:, pp. 1–2 7209: 7200: 7185: 7154: 7141: 7128: 7105: 7092: 7075: 7048: 7005: 6992: 6979: 6962: 6913: 6887: 6848: 6829:(1): 643–660. 6809: 6781: 6750: 6741: 6728: 6715: 6702: 6682: 6669: 6656: 6643: 6618: 6604: 6575: 6562: 6549: 6533: 6507: 6494: 6455: 6436:(1): 439–448. 6416: 6369: 6345: 6302:(3): 189–272. 6279: 6266: 6264:. pp. 178–179. 6253: 6226: 6176: 6159: 6142: 6130: 6114: 6101: 6084: 6071: 6051: 6038: 6025: 6012: 6003: 5990: 5951: 5934: 5921: 5908: 5899: 5886: 5831: 5818: 5804: 5790: 5777: 5773:Kepler's Witch 5760: 5756:Kepler's Witch 5747: 5722:(3): 282–289. 5699: 5692: 5672: 5659: 5651:Kepler's Witch 5642: 5629: 5625:Kepler's Dream 5616: 5603: 5590: 5588:, p. 151. 5577: 5564: 5551: 5538: 5525: 5512: 5499: 5486: 5473: 5460: 5452:Kepler's Witch 5443: 5430: 5417: 5404: 5400:Kepler's Witch 5387: 5366:10.1086/649340 5340: 5321: 5319:(2001), p. 96. 5305: 5303:(2004), p. 58. 5301:Kepler's Witch 5292: 5288:Kepler's Witch 5275: 5259: 5255:Kepler's Witch 5242: 5225: 5209: 5196: 5183: 5170: 5149:(7–8). Wiley. 5133: 5103: 5082: 5064: 5046: 4999: 4980: 4962: 4948: 4922: 4908: 4879:10.1086/392885 4873:(3): 319–326. 4853: 4832: 4787: 4780: 4756: 4749: 4725: 4707: 4681: 4680: 4678: 4675: 4673: 4670: 4667: 4666: 4662:Benoît Charest 4637: 4603: 4593: 4592: 4590: 4587: 4585: 4584: 4579: 4577:Penrose tiling 4574: 4569: 4568: 4567: 4562: 4552: 4547: 4542: 4536: 4534: 4531: 4523: 4522: 4519: 4518: 4517: 4510: 4503: 4488: 4462: 4447: 4446: 4445: 4430: 4415: 4400: 4385: 4378: 4360: 4359: 4355: 4354: 4331: 4308: 4285: 4270: 4263: 4248: 4225: 4210: 4203: 4188: 4165: 4150: 4119: 4118: 4117: 4116: 4106: 4096: 4086: 4076: 4066: 4056: 4046: 4026: 4008: 3996: 3984: 3970: 3960: 3959: 3958: 3948: 3928: 3918: 3910: 3900: 3890: 3884: 3872: 3866: 3856: 3846: 3834: 3822: 3812: 3800: 3786: 3783: 3768:Martian crater 3752:sphere packing 3697:Paul Hindemith 3646:astrophysicist 3615:Main article: 3612: 3609: 3601:Ulrich Grigull 3565: 3562: 3554:Wolfgang Pauli 3440: 3437: 3433:Kepler problem 3368:René Descartes 3356: 3353: 3351: 3348: 3336:Simpson's rule 3287: 3284: 3215: 3210: 3137:solar eclipses 3110: 3105: 3103: 3100: 3089:, and perhaps 3059:regular solids 3008:Main article: 3005: 3000: 2998: 2995: 2978: 2973: 2952:De Fundamentis 2947: 2945:De Fundamentis 2942: 2915: 2912: 2874: 2869: 2797: 2792: 2741:God the Father 2687: 2682: 2607:orbital period 2502:Platonic solid 2493: 2488: 2486: 2483: 2464: 2461: 2397: 2394: 2318: 2315: 2313: 2310: 2271:De Stella Nova 2229: 2226: 2197: 2194: 2124: 2121: 2119: 2116: 2067:Reimarus Ursus 2050: 2049:Other research 2047: 2016: 2009: 2008: 2007: 2002: 1995: 1994: 1993: 1992: 1991: 1989: 1986: 1948:(a student of 1934:Tübinger Stift 1860:Weil der Stadt 1843: 1840: 1838: 1835: 1827:On the Heavens 1712:modern science 1595: 1594: 1592: 1591: 1584: 1577: 1569: 1566: 1565: 1564: 1563: 1551: 1537: 1536: 1533: 1532: 1527: 1522: 1515: 1512: 1507: 1506: 1503: 1502: 1499: 1498: 1491: 1490: 1485: 1480: 1475: 1470: 1465: 1460: 1455: 1450: 1445: 1440: 1435: 1430: 1425: 1420: 1415: 1410: 1405: 1400: 1395: 1390: 1385: 1380: 1375: 1370: 1365: 1360: 1355: 1350: 1345: 1339: 1338: 1335: 1334: 1331: 1330: 1327: 1326: 1319: 1317: 1312: 1307: 1302: 1297: 1292: 1287: 1281: 1276: 1275: 1272: 1271: 1266: 1265: 1264: 1263: 1251: 1246: 1241: 1229: 1221: 1220: 1216: 1215: 1214: 1213: 1201: 1193: 1192: 1186: 1179: 1178: 1175: 1174: 1171: 1170: 1165: 1160: 1155: 1143: 1138: 1125: 1118: 1117: 1114: 1113: 1108: 1107: 1106: 1105: 1103:Neutrino (CNB) 1093: 1085: 1084: 1080: 1079: 1078: 1077: 1060: 1058:Early universe 1057: 1056: 1053: 1052: 1051: 1050: 1045: 1040: 1025: 1024: 1016: 1015: 1009: 1008: 1000: 999: 997: 996: 989: 982: 974: 971: 970: 969: 968: 955: 938: 937: 933: 932: 927: 922: 917: 912: 907: 902: 897: 892: 887: 882: 877: 872: 867: 862: 857: 852: 847: 842: 837: 832: 827: 822: 817: 811: 810: 807: 806: 803: 802: 799: 798: 779: 778: 773: 768: 763: 761:Coriolis force 758: 757: 756: 746: 741: 736: 730: 729: 724: 723: 720: 719: 715: 714: 709: 704: 703: 702: 697: 687: 682: 677: 670: 659: 658: 657: 652: 639: 638: 633: 628: 623: 616: 611: 606: 600: 599: 596: 595: 592: 591: 588: 587: 584: 583: 578: 573: 568: 563: 558: 552: 546: 544: 537: 534: 531: 530: 527: 526: 522: 521: 516: 511: 506: 501: 496: 491: 486: 480: 475: 469: 464: 453: 448: 443: 438: 433: 432: 431: 426: 416: 411: 406: 401: 395: 394: 391: 390: 387: 386: 382: 381: 376: 371: 366: 361: 356: 351: 346: 340: 339: 336: 335: 332: 331: 329: 328: 323: 318: 312: 309: 308: 303: 289: 286: 280: 276: 270: 252: 251: 245: 244: 236: 235: 227: 226: 222: 221: 218: 217: 212: 206: 205: 188: 184: 183: 177: 176: 174: 173: 166: 