Astronomy - Knowledge

1886: 11047: 3512: 3031: 1039: 1233: 1653: 250: 38: 397: 835: 3643: 1072: 1559: 3261: 3127: 468: 9382: 9151: 3913: 820: 9392: 1179: 258: 506: 11512: 3486: 331:" are synonyms. Based on strict dictionary definitions, "astronomy" refers to "the study of objects and matter outside the Earth's atmosphere and of their physical and chemical properties", while "astrophysics" refers to the branch of astronomy dealing with "the behavior, physical properties, and dynamic processes of celestial objects and phenomena". In some cases, as in the introduction of the introductory textbook 11536: 11023: 9402: 9163: 11488: 11035: 11524: 3376: 11500: 1337: 339:, "astronomy" may be used to describe the qualitative study of the subject, whereas "astrophysics" is used to describe the physics-oriented version of the subject. However, since most modern astronomical research deals with subjects related to physics, modern astronomy could actually be called astrophysics. Some fields, such as 452:. From these observations, early ideas about the motions of the planets were formed, and the nature of the Sun, Moon and the Earth in the Universe were explored philosophically. The Earth was believed to be the center of the Universe with the Sun, the Moon and the stars rotating around it. This is known as the 3440:

The characteristics of the resulting star depend primarily upon its starting mass. The more massive the star, the greater its luminosity, and the more rapidly it fuses its hydrogen fuel into helium in its core. Over time, this hydrogen fuel is completely converted into helium, and the star begins to

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A spiral galaxy is organized into a flat, rotating disk, usually with a prominent bulge or bar at the center, and trailing bright arms that spiral outward. The arms are dusty regions of star formation within which massive young stars produce a blue tint. Spiral galaxies are typically surrounded by a

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Theorists in astronomy endeavor to create theoretical models that are based on existing observations and known physics, and to predict observational consequences of those models. The observation of phenomena predicted by a model allows astronomers to select between several alternative or conflicting

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close to visible light, such radiation is heavily absorbed by the atmosphere, or masked, as the atmosphere itself produces significant infrared emission. Consequently, infrared observatories have to be located in high, dry places on Earth or in space. Some molecules radiate strongly in the infrared.

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Amateur astronomers continue to make scientific contributions to the field of astronomy and it is one of the few scientific disciplines where amateurs can still make significant contributions. Amateurs can make occultation measurements that are used to refine the orbits of minor planets. They can

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Historically, optical astronomy, which has been also called visible light astronomy, is the oldest form of astronomy. Images of observations were originally drawn by hand. In the late 19th century and most of the 20th century, images were made using photographic equipment. Modern images are made

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such as star clusters, galaxies, and nebulae. Astronomy clubs are located throughout the world and many have programs to help their members set up and complete observational programs including those to observe all the objects in the Messier (110 objects) or Herschel 400 catalogues of points of

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wavelengths between approximately 100 and 3200 Å (10 to 320 nm). Light at those wavelengths is absorbed by the Earth's atmosphere, requiring observations at these wavelengths to be performed from the upper atmosphere or from space. Ultraviolet astronomy is best suited to the study of

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branches. Observational astronomy is focused on acquiring data from observations of astronomical objects. This data is then analyzed using basic principles of physics. Theoretical astronomy is oriented toward the development of computer or analytical models to describe astronomical objects and

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In early historic times, astronomy only consisted of the observation and predictions of the motions of objects visible to the naked eye. In some locations, early cultures assembled massive artifacts that may have had some astronomical purpose. In addition to their ceremonial uses, these

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where the gas material transports energy primarily through physical displacement of the gas known as convection. It is believed that the movement of mass within the convection zone creates the magnetic activity that generates sunspots. The visible outer surface of the Sun is called the

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LIGO Scientific Collaboration and Virgo Collaboration; Abbott, B. P.; Abbott, R.; Abbott, T. D.; Abernathy, M. R.; Acernese, F.; Ackley, K.; Adams, C.; Adams, T. (15 June 2016). "GW151226: Observation of Gravitational Waves from a 22-Solar-Mass Binary Black Hole Coalescence".

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An active galaxy is a formation that emits a significant amount of its energy from a source other than its stars, dust and gas. It is powered by a compact region at the core, thought to be a supermassive black hole that is emitting radiation from in-falling material. A

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Most amateurs work at visible wavelengths, but many experiment with wavelengths outside the visible spectrum. This includes the use of infrared filters on conventional telescopes, and also the use of radio telescopes. The pioneer of amateur radio astronomy was

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on which the observations are made. Some parts of the spectrum can be observed from the Earth's surface, while other parts are only observable from either high altitudes or outside the Earth's atmosphere. Specific information on these subfields is given below.

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has been relatively well-studied, initially through telescopes and then later by spacecraft. This has provided a good overall understanding of the formation and evolution of the Sun's planetary system, although many new discoveries are still being made.

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then expelled most of the unaccreted matter, and only those planets with sufficient mass retained their gaseous atmosphere. The planets continued to sweep up, or eject, the remaining matter during a period of intense bombardment, evidenced by the many

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of galaxies. It is a rotating mass of gas, dust, stars and other objects, held together by mutual gravitational attraction. As the Earth is located within the dusty outer arms, there are large portions of the Milky Way that are obscured from view.

3958:, who started observing the sky at radio wavelengths in the 1930s. A number of amateur astronomers use either homemade telescopes or use radio telescopes which were originally built for astronomy research but which are now available to amateurs ( 6413:

is closely allied on the one hand to astronomy, of which it may properly be classed as a branch, and on the other hand to chemistry and physics.… It seeks to ascertain the nature of the heavenly bodies, rather than their positions or motions in

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formed from a sea of primordial ions, space became transparent to radiation, releasing the energy viewed today as the microwave background radiation. The expanding Universe then underwent a Dark Age due to the lack of stellar energy sources.

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Gravitational aggregations clustered into filaments, leaving voids in the gaps. Gradually, organizations of gas and dust merged to form the first primitive galaxies. Over time, these pulled in more matter, and were often organized into

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formed by the expanding outer layers enjoys a brief life span, before the helium fuel in the core is in turn consumed. Very massive stars can also undergo a series of evolutionary phases, as they fuse increasingly heavier elements.

1771:; each has its particular advantages. Analytical models of a process are better for giving broader insight into the heart of what is going on. Numerical models reveal the existence of phenomena and effects otherwise unobserved. 1570:

One of the oldest fields in astronomy, and in all of science, is the measurement of the positions of celestial objects. Historically, accurate knowledge of the positions of the Sun, Moon, planets and stars has been essential in

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models. Theorists also modify existing models to take into account new observations. In some cases, a large amount of observational data that is inconsistent with a model may lead to abandoning it largely or completely, as for

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Irregular galaxies are chaotic in appearance, and are neither spiral nor elliptical. About a quarter of all galaxies are irregular, and the peculiar shapes of such galaxies may be the result of gravitational interaction.

1441:, objects which only produce gamma radiation for a few milliseconds to thousands of seconds before fading away. Only 10% of gamma-ray sources are non-transient sources. These steady gamma-ray emitters include pulsars, 864:. Kepler was the first to devise a system that correctly described the details of the motion of the planets around the Sun. However, Kepler did not succeed in formulating a theory behind the laws he wrote down. It was 1605:

that is used to measure the scale of the Universe. Parallax measurements of nearby stars provide an absolute baseline for the properties of more distant stars, as their properties can be compared. Measurements of the

3473:. Closely orbiting binary stars can follow more complex evolutionary paths, such as mass transfer onto a white dwarf companion that can potentially cause a supernova. Planetary nebulae and supernovae distribute the " 448:, astronomical observatories were assembled and ideas on the nature of the Universe began to develop. Most early astronomy consisted of mapping the positions of the stars and planets, a science now referred to as 1310:) that are very bright in this wave band. This includes the blue stars in other galaxies, which have been the targets of several ultraviolet surveys. Other objects commonly observed in ultraviolet light include 3566:

The Sun has steadily increased in luminosity by 40% since it first became a main-sequence star. The Sun has also undergone periodic changes in luminosity that can have a significant impact on the Earth. The

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process and are believed to have created many of the heavy elements in the early Universe, which, through nuclear decay, create lighter elements, allowing the cycle of nucleosynthesis to continue longer.

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is an active galaxy that is very luminous in the radio portion of the spectrum, and is emitting immense plumes or lobes of gas. Active galaxies that emit shorter frequency, high-energy radiation include

784:, Astronomers studied the movement of stars and relation to seasons, crafting charts of the heavens as well as precise diagrams of orbits of the other planets based on complex mathematical calculations. 3195:

orbits with no preferred direction. These galaxies contain little or no interstellar dust, few star-forming regions, and older stars. Elliptical galaxies may have been formed by other galaxies merging.

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effect of the cluster of yellow galaxies near the middle of the photograph. The lens is produced by the cluster's gravitational field that bends light to magnify and distort the image of a more distant

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is fundamental to our understanding of the Universe. The astrophysics of stars has been determined through observation and theoretical understanding; and from computer simulations of the interior.

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radiation, wavelengths longer than red light and outside the range of our vision. The infrared spectrum is useful for studying objects that are too cold to radiate visible light, such as planets,

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A hierarchical structure of matter began to form from minute variations in the mass density of space. Matter accumulated in the densest regions, forming clouds of gas and the earliest stars, the

3118:. These are now thought to be its dominant components, forming 96% of the mass of the Universe. For this reason, much effort is expended in trying to understand the physics of these components. 3970:

also discover comets, and perform regular observations of variable stars. Improvements in digital technology have allowed amateurs to make impressive advances in the field of astrophotography.

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that surrounded the early Sun. Through a process that included gravitational attraction, collision, and accretion, the disk formed clumps of matter that, with time, became protoplanets. The

7296: 5183: 3445:. The fusion of helium requires a higher core temperature. A star with a high enough core temperature will push its outer layers outward while increasing its core density. The resulting 6729: 1203:

or nebulae whose light is blocked by dust. The longer wavelengths of infrared can penetrate clouds of dust that block visible light, allowing the observation of young stars embedded in

3811:. This process can form a stony or metallic core, surrounded by a mantle and an outer crust. The core may include solid and liquid regions, and some planetary cores generate their own 5896: 3950:, involves the taking of photos of the night sky. Many amateurs like to specialize in the observation of particular objects, types of objects, or types of events that interest them. 7949:

Howk, J. Christopher; Lehner, Nicolas; Fields, Brian D.; Mathews, Grant J. (6 September 2012). "Observation of interstellar lithium in the low-metallicity Small Magellanic Cloud".

730:(highest point in the heavens) was mobile, not fixed. Some of the prominent Islamic (mostly Persian and Arab) astronomers who made significant contributions to the science include 5001: 1614:

of stars allow astronomers to plot the movement of these systems through the Milky Way galaxy. Astrometric results are the basis used to calculate the distribution of speculated

1430:. The Cherenkov telescopes do not detect the gamma rays directly but instead detect the flashes of visible light produced when gamma rays are absorbed by the Earth's atmosphere. 11185: 6698: 651:(1300–1361) first discussed evidence for the rotation of the Earth, furthermore, Buridan also developed the theory of impetus (predecessor of the modern scientific theory of 10950: 10524: 1422:

Gamma ray astronomy observes astronomical objects at the shortest wavelengths of the electromagnetic spectrum. Gamma rays may be observed directly by satellites such as the

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In the course of this expansion, the Universe underwent several evolutionary stages. In the very early moments, it is theorized that the Universe experienced a very rapid

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phenomena. These two fields complement each other. Theoretical astronomy seeks to explain observational results and observations are used to confirm theoretical results.

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greater than approximately one millimeter, outside the visible range. Radio astronomy is different from most other forms of observational astronomy in that the observed

3382:, often referred to as the Ant planetary nebula. Ejecting gas from the dying central star shows symmetrical patterns unlike the chaotic patterns of ordinary explosions. 5821:

Abbott, Benjamin P.; et al. (LIGO Scientific Collaboration and Virgo Collaboration) (2016). "Observation of Gravitational Waves from a Binary Black Hole Merger".

3477:" produced in the star by fusion to the interstellar medium; without them, all new stars (and their planetary systems) would be formed from hydrogen and helium alone. 10721: 7576: 5404:

B.P. Abbott; et al. (LIGO Scientific Collaboration and Virgo Collaboration) (2016). "Observation of Gravitational Waves from a Binary Black Hole Merger".

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Montmerle, Thierry; Augereau, Jean-Charles; Chaussidon, Marc; et al. (2006). "Solar System Formation and Early Evolution: the First 100 Million Years".

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have enabled measurements in parts of the electromagnetic spectrum normally blocked or blurred by the atmosphere. In February 2016, it was revealed that the

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from wind or water. Smaller bodies, without tidal heating, cool more quickly; and their geological activity ceases with the exception of impact cratering.

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Before tools such as the telescope were invented, early study of the stars was conducted using the naked eye. As civilizations developed, most notably in

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Kinematic studies of matter in the Milky Way and other galaxies have demonstrated that there is more mass than can be accounted for by visible matter. A

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at its center. This is surrounded by four primary arms that spiral from the core. This is a region of active star formation that contains many younger,

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whose nature is currently not well understood, but the model gives detailed predictions that are in excellent agreement with many diverse observations.

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The combination of observations made using electromagnetic radiation, neutrinos or gravitational waves and other complementary information, is known as

11300: 8220: 6353: 3048:, have provided a deep understanding of the formation and evolution of the cosmos. Fundamental to modern cosmology is the well-accepted theory of the 9081: 7300: 4644: 4008:

normal or atypical? What is the origin of the stellar mass spectrum? That is, why do astronomers observe the same distribution of stellar masses—the

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is the study of the advent and evolution of biological systems in the Universe, with particular emphasis on the possibility of non-terrestrial life.

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and early evolution of life is an inseparable part of the discipline of astrobiology. Astrobiology concerns itself with interpretation of existing

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gave more financial and social support to the study of astronomy than probably all other institutions. Among the Church's motives was finding the

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are created when solar wind particles are guided by the magnetic flux lines into the Earth's polar regions where the lines then descend into the

11171: 6755: 5465: 311:, "law" or "culture") means "law of the stars" (or "culture of the stars" depending on the translation). Astronomy should not be confused with 6721: 2142:

is of special interest, because it is from these clouds that solar systems form. Studies in this field contribute to the understanding of the

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could be employed to determine the seasons, an important factor in knowing when to plant crops and in understanding the length of the year.

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A solar wind of plasma particles constantly streams outward from the Sun until, at the outermost limit of the Solar System, it reaches the

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is represented by groups and clusters of galaxies. This structure is organized into a hierarchy of groupings, with the largest being the

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they are.… That which is perhaps most characteristic of astrophysics is the special prominence which it gives to the study of radiation.

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Berrgren, J.L.; Sidoli, Nathan (May 2007). "Aristarchus's On the Sizes and Distances of the Sun and the Moon: Greek and Arabic Texts".

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over the course of 13.8 billion years to its present condition. The concept of the Big Bang can be traced back to the discovery of the

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X-ray jet made from a supermassive black hole found by NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory, made visible by light from the early Universe

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Collectively, amateur astronomers observe a variety of celestial objects and phenomena sometimes with consumer-level equipment or

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The final fate of the star depends on its mass, with stars of mass greater than about eight times the Sun becoming core collapse

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ascribed to the presence of different elements. Stars were proven to be similar to the Earth's own Sun, but with a wide range of

7818: 7361: 6905: 5156: 663:(1436–1476) helped make astronomical progress instrumental to Copernicus's development of the heliocentric model decades later. 11435: 10575: 10220: 10205: 10185: 9491: 9438: 6471: 3979: 3818:

A planet or moon's interior heat is produced from the collisions that created the body, by the decay of radioactive materials (

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In the 21st century there remain important unanswered questions in astronomy. Some are cosmic in scope: for example, what are

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In addition to electromagnetic radiation, a few other events originating from great distances may be observed from the Earth.

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caused by interactions with other bodies. Some planets and moons accumulate enough heat to drive geologic processes such as

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is characterized from the start by seeking a rational, physical explanation for celestial phenomena. In the 3rd century BC,

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is the study of the chemicals found within the Solar System, including the origins of the elements and variations in the

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and supernova explosions from these stars eventually cause the cloud to disperse, often leaving behind one or more young

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and observational physics. Some areas of study for astrophysicists include their attempts to determine the properties of

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for a given date. Technological artifacts of similar complexity did not reappear until the 14th century, when mechanical

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A particularly important early development was the beginning of mathematical and scientific astronomy, which began among

315:, the belief system which claims that human affairs are correlated with the positions of celestial objects. Although the 9485: 9477: 8130: 2486: 11460: 11400: 11373: 9474: 8361: 5707: 5594: 4091: 3877:

is the application of statistics to astrophysics to the analysis of a vast amount of observational astrophysical data.

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For over six centuries (from the recovery of ancient learning during the late Middle Ages into the Enlightenment), the

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to understand the measurements made by astronomy. Representation of the Observable Universe that includes images from

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Micheau, Françoise. Rashed, Roshdi; Morelon, Régis (eds.). "The Scientific Institutions in the Medieval Near East".

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to collect observational data about distant massive objects. A few observatories have been constructed, such as the

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Astronomy and astrophysics have developed significant interdisciplinary links with other major scientific fields.

