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Finger, G.; Schreiber, N. M. Förster; Fédou, P.; Garcia, P.; Lopez, R. Garcia; Gao, F.; Gendron, E.; Genzel, R.; Gillessen, S.; Gordo, P.; Habibi, M.; Haubois, X.; Haug, M.; Haußmann, F.; Henning, Th; Hippler, S.; Horrobin, M.; Hubert, Z.; Hubin, N.; Rosales, A. Jimenez; Jochum, L.; Jocou, L.; Kaufer, A.; Kellner, S.; Kendrew, S.; Kervella, P.; Kok, Y.; Kulas, M.; Lacour, S.; Lapeyrère, V.; Lazareff, B.; Bouquin, J.-B. Le; Léna, P.; Lippa, M.; Lenzen, R.; Mérand, A.; Müler, E.; Neumann, U.; Ott, T.; Palanca, L.; Paumard, T.; Pasquini, L.; Perraut, K.; Perrin, G.; Pfuhl, O.; Plewa, P. M.; Rabien, S.; Ramírez, A.; Ramos, J.; Rau, C.; Rodríguez-Coira, G.; Rohloff, R.-R.; Rousset, G.; Sanchez-Bermudez, J.; Scheithauer, S.; Schöller, M.; Schuler, N.; Spyromilio, J.; Straub, O.; Straubmeier, C.; Sturm, E.;
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633:, which extends across the Galactic Center, is also actively debated, with estimates for its half-length and orientation spanning between 1–5 kpc (short or a long bar) and 10–50°. Certain authors advocate that the Milky Way features two distinct bars, one nestled within the other. The bar is delineated by red-clump stars (see also
359:
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364:
816:
2433:; Tristram, K. R. W.; Vincent, F.; Fellenberg, S. von; Wank, I.; Waisberg, I.; Widmann, F.; Wieprecht, E.; Wiest, M.; Wiezorrek, E.; Woillez, J.; Yazici, S.; Ziegler, D.; Zins, G. (1 July 2018). "Detection of the gravitational redshift in the orbit of the star S2 near the Galactic centre massive black hole".
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Schödel, R.; Ott, T.; Genzel, R.; Hofmann, R.; Lehnert, M.; Eckart, A.; Mouawad, N.; Alexander, T.; Reid, M. J.; Lenzen, R.; Hartung, M.; Lacombe, F.; Rouan, D.; Gendron, E.; Rousset, G.; Lagrange, A.-M.; Brandner, W.; Ageorges, N.; Lidman, C.; Moorwood, A. F. M.; Spyromilio, J.; Hubin, N.; Menten,
2673:
Alcock, C.; Allsman, R. A.; Alves, D. R.; Axelrod, T. S.; Becker, A. C.; Basu, A.; Baskett, L.; Bennett, D. P.; Cook, K. H.; Freeman, K. C.; Griest, K.; Guern, J. A.; Lehner, M. J.; Marshall, S. L.; Minniti, D.; Peterson, B. A.; Pratt, M. R.; Quinn, P. J.; Rodgers, A. W.; Stubbs, C. W.; Sutherland,
959:
around the central black-hole. Current evidence favors the latter theory, as formation through a large accretion disk is more likely to lead to the observed discrete edge of the young stellar cluster at roughly 0.5 parsec. Most of these 100 young, massive stars seem to be concentrated within one or
2619:
Nishiyama, Shogo; Nagata, Tetsuya; Baba, Daisuke; Haba, Yasuaki; Kadowaki, Ryota; Kato, Daisuke; Kurita, Mikio; Nagashima, Chie; Nagayama, Takahiro; Murai, Yuka; Nakajima, Yasushi; TamuRA, Motohide; Nakaya, Hidehiko; Sugitani, Koji; Naoi, Takahiro; Matsunaga, Noriyuki; Tanabé, Toshihiko; Kusakabe,
2428:
Abuter, R.; Amorim, A.; Anugu, N.; Bauböck, M.; Benisty, M.; Berger, J. P.; Blind, N.; Bonnet, H.; Brandner, W.; Buron, A.; Collin, C.; Chapron, F.; Clénet, Y.; Foresto, V. dCoudé u; Zeeuw, P. T. de; Deen, C.; Delplancke-Ströbele, F.; Dembet, R.; Dexter, J.; Duvert, G.; Eckart, A.; Eisenhauer, F.;
994:
In addition to the paradox of youth, there is a "conundrum of old age" associated with the distribution of the old stars at the
Galactic Center. Theoretical models had predicted that the old stars—which far outnumber young stars—should have a steeply-rising density near the black hole, a so-called
368:
Animation of a barred galaxy like the Milky Way showing the presence of an X-shaped bulge. The X-shape extends to about one half of the bar radius. It is directly visible when the bar is seen from the side, but when the viewer is close to the long axis of the bar it cannot be seen directly and its
963:
Star formation does not seem to be occurring currently at the
Galactic Center, although the Circumnuclear Disk of molecular gas that orbits the Galactic Center at two parsecs seems a fairly favorable site for star formation. Work presented in 2002 by Antony Stark and Chris Martin mapping the gas
2045:
Eisenhauer, F.; Genzel, R.; Alexander, T.; Abuter, R.; Paumard, T.; Ott, T.; Gilbert, A.; Gillessen, S.; Horrobin, M.; Trippe, S.; Bonnet, H.; Dumas, C.; Hubin, N.; Kaufer, A.; Kissler-Patig, M.; Monnet, G.; Ströbele, S.; Szeifert, T.; Eckart, A.; Schödel, R.; Zucker, S. (2005). "SINFONI in the
1006:
Several suggestions have been put forward to explain this puzzling observation, but none is completely satisfactory. For instance, although the black hole would eat stars near it, creating a region of low density, this region would be much smaller than a parsec. Because the observed stars are a
774:
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on
Paranal in Chile and compares it with the view in visible light. Because VISTA has a camera sensitive to infrared light, it can see through much of the dust blocking the view in visible light, although many more opaque dust filaments still show up well in this
162:
296:. By 1954 they had built an 80-foot (24 m) fixed dish antenna and used it to make a detailed study of an extended, extremely powerful belt of radio emission that was detected in Sagittarius. They named an intense point-source near the center of this belt
822:
820:
817:
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1212:
881:. In 2020, for the first time, the lobes were seen in visible light and optical measurements were made. By 2022, detailed computer simulations further confirmed that the bubbles were caused by the Sagittarius A* black hole.
819:
857:
above and below the
Galactic Center. The galaxy's diffuse gamma-ray fog hampered prior observations, but the discovery team led by D. Finkbeiner, building on research by G. Dobler, worked around this problem. The 2014
261:(Gamma Sagittarii), there is a one-degree-wide void in the interstellar dust lanes, which provides a relatively clear view of the swarms of stars around the nucleus of the Milky Way Galaxy. This gap has been known as
360:
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fraction of the total number, it is theoretically possible that the overall stellar distribution is different from what is observed, although no plausible models of this sort have been proposed yet.
999:. Instead, it was discovered in 2009 that the density of the old stars peaks at a distance of roughly 0.5 parsec from Sgr A*, then falls inward: instead of a dense cluster, there is a "hole", or
1132:
877:
The origin of the bubbles is being researched. The bubbles are connected and seemingly coupled, via energy transport, to the galactic core by columnar structures of energetic plasma termed
3568:
Buchholz, R. M.; Schödel, R.; Eckart, A. (May 2009). "Composition of the galactic center star cluster: Population analysis from adaptive optics narrow band spectral energy distributions".
983:
in the
Galactic Center, with many stars forming rapidly and undergoing supernovae at a hundred times the current rate. This starburst may also be accompanied by the formation of galactic
1346:"An Electrifying View of the Heart of the Milky Way – A new radio-wave image of the center of our galaxy reveals all the forms of frenzy that a hundred million or so stars can get up to"
2884:
Ghez, A. M.; Salim, S.; Hornstein, S. D.; Tanner, A.; Lu, J. R.; Morris, M.; Becklin, E. E.; Duchene, G. (20 February 2005). "Stellar Orbits around the
Galactic Center Black Hole".
1200:
818:
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Cabrera-Lavers, A.; González-Fernández, C.; Garzón, F.; Hammersley, P. L.; López-CorredoiRA, M. (December 2008). "The long
Galactic bar as seen by UKIDSS Galactic plane survey".
784:
There is a supermassive black hole in the bright white area to the right of the center of this wide (scrollable) image. This composite photograph covers about half of a degree.
2811:
2193:
Eisenhauer, F.; Schödel, R.; Genzel, R.; Ott, T.; Tecza, M.; Abuter, R.; Eckart, A.; Alexander, T. (2003). "A Geometric
Determination of the Distance to the Galactic Center".
1712:
Ng, Y. K; Bertelli, G; Chiosi, C; Bressan, A (1996). "The galactic structure towards the
Galactic Center. III. A study of Baade's Window: Discovery of the bar population?".
3046:
Yang, H.-Y. Karen; Ruszkowski, Mateusz; Zweibel, Ellen G. (7 March 2022). "Fermi and eROSITA bubbles as relics of the past activity of the Galaxy's central black hole".