161: 155: 153: 152:Known for 149: 148: 141:Tübinger Stift 138: 134: 133: 127: 125:(aged 58) 119: 115: 114: 108: 97: 93: 92: 78: 70: 69: 66: 50: 28: 22: 19: 17: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8836: 8825: 8822: 8820: 8817: 8815: 8812: 8810: 8807: 8805: 8802: 8800: 8797: 8795: 8792: 8790: 8787: 8785: 8782: 8780: 8777: 8775: 8772: 8770: 8767: 8765: 8762: 8760: 8757: 8755: 8752: 8750: 8747: 8745: 8742: 8740: 8737: 8735: 8732: 8730: 8727: 8725: 8722: 8720: 8717: 8715: 8712: 8710: 8707: 8705: 8702: 8700: 8697: 8695: 8692: 8690: 8687: 8685: 8682: 8680: 8677: 8676: 8674: 8664: 8654: 8652: 8642: 8640: 8630: 8628: 8623: 8618: 8616: 8606: 8604: 8599: 8594: 8592: 8582: 8580: 8575: 8570: 8568: 8563: 8558: 8556: 8551: 8546: 8544: 8534: 8532: 8522: 8520: 8510: 8508: 8503: 8498: 8496: 8486: 8484: 8474: 8472: 8462: 8461: 8458: 8445: 8442: 8440: 8439: 8435: 8433: 8431: 8427: 8425: 8422: 8419: 8418: 8414: 8411: 8410:Jakob Bartsch 8408: 8405: 8402: 8399: 8398: 8394: 8393: 8391: 8387: 8380: 8379: 8375: 8372: 8371: 8367: 8364: 8363: 8359: 8356: 8355: 8351: 8348: 8347: 8343: 8340: 8339: 8335: 8332: 8331: 8327: 8326: 8324: 8320: 8314: 8311: 8309: 8306: 8304: 8301: 8299: 8296: 8294: 8291: 8289: 8286: 8284: 8281: 8279: 8276: 8275: 8273: 8269: 8265: 8258: 8253: 8251: 8246: 8244: 8239: 8238: 8235: 8228: 8224: 8219: 8215: 8211: 8210: 8205: 8202: 8197: 8195: 8191: 8187: 8186: 8180: 8175: 8171: 8168: 8163: 8159: 8158: 8152: 8150: 8146: 8143: 8141: 8137: 8134: 8132: 8128: 8125: 8123: 8121: 8117: 8115: 8111: 8108: 8106: 8101: 8100: 8090: 8086: 8084: 8080: 8076: 8072: 8070: 8069:0-521-29295-6 8066: 8062: 8061:0-471-93531-X 8058: 8054: 8051: 8048: 8045: 8041: 8039: 8035: 8031: 8027: 8023: 8021: 8017: 8013: 8009: 8005: 8001: 7999: 7995: 7991: 7987: 7984: 7983: 7978: 7976: 7972: 7969:(1574–1637). 7968: 7964: 7960: 7956: 7953: 7951: 7947: 7943: 7939: 7937: 7933: 7929: 7926:North, John. 7925: 7922: 7918: 7915: 7911: 7909: 7905: 7901: 7898: 7895: 7893: 7889: 7885: 7881: 7877: 7873: 7869: 7865: 7861: 7859: 7855: 7851: 7847: 7844: 7842: 7838: 7834: 7832: 7827: 7824: 7821: 7817: 7813: 7809: 7807: 7803: 7799: 7795: 7791: 7787: 7783: 7779: 7775: 7773: 7772:0-521-30131-9 7769: 7765: 7761: 7757: 7754: 7750: 7747: 7743: 7740: 7736: 7732: 7728: 7725: 7722: 7718: 7714: 7710: 7706: 7704: 7700: 7696: 7692: 7689: 7686: 7684: 7683:0-486-60079-3 7680: 7676: 7673: 7670: 7668: 7664: 7660: 7656: 7652: 7650: 7646: 7642: 7638: 7636: 7632: 7628: 7624: 7621:Caspar, Max. 7620: 7617: 7614: 7611:, Volume 16. 7610: 7606: 7605: 7593: 7589: 7585: 7579: 7564: 7563: 7558: 7551: 7536: 7532: 7526: 7518: 7514: 7510: 7506: 7501: 7496: 7492: 7488: 7485:(7274): 724. 7484: 7480: 7476: 7469: 7461: 7457: 7453: 7449: 7445: 7441: 7437: 7433: 7429: 7422: 7414: 7410: 7406: 7402: 7398: 7394: 7390: 7386: 7382: 7375: 7359: 7355: 7349: 7342: 7338: 7334: 7329: 7322: 7318: 7314: 7308: 7301: 7297: 7291: 7284: 7283: 7278: 7272: 7265: 7260: 7253: 7248: 7241: 7235: 7226: 7219: 7213: 7204: 7196: 7192: 7188: 7182: 7178: 7177: 7172: 7168: 7164: 7158: 7151: 7145: 7138: 7132: 7125: 7124: 7119: 7117: 7109: 7102: 7096: 7089: 7085: 7079: 7063: 7059: 7052: 7044: 7040: 7036: 7032: 7028: 7024: 7020: 7016: 7009: 7002: 6996: 6989: 6983: 6976: 6972: 6966: 6958: 6954: 6950: 6946: 6941: 6936: 6932: 6928: 6924: 6917: 6902: 6898: 6891: 6883: 6879: 6875: 6871: 6867: 6863: 6859: 6852: 6844: 6840: 6836: 6832: 6828: 6824: 6820: 6813: 6807: 6803: 6799: 6795: 6791: 6785: 6777: 6773: 6769: 6765: 6761: 6760:Hardie, Colin 6754: 6745: 6738: 6732: 6725: 6719: 6713:, pp. 192–197 6712: 6706: 6699: 6695: 6691: 6686: 6680:, pp. 142–146 6679: 6673: 6666: 6660: 6654:, p. 502 6653: 6647: 6640: 6636: 6632: 6628: 6627:Never at Rest 6622: 6607: 6601: 6597: 6592: 6591: 6585: 6579: 6572: 6566: 6559: 6553: 6547: 6543: 6537: 6530: 6526: 6522: 6517: 6511: 6504: 6498: 6490: 6486: 6482: 6478: 6475:(2): 85–116. 6474: 6470: 6466: 6459: 6451: 6447: 6443: 6439: 6435: 6431: 6427: 6420: 6412: 6408: 6404: 6400: 6396: 6392: 6388: 6384: 6380: 6373: 6366: 6362: 6358: 6354: 6349: 6341: 6337: 6333: 6329: 6325: 6321: 6317: 6313: 6309: 6305: 6301: 6297: 6293: 6286: 6284: 6276: 6270: 6263: 6257: 6249: 6245: 6241: 6237: 6230: 6222: 6218: 6214: 6210: 6206: 6202: 6198: 6194: 6190: 6183: 6181: 6173: 6169: 6163: 6156: 6152: 6146: 6140: 6134: 6127: 6121: 6119: 6111: 6105: 6098: 6094: 6088: 6082:, p. 133 6081: 6075: 6067: 6066: 6061: 6055: 6048: 6042: 6035: 6029: 6022: 6016: 6007: 6000: 5994: 5986: 5982: 5978: 5974: 5970: 5966: 5962: 5955: 5948: 5946: 5938: 5931: 5925: 5918: 5912: 5903: 5896: 5890: 5882: 5878: 5874: 5870: 5866: 5862: 5858: 5854: 5850: 5846: 5845:Physics Today 