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This image shows several blue, loop-shaped objects that are multiple images of the same galaxy, duplicated by the

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Modern theoretical astronomy reflects dramatic advances in observation since the 1990s, including studies of the

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have physics rather than astronomy degrees. Some titles of the leading scientific journals in this field include

10264: 3603:. This is surrounded by a transition region of rapidly increasing temperatures, and finally by the super-heated 557:, calculated the size and distance of the Moon and invented the earliest known astronomical devices such as the 10915: 10331: 10165: 8415: 7796: 4870: 4125: 3992:? These dominate the evolution and fate of the cosmos, yet their true nature remains unknown. What will be the 3146: 2053: 1803: 1182: 262: 4306: 3563:. Sunspots are regions of lower-than-average temperatures that are associated with intense magnetic activity. 11455: 11445: 11270: 11265: 10440: 10336: 9312: 9023: 6320: 5984: 4032: 3993: 2305: 2143: 2037: 1734: 1586:, and an ability to determine past and future positions of the planets with great accuracy, a field known as 1423: 918:

led to more accurate predictions about the motions of the Moon and planets. This work was further refined by

305: 46: 10853: 8228: 4366: 3904:", finally, methods from astronomy have been used to solve problems of art history and occasionally of law. 3800:

on the Moon. During this period, some of the protoplanets may have collided and one such collision may have

2591: 11320: 11280: 10940: 10495: 10475: 10370: 9186: 8689: 5587: 4021: 2822: 2802: 1503: 234: 10858: 9490: 6375:"The Importance of Astrophysical Research and the Relation of Astrophysics to the Other Physical Sciences" 4636: 11368: 11363: 11260: 11245: 11015: 10541: 10470: 10435: 9468: 9462: 9362: 8069:

Kroupa, Pavel (2002). "The Initial Mass Function of Stars: Evidence for Uniformity in Variable Systems".

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are organized into distinct shapes that allow for classification schemes. They are commonly divided into

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Improvements in the size and quality of the telescope led to further discoveries. The English astronomer

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which allowed for the measurement of angles between planets and other astronomical bodies, as well as an

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will allow for predictions of close encounters or potential collisions of the Earth with those objects.

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In practice, modern astronomical research often involves a substantial amount of work in the realms of

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Careful measurement of the positions of the planets has led to a solid understanding of gravitational

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ratios. Both of these fields represent an overlap of the disciplines of astronomy and chemistry. As "

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Once a planet reaches sufficient mass, the materials of different densities segregate within, during

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in August 1583. Europeans had previously believed that there had been no astronomical observation in

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Significant advances in astronomy came about with the introduction of new technology, including the

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Wolszczan, A.; Frail, D. A. (1992). "A planetary system around the millisecond pulsar PSR1257+12".

4640: 4060: 3934: 3717: 3623: 3457:; while smaller stars blow off their outer layers and leave behind the inert core in the form of a 3072: 2298: 1942: 1727: 1667: 1353: 1059: 1005: 526: 349: 1224:

This allows the study of the chemistry of space; more specifically it can detect water in comets.

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Losev, Alexandre (2012). "'Astronomy' or 'astrology': A brief history of an apparent confusion".

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Amateur astronomers can build their own equipment, and hold star parties and gatherings, such as

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At the center of the Sun is the core region, a volume of sufficient temperature and pressure for

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of stars. These clusters gradually disperse, and the stars join the population of the Milky Way.

3299: 3140: 2637: 1662: 1033: 316: 218: 207: 8156: 3027:) "word, study" or literally "logic") could be considered the study of the Universe as a whole. 1038: 11440: 11425: 10758: 10696: 10644: 10634: 10619: 10570: 10430: 10360: 9776: 9464: 9032: 8905: 8898: 8821: 8615: 6874: 6144: 5884: 5711: 5025:

The Bad-Ass Librarians of Timbuktu And Their Race to Save the World's Most Precious Manuscripts

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In the center of the Milky Way is the core, a bar-shaped bulge with what is believed to be a

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may also be sensitive to the particles produced when cosmic rays hit the Earth's atmosphere.

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appears to dominate the mass, although the nature of this dark matter remains undetermined.

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Overview of types of observational astronomy by observed wavelengths and their observability

655:) which was able to show planets were capable of motion without the intervention of angels. 11465: 11450: 11415: 11405: 11250: 10686: 10639: 10296: 9748: 9713: 9708: 9602: 9553: 9526: 9482: 9461: 8994: 8926: 8744: 8682: 8473: 8450: 8443: 8191: 8088: 8033: 7968: 7675: 7448: 7146: 6386: 6335: 6261: 6222: 6179: 6148: 5938: 5842: 5639: 5423: 4718: 4585: 4516: 4164: 4054: 4039:? The existence of life elsewhere has important scientific and philosophical implications. 3937:. Common targets of amateur astronomers include the Sun, the Moon, planets, stars, comets, 3287: 3233:. Quasars are believed to be the most consistently luminous objects in the known universe. 3091: 2521: 2057: 1986: 1572: 1465: 1401: 1349: 1128: 923: 877: 755: 534: 491: 487: 425: 374: 203: 175: 9465: 9463: 5674: 4243: 1058:. Observational astronomy may be categorized according to the corresponding region of the 8: 11540: 11430: 11380: 11290: 11240: 11138: 11027: 10865: 10838: 10788: 10592: 10050: 9743: 9595: 9125: 9067: 8863: 8814: 8710: 8657: 8480: 8294: 6847: 6434: 4082: – List of definitions of terms and concepts commonly used in the study of astronomy 3784: 3322: 2842: 2571: 2232: 2123: 2005: 1934: 1914: 1780: 1587: 1583: 1553: 1477: 1417: 1397: 1361: 1021: 926:, allowing the masses of the planets and moons to be estimated from their perturbations. 853: 695: 656: 391: 148: 68: 42: 20:

This article is about the scientific study of celestial objects. Not to be confused with

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is the study of ancient or traditional astronomies in their cultural context, utilizing

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made a detailed catalog of nebulosity and clusters, and in 1781 discovered the planet

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Roth, H. (1932). "A Slowly Contracting or Expanding Fluid Sphere and its Stability".

6083: 6073: 6017: 5966: 5954: 5870: 5858: 5801: 5741: 5659: 5525: 5451: 5439: 5378: 5337: 5292: 5160: 5124: 5059: 5028: 4972: 4961: 4939: 4914: 4849: 4824: 4736: 4673: 4622: 4544: 4466: 4429: 4402: 4395: 4211: 4180: 4066: 3955: 3925: 3681: 3671: 3667: 3442: 3399: 3307: 3177: 2239: 2224: 2188: 2049: 1982: 1930: 1798: 1776: 1630: 1591: 1522: 1497: 1393: 1319: 1315: 1257: 1252:(right) is an example of a telescope that operates only at near-infrared wavelengths. 743: 715: 445: 441: 433: 249: 238: 191: 187: 96: 10002: 8349: 8116: 7700:

Astronomy has traditionally been among the most fertile fields for serious amateurs

7543: 4192: 3892:, although they may also appear in low-temperature stars, brown dwarfs and planets. 3590:, where the plasma conveys the energy flux by means of radiation. Above that is the 3539:

At a distance of about eight light-minutes, the most frequently studied star is the

3145:

The study of objects outside our galaxy is a branch of astronomy concerned with the

1484:. The vast majority of the neutrinos streaming through the Earth originate from the 11492: 11039: 10843: 10833: 10726: 10701: 10111: 10081: 9926: 9800: 9640: 9505: 8965: 8944: 8779: 8772: 8199: 8096: 8041: 7976: 7683: 7539: 7456: 7166: 7154: 6561: 6394: 6343: 6271: 6230: 6199: 6187: 5950: 5946: 5854: 5850: 5647: 5435: 5431: 5366: 5329: 4782: 4726: 4610: 4524: 4172: 3947: 3858: 3741: 3462: 3364: 3334: 3315: 3249: 3205: 3181: 3068: 2678: 2243: 2045: 1994: 1970: 1909:

Astrophysics is the branch of astronomy that employs the principles of physics and

1855: 1831: 1794: 1598: 1311: 1276: 1241: 1237: 1148: 1076: 942: 934: 892: 678: 457: 453: 437: 387: 183: 163: 50: 7923: 7288: 6067: 3884:

found in space, including their formation, interaction and destruction, is called

1318:, and active galactic nuclei. However, as ultraviolet light is easily absorbed by 941:

discovered about 600 bands in the spectrum of the Sun in 1814–15, which, in 1859,

710:

stellar event in recorded history, was observed by the Egyptian Arabic astronomer

669:

and other parts of the world. This led to the emergence of the first astronomical

322: 37: 10910: 10808: 10716: 10607: 10585: 10382: 10326: 10316: 10106: 10086: 10055: 10043: 9997: 9985: 9889: 9872: 9832: 9810: 9805: 9328: 9111: 8786: 8703: 8641: 8596: 8540: 8381: 8310: 7766: 7269: 7087: 7046: 6589: 6370: 5282: 4755:

God's philosophers: how the medieval world laid the foundations of modern science

4584:

Krafft, Fritz (2009). "Astronomy". In Cancik, Hubert; Schneider, Helmuth (eds.).

4492: 4004:

model? Others pertain to more specific classes of phenomena. For example, is the

3942: 3889: 3874: 3591: 3568: 3534: 3434: 3393: 3326: 3245: 2184:

exists, and how humans can detect it if it does. The term exobiology is similar.

2139: 1990: 1851: 1715: 1644: 1607: 1529:

was detected on 26 December 2015 and additional observations should continue but

1489: 1438: 1331: 1204: 1091: 1084: 1009: 1001: 861: 857: 577: 561:. Hipparchus also created a comprehensive catalog of 1020 stars, and most of the 530: 429: 401: 230: 179: 128: 64: 54: 7792: 7687: 7666:

Mims III, Forrest M. (1999). "Amateur Science—Strong Tradition, Bright Future".

6275: 5333: 4769:

The Observatory in Islam and Its Place in the General History of the Observatory

992:

made huge advances during the 20th century. In the early 1900s the model of the

964:. Theoretical astronomy led to speculations on the existence of objects such as 396: 10894: 10674: 10664: 10602: 10465: 10392: 10353: 10274: 10247: 10101: 10075: 9965: 9936: 9914: 9904: 9894: 9847: 9395: 9241: 9226: 9178: 8958: 8891: 8793: 7438: 6987: 6787: 6348: 5620:

Majaess, D. (2013). "Discovering protostars and their host clusters via WISE".

4773: 4273: 3893: 3885: 3812: 3725: 3587: 3583: 3572: 3415: 3403: 3222: 3187:

As the name suggests, an elliptical galaxy has the cross-sectional shape of an

2738: 2698: 2658: 2208: 2135: 2097: 1978: 1698: 1622: 1385: 1158:

A wide variety of other objects are observable at radio wavelengths, including

1140: 1047: 907: 884: 808: 785: 778: 770: 711: 522: 495: 8182:

Hillas, A.M. (September 1984). "The Origin of Ultra-High-Energy Cosmic Rays".

7652: 7630: 7460: 6118: 6087: 5651: 5557: 5370: 4614: 876:, who finally explained the motions of the planets. Newton also developed the 11552: 10993: 10973: 10553: 10286: 10269: 10090: 10007: 9970: 9941: 9931: 9899: 9877: 9857: 9820: 9793: 9788: 9783: 9016: 8285: 8134: 7569:"Scientists Used the Stars to Confirm When a Famous Sapphic Poem Was Written" 5049: 4358: 4184: 4036: 3938: 3797: 3709: 3642: 3619: 3556: 3552: 3548: 3311: 3173: 3154: 3053: 2983: 2081: 1611: 1280: 1216: 1185:

Observatory is one of the highest observatory sites on Earth. Atacama, Chile.

1144: 1117: 1051: 793: 660: 644: 562: 546: 285: 8100: 3930:

Astronomy is one of the sciences to which amateurs can contribute the most.

887:

catalogued over 3000 stars. More extensive star catalogues were produced by

856:

proposed a heliocentric model of the solar system. His work was defended by

834: 800:

during the pre-colonial Middle Ages, but modern discoveries show otherwise.

162:

Astronomy is one of the oldest natural sciences. The early civilizations in

11504: 11071: 11057: 10848: 10803: 10460: 10343: 10237: 10177: 10160: 9980: 9958: 9909: 9867: 9852: 9837: 9703: 9662: 9627: 9447: 9236: 9221: 8972: 8951: 8569: 8108: 7988: 7390: 7382: 6408: 6293: 6234: 5958: 5862: 5443: 4875: 4740: 4528: 4051: – Branch of science or a theory concerning the origin of the universe 4005: 3870: 3866: 3753: 3697: 3685: 3604: 3600: 3466: 3357: 3342: 3279: 3241: 3217: 3095: 2882: 2611: 2475: 2263: 2259: 2196: 2159: 2119: 1880: 1693: 1442: 1120:

of radio waves, whereas this is not as easily done at shorter wavelengths.

1071: 985: 969: 930: 865: 674: 648: 542: 328: 8251: 6927: 6627: 4328: 2215:

to investigate the possibility of life on other worlds and help recognize

521:

Following the Babylonians, significant advances in astronomy were made in

11199: 11112: 11106: 10889: 10877: 10872: 10823: 10798: 10768: 10763: 10711: 10706: 10531: 10445: 10404: 10365: 10242: 10067: 9990: 9953: 9842: 9039: 8083: 8028: 7600:"'Forensic Astronomy' Reveals the Secrets of an Iconic Ansel Adams Photo" 7141: 5116: 4909:

A Short History of Astronomy From Earliest Times Through the 19th Century

4013: 3989: 3985: 3862: 3729: 3721: 3596: 3576: 3560: 3551:

G2 V, and about 4.6 billion years (Gyr) old. The Sun is not considered a

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and other elements create star-forming regions. These begin as a compact

3291: 3115: 3111: 2758: 2267: 2251: 2220: 2165: 2164:

Astrobiology is an interdisciplinary scientific field concerned with the

2147: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2009: 1954: 1863: 1859: 1765: 1615: 1558: 1345: 1298: 1220: 946: 849: 789: 781: 751: 686: 670: 613: 499: 414: 241:

have helped with many important discoveries, such as finding new comets.

76: 8354:

Things That Go Bump in the Universe: How Astronomers Decode Cosmic Chaos

7980: 7413: 7020: 6318: 4088: – Devices for observing, measuring, or recording astronomical data 3696:, and other bodies orbiting the Sun, as well as extrasolar planets. The 3126: 1575:(the use of celestial objects to guide navigation) and in the making of 1268: 467: 11131: 11078: 10818: 10397: 9975: 9231: 9009: 8986: 8466: 5328:. Springer Praxis Books. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. pp. 39–75. 4963:

The royal kingdoms of Ghana, Mali, and Songhay: life in medieval Africa

4423: 3917: 3912: 3842: 3792: 3733: 3647: 3544: 3470: 3353: 3260: 3192: 2550: 2228: 2192: 2069: 2029: 1946: 1847: 1818: 1549: 1493: 1446: 1211:(WISE) have been particularly effective at unveiling numerous galactic 1124: 1101: 1097: 1080: 965: 731: 617: 554: 550: 449: 344: 340: 199: 6812: 3469:, or, if the stellar mass was at least three times that of the Sun, a 2510: 819: 300: 147:. More generally, astronomy studies everything that originates beyond 11092: 11085: 10480: 10311: 10232: 10155: 10150: 10121: 9862: 9815: 9684: 9667: 9246: 9104: 8391: 8387: 8010:

Beer, M. E.; King, A. R.; Livio, M.; Pringle, J. E. (November 2004).

7490: 6191: 5288: 5047: 4536: 4048: 3838: 3769: 3757: 3454: 3446: 3411: 3283: 3265: 3201: 3022: 3010: 3000: 2216: 2200: 2169: 2131: 2115: 2111: 2033: 1966: 1958: 1910: 1894: 1708: 1703: 1563: 1434: 1272: 1245: 1212: 1178: 1159: 1113: 957: 719: 703: 636: 558: 336: 312: 167: 152: 124: 112: 84: 72: 21: 10116: 4731: 4706: 4463:

Worldviews: An Introduction to the History and Philosophy of Science

3314:

stars, as well as relatively dense concentrations of stars known as

257: 11145: 10983: 10450: 10306: 10291: 10026: 9733: 9581: 7158: 7019:. Max-Planck-Institut für extraterrestrische Physik. Archived from 6399: 6374: 5933: 5837: 5418: 4786: 4001: 3881: 3693: 3520: 3426: 3348:

As the more massive stars appear, they transform the cloud into an

3330: 3049: 2177: 2107: 2103: 2025: 1812: 1576: 1481: 1452: 1196: 1152: 1136: 993: 961: 774: 609: 545:

where the Earth and planets rotated around the Sun, now called the

505: 211: 156: 116: 9297: 7963: 7127:

Van den Bergh, Sidney (1999). "The Early History of Dark Matter".

5634: 4159: 3485: 3075:

produced the elemental abundance of the early Universe. (See also

1155:

spectral line at 21 cm, are observable at radio wavelengths.

11195: 10387: 10375: 10301: 9694: 9672: 9547: 9532: 5765:. Particle Physics and Astronomy Research Council. Archived from 5117:

Holbrook, Jarita C.; Medupe, R. Thebe; Urama, Johnson O. (2008).