5842: 5835: 5828: 5822: 5814: 5808: 5800: 5794: 5787: 5781: 5774: 5770: 5764: 5757: 5751: 5744: 5739: 5735: 5730: 5725: 5721: 5717: 5713: 5709: 5703: 5695: 5689: 5685: 5684: 5676: 5669: 5663: 5656: 5652: 5646: 5639: 5633: 5626: 5620: 5613: 5607: 5600: 5594: 5587: 5581: 5574: 5568: 5561: 5555: 5548: 5542: 5535: 5529: 5522: 5516: 5509: 5503: 5496: 5490: 5483: 5477: 5470: 5464: 5457: 5453: 5447: 5440: 5434: 5427: 5421: 5414: 5408: 5401: 5397: 5391: 5383: 5379: 5375: 5371: 5367: 5363: 5359: 5355: 5351: 5344: 5337: 5333: 5332: 5325: 5318: 5312: 5310: 5302: 5296: 5289: 5285: 5279: 5272: 5266: 5264: 5256: 5252: 5246: 5239: 5235: 5229: 5222: 5218: 5213: 5206: 5205:New Astronomy 5200: 5193: 5192:New Astronomy 5187: 5180: 5174: 5165: 5160: 5156: 5152: 5148: 5144: 5137: 5130: 5126: 5122: 5118: 5114: 5107: 5099: 5093: 5085: 5079: 5075: 5068: 5060: 5056: 5050: 5042: 5038: 5034: 5030: 5026: 5022: 5018: 5014: 5010: 5003: 4995: 4991: 4984: 4976: 4972: 4966: 4958: 4952: 4936: 4932: 4926: 4918: 4912: 4904: 4900: 4896: 4892: 4888: 4884: 4880: 4876: 4872: 4868: 4864: 4857: 4849: 4835: 4829: 4825: 4821: 4817: 4813: 4810:. Revised by 4809: 4808: 4802: 4797: 4791: 4783: 4777: 4773: 4769: 4768: 4760: 4752: 4746: 4742: 4738: 4737: 4729: 4722: 4721: 4716: 4711: 4703: 4702: 4697: 4693: 4686: 4682: 4663: 4659: 4658: 4653: 4649: 4648: 4647:Mars et Avril 4641: 4634: 4631: 4627: 4623: 4616: 4615: 4607: 4598: 4594: 4583: 4580: 4578: 4575: 4573: 4570: 4566: 4563: 4561: 4558: 4557: 4556: 4553: 4551: 4548: 4546: 4543: 4541: 4538: 4537: 4530: 4528: 4520: 4515: 4511: 4508: 4504: 4501: 4500:3-406-40593-2 4497: 4493: 4489: 4486: 4485:3-406-31502-X 4482: 4478: 4477:3-406-31501-1 4474: 4470: 4466: 4465: 4463: 4460: 4456: 4452: 4448: 4443: 4442:3-406-01672-3 4439: 4435: 4431: 4428: 4427:3-406-01671-5 4424: 4420: 4416: 4413: 4412:3-406-01668-5 4409: 4405: 4401: 4398: 4397:3-406-01667-7 4394: 4390: 4386: 4383: 4379: 4376: 4375:3-406-01663-4 4372: 4368: 4364: 4363: 4362: 4361: 4357: 4356: 4352: 4351:3-406-01661-8 4348: 4344: 4343:3-406-01660-X 4340: 4336: 4332: 4329: 4328:3-406-37511-1 4325: 4321: 4320:3-406-37510-3 4317: 4313: 4309: 4306: 4305:3-406-01659-6 4302: 4298: 4297:3-406-01658-8 4294: 4290: 4286: 4283: 4282:3-406-01656-1 4279: 4275: 4271: 4268: 4264: 4261: 4260:3-406-01653-7 4257: 4253: 4249: 4246: 4245:3-406-01651-0 4242: 4238: 4237:3-406-01650-2 4234: 4230: 4226: 4223: 4222:3-406-01648-0 4219: 4215: 4211: 4208: 4204: 4201: 4200:3-406-01644-8 4197: 4193: 4189: 4186: 4185:3-406-01642-1 4182: 4178: 4177:3-406-01643-X 4174: 4170: 4166: 4163: 4162:3-406-01641-3 4159: 4155: 4151: 4148: 4147:3-406-01639-1 4144: 4140: 4136: 4135: 4134: 4132: 4128: 4124: 4113: 4112: 4107: 4103: 4102: 4097: 4093: 4092: 4087: 4083: 4082: 4077: 4073: 4072: 4067: 4063: 4062: 4057: 4053: 4052: 4047: 4043: 4042: 4037: 4036: 4033: 4032: 4027: 4024: 4020: 4019: 4014: 4013: 4009: 4006: 4002: 4001: 3997: 3994: 3990: 3989: 3985: 3982: 3981: 3976: 3975: 3971: 3967: 3966: 3961: 3955: 3954: 3949: 3945: 3944: 3939: 3938: 3935: 3934: 3929: 3925: 3924: 3919: 3916: 3915: 3911: 3908: 3904: 3901: 3898: 3894: 3891: 3888: 3885: 3882: 3881: 3876: 3873: 3870: 3867: 3864: 3860: 3857: 3854: 3850: 3847: 3844: 3843:New Astronomy 3840: 3839: 3835: 3832: 3828: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3818: 3813: 3810: 3809: 3804: 3801: 3798: 3794: 3793: 3789: 3788: 3782: 3780: 3776: 3771: 3769: 3765: 3762:, and both a 3761: 3757: 3753: 3749: 3745: 3741: 3737: 3732: 3730: 3729: 3724: 3720: 3716: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3703: 3698: 3693: 3691: 3687: 3683: 3679: 3674: 3672: 3668: 3664: 3663:John Banville 3659: 3657: 3656: 3651: 3647: 3643: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3623: 3618: 3608: 3607:(1998–2014). 3606: 3602: 3597: 3593: 3589: 3584: 3582: 3577: 3575: 3570: 3561: 3559: 3555: 3551: 3547: 3543: 3539: 3535: 3531: 3526: 3524: 3520: 3516: 3514: 3510: 3506: 3503:. Similarly, 3502: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3486: 3482: 3481:Enlightenment 3478: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3450: 3445: 3436: 3434: 3430: 3426: 3425: 3420: 3416: 3412: 3407: 3403: 3401: 3397: 3393: 3389: 3383: 3381: 3377: 3373: 3369: 3365: 3361: 3347: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3333: 3328: 3323: 3321: 3317: 3313: 3309: 3301: 3297: 3292: 3283: 3281: 3280: 3275: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3251: 3245: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3231: 3230: 3225: 3221: 3214: 3209: 3207: 3202: 3198: 3194: 3193:conic section 3190: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3173: 3171: 3167: 3162: 3158: 3154: 3150: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3133: 3124: 3120: 3117:A plate from 3115: 3109: 3099: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3087:Edmund Halley 3084: 3080: 3076: 3071: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3055: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3037: 3036: 3031: 3023: 3022: 3016: 3011: 3004: 2994: 2992: 2987: 2984: 2977: 2972: 2970: 2964: 2961: 2955: 2953: 2946: 2941: 2938: 2934: 2932: 2925: 2920: 2911: 2909: 2908: 2902: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2884: 2879: 2873: 2868: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2840: 2838: 2834: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2803: 2796: 2791: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2776: 2771: 2769: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2751: 2746: 2742: 2737: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2714: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2692: 2686: 2681: 2679: 2674: 2670: 2669: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2651: 2649: 2644: 2640: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2610: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2522: 2513: 2512: 2507: 2504:model of the 2503: 2498: 2492: 2482: 2479: 2473: 2469: 2460: 2458: 2452: 2450: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2432: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2407: 2402: 2393: 2391: 2385: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2342: 2340: 2336: 2328: 2323: 2309: 2306: 2302: 2301: 2296: 2292: 2287: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2272: 2266: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2245: 2240: 2235: 2225: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2206: 2204: 2193: 2191: 2187: 2186: 2181: 2180: 2173: 2171: 2167: 2162: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2147:Longomontanus 2144: 2140: 2133: 2129: 2115: 2113: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2091:numerological 2088: 2083: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2065:, among them 2064: 2059: 2056: 2046: 2042: 2040: 2034: 2032: 2020: 2013: 1999: 1985: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1974:heliocentrism 1971: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1922: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1911:lunar eclipse 1908: 1900: 1895: 1891: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1848: 1834: 1829: 1828: 1823: 1822: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1806:(a branch of 1805: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1784: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1725: 1723: 1722: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1688: 1683: 1682: 1677: 1676: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1654:mathematician 1651: 1644: 1638: 1628: 1601: 1590: 1585: 1583: 1578: 1576: 1571: 1570: 1568: 1567: 1562: 1552: 1550: 1541: 1540: 1539: 1538: 1531: 1528: 1526: 1523: 1520: 1514: 1513: 1510: 1505: 1504: 1497: 1494: 1493: 1489: 1486: 1484: 1481: 1479: 1476: 1474: 1471: 1469: 1466: 1464: 1461: 1459: 1456: 1454: 1451: 1449: 1446: 1444: 1441: 1439: 1436: 1434: 1431: 1429: 1426: 1424: 1421: 1419: 1416: 1414: 1411: 1409: 1406: 1404: 1401: 1399: 1396: 1394: 1391: 1389: 1386: 1384: 1381: 1379: 1376: 1374: 1371: 1369: 1366: 1364: 1361: 1359: 1356: 1354: 1351: 1349: 1346: 1344: 1341: 1340: 1333: 1332: 1324: 1318: 1316: 1313: 1311: 1308: 1306: 1303: 1301: 1298: 1296: 1293: 1291: 1288: 1286: 1283: 1282: 1279: 1274: 1273: 1262: 1259: 1255: 1252: 1250: 1247: 1245: 1242: 1240: 1237: 1233: 1230: 1228: 1225: 1224: 1223: 1222: 1218: 1217: 1212: 1209: 1205: 1202: 1200: 1197: 1196: 1195: 1194: 1190: 1189: 1183: 1177: 1176: 1169: 1166: 1164: 1161: 1159: 1156: 1154: 1151: 1147: 1144: 1142: 1139: 1137: 1134: 1130: 1127: 1126: 1122: 1116: 1115: 1104: 1101: 1097: 1094: 1092: 1089: 1088: 1087: 1086: 1082: 1081: 1076: 1073: 1069: 1066: 1065: 1064: 1063: 1055: 1054: 1049: 1046: 1044: 1041: 1039: 1036: 1032: 1029: 1028: 1027: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1017: 1014: 1011: 1010: 1006: 1005: 995: 990: 988: 983: 981: 976: 975: 973: 972: 966: 956: 953: 948: 942: 941: 940: 939: 931: 928: 926: 923: 921: 918: 916: 913: 911: 908: 906: 903: 901: 898: 896: 893: 891: 888: 886: 883: 881: 878: 876: 873: 871: 868: 866: 863: 861: 858: 856: 853: 851: 848: 846: 843: 841: 838: 836: 833: 831: 828: 826: 823: 821: 818: 816: 813: 812: 805: 804: 797: 793: 789: 785: 782: 781: 777: 774: 772: 769: 767: 764: 762: 759: 755: 752: 751: 750: 747: 745: 742: 740: 737: 735: 732: 731: 727: 722: 