3997: 3897: 3846: 3826: 3822: 3815:, which can protect their atmospheres from solar wind stripping. 3777: 3761: 3659: 3188: 3110:

Fundamental to the structure of the Universe is the existence of

2718: 2212: 2127: 1950: 1890: 1307: 1275:

to 700 nm), that same equipment can be used to observe some

873: 823: 723: 700: 652: 640: 589: 510: 461: 400:

A celestial map from the 17th century, by the Dutch cartographer

274: 266: 104: 92: 80: 8293: 5598: 5284:

Minding the heavens: the story of our discovery of the Milky Way

3555:, but it does undergo periodic changes in activity known as the 3161:. Finally, the latter is important for the understanding of the 10828: 10019: 10014: 9728: 9723: 9689: 9677: 9622: 9574: 9567: 9542: 9537: 9416: 9134: 8377: 7847:. IAU Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams. Archived from 7386:

Remote Sensing for the Earth Sciences: Manual of Remote Sensing

3773: 3765: 3677: 3430: 3341:, which concentrate and collapse (in volumes determined by the 3230: 3226: 3169: 2926: 2633: 2065: 1926: 1858:. This model requires the universe to contain large amounts of 1473: 1389: 1373: 1357: 1195:

Infrared astronomy is founded on the detection and analysis of

1163: 1131:, most of the radio emission that is observed is the result of 1109: 981: 977: 973: 896: 735: 727: 682: 633: 612:, including the invention of the first astronomical clock, the 233:. This is especially true for the discovery and observation of 229:

Astronomy is one of the few sciences in which amateurs play an

140: 136: 132: 108: 4000:

in the cosmos four times lower than predicted by the standard

2102:

Astrochemistry is the study of the abundance and reactions of

475:

at The Schoyen Collection, London. Above: its manuscript from

10145: 9718: 9650: 9645: 9560: 9515: 9510: 8332:

The New Cosmos: An Introduction to Astronomy and Astrophysics

7712: 4958: 4208:

The New Cosmos: An Introduction to Astronomy and Astrophysics

3745: 3689: 3498: 3375: 3016: 3004: 2950: 2040:. Topics also studied by theoretical astrophysicists include 972:, which have been used to explain such observed phenomena as 472: 270: 120: 8400: 4236:"What is the difference between astronomy and astrophysics?" 3946:

interest in the night sky. One branch of amateur astronomy,

3614:. As the solar wind passes the Earth, it interacts with the 1302:

thermal radiation and spectral emission lines from hot blue

762:

observatories. Astronomers during that time introduced many

565:

of the northern hemisphere derive from Greek astronomy. The

471:

The Suryaprajnaptisūtra, a 6th-century BC astronomy text of

198:. In the past, astronomy included disciplines as diverse as 9771: 9655: 9520: 7739: 5704: 5591: 3830: 3749: 3720:), comets, the trans-Neptunian region (subdivided into the 3651: 3622:) and deflects the solar wind, but traps some creating the 3503: 3387: 3379: 3083: 2173: 1961:

composition. Because astrophysics is a very broad subject,

1922: 1521:

on 14 September 2015, observing gravitational waves from a

1514: 1303: 1127:

are emitted directly by astronomical objects, a product of

1105: 1013: 950: 838:

An astronomical chart from an early scientific manuscript,

827: 625: 585: 100: 11499: 7635:

Theaters of Time and Space: American Planetaria, 1930–1970

7411: 6722:"How the search for aliens can help sustain life on Earth" 5883: 3414:. A sufficiently dense, and hot, core region will trigger 1322:, an adjustment of ultraviolet measurements is necessary. 624:

which could be used for astronomical calculations such as

604:

Medieval Europe housed a number of important astronomers.

11193: 9500: 9281: 8576: 6169: 4210:. Translated by Brewer, W.D. Berlin, New York: Springer. 4121: 3540: 3528: 3352:(ionized atomic hydrogen) of glowing gas and plasma. The 3071:, which homogenized the starting conditions. Thereafter, 2946: 1918: 1485: 1352:(the result of electrons orbiting magnetic field lines), 1336: 629: 581: 253:

Astronomical Observatory, New South Wales, Australia 1873

7870: 7491:

Beatty, J.K.; Petersen, C.C.; Chaikin, A., eds. (1999).

7383:

Bell III, J. F.; Campbell, B.A.; Robinson, M.S. (2004).

7218: 6658:"Release of the First Roadmap for European Astrobiology" 5207:

The Sun in the Church: Cathedrals as Solar Observatories

7948: 7899:. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. Archived from 7129:

Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific

5357:

Castelvecchi, Davide; Witze, Witze (11 February 2016).

4991: 4505:

Aaboe, A. (1974). "Scientific Astronomy in Antiquity".

2118:. The word "astrochemistry" may be applied to both the 1965:

typically apply many disciplines of physics, including

1941:. Their emissions are examined across all parts of the 1601:

of nearby stars provides a fundamental baseline in the

319:

share a common origin, they are now entirely distinct.

6013:

Neutrinos in Particle Physics, Astronomy and Cosmology

5196:. CNN. 5 December 2002. Retrieved on 30 December 2011. 4994:"Eclipse brings claim of medieval African observatory" 4063: – Overview of and topical guide to space science 3736:, which may extend as far as a light-year). The inner 1790:

Phenomena modeled by theoretical astronomers include:

608:(1292–1336) made major contributions to astronomy and 11476: 8221:"Rare Earth: Complex Life Elsewhere in the Universe?" 7767:"Karl Jansky and the Discovery of Cosmic Radio Waves" 7389:(3rd ed.). John Wiley & Sons. Archived from 7355: 7126: 4401:. Mill Valley, California: University Science Books. 4102:

List of software for astronomy research and education

4057: – Overview of the scientific field of astronomy 3783:

The planets were formed 4.6 billion years ago in the

3325:, a region of sparse matter. In the densest regions, 2262:

for life detection, and studies on the potential for

1543: 1112:. Hence, it is relatively easier to measure both the 8009: 6632:

Journal: Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres

5159:. The Royal Society. 30 January 2006. Archived from 4672:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 2. 3728:) and the farthest regions (e.g., boundaries of the 3676:

Planetary science is the study of the assemblage of

1760:

Theoretical astronomers use several tools including

6319:Beringer, J.; et al. (Particle Data Group) (2012). 4205: 3107:of galaxies, then into larger-scale superclusters. 2277: 87:in order to explain their origin and their overall 7889: 7819:"The International Occultation Timing Association" 5789: 5027:. New York: Simon & Schuster. pp. 26–27. 4960: 4906: 4698: 4394: 3841:and tectonics. Those that accumulate or retain an 3406:occurs in dense regions of dust and gas, known as 1364:above 10 Kelvin. Since X-rays are absorbed by the 8329: 8016:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 7871:"American Association of Variable Star Observers" 7484: 7321: 7297:"Environmental issues: essential primary sources" 6980: 6754:. The European Space Agency (ESA). 2 April 2013. 5356: 5324:McLean, Ian S. (2008). "Beating the atmosphere". 4927: 3973: 3599:. Above this layer is a thin region known as the 2180:. Astrobiology considers the question of whether 1207:and the cores of galaxies. Observations from the 689:, was described by the Persian Muslim astronomer 11550: 9208: 8304:. Vol. 2 (11th ed.). pp. 800–819. 8208:This poses a challenge to these models, because 6601: 4900: 4898: 4461:DeWitt, Richard (2010). "The Ptolemaic System". 4229: 4227: 4069: – Exploration of space, planets, and moons 2114:. The discipline is an overlap of astronomy and 1453:Fields not based on the electromagnetic spectrum 1368:, all X-ray observations must be performed from 9460: 7295:Lerner, K. Lee; Lerner, Brenda Wilmoth (2006). 7212: 6777: 6775: 6773: 6680: 5893:"Opening new windows in observing the Universe" 4933: 4848:. Vol. 1. Willmann-Bell, Inc. p. 18. 4844:Kepple, George Robert; Sanner, Glen W. (1998). 4508:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society 4293: 4291: 4233: 1506:is an emerging field of astronomy that employs 902:During the 18–19th centuries, the study of the 777:may have housed astronomical observatories. In 7637:. Rutgers University Press. pp. 170–178. 7432: 7358:"The Exploration of the Earth's Magnetosphere" 6986: 5359:"Einstein's gravitational waves found at last" 5350: 5280: 5157:"Africans studied astronomy in medieval times" 4600: 4351: 4299:"School of Science-Astronomy and Astrophysics" 3571:, for example, is believed to have caused the 1512:Laser Interferometer Gravitational Observatory 11179: 9621: 9432: 9313: 9194: 8416: 8284: 8252:"The Quest for Extraterrestrial Intelligence" 7356:Stern, D.P.; Peredo, M. (28 September 2004). 7260: 7258: 6804: 6628:"Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres" 6583:Merriam Webster Dictionary entry "Exobiology" 5588:"Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer Mission" 4959:McKissack, Pat; McKissack, Frederick (1995). 4895: 4802:Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science 4793: 4224: 3204:and one of our nearest galaxy neighbors, the 2306: 2126:. The study of the abundance of elements and 1735: 7924:"What is the Ultimate Fate of the Universe?" 7530:Hilbe, Joseph M. (2017). "Astrostatistics". 7497:. Cambridge press. p. 70edition = 4th. 7412:Grayzeck, E.; Williams, D.R. (11 May 2006). 7294: 7223:(3rd ed.). Cambridge University Press. 7047:"Cloud formation, Evolution and Destruction" 7040: 7038: 6770: 6260:(1341). Cambridge University Press: 233–40. 5814: 5731: 5729: 4843: 4760: 4288: 4146:Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage 3852: 2242:field encompasses research on the origin of 2219:that might be different from that on Earth. 1348:. Typically, X-ray radiation is produced by 1263:using digital detectors, particularly using 996:theory was formulated, heavily evidenced by 517:, present-day Afghanistan 3rd–2nd century BC 8184:Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 7523: 7315: 7094:. Imperial College Press. pp. 185–99. 6877:. U.S. Department of Energy, Berkeley Lab. 6848:"Galaxy Clusters and Large-Scale Structure" 6458: 6456: 5513: 5511: 5509: 5507: 5403: 5274: 5092:"Cosmic Africa explores Africa's astronomy" 4465:. Chichester, England: Wiley. p. 113. 4321: 3708:(subdivided into the inner planets and the 3461:. The ejection of the outer layers forms a 1488:, but 24 neutrinos were also detected from 1449:candidates such as active galactic nuclei. 323:Use of terms "astronomy" and "astrophysics" 11186: 11172: 9439: 9425: 9320: 9306: 9201: 9187: 8423: 8409: 7897:"11 Physics Questions for the New Century" 7255: 7053:. Imperial College Press. pp. 53–86. 6813:"Cosmology 101: The Study of the Universe" 5524:. New York: Springer-Verlag. p. 124. 5505: 5503: 5501: 5499: 5497: 5495: 5493: 5491: 5489: 5487: 5184:"Star sheds light on African 'Stonehenge'" 4992:Clark, Stuart; Carrington, Damian (2002). 4936:The Cambridge Concise History of Astronomy 4823:. Brill Academic Publishers. p. 350. 4263: 4261: 3121: 2313: 2299: 1742: 1728: 1027: 830:revealed that the surface was mountainous. 764:Arabic names now used for individual stars 580:designed to calculate the location of the 155:is a branch of astronomy that studies the 8082: 8045: 8027: 7962: 7764: 7566: 7264: 7219:Audouze, Jean; Israel, Guy, eds. (1994). 7140: 7035: 6650: 6398: 6347: 6265: 6247: 6163: 5932: 5836: 5735: 5726: 5633: 5517: 5417: 4868: 4730: 4504: 4388: 4386: 4384: 4199: 4158: 4035:? If so, what is the explanation for the 3052:, wherein our Universe began at a single 1854:, which have led to the development of a 1621:During the 1990s, the measurement of the 1533:require extremely sensitive instruments. 956:The existence of the Earth's galaxy, the 667:Astronomy flourished in the Islamic world 498:recurred in a repeating cycle known as a 10958:Interstellar and circumstellar molecules 8394:in Astronomy, from the Smithsonian/NASA 7769:. National Radio Astronomy Observatory. 7665: 7405: 7376: 7178: 7176: 6781: 6453: 6009: 5754: 5740:. Great Britain: George Philis Limited. 4704: 4665: 4639:. School of Mathematics and Statistics, 4206:Unsöld, Albrecht; Baschek, Bodo (2001). 3911: 3888:. These substances are usually found in 3641: 3510: 3484: 3465:. The remnant of a supernova is a dense 3374: 3259: 3125: 3029: 2150:, and the origin of climate and oceans. 2130:ratios in Solar System objects, such as 1884: 1636: 1557: 1335: 1286: 1231: 1177: 1070: 1037: 833: 818: 814: 504: 466: 395: 256: 248: 36: 11154:) may be read as "within" or "part of". 10182:Planetary orbit-crossing minor planets 7921: 6810: 6719: 6560:. NASA. 21 January 2008. Archived from 6147:Department of Astronomy. Archived from 6112: 6065: 5796:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 5787: 5761:Penston, Margaret J. (14 August 2002). 5760: 5675:"Why infrared astronomy is a hot topic" 5619: 5484: 5048:Holbrook, Jarita C.; Medupe, R. Thebe; 4766: 4415: 4258: 3716:(subdivided into the outer planets and 3244:. The collective matter is formed into 11551: 11301:Electrical and electronics engineering 11286:Developmental and reproductive biology 9286: 8378:NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database (NED) 8308: 8181: 8068: 7740:"Catching the Light: Astrophotography" 7628: 6732:from the original on 10 September 2016 6720:Cockell, Charles S. (4 October 2012). 6369: 6117:. University of Denver. Archived from 5820: 5613: 5580: 5323: 5268: 5256: 5230: 5224: 5218: 5022: 4583: 4460: 4421: 4381: 4369:from the original on 21 September 2012 3980:List of unsolved problems in astronomy 2979: 1945:, and the properties examined include 1411: 769:It is also believed that the ruins at 677:by the early 9th century. In 964, the 11167: 9420: 9301: 9182: 8404: 8348: 7793:"Cambridge Amateur Radio Astronomers" 7746:from the original on 1 September 2006 7737: 7529: 7276:from the original on 7 September 2006 7173: 7085: 7044: 6908:from the original on 1 September 2006 6758:from the original on 11 February 2019 6686: 6546: 6094:from the original on 23 February 2023 6066:Fraknoi, Andrew; et al. (2022). 6061: 6059: 6057: 6055: 6053: 6051: 6049: 6047: 6045: 5701:"Infrared Spectroscopy – An Overview" 5672: 5538:from the original on 19 November 2020 5397: 5385:from the original on 12 February 2016 4913:. New York: Dover Publications, Inc. 4904: 4603:Archive for History of Exact Sciences 4495:, The Schoyen Collection, London/Oslo 4142: 3704:The Solar System is divided into the 3255: 3149:, their morphology (description) and 3042:large-scale structure of the Universe 2291: 2273: 1869: 1173: 1046:The main source of information about 998:cosmic microwave background radiation 539:size and distance of the Moon and Sun 217:Professional astronomy is split into 145:cosmic microwave background radiation 16:Scientific study of celestial objects 9401: 9162: 7877:from the original on 2 February 2010 7185: 6899: 6854:from the original on 10 October 2006 6687:Corum, Jonathan (18 December 2015). 6638:from the original on 8 February 2020 6359:from the original on 9 October 2022. 6250:"Internal Constitution of the Stars" 6212: 6030:from the original on 3 February 2021 5305:from the original on 27 October 2020 4837: 4767:Kennedy, Edward S. (1962). 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These massive stars triggered the 2935: 2915: 2895: 2871: 2851: 2831: 2811: 2791: 2771: 2747: 2727: 2707: 2687: 2667: 2647: 2620: 2600: 2580: 2560: 2280: 2042:Solar System formation and evolution 1426:or by specialized telescopes called 1227: 1096:Radio astronomy uses radiation with 826:'s sketches and observations of the 166:made methodical observations of the 9327: 8262:from the original on 18 August 2006 8204:10.1146/annurev.aa.22.090184.002233 8163:from the original on 14 August 2020 7773:from the original on 31 August 2006 7719:from the original on 22 August 2006 7597: 7567:Ouellette, Jennifer (13 May 2016). 7420:from the original on 20 August 2006 7364:from the original on 24 August 2006 7108:from the original on 13 August 2021 7067:from the original on 13 August 2021 7014: 6881:from the original on 11 August 2006 6819:from the original on 13 August 2006 6664:. Astrobiology Web. 29 March 2016. 6312: 6300:from the original on 17 August 2021 6113:Calvert, James B. 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Johns Hopkins University Press. 8012:"How special is the Solar system?" 7922:Hinshaw, Gary (15 December 2005). 7610:from the original on 24 March 2023 7579:from the original on 24 March 2023 7511:from the original on 30 March 2015 6872: 6604:The life and death of planet Earth 6042: 5991:from the original on 23 April 2016 5895:. Europhysics News. Archived from 5708:California Institute of Technology 5595:University of California, Berkeley 5004:from the original on 30 April 2015 4092:List of astronomical observatories 3654:. This moving, swirling column of 3480: 3290:that is a prominent member of the 2250:, rock-water-carbon interactions, 1544:Astrometry and celestial mechanics 1325: 1066: 196:indigenous peoples of the Americas 75:that occur in the cosmos. It uses 14: 11575: 11331:Genetics and evolutionary biology 8371: 8249: 6668:from the original on 10 June 2020 6602:Ward, P.D.; Brownlee, D. (2004). 6441:from the original on 10 June 2011 6437:. Merriam-Webster, Incorporated. 6321:"2013 Review of Particle Physics" 5681:from the original on 30 July 2012 5564:. European Southern Observatory. 5190:. 5 December 2002. Archived from 4883:from the original on 1 March 2021 4339:from the original on 17 June 2007 4177:10.3724/SP.J.1440-2807.2012.01.05 3425:Almost all elements heavier than 2091: 1362:thermal emission from thick gases 1219:. With the exception of infrared 541:, and he proposed a model of the 11534: 11522: 11510: 11498: 11486: 11045: 11033: 11021: 9446: 9400: 9390: 9381: 9380: 9161: 9150: 9149: 8920:Southern African Large Telescope 8330:Unsöld, A.; Baschek, B. (2001). 8243: 8213: 8175: 8149: 8123: 8062: 8047:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2004.08237.x 8003: 7942: 7930:from the original on 29 May 2007 7915: 7863: 7837: 7811: 7799:from the original on 24 May 2012 7785: 7758: 7731: 7705: 7659: 7622: 7591: 7560: 7475: 7349: 7246: 7221:The Cambridge Atlas of Astronomy 6992:Astronomy: The Evolving Universe 6942:from the original on 9 July 2021 6701:from the original on 20 May 2020 6504:from the original on 10 May 2015 6474:from the original on 16 May 2017 5792:Cosmic Rays and Particle Physics 5521:Allen's Astrophysical Quantities 4086:List of astronomical instruments 3662:) created the long, dark streak. 3586:to occur. Above the core is the 1913:"to ascertain the nature of the 1651: 1590:. More recently the tracking of 1428:atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes 1354:thermal emission from thin gases 1250:NASA Infrared Telescope Facility 407: 11335:Cellular and molecular biology 10921:Gravitationally rounded objects 8278: 7544:10.1002/9781118445112.stat07961 7237: 7203: 7194: 7120: 7079: 7008: 6954: 6920: 6893: 6866: 6840: 6831: 6744: 6713: 6620: 6595: 6576: 6516: 6486: 6427: 6363: 6241: 6206: 6133: 6106: 6003: 5973: 5911: 5877: 5781: 5693: 5666: 5550: 5458: 5326:Electronic Imaging in Astronomy 5317: 5262: 5250: 5236: 5212: 5199: 5175: 5149: 5110: 5084: 5041: 5016: 4985: 4952: 4862: 4812: 4747: 4659: 4629: 4594: 4577: 4551: 4498: 4479: 4454: 3646:The black spot at the top is a 3159:groups and clusters of galaxies 2153: 1874: 379:For a chronological guide, see 8227:. 15 July 2002. Archived from 8131:"FAQ – How did galaxies form?" 7299:. Thomson Gale. Archived from 7015:Ott, Thomas (24 August 2006). 6875:"Dark Energy Fills the Cosmos" 6811:Hinshaw, Gary (13 July 2006). 6530:. 15 July 2013. Archived from 6141:"Hall of Precision Astrometry" 5951:10.1103/PhysRevLett.116.241103 5855:10.1103/PhysRevLett.116.061102 5763:"The electromagnetic spectrum" 5738:Philip's Atlas of the Universe 5622:Astrophysics and Space Science 5436:10.1103/PhysRevLett.116.061102 4938:. Cambridge University Press. 4871:"Rediscovering Arabic Science" 4846:The Night Sky Observer's Guide 4305:. 18 July 2005. Archived from 4136: 4126:Quito Astronomical Observatory 4114: 3974:Unsolved problems in astronomy 3345:) to form compact protostars. 3200:halo of older stars. Both the 3062:microwave background radiation 2559: 2231:that fit firmly into existing 2172:, distribution, and future of 2146:, Earth's origin and geology, 2054:galaxy formation and evolution 1437:emitting sources are actually 1297:Ultraviolet astronomy employs 899:, the first new planet found. 599: 549:model. In the 2nd century BC, 263:Quito Astronomical Observatory 91:. Objects of interest include 1: 8430: 7765:Ghigo, F. (7 February 2006). 7713:"The American Meteor Society" 7598:Ash, Summer (17 April 2018). 7536:: Statistics Reference Online 7414:"Lunar and Planetary Science" 7086:Smith, Michael David (2004). 7045:Smith, Michael David (2004). 6962:"Active Galaxies and Quasars" 5985:LIGO Scientific Collaboration 4934:Hoskin, Michael, ed. (1999). 4428:. London: Plain Label Books. 4107: 4022:ultra-high-energy cosmic rays 3994:ultimate fate of the universe 3658:(comparable to a terrestrial 3157:, and at a larger scale, the 2144:formation of the Solar System 2110:, and their interaction with 2038:ultimate fate of the universe 1424:Compton Gamma Ray Observatory 839: 754:, and the astronomers of the 570: 476: 123:. Relevant phenomena include 47:European Southern Observatory 24:, a divinatory pseudoscience. 6900:Keel, Bill (1 August 2006). 6464:"Focus Areas – NASA Science" 4879:. Vol. 58, no. 3. 3626:that envelop the Earth. The 3023: 3011: 1999:atomic and molecular physics 1508:gravitational-wave detectors 1504:Gravitational-wave astronomy 1143:. Additionally, a number of 748:Abū Ishāq Ibrāhīm al-Zarqālī 362:Astronomy & Astrophysics 244: 7: 11016:Outline of the Solar System 10779:Interplanetary medium/space 7688:10.1126/science.284.5411.55 7324:"The Once & Future Sun" 6850:. University of Cambridge. 6662:European Science Foundation 6558:NASA Astrobiology Institute 6276:10.1126/science.52.1341.233 5788:Gaisser, Thomas K. (1990). 5673:Staff (11 September 2003). 5334:10.1007/978-3-540-76583-7_2 4869:Covington, Richard (2007). 4757:. Icon Books Ltd, 2009, 180 4042: 3437:inside the cores of stars. 3321:Between the stars lies the 2980: 2460: 2264:life to adapt to challenges 2068:in the universe; origin of 1939:cosmic microwave background 1856:standard model of cosmology 1844:cosmic microwave background 1356:above 10 (10 million) 1024:in the previous September. 722:observed that, contrary to 10: 11580: 11436:Probability and statistics 10732:Extraterrestrial materials 7629:Marché, Jordan D. (2005). 7481:Montmerle, 2006, pp. 87–90 7322:Pogge, Richard W. (1997). 6837:Dodelson, 2003, pp. 216–61 6349:10.1103/PhysRevD.86.010001 5891:; Trautmann, Dirk (2003). 5889:Thielemann, Friedrich-Karl 5466:"Electromagnetic Spectrum" 5120:African Cultural Astronomy 5055:African Cultural Astronomy 4097:List of astronomy acronyms 3996:? Why is the abundance of 3977: 3923: 3665: 3650:climbing a crater wall on 3543:, a typical main-sequence 3532: 3526: 3493:image of the Sun's active 3391: 3385: 3271: 3264:Observed structure of the 3138: 3017: 3005: 2993: 2248:organic compounds in space 2187:Astrobiology makes use of 2157: 2095: 1878: 1753: 1547: 1415: 1378:X-ray astronomy satellites 1329: 1290: 1255: 1188: 1089: 1031: 385: 378: 372: 368: 29:Astronomy (disambiguation) 18: 11206: 11052:Earth sciences portal 11011: 10966: 10903: 10774:Interplanetary dust cloud 10653: 10489: 10419: 10130: 10066: 9759: 9612: 9454: 9376: 9348: 9335: 9217: 9144: 8936: 8913:Large Binocular Telescope 8878:Extremely Large Telescope 8871:Extremely large telescope 8844: 8727: 8667: 8588: 8550: 8511: 8504: 8438: 8157:"Supermassive Black Hole" 7461:10.1007/s11038-006-9087-5 7243:Harpaz, 1994, pp. 189–210 6904:. University of Alabama. 6379:The Astrophysical Journal 6072:(2e ed.). OpenStax. 6016:. Springer. p. 313. 5652:10.1007/s10509-012-1308-y 5371:10.1038/nature.2016.19361 4615:10.1007/s00407-006-0118-4 3853:Interdisciplinary studies 3845:can also undergo surface 3809:planetary differentiation 3624:Van Allen radiation belts 3248:and walls, leaving large 3035:Hubble Extreme Deep Field 1673:Supernova nucleosynthesis 1538:multi-messenger astronomy 1135:, which is produced when 1056:electromagnetic radiation 889:Nicolas Louis de Lacaille 718:in 1006. Iranian scholar 356:The Astrophysical Journal 11065:Local Interstellar Cloud 9777:other near-Earth objects 8885:Gran Telescopio Canarias 8396:Astrophysics Data System 8159:. Swinburne University. 7441:Earth, Moon, and Planets 7272:. Talk.Origins Archive. 7252:Harpaz, 1994, pp. 245–56 7209:Harpaz, 1994, pp. 111–18 7200:Harpaz, 1994, pp. 173–78 6782:Dodelson, Scott (2003). 6689:"Mapping Saturn's Moons" 6592:(accessed 11 April 2013) 6588:4 September 2018 at the 6248:Eddington, A.S. 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New York: Owl Books. 6498:Encyclopædia Britannica 5921:Physical Review Letters 5885:Tammann, Gustav-Andreas 5824:Physical Review Letters 5644:2013Ap&SS.344..175M 5518:Cox, A.N., ed. (2000). 5406:Physical Review Letters 5281:Belkora, Leila (2003). 5023:Hammer, Joshua (2016). 4422:Forbes, George (1909). 4240:Curious About Astronomy 4031:? Especially, is there 3398:The study of stars and 3300:supermassive black hole 3208:, are spiral galaxies. 3191:. The stars move along 3141:Extragalactic astronomy 3122:Extragalactic astronomy 3082:When the first neutral 1663:Stellar nucleosynthesis 1034:Observational astronomy 1028:Observational astronomy 916:Jean le Rond d'Alembert 208:observational astronomy 11461:Structural engineering 11401:Mechanical engineering 11374:Western and South Asia 10916:Possible dwarf planets 10759:Gravitational collapse 10697:Circumstellar envelope 9496: 8899:Hubble Space Telescope 8256:Cosmic Search Magazine 8133:. NASA. Archived from 7182:Harpaz, 1994, pp. 7–18 6964:. NASA. Archived from 6418:they are, rather than 6235:10.1103/PhysRev.39.525 6145:University of Virginia 5468:. NASA. Archived from 4905:Berry, Arthur (1961). 4637:"Hipparchus of Rhodes" 4561:. NASA. Archived from 4529:10.1098/rsta.1974.0007 4363:Merriam-Webster Online 4333:Merriam-Webster Online 4033:other intelligent life 3921: 3663: 3616:Earth's magnetic field 3575:phenomenon during the 3524: 3508: 3408:giant molecular clouds 3383: 3269: 3136: 3037: 2356:−10 — 2346:−11 — 2336:−12 — 2326:−13 — 2256:planetary habitability 1906: 1633:orbiting those stars. 1603:cosmic distance ladder 1567: 1466:underground facilities 1406:active galactic nuclei 1370:high-altitude balloons 1341: 1265:charge-coupled devices 1253: 1186: 1168:active galactic nuclei 1087: 1043: 912:Alexis Claude Clairaut 845: 831: 606:Richard of Wallingford 518: 515:Alexandria on the Oxus 483: 404: 278: 254: 57: 11326:Environmental science 11211:Aerospace engineering 11125:Laniakea Supercluster 10742:Sample-return mission 9495: 9003:Astroparticle physics 8738:Australian Aboriginal 8309:Harpaz, Amos (1994). 8225:Astrobiology Magazine 7017:"The Galactic Centre" 6936:European Space Agency 6115:"Celestial Mechanics" 5245:Chambers Book of Days 4819:Nas, Peter J (1993). 4705:Marchant, Jo (2006). 4666:Thurston, H. (1996). 4397:The Physical Universe 4080:Glossary of astronomy 4010:initial mass function 3915: 3645: 3514: 3488: 3378: 3263: 3153:, the observation of 3129: 3077:nucleocosmochronology 3033: 2501:Accelerated expansion 2446:−1 — 2436:−2 — 2426:−3 — 2416:−4 — 2406:−5 — 2396:−6 — 2386:−7 — 2376:−8 — 2366:−9 — 2182:extraterrestrial life 2086:astroparticle physics 2062:large-scale structure 1975:statistical mechanics 1889:Astrophysics applies 1888: 1836:astroparticle physics 1787:of cosmic evolution. 1769:numerical simulations 1756:Theoretical astronomy 1678:Cosmic ray spallation 1637:Theoretical astronomy 1561: 1480:for the detection of 1344:X-ray astronomy uses 1339: 1293:Ultraviolet astronomy 1287:Ultraviolet astronomy 1235: 1181: 1133:synchrotron radiation 1074: 1050:and other objects is 1041: 939:Joseph von Fraunhofer 920:Joseph-Louis Lagrange 860:and expanded upon by 837: 822: 815:Scientific revolution 805:Roman Catholic Church 740:Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi 691:Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi 576:–80 BC) was an early 567:Antikythera mechanism 508: 470: 399: 386:Further information: 381:Timeline of astronomy 333:The Physical Universe 260: 252: 40: 11040:Astronomy portal 10941:Solar System objects 10687:Circumplanetary disk 8995:Astronomers Monument 8927:Very Large Telescope 8474:Astronomical symbols 7845:"Edgar Wilson Award" 7494:The New Solar System 6554:"About Astrobiology" 6528:www.cfa.harvard.edu/ 5558:"In Search of Space" 4491:15 June 2017 at the 4425:History of Astronomy 4055:Outline of astronomy 4029:life in the Universe 3288:barred spiral galaxy 3092:Population III stars 3044:, a branch known as 3040:Observations of the 2719:NGC 188 star cluster 2140:molecular gas clouds 2058:magnetohydrodynamics 1915:astronomical objects 1625:of nearby stars was 1573:celestial navigation 1402:clusters of galaxies 1350:synchrotron emission 1162:, interstellar gas, 1054:, or more generally 924:Pierre Simon Laplace 878:reflecting telescope 596:appeared in Europe. 535:Aristarchus of Samos 375:History of astronomy 298:, "star" and -νομία 210:, and the making of 204:celestial navigation 170:. These include the 27:For other uses, see 11139:Observable universe 10936:Solar System models 10866:Protoplanetary disk 10789:Interstellar medium 10749:Frost/Ice/Snow line 9209:Major subfields of 9068:List of astronomers 8481:Astronomical object 8315:. A K Peters, Ltd. 8093:2002Sci...295...82K 8038:2004MNRAS.354..763B 7981:10.1038/nature11407 7973:2012Natur.489..121H 7680:1999Sci...284...55M 7604:Scientific American 7151:1999PASP..111..657V 7092:The Origin of Stars 7051:The Origin of Stars 7023:on 4 September 2006 6752:"Cosmic Detectives" 6534:on 20 November 2016 6391:1897ApJ.....6..271K 6340:2012PhRvD..86a0001B 6267:1920Sci....52..233E 6227:1932PhRv...39..525R 6184:1992Natur.355..145W 6121:on 7 September 2006 5943:2016PhRvL.116x1103A 5899:on 6 September 2012 5847:2016PhRvL.116f1102A 5769:on 8 September 2012 5562:Picture of the Week 5472:on 5 September 2006 5428:2016PhRvL.116f1102A 4967:. H. Holt. p. 4723:2006Natur.444..534M 4521:1974RSPTA.276...21A 4486:SuryaprajnaptiSūtra 4169:2012JAHH...15...42L 3941:, and a variety of 3785:protoplanetary disk 3738:terrestrial planets 3323:interstellar medium 3105:groups and clusters 2843:Sexual reproduction 2783:Earliest known life 2233:scientific theories 2124:interstellar medium 1935:interstellar medium 1781:luminiferous aether 1779:, the existence of 1597:The measurement of 1588:celestial mechanics 1554:Celestial mechanics 1531:gravitational waves 1418:Gamma ray astronomy 1412:Gamma-ray astronomy 1398:elliptical galaxies 1201:circumstellar disks 1022:gravitational waves 854:Nicolaus Copernicus 716:Chinese astronomers 696:Book of Fixed Stars 657:Georg von Peuerbach 594:astronomical clocks 392:List of astronomers 239:Amateur astronomers 194:, and many ancient 43:Paranal Observatory 11119:Virgo Supercluster 11100:Milky Way subgroup 10931:Natural satellites 10814:Nebular hypothesis 10794:Interstellar space 10784:Interstellar cloud 10692:Circumstellar disc 10282:Near-Earth objects 10166:names and meanings 9497: 9267:Physical cosmology 9257:Galactic astronomy 9054:Physical cosmology 8290:Clerke, Agnes Mary 7903:on 3 February 2006 7851:on 24 October 2010 7738:Lodriguss, Jerry. 7266:Johansson, Sverker 6694:The New York Times 6564:on 11 October 2008 5736:Moore, P. (1997). 5601:on 12 January 2010 5098:on 3 December 2003 4771:by Aydin Sayili". 4565:on 30 October 2007 4393:Shu, F.H. (1983). 4309:on 1 November 2007 3964:One-Mile Telescope 3922: 3902:forensic astronomy 3789:radiation pressure 3714:outer Solar System 3706:inner Solar System 3664: 3656:Martian atmosphere 3525: 3515:Solar observatory 3509: 3420:main-sequence star 3418:, thus creating a 3384: 3331:molecular hydrogen 3282:orbits within the 3274:Galactic astronomy 3270: 3256:Galactic astronomy 3137: 3132:gravitational lens 3046:physical cosmology 3038: 2996:Physical cosmology 2907:Cambrian explosion 2823:Atmospheric oxygen 2522:Single-celled life 2274:Physical cosmology 2205:physical cosmology 2078:physical cosmology 2074:general relativity 1931:extrasolar planets 1907: 1870:Specific subfields 1828:physical cosmology 1824:general relativity 1785:steady-state model 1631:extrasolar planets 1592:near-Earth objects 1568: 1527:gravitational wave 1498:neutrino detectors 1462:neutrino astronomy 1394:supernova remnants 1366:Earth's atmosphere 1342: 1316:supernova remnants 1254: 1191:Infrared astronomy 1187: 1174:Infrared astronomy 1104:can be treated as 1088: 1083:, an example of a 1044: 990:Physical cosmology 904:three-body problem 874:law of gravitation 870:celestial dynamics 846: 832: 798:sub-Saharan Africa 708:apparent magnitude 639:and could predict 519: 484: 405: 279: 255: 149:Earth's atmosphere 58: 11474: 11473: 11456:Scientific naming 11446:Quantum computing 11276:Computer hardware 11271:Clinical research 11266:Civil engineering 11161: 11160: 11006: 11005: 11002: 11001: 10979:Lagrangian points 10951:by discovery date 10549:Human spaceflight 10520:historical models 10413: 10412: 10032:S/2015 (136472) 1 9414: 9413: 9295: 9294: 9287:Stellar astronomy 9277:Planetary science 9272:Planetary geology 9262:Orbital mechanics 9176: 9175: 9061:Quantum cosmology 9047:Planetary geology 8840: 8839: 8551:Celestial subject 8341:978-3-540-67877-9 8322:978-1-56881-012-6 8312:Stellar Evolution 8295:"Astronomy" 7825:on 21 August 2006 7504:978-0-521-64587-4 7393:on 11 August 2006 7230:978-0-521-43438-6 7101:978-1-86094-501-4 7060:978-1-86094-501-4 7001:978-0-521-80090-7 6968:on 31 August 2006 6938:. 8 August 2016. 6928:"A lopsided lynx" 6797:978-0-12-219141-1 6790:. pp. 1–22. 6613:978-0-8050-7512-0 6373:(November 1897). 6285:978-0-521-33708-3 6151:on 26 August 2006 6079:978-1-951693-50-3 6023:978-3-642-17560-2 5807:978-0-521-33931-5 5747:978-0-540-07465-5 5714:on 5 October 2008 5531:978-0-387-98746-0 5343:978-3-540-76582-0 5298:978-0-7503-0730-7 5291:. pp. 1–14. 5181:Stenger, Richard 5130:978-1-4020-6638-2 5065:978-1-4020-6638-2 5034:978-1-4767-7743-6 4978:978-0-8050-4259-7 4945:978-0-521-57600-0 4920:978-0-486-20210-5 4855:978-0-943396-58-3 4830:978-90-04-09855-8 4679:978-0-387-94822-5 4587:Brill's New Pauly 4472:978-1-4051-9563-8 4435:978-1-60303-159-2 4408:978-0-935702-05-7 4217:978-3-540-67877-9 4067:Space exploration 4016:, the origin of 3926:Amateur astronomy 3908:Amateur astronomy 3672:Planetary geology 3668:Planetary science 3638:Planetary science 3501:space telescope. 3497:as viewed by the 3400:stellar evolution 3371:Stellar astronomy 3316:globular clusters 3056:, and thereafter 2992: 2991: 2984:billion years ago 2958: 2957: 2934: 2933: 2914: 2913: 2894: 2893: 2870: 2869: 2850: 2849: 2830: 2829: 2810: 2809: 2790: 2789: 2770: 2769: 2746: 2745: 2726: 2725: 2706: 2705: 2699:Milky Way spirals 2686: 2685: 2666: 2665: 2646: 2645: 2619: 2618: 2599: 2598: 2579: 2578: 2572:Earliest Universe 2244:planetary systems 2240:interdisciplinary 2189:molecular biology 2134:, is also called 2028:can form, or the 2020:; whether or not 1983:quantum mechanics 1811:of matter in the 1777:geocentric theory 1762:analytical models 1752: 1751: 1523:binary black hole 1346:X-ray wavelengths 1320:interstellar dust 1312:planetary nebulae 1258:Optical astronomy 1228:Optical astronomy 1018:detected evidence 891:. The astronomer 509:Greek equatorial 327:"Astronomy" and " 69:celestial objects 11571: 11539: 11538: 11537: 11527: 11526: 11525: 11515: 11514: 11513: 11503: 11502: 11491: 11490: 11489: 11482: 11281:Computer science 11188: 11181: 11174: 11165: 11164: 11155: 11153: 11144: 11137: 11130: 11123: 11117: 11111: 11105: 11098: 11091: 11084: 11077: 11070: 11063: 11050: 11049: 11048: 11038: 11037: 11036: 11026: 11025: 11024: 10727:Exozodiacal dust 10417: 10416: 10383:Detached objects 9619: 9618: 9615: 9614: 9459: 9441: 9434: 9427: 9418: 9417: 9404: 9403: 9394: 9384: 9383: 9363:Physical science 9322: 9315: 9308: 9299: 9298: 9203: 9196: 9189: 9180: 9179: 9169: 9165: 9164: 9157: 9153: 9152: 9137: 9128: 9121: 9114: 9107: 9098: 9091: 9084: 9082:Medieval Islamic 9077: 9070: 9063: 9056: 9049: 9042: 9035: 9026: 9019: 9012: 9005: 8998: 8989: 8982: 8975: 8968: 8966:Astroinformatics 8961: 8954: 8947: 8945:Archaeoastronomy 8929: 8922: 8915: 8908: 8906:Keck Observatory 8901: 8894: 8887: 8880: 8873: 8866: 8859: 8833: 8824: 8817: 8810: 8803: 8801:Medieval Islamic 8796: 8789: 8782: 8775: 8768: 8761: 8754: 8747: 8740: 8720: 8713: 8706: 8699: 8692: 8685: 8678: 8660: 8651: 8644: 8637: 8630: 8628: 8620: 8618: 8606: 8599: 8579: 8572: 8565: 8543: 8536: 8529: 8522: 8509: 8508: 8497: 8490: 8483: 8476: 8469: 8460: 8453: 8446: 8425: 8418: 8411: 8402: 8401: 8367: 8345: 8326: 8305: 8297: 8272: 8271: 8269: 8267: 8247: 8241: 8240: 8238: 8236: 8217: 8211: 8210: 8179: 8173: 8172: 8170: 8168: 8153: 8147: 8146: 8144: 8142: 8127: 8121: 8120: 8086: 8084:astro-ph/0201098 8066: 8060: 8059: 8049: 8031: 8029:astro-ph/0407476 8007: 8001: 8000: 7966: 7957:(7414): 121–23. 7946: 7940: 7939: 7937: 7935: 7919: 7913: 7912: 7910: 7908: 7893: 7887: 7886: 7884: 7882: 7867: 7861: 7860: 7858: 7856: 7841: 7835: 7834: 7832: 7830: 7821:. Archived from 7815: 7809: 7808: 7806: 7804: 7789: 7783: 7782: 7780: 7778: 7762: 7756: 7755: 7753: 7751: 7735: 7729: 7728: 7726: 7724: 7709: 7703: 7702: 7663: 7657: 7656: 7626: 7620: 7619: 7617: 7615: 7595: 7589: 7588: 7586: 7584: 7564: 7558: 7557: 7527: 7521: 7520: 7518: 7516: 7488: 7482: 7479: 7473: 7472: 7436: 7430: 7429: 7427: 7425: 7409: 7403: 7402: 7400: 7398: 7380: 7374: 7373: 7371: 7369: 7353: 7347: 7346: 7344: 7342: 7336: 7330:. Archived from 7319: 7313: 7312: 7310: 7308: 7292: 7286: 7285: 7283: 7281: 7268:(27 July 2003). 