721: 713: 710: 708: 705: 701: 698: 696: 693: 692: 691: 688: 686: 683: 681: 678: 676: 671: 668: 664: 661: 660: 656: 653: 650: 646: 642: 641: 637: 634: 632: 629: 627: 624: 622: 617: 615: 612: 610: 607: 605: 602: 601: 594: 593: 582: 579: 577: 574: 572: 569: 567: 564: 562: 559: 557: 554: 553: 551: 550: 545: 542: 541: 536: 535: 529: 528: 520: 517: 515: 512: 510: 507: 505: 502: 500: 497: 495: 492: 490: 487: 485: 481: 479: 476: 474: 470: 468: 465: 462: 458: 454: 452: 449: 447: 444: 442: 439: 437: 434: 430: 427: 425: 422: 421: 420: 417: 415: 412: 410: 407: 405: 402: 400: 397: 396: 389: 388: 380: 377: 375: 372: 370: 367: 365: 362: 360: 357: 355: 352: 350: 347: 345: 342: 341: 334: 333: 327: 324: 322: 319: 317: 314: 313: 311: 310: 306: 287: 284: 274: 268: 254: 253: 250: 247: 246: 242: 241: 233: 228: 223: 219: 216: 213: 211: 207: 204: 200: 196: 192: 189: 185: 182: 178: 172: 171: 167: 165: 162: 160: 157: 156: 154: 150: 146: 142: 139: 135: 130: 120: 116: 111: 98: 94: 82: 81:August Köhler 76: 71: 64: 61: 57: 40: 36: 32: 25: 20: 8436: 8429: 8415: 8412:(son-in-law) 8395: 8376: 8368: 8360: 8352: 8344: 8336: 8328: 8288:Kepler orbit 8263: 8207: 8183: 8166: 8155: 8119: 8104: 8088: 8074: 8052: 8043: 8025: 8003: 7989: 7980: 7967:Robert Fludd 7962: 7958: 7941: 7927: 7920: 7919:Lear, John. 7913: 7899: 7866:Ithaca, NY: 7863: 7849: 7829: 7819: 7815: 7811: 7806:Google Books 7802:vol. 7, 1868 7798:vol. 6, 1866 7794:vol. 3, 1860 7790:vol. 2, 1859 7786:vol. 1, 1858 7781: 7777: 7759: 7752: 7745: 7730: 7721:bookpage.com 7708: 7690: 7688:Field, J. V. 7674: 7654: 7640: 7622: 7612: 7608: 7583: 7578: 7566:. Retrieved 7560: 7550: 7538:. Retrieved 7534: 7525: 7482: 7478: 7468: 7435: 7431: 7421: 7388: 7384: 7374: 7364:September 9, 7362:. Retrieved 7358:the original 7348: 7340: 7336: 7328: 7320: 7316: 7312: 7307: 7299: 7295: 7290: 7280: 7271: 7259: 7247: 7239: 7234: 7225: 7217: 7212: 7203: 7175: 7157: 7149: 7144: 7136: 7131: 7121: 7115: 7108: 7100: 7095: 7087: 7078: 7066:. Retrieved 7062:the original 7051: 7018: 7014: 7008: 7000: 6995: 6987: 6982: 6974: 6965: 6933:(3): 50–58. 6930: 6926: 6916: 6904:. Retrieved 6900: 6890: 6868:(1): 39–63. 6865: 6861: 6851: 6826: 6822: 6812: 6793: 6789: 6784: 6767: 6763: 6753: 6744: 6736: 6731: 6723: 6718: 6710: 6705: 6693: 6690:Morris Kline 6685: 6677: 6672: 6659: 6651: 6646: 6638: 6634: 6630: 6626: 6621: 6609:. Retrieved 6589: 6578: 6570: 6565: 6557: 6552: 6545: 6541: 6536: 6528: 6519: 6515: 6510: 6502: 6497: 6472: 6468: 6458: 6433: 6429: 6419: 6386: 6382: 6372: 6361:Newman, J.R. 6356: 6348: 6299: 6295: 6274: 6269: 6261: 6256: 6239: 6229: 6196: 6192: 6171: 6167: 6162: 6150: 6145: 6133: 6125: 6109: 6104: 6096: 6092: 6087: 6079: 6074: 6064: 6054: 6046: 6041: 6033: 6028: 6020: 6015: 6006: 5998: 5993: 5968: 5964: 5954: 5942: 5937: 5929: 5924: 5916: 5911: 5902: 5894: 5889: 5851:(1): 36–42. 5848: 5844: 5834: 5826: 5821: 5807: 5793: 5785: 5780: 5772: 5768: 5763: 5755: 5750: 5741: 5719: 5715: 5702: 5682: 5675: 5667: 5662: 5654: 5650: 5645: 5637: 5632: 5624: 5619: 5611: 5606: 5598: 5593: 5585: 5580: 5572: 5567: 5559: 5554: 5546: 5541: 5533: 5528: 5520: 5515: 5507: 5502: 5494: 5489: 5481: 5476: 5468: 5463: 5455: 5451: 5446: 5438: 5433: 5425: 5420: 5412: 5407: 5399: 5395: 5390: 5357: 5353: 5343: 5335: 5329: 5324: 5316: 5300: 5295: 5287: 5283: 5278: 5270: 5257:, pp. 23–46. 5254: 5250: 5245: 5237: 5233: 5232:Stephenson. 5228: 5220: 5216: 5212: 5204: 5199: 5191: 5186: 5178: 5173: 5146: 5142: 5136: 5128: 5116: 5112: 5106: 5073: 5067: 5058: 5049: 5016: 5012: 5002: 4993: 4983: 4974: 4965: 4951: 4939:. Retrieved 4935:the original 4925: 4911: 4870: 4866: 4856: 4839:26 September 4837:. Retrieved 4805: 4790: 4771: 4766: 4759: 4740: 4735: 4728: 4718: 4710: 4699: 4685: 4655: 4645: 4640: 4625: 4621: 4619: 4612: 4606: 4597: 4560:Kepler orbit 4526: 4524: 4513: 4512:Vol. 21, 2: 4506: 4505:Vol. 21, 1: 4491: 4490:Vol. 20, 2: 4479:. Paperback 4468: 4467:Vol. 20, 1: 4450: 4433: 4418: 4403: 4388: 4381: 4366: 4345:, Paperback 4334: 4322:, Paperback 4311: 4299:, Paperback 4288: 4273: 4266: 4251: 4239:, Paperback 4228: 4213: 4206: 4191: 4168: 4153: 4138: 4126: 4122: 4120: 4110: 4100: 4090: 4080: 4070: 4060: 4050: 4040: 4030: 4017: 4010: 4004: 3998: 3992: 3986: 3978: 3972: 3964: 3952: 3942: 3932: 3922: 3913: 3906: 3902: 3896: 3892: 3886: 3878: 3874: 3868: 3862: 3858: 3852: 3848: 3842: 3836: 3830: 3824: 3816: 3806: 3802: 3796: 3790: 3772: 3733: 3726: 3723:Philip Glass 3717:to create a 3707:John Rodgers 3700: 3694: 3689: 3675: 3670: 3666: 3660: 3653: 3639: 3595: 3587: 3585: 3578: 3573: 3571: 3567: 3527: 3517: 3496: 3492: 3476: 3468: 3454: 3422: 3415:Robert Hooke 3405: 3404: 3384: 3371: 3358: 3343: 3326: 3324: 3311: 3307: 3305: 3299: 3277: 3274:astronomical 3273: 3249: 3246: 3241: 3237: 3233: 3227: 3217: 3212: 3176: 3174: 3148: 3144: 3130: 3128: 3118: 3107: 3095:Robert Hooke 3083:Isaac Newton 3074: 3072: 3056: 3052:Robert Fludd 3047: 3033: 3029: 3027: 3019: 3002: 2990: 2988: 2980: 2975: 2965: 2956: 2951: 2949: 2944: 2935: 2928: 2905: 2903: 2894: 2890: 2888: 2882: 2871: 2863: 2843: 2841: 2832: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2807: 2805: 2794: 2787: 2783: 2772: 2767: 2754: 2748: 2738: 2717: 2711: 2709: 2703: 2684: 2677: 2666: 2658: 2654: 2652: 2642: 2633: 2613: 2611: 2595:dodecahedron 2525: 2519: 2517: 2509: 2506:Solar System 2490: 2475: 2471: 2466: 2463:Christianity 2453: 2440:Pope Gregory 2436:De vero Anno 2435: 2433: 2412: 2410: 2389: 2388:manuscript, 2386: 2343: 2332: 2304: 2298: 2288: 2269: 2267: 2255:fiery trigon 2248: 2207: 2199: 2183: 2177: 2174: 2169: 2163: 2154: 2136: 2099:astrological 2084: 2062: 2060: 2054: 2052: 2043: 2038: 2035: 2030: 2027: 1926:Latin school 1923: 1904: 1853: 1825: 1819: 1800:liberal arts 1785: 1772: 1757:Ferdinand II 1726: 1719: 1692:Isaac Newton 1685: 1679: 1673: 1599: 1598: 1422: 1323:Probe (WMAP) 1257: 1254:Reionization 1235: 1207: 1181: 1149: 1132: 1129:Hubble's law 1120: 1099: 1071: 1034: 814: 794: / 790: / 788:displacement 786: / 647: / 609:Displacement 547: 538: 532:Formulations 519:Virtual work 459: / 399:Acceleration 392:Fundamentals 180: 168: 147:(M.A., 1591) 123:(1630-11-15) 79:Portrait by 60: 38: 29:This is the 23: 8689:1630 deaths 8684:1571 births 8507:Mathematics 7562:Nytimes.com 7275:Quote from 6389:(1): 7–20. 6353:Lodge, O.J. 6199:: 171–191. 4941:1 September 4796:Jeans, Susi 4310:Vol. 11,2: 4287:Vol. 11,1: 3760:an asteroid 3719:synthesizer 3711:Willie Ruff 3542:Karl Popper 3143:applied to 2981:Kepler and 2899:ephemerides 2630:Holy Spirit 2618:theological 2599:tetrahedron 2591:icosahedron 2538:conjunction 2354:Württemberg 2263:Charlemagne 2139:Tycho Brahe 2132:Tycho Brahe 2095:mathematics 2075:Tycho Brahe 1821:Metaphysics 1798:within the 1796:mathematics 1741:Tycho Brahe 1278:Experiments 1211:Dark matter 1204:Dark energy 1146:FLRW metric 1083:Backgrounds 930:von Neumann 597:Core topics 199:mathematics 88: 1910 8673:Categories 8591:Literature 8567:Technology 8519:Arithmetic 8483:Philosophy 7568:31 October 7277:Carl Sagan 6722:Koestler, 6696:, p. 299. 6625:Westfall, 6367:, pp. 231. 6275:The Globe, 5971:: 74–111. 5829:(1953), 50 5360:: 88–113. 5269:Koestler. 4814:. Oxford: 4672:References 4021:) (1634) ( 3965:De cometis 3642:Carl Sagan 3627:Kepler-62f 3457:philosophy 3199:becomes a 3166:eye's lens 3040:Pythagoras 2960:world-soul 2763:perihelion 2750:De Magnete 2730:arcminutes 2696:geocentric 2663:Copernicus 2587:octahedron 2312:Later life 2232:See also: 2218:Jost Bürgi 2203:alchemists 2087:chronology 2019:Gössendorf 1970:Copernican 1958:horoscopes 1837:Early life 1731:school in 1658:astrologer 1650:astronomer 1358:Copernicus 1336:Scientists 1191:Components 865:d'Alembert 845:Maupertuis 808:Scientists 690:Rigid body 364:Kinematics 102:1571-12-27 8531:Astronomy 8471:Biography 8087:Wolf, A. 7820:Harmonice 7509:0028-0836 7452:0003-0996 7405:0040-2982 7195:227002144 7068:28 August 7043:220916972 6957:123965600 6949:0343-6993 6882:122605799 6481:0003-049X 6411:124764022 6340:119811074 6324:0003-9519 6221:230613099 6213:0008-8994 6193:Centaurus 5947:to Kepler 5881:214144110 5873:0031-9228 5523:, p. 110. 5382:145170215 5374:0369-7827 5092:cite book 5041:252834988 4903:144781947 4887:0031-8248 4850:required) 4798:(2013) . 4677:Citations 4449:Vol. 19: 4432:Vol. 18: 4417:Vol. 17: 4402:Vol. 16: 4380:Vol. 14: 4365:Vol. 13: 4333:Vol. 12: 4272:Vol. 10: 4018:The Dream 3917:(1617–30) 3869:Dioptrice 3631:exoplanet 3380:Seth Ward 3316:atomistic 3250:Dioptrice 3224:telescope 3213:Dioptrice 3168:onto the 2914:Astrology 2673:Ptolemaic 2659:Mysterium 2655:Mysterium 2643:Mysterium 2634:Mysterium 2622:spiritual 2614:Mysterium 2559:polyhedra 2500:Kepler's 2485:Astronomy 2478:tolerance 2421:Katharina 2417:Eucharist 2366:Calvinist 2360:. At the 2210:Utraquist 2071:Rudolf II 2063:Mysterium 2055:Mysterium 2039:Mysterium 1888:herbalist 1872:mercenary 1816:Aristotle 1792:astrology 1788:astronomy 1700:astronomy 1488:Zeldovich 1388:Friedmann 1363:de Sitter 1290:BOOMERanG 1219:Structure 1184:Structure 1068:Inflation 910:Liouville 792:frequency 712:Vibration 429:potential 354:Continuum 349:Celestial 326:Textbooks 225:Signature 195:astrology 191:Astronomy 137:Education 8406:(mother) 8176:(1911). 8110:Archived 8032:, 1994. 7870:, 1973. 7835:(1959). 7719:Reviews 7697:, 1988. 7661:, 1995. 