7262: 7253: 7250: 7244: 7241: 7235: 7234: 7216: 7210: 7207: 7201: 7198: 7192: 7189: 7183: 7180: 7171: 7170: 7144: 7142:astro-ph/9904251 7124: 7118: 7117: 7115: 7113: 7083: 7077: 7076: 7074: 7072: 7042: 7033: 7032: 7030: 7028: 7012: 7006: 7005: 6984: 6978: 6977: 6975: 6973: 6958: 6952: 6951: 6949: 6947: 6924: 6918: 6917: 6915: 6913: 6897: 6891: 6890: 6888: 6886: 6870: 6864: 6863: 6861: 6859: 6844: 6838: 6835: 6829: 6828: 6826: 6824: 6808: 6802: 6801: 6784:Modern cosmology 6779: 6768: 6767: 6765: 6763: 6748: 6742: 6741: 6739: 6737: 6717: 6711: 6710: 6708: 6706: 6684: 6678: 6677: 6675: 6673: 6654: 6648: 6647: 6645: 6643: 6624: 6618: 6617: 6599: 6593: 6580: 6574: 6573: 6571: 6569: 6550: 6544: 6543: 6541: 6539: 6524:"Astrochemistry" 6520: 6514: 6513: 6511: 6509: 6490: 6484: 6483: 6481: 6479: 6460: 6451: 6450: 6448: 6446: 6431: 6425: 6424: 6402: 6371:Keeler, James E. 6367: 6361: 6360: 6358: 6351: 6325: 6316: 6310: 6309: 6307: 6305: 6269: 6245: 6239: 6238: 6210: 6204: 6203: 6192:10.1038/355145a0 6178:(6356): 145–47. 6167: 6161: 6160: 6158: 6156: 6137: 6131: 6130: 6128: 6126: 6110: 6104: 6103: 6101: 6099: 6063: 6040: 6039: 6037: 6035: 6007: 6001: 6000: 5998: 5996: 5977: 5971: 5970: 5936: 5915: 5909: 5908: 5906: 5904: 5881: 5875: 5874: 5840: 5818: 5812: 5811: 5795: 5785: 5779: 5778: 5776: 5774: 5758: 5752: 5751: 5733: 5724: 5723: 5721: 5719: 5710:. Archived from 5697: 5691: 5690: 5688: 5686: 5670: 5664: 5663: 5637: 5617: 5611: 5610: 5608: 5606: 5584: 5578: 5577: 5575: 5573: 5554: 5548: 5547: 5545: 5543: 5515: 5482: 5481: 5479: 5477: 5462: 5456: 5455: 5421: 5401: 5395: 5394: 5392: 5390: 5354: 5348: 5347: 5321: 5315: 5314: 5312: 5310: 5278: 5272: 5271:, pp. 74–76 5266: 5260: 5259:, pp. 79–81 5254: 5248: 5240: 5234: 5233:, pp. 58–64 5228: 5222: 5221:, pp. 49–58 5216: 5210: 5203: 5197: 5195: 5179: 5173: 5172: 5170: 5168: 5153: 5147: 5146: 5144: 5142: 5114: 5108: 5107: 5105: 5103: 5088: 5082: 5081: 5079: 5077: 5045: 5039: 5038: 5020: 5014: 5013: 5011: 5009: 4989: 4983: 4982: 4966: 4956: 4950: 4949: 4931: 4925: 4924: 4912: 4902: 4893: 4892: 4890: 4888: 4866: 4860: 4859: 4841: 4835: 4834: 4816: 4810: 4809: 4797: 4791: 4790: 4764: 4758: 4751: 4745: 4744: 4734: 4717:(7119): 534–38. 4702: 4696: 4695: 4693: 4691: 4663: 4657: 4656: 4654: 4652: 4633: 4627: 4626: 4598: 4592: 4591: 4581: 4575: 4574: 4572: 4570: 4555: 4549: 4548: 4502: 4496: 4483: 4477: 4476: 4458: 4452: 4451: 4449: 4447: 4419: 4413: 4412: 4400: 4390: 4379: 4378: 4376: 4374: 4355: 4349: 4348: 4346: 4344: 4325: 4319: 4318: 4316: 4314: 4295: 4286: 4285: 4283: 4281: 4268:Odenwald, Sten. 4265: 4256: 4255: 4253: 4251: 4242:. Archived from 4231: 4222: 4221: 4203: 4197: 4196: 4162: 4140: 4134: 4133: 4118: 4020:, the source of 3948:astrophotography 3943:deep-sky objects 3890:molecular clouds 3859:Archaeoastronomy 3463:planetary nebula 3365:dark matter halo 3335:pre-stellar core 3327:molecular clouds 3223:Seyfert galaxies 3206:Andromeda Galaxy 3069:cosmic inflation 3026: 3020: 3019: 3014: 3008: 3007: 3003:(from the Greek 2972: 2941: 2936: 2927:Earliest mammals 2921: 2916: 2901: 2896: 2883:Earliest animals 2877: 2872: 2857: 2852: 2837: 2832: 2817: 2812: 2797: 2792: 2777: 2772: 2753: 2748: 2733: 2728: 2713: 2708: 2693: 2688: 2679:Andromeda Galaxy 2673: 2668: 2653: 2648: 2640: 2626: 2621: 2606: 2601: 2586: 2581: 2566: 2561: 2553: 2513: 2502: 2491: 2488:Matter-dominated 2478: 2467: 2457: 2452: 2447: 2442: 2437: 2432: 2427: 2422: 2417: 2412: 2407: 2402: 2397: 2392: 2387: 2382: 2377: 2372: 2367: 2362: 2357: 2352: 2347: 2342: 2337: 2332: 2327: 2315: 2308: 2301: 2295: 2285: 2278: 2266:on Earth and in 2046:stellar dynamics 2032:exists; and the 1995:particle physics 1971:electromagnetism 1852:galaxy redshifts 1832:string cosmology 1804:galaxy formation 1795:stellar dynamics 1744: 1737: 1730: 1655: 1641: 1640: 1599:stellar parallax 1517:. LIGO made its 1439:gamma-ray bursts 1277:near-ultraviolet 1242:Keck Observatory 1238:Subaru Telescope 1205:molecular clouds 1149:interstellar gas 1129:thermal emission 1077:Very Large Array 1048:celestial bodies 1010:Space telescopes 943:Gustav Kirchhoff 893:William Herschel 844: 841: 706:, the brightest 679:Andromeda Galaxy 659:(1423–1461) and 647:(1320–1382) and 575: 572: 494:discovered that 481: 478: 458:Ptolemaic system 454:geocentric model 388:Archaeoastronomy 235:transient events 164:recorded history 129:gamma ray bursts 51:laser guide star 32: 25: 11579: 11578: 11574: 11573: 11572: 11570: 11569: 11568: 11549: 11548: 11545: 11535: 11533: 11523: 11521: 11511: 11509: 11497: 11487: 11485: 11477: 11475: 11470: 11369:Hebrew toponyms 11364:Arabic toponyms 11202: 11192: 11162: 11157: 11151: 11149: 11148: 11142: 11135: 11128: 11121: 11115: 11109: 11103: 11096: 11089: 11082: 11075: 11068: 11061: 11046: 11044: 11034: 11032: 11022: 11020: 11007: 10998: 10962: 10899: 10883:vs. Hill sphere 10809:Molecular cloud 10737:Sample curation 10717:Detached object 10656: 10649: 10493: 10485: 10422: 10409: 10354:Neptune trojans 10137: 10135: 10133: 10126: 10062: 9755: 9626: 9608: 9494: 9457: 9450: 9445: 9415: 9410: 9372: 9344: 9331: 9329:Natural science 9326: 9296: 9291: 9282:Solar astronomy 9213: 9207: 9177: 9172: 9160: 9148: 9140: 9133: 9124: 9117: 9112:X-ray telescope 9110: 9103: 9094: 9087: 9080: 9073: 9066: 9059: 9052: 9045: 9038: 9031: 9022: 9015: 9008: 9001: 8992: 8985: 8978: 8971: 8964: 8957: 8950: 8943: 8932: 8925: 8918: 8911: 8904: 8897: 8890: 8883: 8876: 8869: 8862: 8855: 8847: 8836: 8829: 8820: 8813: 8806: 8799: 8792: 8785: 8778: 8771: 8764: 8757: 8750: 8743: 8736: 8723: 8718:Multi-messenger 8716: 8709: 8702: 8695: 8688: 8681: 8674: 8663: 8656: 8647: 8640: 8633: 8626: 8623: 8614: 8609: 8602: 8595: 8584: 8575: 8568: 8557: 8546: 8541:Space telescope 8539: 8532: 8525: 8518: 8500: 8493: 8486: 8479: 8472: 8465: 8456: 8449: 8442: 8434: 8429: 8374: 8364: 8350:James, C. Renée 8342: 8323: 8281: 8276: 8275: 8265: 8263: 8248: 8244: 8234: 8232: 8231:on 28 June 2011 8219: 8218: 8214: 8180: 8176: 8166: 8164: 8155: 8154: 8150: 8140: 8138: 8137:on 28 June 2015 8129: 8128: 8124: 8077:(5552): 82–91. 8067: 8063: 8008: 8004: 7947: 7943: 7933: 7931: 7920: 7916: 7906: 7904: 7895: 7894: 7890: 7880: 7878: 7869: 7868: 7864: 7854: 7852: 7843: 7842: 7838: 7828: 7826: 7817: 7816: 7812: 7802: 7800: 7791: 7790: 7786: 7776: 7774: 7763: 7759: 7749: 7747: 7736: 7732: 7722: 7720: 7711: 7710: 7706: 7674:(5411): 55–56. 7664: 7660: 7645: 7627: 7623: 7613: 7611: 7596: 7592: 7582: 7580: 7565: 7561: 7554: 7528: 7524: 7514: 7512: 7505: 7489: 7485: 7480: 7476: 7437: 7433: 7423: 7421: 7410: 7406: 7396: 7394: 7381: 7377: 7367: 7365: 7354: 7350: 7340: 7338: 7335:(lecture notes) 7334: 7320: 7316: 7306: 7304: 7303:on 10 July 2012 7293: 7289: 7279: 7277: 7270:"The Solar FAQ" 7263: 7256: 7251: 7247: 7242: 7238: 7231: 7217: 7213: 7208: 7204: 7199: 7195: 7190: 7186: 7181: 7174: 7135:(760): 657–60. 7125: 7121: 7111: 7109: 7102: 7088:"Massive stars" 7084: 7080: 7070: 7068: 7061: 7043: 7036: 7026: 7024: 7013: 7009: 7002: 6985: 6981: 6971: 6969: 6960: 6959: 6955: 6945: 6943: 6926: 6925: 6921: 6911: 6909: 6898: 6894: 6884: 6882: 6871: 6867: 6857: 6855: 6846: 6845: 6841: 6836: 6832: 6822: 6820: 6809: 6805: 6798: 6780: 6771: 6761: 6759: 6750: 6749: 6745: 6735: 6733: 6718: 6714: 6704: 6702: 6685: 6681: 6671: 6669: 6656: 6655: 6651: 6641: 6639: 6626: 6625: 6621: 6614: 6600: 6596: 6590:Wayback Machine 6581: 6577: 6567: 6565: 6552: 6551: 6547: 6537: 6535: 6522: 6521: 6517: 6507: 6505: 6492: 6491: 6487: 6477: 6475: 6462: 6461: 6454: 6444: 6442: 6433: 6432: 6428: 6368: 6364: 6356: 6323: 6317: 6313: 6303: 6301: 6286: 6246: 6242: 6215:Physical Review 6211: 6207: 6168: 6164: 6154: 6152: 6139: 6138: 6134: 6124: 6122: 6111: 6107: 6097: 6095: 6080: 6064: 6043: 6033: 6031: 6024: 6008: 6004: 5994: 5992: 5979: 5978: 5974: 5916: 5912: 5902: 5900: 5882: 5878: 5819: 5815: 5808: 5786: 5782: 5772: 5770: 5759: 5755: 5748: 5734: 5727: 5717: 5715: 5699: 5698: 5694: 5684: 5682: 5671: 5667: 5618: 5614: 5604: 5602: 5586: 5585: 5581: 5571: 5569: 5556: 5555: 5551: 5541: 5539: 5532: 5516: 5485: 5475: 5473: 5464: 5463: 5459: 5402: 5398: 5388: 5386: 5355: 5351: 5344: 5322: 5318: 5308: 5306: 5299: 5279: 5275: 5267: 5263: 5255: 5251: 5241: 5237: 5229: 5225: 5217: 5213: 5205:J.L. Heilbron, 5204: 5200: 5194:on 12 May 2011. 5182: 5180: 5176: 5166: 5164: 5155: 5154: 5150: 5140: 5138: 5131: 5115: 5111: 5101: 5099: 5090: 5089: 5085: 5075: 5073: 5066: 5046: 5042: 5035: 5021: 5017: 5007: 5005: 4990: 4986: 4979: 4957: 4953: 4946: 4932: 4928: 4921: 4903: 4896: 4886: 4884: 4867: 4863: 4856: 4842: 4838: 4831: 4821:Urban Symbolism 4817: 4813: 4798: 4794: 4765: 4761: 4753:Hannam, James. 4752: 4748: 4732:10.1038/444534a 4703: 4699: 4689: 4687: 4680: 4669:Early Astronomy 4664: 4660: 4650: 4648: 4635: 4634: 4630: 4599: 4595: 4582: 4578: 4568: 4566: 4557: 4556: 4552: 4515:(1257): 21–42. 4503: 4499: 4493:Wayback Machine 4484: 4480: 4473: 4459: 4455: 4445: 4443: 4436: 4420: 4416: 4409: 4391: 4382: 4372: 4370: 4357: 4356: 4352: 4342: 4340: 4327: 4326: 4322: 4312: 4310: 4303:Penn State Erie 4297: 4296: 4289: 4279: 4277: 4266: 4259: 4249: 4247: 4232: 4225: 4218: 4204: 4200: 4141: 4137: 4120: 4119: 4115: 4110: 4076: 4045: 4027:Is there other 3982: 3976: 3928: 3910: 3875:Astrostatistics 3867:anthropological 3855: 3802:formed the Moon 3674: 3666:Main articles: 3640: 3592:convection zone 3569:Maunder minimum 3537: 3535:Solar telescope 3531: 3523:) built in 1962 3483: 3481:Solar astronomy 3396: 3394:Solar astronomy 3390: 3373: 3276: 3258: 3155:active galaxies 3143: 3124: 3073:nucleosynthesis 2998: 2988: 2987: 2975: 2974: 2973: 2969: 2967: 2965: 2962: 2954: 2953: 2939: 2930: 2929: 2919: 2910: 2909: 2899: 2890: 2889: 2875: 2866: 2865: 2855: 2846: 2845: 2835: 2826: 2825: 2815: 2806: 2805: 2803:Earliest oxygen 2795: 2786: 2785: 2775: 2766: 2765: 2751: 2742: 2741: 2731: 2722: 2721: 2711: 2702: 2701: 2691: 2682: 2681: 2671: 2662: 2661: 2651: 2642: 2641: 2631: 2624: 2615: 2614: 2612:Earliest galaxy 2604: 2595: 2594: 2584: 2575: 2574: 2564: 2557: 2556: 2555: 2551: 2546: 2545: 2544: 2541: 2535: 2534: 2533: 2526: 2525: 2524: 2517: 2516: 2515: 2511: 2506: 2505: 2504: 2500: 2495: 2494: 2493: 2489: 2487: 2482: 2481: 2480: 2476: 2471: 2470: 2469: 2465: 2458: 2455: 2453: 2450: 2448: 2445: 2443: 2440: 2438: 2435: 2433: 2430: 2428: 2425: 2423: 2420: 2418: 2415: 2413: 2410: 2408: 2405: 2403: 2400: 2398: 2395: 2393: 2390: 2388: 2385: 2383: 2380: 2378: 2375: 2373: 2370: 2368: 2365: 2363: 2360: 2358: 2355: 2353: 2350: 2348: 2345: 2343: 2340: 2338: 2335: 2333: 2330: 2328: 2325: 2319: 2293: 2287: 2284:Nature timeline 2283: 2276: 2225:scientific data 2170:early evolution 2162: 2156: 2100: 2094: 1963:astrophysicists 1883: 1877: 1872: 1758: 1748: 1716:Nuclear fission 1645:Nucleosynthesis 1639: 1618:in the galaxy. 1608:radial velocity 1556: 1548:Main articles: 1546: 1519:first detection 1490:supernova 1987A 1455: 1420: 1414: 1334: 1332:X-ray astronomy 1328: 1326:X-ray astronomy 1295: 1289: 1271:to 7000 Å (400 1260: 1230: 1215:and their host 1193: 1176: 1141:magnetic fields 1094: 1092:Radio astronomy 1085:radio telescope 1069: 1067:Radio astronomy 1036: 1030: 862:Johannes Kepler 858:Galileo Galilei 842: 817: 809:date for Easter 602: 578:analog computer 573: 531:Greek astronomy 488:the Babylonians 479: 446:Central America 410: 402:Frederik de Wit 394: 384: 377: 371: 325: 247: 65:natural science 55:Galactic Center 33: 26: 19: 17: 12: 11: 5: 11577: 11567: 11566: 11561: 11544: 11543: 11531: 11519: 11507: 11495: 11472: 11471: 11469: 11468: 11463: 11458: 11453: 11448: 11443: 11438: 11433: 11428: 11423: 11421:Nanotechnology 11418: 11413: 11408: 11403: 11398: 11393: 11391:Machine vision 11388: 11383: 11378: 11377: 11376: 11371: 11366: 11361: 11356: 11348: 11347: 11346: 11341: 11333: 11328: 11323: 11318: 11317: 11316: 11311: 11303: 11298: 11293: 11288: 11283: 11278: 11273: 11268: 11263: 11258: 11253: 11248: 11243: 11238: 11233: 11228: 11223: 11218: 11213: 11207: 11204: 11203: 11194:Glossaries of 11191: 11190: 11183: 11176: 11168: 11159: 11158: 11055: 11054: 11042: 11030: 11018: 11012: 11009: 11008: 11004: 11003: 11000: 10999: 10997: 10996: 10991: 10986: 10981: 10976: 10970: 10968: 10964: 10963: 10961: 10960: 10955: 10954: 10953: 10948: 10938: 10933: 10928: 10923: 10918: 10913: 10907: 10905: 10901: 10900: 10898: 10897: 10895:Scattered disc 10892: 10887: 10886: 10885: 10875: 10870: 10869: 10868: 10863: 10862: 10861: 10851: 10846: 10841: 10836: 10826: 10821: 10816: 10811: 10806: 10801: 10796: 10791: 10786: 10781: 10776: 10771: 10766: 10761: 10756: 10751: 10746: 10745: 10744: 10739: 10729: 10724: 10719: 10714: 10709: 10704: 10699: 10694: 10689: 10684: 10683: 10682: 10680:Excretion disk 10675:Accretion disk 10672: 10667: 10665:Star formation 10661: 10659: 10651: 10650: 10648: 10647: 10642: 10637: 10632: 10627: 10622: 10617: 10612: 10611: 10610: 10600: 10595: 10590: 10589: 10588: 10578: 10573: 10568: 10567: 10566: 10561: 10556: 10554:space stations 10546: 10545: 10544: 10539: 10529: 10528: 10527: 10522: 10517: 10507: 10501: 10499: 10487: 10486: 10484: 10483: 10478: 10473: 10468: 10463: 10458: 10453: 10448: 10443: 10438: 10433: 10427: 10425: 10414: 10411: 10410: 10408: 10407: 10402: 10401: 10400: 10395: 10393:Scattered disc 10390: 10385: 10380: 10379: 10378: 10373: 10358: 10357: 10356: 10351: 10341: 10340: 10339: 10334: 10329: 10324: 10319: 10314: 10309: 10304: 10299: 10289: 10284: 10279: 10278: 10277: 10272: 10267: 10262: 10261: 10260: 10255: 10245: 10240: 10235: 10225: 10224: 10223: 10218: 10213: 10208: 10203: 10198: 10193: 10188: 10180: 10175: 10174: 10173: 10168: 10158: 10153: 10148: 10142: 10140: 10128: 10127: 10125: 10124: 10119: 10114: 10109: 10104: 10099: 10094: 10084: 10079: 10072: 10070: 10064: 10063: 10061: 10060: 10059: 10058: 10048: 10047: 10046: 10036: 10035: 10034: 10024: 10023: 10022: 10012: 10011: 10010: 10005: 9995: 9994: 9993: 9988: 9983: 9978: 9973: 9963: 9962: 9961: 9951: 9950: 9949: 9944: 9939: 9934: 9924: 9923: 9922: 9917: 9912: 9907: 9902: 9897: 9887: 9886: 9885: 9880: 9875: 9870: 9865: 9860: 9855: 9850: 9845: 9840: 9830: 9829: 9828: 9823: 9818: 9813: 9808: 9798: 9797: 9796: 9791: 9781: 9780: 9779: 9774: 9765: 9763: 9757: 9756: 9754: 9753: 9752: 9751: 9746: 9741: 9736: 9731: 9726: 9721: 9716: 9711: 9701: 9700: 9699: 9698: 9697: 9692: 9682: 9681: 9680: 9675: 9660: 9659: 9658: 9653: 9648: 9643: 9632: 9630: 9613: 9610: 9609: 9607: 9606: 9599: 9592: 9585: 9578: 9571: 9564: 9557: 9550: 9545: 9540: 9535: 9530: 9523: 9518: 9513: 9508: 9503: 9455: 9452: 9451: 9444: 9443: 9436: 9429: 9421: 9412: 9411: 9409: 9408: 9398: 9396:Science Portal 9388: 9377: 9374: 9373: 9371: 9370: 9365: 9360: 9355: 9349: 9346: 9345: 9343: 9342: 9336: 9333: 9332: 9325: 9324: 9317: 9310: 9302: 9293: 9292: 9290: 9289: 9284: 9279: 9274: 9269: 9264: 9259: 9254: 9249: 9244: 9242:Cosmochemistry 9239: 9234: 9229: 9227:Astrochemistry 9224: 9218: 9215: 9214: 9206: 9205: 9198: 9191: 9183: 9174: 9173: 9171: 9170: 9158: 9145: 9142: 9141: 9139: 9138: 9131: 9130: 9129: 9122: 9115: 9101: 9100: 9099: 9092: 9085: 9078: 9064: 9057: 9050: 9043: 9036: 9029: 9028: 9027: 9013: 9006: 8999: 8990: 8983: 8976: 8969: 8962: 8959:Astrochemistry 8955: 8948: 8940: 8938: 8934: 8933: 8931: 8930: 8923: 8916: 8909: 8902: 8895: 8892:Hale Telescope 8888: 8881: 8874: 8867: 8860: 8852: 8850: 8842: 8841: 8838: 8837: 8835: 8834: 8827: 8826: 8825: 8811: 8804: 8797: 8790: 8783: 8776: 8769: 8762: 8755: 8748: 8741: 8733: 8731: 8725: 8724: 8722: 8721: 8714: 8707: 8700: 8693: 8686: 8679: 8671: 8669: 8665: 8664: 8662: 8661: 8654: 8653: 8652: 8638: 8631: 8625:Visible-light 8621: 8607: 8600: 8592: 8590: 8586: 8585: 8583: 8582: 8581: 8580: 8566: 8554: 8552: 8548: 8547: 8545: 8544: 8537: 8530: 8523: 8515: 8513: 8506: 8502: 8501: 8499: 8498: 8491: 8484: 8477: 8470: 8463: 8462: 8461: 8447: 8439: 8436: 8435: 8428: 8427: 8420: 8413: 8405: 8399: 8398: 8385: 8373: 8372:External links 8370: 8369: 8368: 8363:978-1421446936 8362: 8346: 8340: 8327: 8321: 8306: 8286:Newcomb, Simon 8280: 8277: 8274: 8273: 8242: 8212: 8174: 8148: 8122: 8061: 8022:(3): 763–768. 