7460:27849220 7173:(2007). 7021:: 1–10. 6788:Caspar, 6735:Caspar, 6709:Caspar, 6676:Caspar, 6586:(2009). 6569:Caspar, 6556:Caspar, 6514:Caspar, 6501:Caspar, 6332:41133735 6260:Caspar, 6174:, p. 252 6108:Caspar, 6091:Caspar, 6078:Caspar, 6062:(1906). 6045:Caspar, 5997:Caspar, 5985:57559843 5915:Caspar. 5893:Caspar. 5784:Caspar, 5767:Caspar, 5710:(1989). 5666:Caspar, 5649:Connor, 5636:Caspar, 5610:Caspar, 5597:Caspar, 5584:Caspar, 5571:Caspar, 5558:Caspar, 5545:Caspar, 5532:Caspar, 5519:Caspar, 5506:Caspar, 5493:Caspar, 5480:Caspar, 5467:Caspar. 5450:Connor. 5437:Caspar, 5424:Caspar, 5411:Caspar, 5394:Caspar. 5282:Caspar. 5249:Caspar. 5203:Kepler. 5190:Kepler. 4715:"Kepler" 4622:sescupla 4533:See also 4387:Vol 15: 4250:Vol. 8: 4227:Vol. 7: 4212:Vol. 6: 4205:Vol. 5: 4190:Vol. 4: 4167:Vol. 3: 4152:Vol. 2: 4137:Vol. 1: 4007:) (1627) 3983:) (1619) 3909:) (1615) 3883:) (1611) 3865:) (1610) 3855:) (1610) 3845:) (1609) 3833:) (1606) 3811:) (1601) 3799:) (1596) 3652:'s 1959 3485:Romantic 3475:'s 1821 3467:'s 1758 3332:calculus 3201:parabola 3161:parallax 2759:aphelion 2639:exegesis 2530:epiphany 2425:Leonberg 2372:and the 2350:seizures 2339:Matthias 2317:Troubles 1964:and the 1942:theology 1919:smallpox 1753:Matthias 1729:seminary 1549:Category 1468:Suntzeff 1428:Lemaître 1378:Einstein 1343:Aaronson 1136:Redshift 1038:Universe 1031:Big Bang 965:Category 890:Hamilton 875:Lagrange 870:Clairaut 835:Horrocks 796:velocity 766:Pendulum 754:reactive 726:Rotation 695:dynamics 645:Inertial 631:Friction 514:Velocity 489:Momentum 369:Kinetics 359:Dynamics 337:Branches 321:Timeline 35:reviewed 8663:Denmark 8651:Germany 8579:Society 8555:Physics 8457:Portals 8420:(opera) 8400:(opera) 8389:Related 8378:Somnium 8227:YouTube 8169:series) 8147:at the 8129:at the 7822:Book 5) 7816:Epitome 7601:Sources 7540:16 June 7517:4391370 7487:Bibcode 7440:Bibcode 7413:3878689 7099:North, 7023:Bibcode 6999:North, 6986:Koyré, 6906:16 July 6831:Bibcode 6762:(ed.). 6700:, 1972. 6667:, 2001. 6650:Koyré, 6611:7 March 6521:handlen 6438:Bibcode 6391:Bibcode 6304:Bibcode 6244:Bibcode 6242:: 189. 6019:Koyré, 5928:Field. 5853:Bibcode 5738:2245639 5207:, p. 48 5021:Bibcode 4895:3080920 4698:(ed.). 4265:Vol 9: 4012:Somnium 3419:inertia 3364:Galileo 3270:virtual 3204:single 3197:ellipse 3175:Today, 3044:Ptolemy 2931:Ptolemy 2864:Epitome 2844:Epitome 2828:Epitome 2824:Epitome 2755:species 2665:in his 2571:Mercury 2548:in the 2546:Jupiter 2508:, from 2305:Somnium 2300:Somnium 2251:SN 1604 2244:SN 1604 2107:weather 1936:at the 1804:physics 1721:Somnium 1708:natural 1633:German: 1473:Sunyaev 1458:Schmidt 1448:Penzias 1443:Penrose 1418:Huygens 1408:Hawking 1393:Galileo 925:Koopman 885:Poisson 880:Laplace 825:Huygens 820:Galileo 665: ( 604:Damping 457:Inertia 451:Impulse 424:kinetic 374:Statics 344:Applied 316:History 8639:Europe 8417:Kepler 8381:(1634) 8373:(1627) 8365:(1619) 8349:(1609) 8341:(1606) 8333:(1596) 8157:Kepler 8081: 8067: 8059: 8036: 8018: 8010: 7996: 7973: 7948: 7934: 7914:Osiris 7906: 7890: 7882: 7874: 7856: 7839: 7770: 7766:1993. 7737: 7715: 7701: 7681: 7665: 7647: 7633: 7623:Kepler 7609:Osiris 7515: 7507: 7479:Nature 7458: 7450: 7411: 7403: 7317:Kepler 7240:Kepler 7193: 7183: 7148:Kuhn, 7041: 6955: 6947: 6880: 6804: 6790:Kepler 6776:974730 6774: 6737:Kepler 6726:p. 384 6711:Kepler 6678:Kepler 6602: 6571:Kepler 6558:Kepler 6542:Kepler 6516:Kepler 6503:Kepler 6489:986232 6487: 6479: 6409: 6338: 6330: 6322: 6262:Kepler 6219: 6211: 6166:Wolf, 6155:p. 361 6139:p. 554 6110:Kepler 6093:Kepler 6080:Kepler 6047:Kepler 5999:Kepler 5983: 5945:Thales 5917:Kepler 5895:Kepler 5879: 5871: 5786:Kepler 5769:Kepler 5736: 5690: 5668:Kepler 5655:Kepler 5638:Kepler 5623:Lear, 5612:Kepler 5599:Kepler 5586:Kepler 5573:Kepler 5560:Kepler 5547:Kepler 5534:Kepler 5521:Kepler 5508:Kepler 5495:Kepler 5482:Kepler 5469:Kepler 5456:Kepler 5439:Kepler 5426:Kepler 5413:Kepler 5396:Kepler 5380: 5372: 5354:Osiris 5284:Kepler 5251:Kepler 5179:Osiris 5080: 5074:Optics 5039: 4901: 4893: 4885: 4830: 4778: 4747: 4498: 4483: 4475: 4457: 4440: 4425: 4410: 4395: 4373: 4349: 4341: 4326: 4318: 4303: 4295: 4280: 4258: 4243: 4235: 4220: 4198: 4183: 4175: 4160: 4145: 3889:(1614) 3871:(1611) 3766:and a 3728:Kepler 3667:Kepler 3540:, and 3449:Prague 3350:Legacy 3302:(1611) 3170:retina 3102:Optics 3024:(1619) 2726:equant 2706:(1609) 2550:zodiac 2542:Saturn 2514:(1596) 2327:Prague 2112:Prague 1944:under 1928:, and 1884:healer 1812:reason 1802:) and 1769:optics 1745:Prague 1702:, the 1684:, and 1547: 1483:Wilson 1478:Tolman 1438:Newton 1433:Mather 1423:Kepler 1413:Hubble 1373:Ehlers 1353:Alpher 1348:Alfvén 1256: 1234: 1206: 1148: 1131: 1123:Future 1098: 1070: 1033: 963: 915:Appell 900:Cauchy 895:Jacobi 840:Halley 830:Newton 815:Kepler 667:linear 663:Motion 509:Torque 484:Moment 419:Energy 409:Couple 187:Fields 8615:Space 8543:Music 8322:Works 7513:S2CID 7456:JSTOR 7409:JSTOR 7385:Tempo 7039:S2CID 6953:S2CID 6878:S2CID 6766:[ 6485:JSTOR 6407:S2CID 6336:S2CID 6328:JSTOR 6217:S2CID 5981:S2CID 5877:S2CID 5734:JSTOR 5378:S2CID 5037:S2CID 4899:S2CID 4891:JSTOR 4770:[ 4739:[ 4694:. In 4589:Notes 3785:Works 3764:lunar 3298:from 3191:of a 3189:focus 2997:Music 2929:Like 2775:ovoid 2734:ovoid 2579:Earth 2575:Venus 2358:Padua 1463:Smoot 1453:Rubin 1398:Gamow 1383:Ellis 1368:Dicke 920:Gibbs 905:Routh 860:Euler 499:Speed 494:Space 436:Force 8627:Star 8079:ISBN 8065:ISBN 8057:ISBN 8034:ISBN 8016:ISBN 8008:ISBN 7994:ISBN 7982:Isis 7971:ISBN 7946:ISBN 7932:ISBN 7904:ISBN 7888:ISBN 7880:ISBN 7872:ISBN 7854:ISBN 7837:ISBN 7768:ISBN 7735:ISBN 7713:ISBN 7699:ISBN 7679:ISBN 7663:ISBN 7645:ISBN 7631:ISBN 7570:2018 7542:2023 7505:ISSN 7448:ISSN 7401:ISSN 7366:2009 7191:OCLC 7181:ISBN 7070:2006 6945:ISSN 6908:2022 6802:ISBN 6772:OCLC 6613:2011 6600:ISBN 6527:as " 6477:ISSN 6320:ISSN 6209:ISSN 5869:ISSN 5688:ISBN 5370:ISSN 5098:link 5078:ISBN 4943:2023 4883:ISSN 4841:2021 4828:ISBN 4776:ISBN 4745:ISBN 4630:Mayr 4496:ISBN 4481:ISBN 4473:ISBN 4455:ISBN 4438:ISBN 4423:ISBN 4408:ISBN 4393:ISBN 4371:ISBN 4347:ISBN 4339:ISBN 4324:ISBN 4316:ISBN 4301:ISBN 4293:ISBN 4278:ISBN 4256:ISBN 4241:ISBN 4233:ISBN 4218:ISBN 4196:ISBN 4181:ISBN 4173:ISBN 4158:ISBN 4143:ISBN 3773:The 3709:and 3471:and 3459:and 3413:and 3366:and 3268:vs. 3266:real 3256:and 3123:eyes 3093:and 2761:and 2603:cube 2583:Mars 2567:orbs 2544:and 2534:Graz 2406:Linz 2382:Linz 2356:and 2145:and 1915:Moon 1886:and 1790:and 1761:Linz 1755:and 1733:Graz 1710:and 1403:Guth 504:Time 467:Mass 118:Died 96:Born 8432:ATV 8225:on 8160:at 8138:at 7495:doi 7483:462 7393:doi 7319:," 7298:in 7031:doi 6935:doi 6870:doi 6839:doi 6473:123 6446:doi 6399:doi 6312:doi 6201:doi 5973:doi 5861:doi 5724:doi 5362:doi 5219:in 5159:hdl 5151:doi 5147:527 5121:doi 5029:doi 5017:164 4875:doi 4820:doi 4650:by 3750:on 3713:of 3435:". 3276:or 3145:all 2702:in 2626:Son 2540:of 2442:'s 2188:of 2149:at 1978:Sun 1858:of 1818:'s 1743:in 37:on 8675:: 8212:. 8206:. 8182:. 8028:, 7957:. 7848:: 7828:. 7800:, 7796:, 7792:, 7788:, 7729:. 7693:. 7590:, 7559:. 7533:. 7511:. 7503:. 7493:. 7481:. 7477:. 7454:. 7446:. 7436:67 7434:. 7430:. 7407:. 7399:. 7389:58 7387:. 7383:. 7339:, 7279:, 7189:. 7169:; 7120:, 7086:, 7037:. 7029:. 7017:. 6973:, 6951:. 6943:. 6931:24 6929:. 6925:. 6899:. 6876:. 6866:23 6864:. 6860:. 6837:. 6827:18 6825:. 6821:. 6692:, 6598:. 6596:80 6483:. 6471:. 6467:. 6444:. 6434:18 6432:. 6428:. 6405:. 6397:. 6387:36 6385:. 6381:. 6363:, 6334:. 6326:. 6318:. 6310:. 6300:31 6298:. 6294:. 6282:^ 6238:. 6215:. 6207:. 6197:63 6195:. 6191:. 6179:^ 6157:.) 6117:^ 5979:. 5969:13 5967:. 5963:. 5875:. 5867:. 5859:. 5849:73 5847:. 5843:. 5740:. 5732:. 5718:. 5714:. 5376:. 5368:. 5358:16 5356:. 5352:. 5336:32 5334:, 5308:^ 5262:^ 5157:. 5145:. 5127:. 5117:38 5115:. 5094:}} 5090:{{ 5057:. 5035:. 5027:. 5019:. 5015:. 5011:. 4992:. 4973:. 4897:. 4889:. 4881:. 4871:68 4869:. 4865:. 4826:. 4818:. 4804:. 4717:. 4628:, 4133:. 3770:. 3738:; 3692:. 3665:, 3548:, 3536:, 3532:, 3334:. 3244:. 3085:, 3042:, 2650:. 2601:, 2597:, 2593:, 2589:, 2581:, 2577:, 2573:, 2459:. 2220:, 2216:, 2172:. 1724:. 1706:, 1678:, 1660:, 1656:, 1652:, 1631:; 1624:ər 201:, 197:, 193:, 143:, 85:c. 83:, 33:, 8459:: 8256:e 8249:t 8242:v 8216:. 8107:) 7780:( 7723:, 7572:. 7544:. 7519:. 7497:: 7489:: 7462:. 7442:: 7415:. 7395:: 7368:. 7197:. 7072:. 7045:. 7033:: 7025:: 7019:7 6959:. 6937:: 6910:. 6884:. 6872:: 6845:. 6841:: 6833:: 6778:. 6615:. 6491:. 6452:. 6448:: 6440:: 6413:. 6401:: 6393:: 6342:. 6314:: 6306:: 6250:. 6246:: 6223:. 6203:: 5987:. 5975:: 5883:. 5863:: 5855:: 5726:: 5720:4 5696:. 5384:. 5364:: 5167:. 5161:: 5153:: 5123:: 5100:) 5086:. 5061:. 5043:. 5031:: 5023:: 4996:. 4959:. 4945:. 4919:. 4905:. 4877:: 4843:. 4822:: 4784:. 4753:. 4723:. 4704:. 4617:: 4502:. 4487:. 4461:. 4444:. 4429:. 4414:. 4399:. 4377:. 4353:. 4330:. 4307:. 4284:. 4262:. 4247:. 4224:. 4202:. 4187:. 4164:. 4149:. 4025:) 4015:( 4003:( 3991:( 3977:( 3905:( 3899:) 3877:( 3861:( 3851:( 3841:( 3829:( 3805:( 3795:( 3310:( 2818:( 2716:( 2524:( 1831:" 1627:/ 1621:l 1618:p 1615:ɛ 1612:k 1609:ˈ 1606:/ 1602:( 1588:e 1581:t 1574:v 1258:· 1236:· 1208:· 1182:· 1150:· 1133:· 1121:· 1100:· 1072:· 1035:· 993:e 986:t 979:v 669:) 288:t 285:d 279:p 275:d 269:= 264:F 104:) 100:( 58:. 41:.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index