8002: 7941: 7914: 7888: 7862: 7836: 7810: 7784: 7757: 7730: 7704: 7658: 7653:j.ctt5hjd29.14 7643: 7621: 7590: 7559: 7552: 7522: 7503: 7483: 7474: 7447:(1–4): 39–95. 7431: 7404: 7375: 7348: 7337:on 27 May 2005 7314: 7287: 7254: 7245: 7236: 7229: 7211: 7202: 7193: 7184: 7172: 7159:10.1086/316369 7119: 7100: 7078: 7059: 7034: 7007: 7000: 6988:Michael Zeilik 6979: 6953: 6919: 6892: 6873:Preuss, Paul. 6865: 6839: 6830: 6803: 6796: 6788:Academic Press 6769: 6743: 6712: 6679: 6649: 6619: 6612: 6594: 6575: 6545: 6515: 6485: 6452: 6435:"astrophysics" 6426: 6400:10.1086/140401 6362: 6311: 6284: 6240: 6205: 6162: 6132: 6105: 6078: 6041: 6022: 6002: 5972: 5927:(24): 241103. 5910: 5876: 5813: 5806: 5780: 5753: 5746: 5725: 5692: 5665: 5628:(1): 175–186. 5612: 5579: 5549: 5530: 5483: 5457: 5396: 5349: 5342: 5316: 5297: 5273: 5261: 5249: 5235: 5223: 5211: 5198: 5174: 5163:on 9 June 2008 5148: 5129: 5109: 5083: 5064: 5040: 5033: 5015: 4984: 4977: 4951: 4944: 4926: 4919: 4894: 4861: 4854: 4836: 4829: 4811: 4792: 4787:10.1086/349558 4759: 4746: 4697: 4678: 4658: 4628: 4593: 4576: 4550: 4497: 4478: 4471: 4453: 4434: 4414: 4407: 4380: 4359:"astrophysics" 4350: 4320: 4287: 4276:on 8 July 2007 4257: 4246:on 9 June 2007 4223: 4216: 4198: 4135: 4124:(in Spanish). 4112: 4111: 4109: 4106: 4105: 4104: 4099: 4094: 4089: 4083: 4075: 4072: 4071: 4070: 4064: 4058: 4052: 4044: 4041: 4014:first galaxies 3978:Main article: 3975: 3972: 3939:meteor showers 3924:Main article: 3909: 3906: 3894:Cosmochemistry 3886:astrochemistry 3863:archaeological 3854: 3851: 3813:magnetic field 3798:impact craters 3726:scattered disc 3639: 3636: 3588:radiation zone 3584:nuclear fusion 3573:Little Ice Age 3561:sunspot number 3527:Main article: 3482: 3479: 3416:nuclear fusion 3404:Star formation 3386:Main article: 3372: 3369: 3272:Main article: 3268:'s spiral arms 3257: 3254: 3151:classification 3139:Main article: 3123: 3120: 2994:Main article: 2990: 2989: 2981: 2977: 2976: 2961: 2960: 2959: 2956: 2955: 2945: 2944: 2942: 2932: 2931: 2925: 2924: 2922: 2912: 2911: 2905: 2904: 2902: 2892: 2891: 2881: 2880: 2878: 2868: 2867: 2863:Earliest fungi 2861: 2860: 2858: 2848: 2847: 2841: 2840: 2838: 2828: 2827: 2821: 2820: 2818: 2808: 2807: 2801: 2800: 2798: 2788: 2787: 2781: 2780: 2778: 2768: 2767: 2757: 2756: 2754: 2744: 2743: 2739:Alpha Centauri 2737: 2736: 2734: 2724: 2723: 2717: 2716: 2714: 2704: 2703: 2697: 2696: 2694: 2684: 2683: 2677: 2676: 2674: 2664: 2663: 2659:Omega Centauri 2657: 2656: 2654: 2644: 2643: 2630: 2629: 2627: 2617: 2616: 2610: 2609: 2607: 2597: 2596: 2592:Earliest stars 2590: 2589: 2587: 2577: 2576: 2570: 2569: 2567: 2558: 2549: 2548: 2547: 2538: 2537: 2536: 2531:Photosynthesis 2529: 2528: 2527: 2520: 2519: 2518: 2512:Water on Earth 2509: 2508: 2507: 2498: 2497: 2496: 2485: 2484: 2483: 2474: 2473: 2472: 2463: 2462: 2461: 2459: 2456:0 — 2454: 2449: 2444: 2439: 2434: 2429: 2424: 2419: 2414: 2409: 2404: 2399: 2394: 2389: 2384: 2379: 2374: 2369: 2364: 2359: 2354: 2349: 2344: 2339: 2334: 2329: 2324: 2321: 2320: 2318: 2317: 2310: 2303: 2292: 2289: 2288: 2281: 2275: 2272: 2258:, research on 2209:exoplanetology 2158:Main article: 2155: 2152: 2136:cosmochemistry 2098:Astrochemistry 2096:Main article: 2093: 2092:Astrochemistry 2090: 2084:cosmology and 1979:thermodynamics 1879:Main article: 1876: 1873: 1871: 1868: 1840: 1839: 1821: 1817:the origin of 1815: 1806: 1801: 1754:Main article: 1750: 1749: 1747: 1746: 1739: 1732: 1724: 1721: 1720: 1719: 1718: 1713: 1712: 1711: 1706: 1699:Nuclear fusion 1696: 1688: 1687: 1686:Related topics 1683: 1682: 1681: 1680: 1675: 1670: 1665: 1657: 1656: 1648: 1647: 1638: 1635: 1627:used to detect 1623:stellar wobble 1545: 1542: 1478:Kamioka II/III 1454: 1451: 1416:Main article: 1413: 1410: 1386:X-ray binaries 1330:Main article: 1327: 1324: 1291:Main article: 1288: 1285: 1256:Main article: 1229: 1226: 1189:Main article: 1175: 1172: 1151:, notably the 1145:spectral lines 1123:Although some 1090:Main article: 1068: 1065: 1032:Main article: 1029: 1026: 986:radio galaxies 908:Leonhard Euler 885:John Flamsteed 816: 813: 779:Post-classical 771:Great Zimbabwe 712:Ali ibn Ridwan 681:, the largest 601: 598: 563:constellations 537:estimated the 523:ancient Greece 496:lunar eclipses 460:, named after 409: 406: 373:Main article: 370: 367: 324: 321: 246: 243: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11576: 11565: 11562: 11560: 11557: 11556: 11554: 11547: 11542: 11532: 11530: 11520: 11518: 11508: 11506: 11501: 11496: 11494: 11484: 11483: 11480: 11467: 11464: 11462: 11459: 11457: 11454: 11452: 11449: 11447: 11444: 11442: 11439: 11437: 11434: 11432: 11429: 11427: 11424: 11422: 11419: 11417: 11414: 11412: 11409: 11407: 11404: 11402: 11399: 11397: 11394: 11392: 11389: 11387: 11384: 11382: 11379: 11375: 11372: 11370: 11367: 11365: 11362: 11360: 11357: 11355: 11352: 11351: 11349: 11345: 11342: 11340: 11337: 11336: 11334: 11332: 11329: 11327: 11324: 11322: 11319: 11315: 11312: 11310: 11307: 11306: 11304: 11302: 11299: 11297: 11294: 11292: 11289: 11287: 11284: 11282: 11279: 11277: 11274: 11272: 11269: 11267: 11264: 11262: 11259: 11257: 11254: 11252: 11249: 11247: 11244: 11242: 11239: 11237: 11234: 11232: 11229: 11227: 11224: 11222: 11219: 11217: 11214: 11212: 11209: 11208: 11205: 11201: 11197: 11189: 11184: 11182: 11177: 11175: 11170: 11169: 11166: 11156: 11147: 11140: 11133: 11126: 11120: 11114: 11108: 11101: 11094: 11087: 11080: 11073: 11066: 11059: 11053: 11043: 11041: 11031: 11029: 11019: 11017: 11014: 11013: 11010: 10995: 10994:Tidal locking 10992: 10990: 10987: 10985: 10982: 10980: 10977: 10975: 10974:Double planet 10972: 10971: 10969: 10965: 10959: 10956: 10952: 10949: 10947: 10944: 10943: 10942: 10939: 10937: 10934: 10932: 10929: 10927: 10926:Minor planets 10924: 10922: 10919: 10917: 10914: 10912: 10909: 10908: 10906: 10902: 10896: 10893: 10891: 10888: 10884: 10881: 10880: 10879: 10876: 10874: 10871: 10867: 10864: 10860: 10859:Merging stars 10857: 10856: 10855: 10852: 10850: 10847: 10845: 10842: 10840: 10837: 10835: 10832: 10831: 10830: 10827: 10825: 10822: 10820: 10817: 10815: 10812: 10810: 10807: 10805: 10802: 10800: 10797: 10795: 10792: 10790: 10787: 10785: 10782: 10780: 10777: 10775: 10772: 10770: 10767: 10765: 10762: 10760: 10757: 10755: 10752: 10750: 10747: 10743: 10740: 10738: 10735: 10734: 10733: 10730: 10728: 10725: 10723: 10720: 10718: 10715: 10713: 10710: 10708: 10705: 10703: 10700: 10698: 10695: 10693: 10690: 10688: 10685: 10681: 10678: 10677: 10676: 10673: 10671: 10668: 10666: 10663: 10662: 10660: 10658: 10652: 10646: 10643: 10641: 10638: 10636: 10633: 10631: 10628: 10626: 10623: 10621: 10618: 10616: 10613: 10609: 10606: 10605: 10604: 10601: 10599: 10596: 10594: 10591: 10587: 10584: 10583: 10582: 10579: 10577: 10574: 10572: 10569: 10565: 10562: 10560: 10557: 10555: 10552: 10551: 10550: 10547: 10543: 10540: 10538: 10535: 10534: 10533: 10530: 10526: 10523: 10521: 10518: 10516: 10513: 10512: 10511: 10508: 10506: 10503: 10502: 10500: 10497: 10492: 10488: 10482: 10479: 10477: 10474: 10472: 10469: 10467: 10464: 10462: 10461:Subsatellites 10459: 10457: 10454: 10452: 10449: 10447: 10444: 10442: 10439: 10437: 10434: 10432: 10429: 10428: 10426: 10424: 10421:Hypothetical 10418: 10415: 10406: 10403: 10399: 10396: 10394: 10391: 10389: 10386: 10384: 10381: 10377: 10374: 10372: 10369: 10368: 10367: 10364: 10363: 10362: 10359: 10355: 10352: 10350: 10347: 10346: 10345: 10342: 10338: 10335: 10333: 10330: 10328: 10325: 10323: 10320: 10318: 10315: 10313: 10310: 10308: 10305: 10303: 10300: 10298: 10295: 10294: 10293: 10290: 10288: 10287:Asteroid belt 10285: 10283: 10280: 10276: 10273: 10271: 10268: 10266: 10263: 10259: 10256: 10254: 10251: 10250: 10249: 10246: 10244: 10241: 10239: 10236: 10234: 10231: 10230: 10229: 10226: 10222: 10219: 10217: 10214: 10212: 10209: 10207: 10204: 10202: 10199: 10197: 10194: 10192: 10189: 10187: 10184: 10183: 10181: 10179: 10176: 10172: 10169: 10167: 10164: 10163: 10162: 10161:Minor planets 10159: 10157: 10154: 10152: 10149: 10147: 10144: 10143: 10141: 10139: 10129: 10123: 10120: 10118: 10115: 10113: 10110: 10108: 10105: 10103: 10100: 10098: 10095: 10092: 10088: 10085: 10083: 10080: 10077: 10074: 10073: 10071: 10069: 10065: 10057: 10054: 10053: 10052: 10049: 10045: 10042: 10041: 10040: 10037: 10033: 10030: 10029: 10028: 10025: 10021: 10018: 10017: 10016: 10013: 10009: 10006: 10004: 10001: 10000: 9999: 9996: 9992: 9989: 9987: 9984: 9982: 9979: 9977: 9974: 9972: 9969: 9968: 9967: 9964: 9960: 9957: 9956: 9955: 9952: 9948: 9945: 9943: 9940: 9938: 9935: 9933: 9930: 9929: 9928: 9925: 9921: 9918: 9916: 9913: 9911: 9908: 9906: 9903: 9901: 9898: 9896: 9893: 9892: 9891: 9888: 9884: 9881: 9879: 9876: 9874: 9871: 9869: 9866: 9864: 9861: 9859: 9856: 9854: 9851: 9849: 9846: 9844: 9841: 9839: 9836: 9835: 9834: 9831: 9827: 9824: 9822: 9819: 9817: 9814: 9812: 9809: 9807: 9804: 9803: 9802: 9799: 9795: 9792: 9790: 9787: 9786: 9785: 9782: 9778: 9775: 9773: 9770: 9769: 9767: 9766: 9764: 9762: 9758: 9750: 9747: 9745: 9742: 9740: 9737: 9735: 9732: 9730: 9727: 9725: 9722: 9720: 9717: 9715: 9712: 9710: 9707: 9706: 9705: 9702: 9696: 9693: 9691: 9688: 9687: 9686: 9683: 9679: 9676: 9674: 9671: 9670: 9669: 9666: 9665: 9664: 9661: 9657: 9654: 9652: 9649: 9647: 9644: 9642: 9639: 9638: 9637: 9634: 9633: 9631: 9629: 9624: 9620: 9617: 9616: 9611: 9605: 9604: 9600: 9598: 9597: 9593: 9591: 9590: 9586: 9584: 9583: 9579: 9577: 9576: 9572: 9570: 9569: 9565: 9563: 9562: 9558: 9556: 9555: 9551: 9549: 9546: 9544: 9541: 9539: 9536: 9534: 9531: 9529: 9528: 9524: 9522: 9519: 9517: 9514: 9512: 9509: 9507: 9504: 9502: 9499: 9498: 9453: 9449: 9442: 9437: 9435: 9430: 9428: 9423: 9422: 9419: 9407: 9399: 9397: 9393: 9389: 9387: 9379: 9378: 9375: 9369: 9368:Space science 9366: 9364: 9361: 9359: 9358:Life sciences 9356: 9354: 9353:Earth science 9351: 9350: 9347: 9341: 9338: 9337: 9334: 9330: 9323: 9318: 9316: 9311: 9309: 9304: 9303: 9300: 9288: 9285: 9283: 9280: 9278: 9275: 9273: 9270: 9268: 9265: 9263: 9260: 9258: 9255: 9253: 9250: 9248: 9245: 9243: 9240: 9238: 9235: 9233: 9230: 9228: 9225: 9223: 9220: 9219: 9216: 9212: 9204: 9199: 9197: 9192: 9190: 9185: 9184: 9181: 9168: 9159: 9156: 9147: 9146: 9143: 9136: 9132: 9127: 9123: 9120: 9116: 9113: 9109: 9108: 9106: 9102: 9097: 9093: 9090: 9086: 9083: 9079: 9076: 9072: 9071: 9069: 9065: 9062: 9058: 9055: 9051: 9048: 9044: 9041: 9037: 9034: 9030: 9025: 9021: 9020: 9018: 9017:Constellation 9014: 9011: 9007: 9004: 9000: 8997: 8996: 8991: 8988: 8984: 8981: 8977: 8974: 8970: 8967: 8963: 8960: 8956: 8953: 8949: 8946: 8942: 8941: 8939: 8935: 8928: 8924: 8921: 8917: 8914: 8910: 8907: 8903: 8900: 8896: 8893: 8889: 8886: 8882: 8879: 8875: 8872: 8868: 8865: 8861: 8858: 8854: 8853: 8851: 8849: 8843: 8832: 8828: 8823: 8819: 8818: 8816: 8812: 8809: 8805: 8802: 8798: 8795: 8791: 8788: 8784: 8781: 8777: 8774: 8770: 8767: 8763: 8760: 8756: 8753: 8749: 8746: 8742: 8739: 8735: 8734: 8732: 8730: 8726: 8719: 8715: 8712: 8708: 8705: 8701: 8698: 8694: 8691: 8687: 8684: 8680: 8677: 8673: 8672: 8670: 8668:Other methods 8666: 8659: 8655: 8650: 8646: 8645: 8643: 8639: 8636: 8632: 8629: 8622: 8617: 8612: 8608: 8605: 8604:Submillimetre 8601: 8598: 8594: 8593: 8591: 8587: 8578: 8574: 8573: 8571: 8567: 8564: 8563:Extragalactic 8560: 8556: 8555: 8553: 8549: 8542: 8538: 8535: 8531: 8528: 8527:Observational 8524: 8521: 8517: 8516: 8514: 8510: 8507: 8503: 8496: 8492: 8489: 8485: 8482: 8478: 8475: 8471: 8468: 8464: 8459: 8455: 8454: 8452: 8448: 8445: 8441: 8440: 8437: 8433: 8426: 8421: 8419: 8414: 8412: 8407: 8406: 8403: 8397: 8393: 8392:Core journals 8389: 8386: 8383: 8382:NED-Distances 8379: 8376: 8375: 8365: 8359: 8355: 8351: 8347: 8343: 8337: 8333: 8328: 8324: 8318: 8314: 8313: 8307: 8303: 8302: 8296: 8291: 8287: 8283: 8282: 8261: 8257: 8253: 8250:Sagan, Carl. 8246: 8230: 8226: 8222: 8216: 8209: 8205: 8201: 8197: 8193: 8189: 8185: 8178: 8162: 8158: 8152: 8136: 8132: 8126: 8118: 8114: 8110: 8106: 8102: 8098: 8094: 8090: 8085: 8080: 8076: 8072: 8065: 8057: 8053: 8048: 8043: 8039: 8035: 8030: 8025: 8021: 8017: 8013: 8006: 7998: 7994: 7990: 7986: 7982: 7978: 7974: 7970: 7965: 7960: 7956: 7952: 7945: 7929: 7926:. NASA WMAP. 7925: 7918: 7902: 7898: 7892: 7876: 7872: 7866: 7850: 7846: 7840: 7824: 7820: 7814: 7798: 7794: 7788: 7772: 7768: 7761: 7745: 7741: 7734: 7718: 7714: 7708: 7701: 7697: 7693: 7689: 7685: 7681: 7677: 7673: 7669: 7662: 7654: 7650: 7646: 7644:0-813-53576-X 7640: 7636: 7632: 7625: 7609: 7605: 7601: 7594: 7578: 7574: 7570: 7563: 7555: 7553:9781118445112 7549: 7545: 7541: 7537: 7533: 7526: 7510: 7506: 7500: 7496: 7495: 7487: 7478: 7470: 7466: 7462: 7458: 7454: 7450: 7446: 7442: 7435: 7419: 7415: 7408: 7392: 7388: 7387: 7379: 7363: 7359: 7352: 7333: 7329: 7325: 7318: 7302: 7298: 7291: 7275: 7271: 7267: 7261: 7259: 7249: 7240: 7232: 7226: 7222: 7215: 7206: 7197: 7188: 7179: 7177: 7168: 7164: 7160: 7156: 7152: 7148: 7143: 7138: 7134: 7130: 7123: 7107: 7103: 7097: 7093: 7089: 7082: 7066: 7062: 7056: 7052: 7048: 7041: 7039: 7022: 7018: 7011: 7003: 6997: 6993: 6989: 6983: 6967: 6963: 6957: 6941: 6937: 6933: 6932:esahubble.org 6929: 6923: 6907: 6903: 6896: 6880: 6876: 6869: 6853: 6849: 6843: 6834: 6818: 6815:. NASA WMAP. 6814: 6807: 6799: 6793: 6789: 6785: 6778: 6776: 6774: 6757: 6753: 6747: 6731: 6727: 6723: 6716: 6700: 6696: 6695: 6690: 6683: 6667: 6663: 6659: 6653: 6637: 6633: 6629: 6623: 6615: 6609: 6605: 6598: 6591: 6587: 6584: 6579: 6563: 6559: 6555: 6549: 6533: 6529: 6525: 6519: 6503: 6499: 6495: 6489: 6473: 6469: 6465: 6459: 6457: 6440: 6436: 6430: 6423: 6421: 6417: 6410: 6406: 6401: 6396: 6392: 6388: 6385:(4): 271–88. 6384: 6380: 6376: 6372: 6366: 6355: 6350: 6345: 6341: 6337: 6334:(1): 010001. 6333: 6329: 6322: 6315: 6299: 6295: 6291: 6287: 6281: 6277: 6273: 6268: 6263: 6259: 6255: 6251: 6244: 6236: 6232: 6228: 6224: 6221:(3): 525–29. 6220: 6216: 6209: 6201: 6197: 6193: 6189: 6185: 6181: 6177: 6173: 6166: 6150: 6146: 6142: 6136: 6120: 6116: 6109: 6093: 6089: 6085: 6081: 6075: 6071: 6070: 6062: 6060: 6058: 6056: 6054: 6052: 6050: 6048: 6046: 6029: 6025: 6019: 6015: 6014: 6006: 5990: 5986: 5982: 5976: 5968: 5964: 5960: 5956: 5952: 5948: 5944: 5940: 5935: 5930: 5926: 5922: 5914: 5898: 5894: 5890: 5886: 5880: 5872: 5868: 5864: 5860: 5856: 5852: 5848: 5844: 5839: 5834: 5831:(6): 061102. 5830: 5826: 5825: 5817: 5809: 5803: 5799: 5794: 5793: 5784: 5768: 5764: 5757: 5749: 5743: 5739: 5732: 5730: 5713: 5709: 5706: 5702: 5696: 5680: 5676: 5669: 5661: 5657: 5653: 5649: 5645: 5641: 5636: 5631: 5627: 5623: 5616: 5600: 5596: 5593: 5589: 5583: 5567: 5563: 5559: 5553: 5537: 5533: 5527: 5523: 5522: 5514: 5512: 5510: 5508: 5506: 5504: 5502: 5500: 5498: 5496: 5494: 5492: 5490: 5488: 5471: 5467: 5461: 5453: 5449: 5445: 5441: 5437: 5433: 5429: 5425: 5420: 5415: 5412:(6): 061102. 5411: 5407: 5400: 5384: 5380: 5376: 5372: 5368: 5364: 5360: 5353: 5345: 5339: 5335: 5331: 5327: 5320: 5304: 5300: 5294: 5290: 5286: 5285: 5277: 5270: 5265: 5258: 5253: 5247: 5246: 5239: 5232: 5227: 5220: 5215: 5208: 5202: 5193: 5189: 5185: 5178: 5162: 5158: 5152: 5136: 5132: 5126: 5122: 5121: 5113: 5097: 5093: 5087: 5071: 5067: 5061: 5057: 5056: 5051: 5050:Johnson Urama 5044: 5036: 5030: 5026: 5019: 5003: 4999: 4998:New Scientist 4995: 4988: 4980: 4974: 4970: 4965: 4964: 4955: 4947: 4941: 4937: 4930: 4922: 4916: 4911: 4910: 4901: 4899: 4882: 4878: 4877: 4872: 4865: 4857: 4851: 4847: 4840: 4832: 4826: 4822: 4815: 4807: 4803: 4796: 4788: 4784: 4781:(2): 237–39. 4780: 4776: 4775: 4770: 4763: 4756: 4750: 4742: 4738: 4733: 4728: 4724: 4720: 4716: 4712: 4708: 4701: 4685: 4681: 4675: 4671: 4670: 4662: 4646: 4642: 4638: 4632: 4624: 4620: 4616: 4612: 4609:(3): 213–54. 4608: 4604: 4597: 4589: 4588: 4580: 4564: 4560: 4554: 4546: 4542: 4538: 4534: 4530: 4526: 4522: 4518: 4514: 4510: 4509: 4501: 4494: 4490: 4487: 4482: 4474: 4468: 4464: 4457: 4441: 4437: 4431: 4427: 4426: 4418: 4410: 4404: 4399: 4398: 4389: 4387: 4385: 4368: 4364: 4360: 4354: 4338: 4334: 4330: 4324: 4308: 4304: 4300: 4294: 4292: 4275: 4271: 4264: 4262: 4245: 4241: 4237: 4230: 4228: 4219: 4213: 4209: 4202: 4194: 4190: 4186: 4182: 4178: 4174: 4170: 4166: 4161: 4156: 4152: 4148: 4147: 4139: 4131: 4127: 4123: 4117: 4113: 4103: 4100: 4098: 4095: 4093: 4090: 4087: 4084: 4081: 4078: 4077: 4068: 4065: 4062: 4059: 4056: 4053: 4050: 4047: 4046: 4040: 4038: 4037:Fermi paradox 4034: 4030: 4025: 4023: 4019: 4015: 4011: 4007: 4003: 3999: 3995: 3991: 3987: 3981: 3971: 3967: 3965: 3961: 3957: 3951: 3949: 3944: 3940: 3936: 3931: 3927: 3919: 3914: 3905: 3903: 3899: 3895: 3891: 3887: 3883: 3880:The study of 3878: 3876: 3872: 3868: 3864: 3860: 3850: 3848: 3844: 3840: 3836: 3835:tidal heating 3832: 3828: 3824: 3821: 3816: 3814: 3810: 3805: 3803: 3799: 3794: 3790: 3786: 3781: 3779: 3775: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3759: 3755: 3754:giant planets 3751: 3748:, Earth, and 3747: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3731: 3727: 3723: 3719: 3715: 3711: 3710:asteroid belt 3707: 3702: 3699: 3695: 3691: 3687: 3686:dwarf planets 3683: 3679: 3673: 3669: 3661: 3657: 3653: 3649: 3644: 3635: 3633: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3620:magnetosphere 3617: 3613: 3608: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3593: 3589: 3585: 3580: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3564: 3562: 3558: 3557:sunspot cycle 3554: 3553:variable star 3550: 3549:stellar class 3546: 3542: 3536: 3530: 3522: 3518: 3517:Lomnický štít 3513: 3507: 3505: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3487: 3478: 3476: 3472: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3456: 3451: 3448: 3444: 3438: 3436: 3432: 3428: 3423: 3421: 3417: 3413: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3395: 3389: 3381: 3377: 3368: 3366: 3361: 3359: 3358:open clusters 3355: 3351: 3346: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3328: 3324: 3319: 3317: 3313: 3312:population II 3309: 3308:spheroid halo 3305: 3301: 3296: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3281: 3275: 3267: 3262: 3253: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3242:superclusters 3239: 3234: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3219: 3213: 3209: 3207: 3203: 3197: 3194: 3190: 3185: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3166: 3164: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3148: 3142: 3133: 3128: 3119: 3117: 3113: 3108: 3106: 3100: 3097: 3093: 3088: 3085: 3080: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3065: 3063: 3059: 3055: 3054:point in time 3051: 3047: 3043: 3036: 3032: 3028: 3025: 3013: 3002: 2997: 2985: 2978: 2971: 2952: 2948: 2947:Earliest apes 2943: 2938: 2937: 2928: 2923: 2918: 2917: 2908: 2903: 2898: 2897: 2888: 2884: 2879: 2874: 2873: 2864: 2859: 2854: 2853: 2844: 2839: 2834: 2833: 2824: 2819: 2814: 2813: 2804: 2799: 2794: 2793: 2784: 2779: 2774: 2773: 2764: 2760: 2755: 2750: 2749: 2740: 2735: 2730: 2729: 2720: 2715: 2710: 2709: 2700: 2695: 2690: 2689: 2680: 2675: 2670: 2669: 2660: 2655: 2650: 2649: 2639: 2635: 2628: 2623: 2622: 2613: 2608: 2603: 2602: 2593: 2588: 2583: 2582: 2573: 2568: 2563: 2562: 2554: 2543: 2540:Multicellular 2532: 2523: 2514: 2503: 2492: 2479: 2468: 2322: 2316: 2311: 2309: 2304: 2302: 2297: 2296: 2290: 2286: 2279: 2271: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2260:biosignatures 2257: 2253: 2249: 2246:, origins of 2245: 2241: 2236: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2206: 2203:, astronomy, 2202: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2185: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2161: 2151: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2099: 2089: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2024:is possible, 2023: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2002: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1887: 1882: 1867: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1822: 1820: 1816: 1814: 1810: 1807: 1805: 1802: 1800: 1796: 1793: 1792: 1791: 1788: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1772: 1770: 1767: 1766:computational 1763: 1757: 1745: 1740: 1738: 1733: 1731: 1726: 1725: 1723: 1722: 1717: 1714: 1710: 1707: 1705: 1702: 1701: 1700: 1697: 1695: 1692: 1691: 1690: 1689: 1685: 1684: 1679: 1676: 1674: 1671: 1669: 1666: 1664: 1661: 1660: 1659: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1649: 1646: 1643: 1642: 1634: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1619: 1617: 1613: 1612:proper motion 1609: 1604: 1600: 1595: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1584:perturbations 1580: 1578: 1574: 1566:with a nebula 1565: 1562:Star cluster 1560: 1555: 1551: 1541: 1539: 1534: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1458: 1450: 1448: 1444: 1443:neutron stars 1440: 1436: 1431: 1429: 1425: 1419: 1409: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1382:X-ray sources 1379: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1338: 1333: 1323: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1300: 1294: 1284: 1282: 1281:near-infrared 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1259: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1234: 1225: 1222: 1218: 1217:star clusters 1214: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1192: 1184: 1180: 1171: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1156: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1121: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1093: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1073: 1064: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1052:visible light 1049: 1040: 1035: 1025: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 991: 987: 983: 979: 975: 971: 970:neutron stars 967: 963: 959: 954: 953:, and sizes. 952: 948: 944: 940: 936: 932: 927: 925: 921: 917: 913: 909: 905: 900: 898: 894: 890: 886: 881: 879: 875: 871: 867: 863: 859: 855: 851: 836: 829: 825: 821: 812: 810: 806: 801: 799: 795: 794:meteor shower 792:documented a 791: 787: 783: 780: 776: 772: 767: 765: 761: 757: 753: 749: 745: 741: 737: 733: 729: 725: 721: 717: 713: 709: 705: 702: 698: 697: 692: 688: 684: 680: 676: 672: 671:observatories 668: 664: 662: 661:Regiomontanus 658: 654: 650: 646: 645:Nicole Oresme 642: 638: 635: 631: 627: 623: 619: 615: 611: 607: 597: 595: 591: 587: 583: 579: 568: 564: 560: 556: 552: 548: 544: 540: 536: 532: 528: 524: 516: 512: 507: 503: 501: 497: 493: 489: 474: 469: 465: 463: 459: 455: 451: 447: 443: 439: 435: 431: 427: 423: 418: 416: 415:observatories 408:Ancient times 403: 398: 393: 389: 382: 376: 366: 364: 363: 358: 357: 352: 351: 346: 342: 338: 334: 330: 320: 318: 314: 310: 307: 303: 302: 297: 294: 290: 287: 283: 276: 272: 268: 264: 261:19th-century 259: 251: 242: 240: 236: 232: 227: 224: 220: 219:observational 215: 213: 209: 205: 201: 197: 193: 189: 185: 181: 177: 173: 169: 165: 160: 158: 154: 150: 146: 142: 138: 134: 130: 126: 122: 118: 114: 110: 106: 102: 98: 94: 90: 86: 82: 78: 74: 70: 67:that studies 66: 62: 56: 52: 48: 44: 39: 35: 30: 23: 11559:Solar System 11546: 11541:Solar System 11305:Engineering 11256:Cell biology 11226:Architecture 11150:Each arrow ( 11072:Local Bubble 11058:Solar System 11056: 10849:Planetesimal 10804:Kuiper cliff 10532:Space probes 10514: 10505:Colonization 10344:Kirkwood gap 10265:Saturn Moons 10178:Planetesimal 9636:Terrestrials 9601: 9594: 9587: 9580: 9573: 9566: 9559: 9552: 9525: 9448:Solar System 9237:Astrophysics 9222:Astrobiology 9210: 8993: 8973:Astrophysics 8952:Astrobiology 8616:Far-infrared 8570:Local system 8505:Astronomy by 8495:... in space 8431: 8353: 8334:. Springer. 8331: 8311: 8299: 8279:Bibliography 8264:. Retrieved 8255: 8245: 8233:. Retrieved 8229:the original 8224: 8215: 8207: 8187: 8183: 8177: 8165:. Retrieved 8151: 8139:. Retrieved 8135:the original 8125: 8074: 8070: 8064: 8019: 8015: 8005: 7954: 7950: 7944: 7932:. Retrieved 7917: 7905:. Retrieved 7901:the original 7891: 7879:. Retrieved 7865: 7853:. Retrieved 7849:the original 7839: 7827:. Retrieved 7823:the original 7813: 7801:. Retrieved 7787: 7775:. Retrieved 7760: 7748:. Retrieved 7733: 7721:. Retrieved 7707: 7699: 7671: 7667: 7661: 7634: 7624: 7612:. Retrieved 7603: 7593: 7581:. Retrieved 7572: 7562: 7535: 7532:Wiley Stats 7531: 7525: 7513:. Retrieved 7493: 7486: 7477: 7444: 7440: 7434: 7422:. Retrieved 7407: 7395:. Retrieved 7391:the original 7385: 7378: 7366:. Retrieved 7351: 7339:. Retrieved 7332:the original 7327: 7317: 7305:. Retrieved 7301:the original 7290: 7278:. Retrieved 7248: 7239: 7220: 7214: 7205: 7196: 7191:Harpaz, 1994 7187: 7132: 7128: 7122: 7110:. Retrieved 7091: 7081: 7069:. Retrieved 7050: 7025:. Retrieved 7021:the original 7010: 6991: 6982: 6970:. Retrieved 6966:the original 6956: 6944:. Retrieved 6931: 6922: 6910:. Retrieved 6895: 6883:. Retrieved 6868: 6856:. Retrieved 6842: 6833: 6821:. Retrieved 6806: 6783: 6760:. Retrieved 6746: 6734:. Retrieved 6725: 6715: 6703:. Retrieved 6692: 6682: 6670:. Retrieved 6661: 6652: 6640:. Retrieved 6631: 6622: 6603: 6597: 6578: 6566:. Retrieved 6562:the original 6557: 6548: 6536:. Retrieved 6532:the original 6527: 6518: 6506:. Retrieved 6497: 6488: 6476:. Retrieved 6467: 6443:. Retrieved 6429: 6419: 6415: 6412: 6382: 6378: 6365: 6331: 6328:Phys. Rev. D 6327: 6314: 6302:. Retrieved 6257: 6253: 6243: 6218: 6214: 6208: 6175: 6171: 6165: 6153:. Retrieved 6149:the original 6135: 6123:. Retrieved 6119:the original 6108: 6096:. Retrieved 6069:Astronomy 2e 6068: 6032:. Retrieved 6012: 6005: 5993:. Retrieved 5975: 5924: 5920: 5913: 5901:. 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A second 1494:Cosmic rays 1299:ultraviolet 1283:radiation. 1240:(left) and 1221:wavelengths 1125:radio waves 1102:radio waves 1098:wavelengths 966:black holes 935:photography 850:Renaissance 848:During the 843: 1000 790:Mahmud Kati 782:West Africa 752:Al-Birjandi 687:Local Group 620:called the 614:Rectangulus 600:Middle Ages 553:discovered 527:Hellenistic 492:Babylonians 480: 1500 426:Mesopotamia 345:astronomers 231:active role 223:theoretical 176:Babylonians 77:mathematics 49:shooting a 11553:Categories 11441:Psychiatry 11350:Geography 11321:Entomology 11132:Local Hole 11079:Gould Belt 10819:Oort cloud 10655:Formation, 10645:Deep space 10481:Vulcanoids 10398:Oort cloud 10322:first 1000 10258:Greek camp 10156:Meteoroids 10151:Damocloids 10097:Charikloan 9232:Astrometry 9033:Photometry 9010:Binoculars 8987:Astrometry 8848:telescopes 8745:Babylonian 8589:EM methods 8467:Astronomer 8388:Core books 8190:: 425–44. 7881:3 February 7855:24 October 7631:"Epilogue" 7341:3 February 6568:20 October 6304:4 November 6088:1322188620 5934:1606.04855 5838:1602.03837 5419:1602.03837 5167:3 February 5102:3 February 5076:19 October 5008:3 February 4651:28 October 4569:28 October 4108:References 3918:Stellafane 3869:evidence. 3843:atmosphere 3793:solar wind 3770:ice giants 3768:) and the 3758:gas giants 3734:Oort Cloud 3732:, and the 3724:, and the 3648:dust devil 3632:atmosphere 3612:heliopause 3545:dwarf star 3533:See also: 3471:black hole 3455:supernovae 3392:See also: 3310:of older, 3184:galaxies. 3178:elliptical 2638:black hole 2254:on Earth, 2229:hypotheses 2221:The origin 2217:biospheres 2193:biophysics 2132:meteorites 2030:multiverse 1987:relativity 1947:luminosity 1903:telescopes 1901:and other 1848:supernovae 1846:, distant 1783:, and the 1550:Astrometry 1447:black hole 1380:. Notable 1213:protostars 1160:supernovae 1081:New Mexico 1004:, and the 788:historian 732:Al-Battani 637:longitudes 618:equatorium 574: 150 555:precession 551:Hipparchus 450:astrometry 341:astrometry 317:two fields 289:ἀστρονομία 284:(from the 200:astrometry 113:meteoroids 11564:Astronomy 11493:Astronomy 11296:Economics 11261:Chemistry 11236:Astronomy 11093:Milky Way 11086:Orion Arm 10854:Formation 10839:Migration 10834:Disrupted 10702:Coatlicue 10670:Accretion 10657:evolution 10603:Asteroids 10515:astronomy 10510:Discovery 10371:Cubewanos 10292:Asteroids 10122:Quaoarian 10112:Neptunian 10102:Chironean 10087:Saturnian 9863:Enceladus 9247:Cosmology 9211:astronomy 9105:Telescope 8711:Spherical 8658:Gamma-ray 8627:(optical) 8432:Astronomy 8266:12 August 8235:12 August 8056:119552423 7997:205230254 7964:1207.3081 7907:12 August 7873:. 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ESA. 5640:Bibcode 5424:Bibcode 4887:6 March 4719:Bibcode 4690:20 June 4517:Bibcode 4446:7 April 4373:20 June 4343:20 June 4313:20 June 4280:20 June 4165:Bibcode 3998:lithium 3898:isotope 3847:erosion 3827:thorium 3823:uranium 3791:of the 3778:Neptune 3762:Jupiter 3742:Mercury 3712:), the 3678:planets 3660:tornado 3435:created 3231:blazars 3227:quasars 3189:ellipse 3135:object. 2940:← 2920:← 2900:← 2876:← 2856:← 2836:← 2816:← 2796:← 2776:← 2752:← 2732:← 2712:← 2692:← 2672:← 2652:← 2625:← 2605:← 2585:← 2565:← 2451:– 2441:– 2431:– 2421:– 2411:– 2401:– 2391:– 2381:– 2371:– 2361:– 2351:– 2341:– 2331:– 2213:geology 2176:in the 2166:origins 2128:isotope 2106:in the 1991:nuclear 1951:density 1891:physics 1390:pulsars 1374:rockets 1358:kelvins 1164:pulsars 1110:photons 982:blazars 978:pulsars 974:quasars 824:Galileo 786:Songhai 724:Ptolemy 701:SN 1006 693:in his 685:in the 673:in the 653:inertia 590:planets 529:world. 511:sundial 462:Ptolemy 369:History 275:Ecuador 267:Equator 188:Chinese 184:Indians 141:pulsars 137:blazars 133:quasars 105:nebulae 93:planets 81:physics 53:to the 11246:Botany 11141: 11134: 11127: 11102: 11095: 11088: 11081: 11074: 11067: 11060: 10989:Syzygy 10911:Comets 10844:System 10829:Planet 10722:EXCEDE 10630:Uranus 10625:Saturn 10615:Comets 10608:mining 10586:mining 10476:Vulcan 10317:active 10312:Hygiea 10307:Pallas 10270:Uranus 10216:Uranus 10211:Saturn 10146:Comets 10138:bodies 10136:System 10082:Jovian 10020:Weywot 10015:Quaoar 10008:Namaka 9998:Haumea 9971:Charon 9947:all 16 9942:Nereid 9932:Triton 9920:all 28 9900:Oberon 9890:Uranus 9878:Phoebe 9858:Tethys 9833:Saturn 9826:all 95 9821:Europa 9794:Deimos 9789:Phobos 9768:Earth 9729:Quaoar 9724:Haumea 9704:Dwarfs 9690:Uranus 9678:Saturn 9663:Giants 9628:dwarfs 9575:Quaoar 9568:Haumea 9543:Uranus 9538:Saturn 9135:Zodiac 9075:French 8780:Indian 8773:Hebrew 8512:Manner 8360: 8338: 8319: 8115: 8107: 8054: 7995: 7987: 7951:Nature 7934:28 May 7694: 7651: 7641: 7550: 7501: 7467: 7227: 7165: 7098: 7057: 6998: 6794: 6610: 6445:22 May 6414:space— 6407: 6292: 6282: 6198: 6172:Nature 6086: 6076: 6020: 5965: 5957: 5869: 5861: 5804: 5744: 5658: 5528: 5450: 5442: 5377: 5340: 5295: 5127: 5062: 5031: 4975: 4942: 4917: 4852: 4827: 4739: 4711:Nature 4676: 4621: 4543: 4535: 4469: 4432: 4405: 4214: 4191: 4183: 3833:), or 3829:, and 3774:Uranus 3766:Saturn 3690:comets 3628:aurora 3605:corona 3475:metals 3443:evolve 3431:helium 3229:, and 3193:random 3174:spiral 3012:kosmos 3006:κόσμος 2951:humans 2887:plants 2634:quasar 2082:string 2066:matter 2034:origin 2016:, and 1997:, and 1957:, and 1933:, the 1899:Hubble 1629:large 1476:, and 1474:GALLEX 1445:, and 1404:, and 1360:, and 1166:, and 1139:orbit 984:, and 951:masses 914:, and 897:Uranus 744:Biruni 736:Thebit 728:apogee 699:. 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