781:
96:
which is almost exactly at the galactic rotational center. The
Galactic Center is approximately 8 kiloparsecs (26,000 ly) away from Earth in the direction of the
1108:
1096:
867:
2246:
Horrobin, M.; Eisenhauer, F.; Tecza, M.; Thatte, N.; Genzel, R.; Abuter, R.; Iserlohe, C.; Schreiber, J.; Schegerer, A.; Lutz, D.; Ott, T.; Schödel, R. (2004).
960:
two disks, rather than randomly distributed within the central parsec. This observation however does not allow definite conclusions to be drawn at this point.
3107:
1120:
300:, and realised that it was located at the very center of the Galaxy, despite being some 32 degrees south-west of the conjectured galactic center of the time.
1564:
Gillessen, S.; Eisenhauer; Trippe; Alexander; Genzel; Martins; Ott (2009). "Monitoring Stellar Orbits Around the Massive Black Hole in the Galactic Center".
2372:
Vanhollebeke, E.; Groenewegen, M. A. T.; Girardi, L. (April 2009). "Stellar populations in the Galactic bulge. Modelling the Galactic bulge with TRILEGAL".
218:
3959:
3003:
2295:
Malkin, Zinovy (2012). "The current best estimate of the Galactocentric distance of the Sun based on comparison of different statistical techniques".
3475:
Støstad, M.; Do, T.; Murray, N.; Lu, J.R.; Yelda, S.; Ghez, A. (2015). "Mapping the Outer Edge of the Young Stellar Cluster in the Galactic Center".
3422:
Støstad, M.; Do, T.; Murray, N.; Lu, J.R.; Yelda, S.; Ghez, A. (2015). "Mapping the Outer Edge of the Young Stellar Cluster in the Galactic Center".
1990:
1780:
746:
2674:
W.; Vandehei, T.; Welch, D. L. (January 1998). "The RR Lyrae Population of the Galactic Bulge from the MACHO Database: Mean Colors and Magnitudes".
1638:"Studies based on the colors and magnitudes in stellar clusters. VII. The distances, distribution in space, and dimensions of 69 globular clusters"
3944:
749:
in Germany using Chilean telescopes have confirmed the existence of a supermassive black hole at the Galactic Center, on the order of 4.3 million
760:
flare 400 times brighter than usual, a record-breaker, from Sagittarius A*. The unusual event may have been caused by the breaking apart of an
955:
offset from the Galactic Center that would have migrated to its current location once formed, or star formation within a massive, compact gas
4002:
1496:
Doeleman, Sheperd S.; et al. (2008). "Event-horizon-scale structure in the supermassive black hole candidate at that Galactic Centre".
614:; a bias for smaller values of the distance to the Galactic Center because of a preferential sampling of stars toward the near side of the
170:
This pan video gives a closer look at a huge image of the central parts of the Milky Way made by combining thousands of images from ESO's
3903:
2727:
Kunder, Andrea; Chaboyer, Brian (December 2008). "Metallicity Analysis of MACHO Galactic Bulge RR0 Lyrae Stars from their Light Curves".
2247:
742:) is 46 million kilometers (0.3 AU). Thus, the diameter of the radio source is slightly less than the distance from Mercury to the Sun.
1818:
3665:
1851:
2803:
40:
The Galactic Center, as seen by one of the 2MASS infrared telescopes, is located in the bright upper left portion of the image.
1436:
R. Abuter; A. Amorim; M. Bauböck; J. P. Berger; H. Bonnet; W. Brandner; et al. (The GRAVITY collaboration) (April 2019).
3886:
3867:
3841:
4124:
1148:
1068:
2541:
4461:
4299:
4062:
4034:
1898:
Malkin, Zinovy M. (February 2013). "Analysis of Determinations of the Distance between the Sun and the Galactic Center".
1174:, enhanced to show better contrast and detail in the dust lanes. The principal stars in Sagittarius are indicated in red.
1037:
are gray. The next images show single (broadband) colors, with Chandra X-ray data in pink and MeerKAT radio data in blue.
932:
event a few million years ago. The existence of these relatively young stars was a surprise to experts, who expected the
3939:
1019:
and other telescopes. Images are about 2.2 degrees (1,000 light years) across and 4.2 degrees (2,000 light years) long.
2938:
K. M. (October 2002). "A star in a 15.2-year orbit around the supermassive black hole at the centre of the Milky Way".
3920:
3717:"Chandra large-scale mapping of the Galactic Centre: Probing high-energy structures around the central molecular zone"
3528:
4541:
719:
234:
surrounding the Milky Way seemed to be centered on the star swarms in the constellation of Sagittarius, but the dark
2316:
Camarillo, T.; Mathur; Mitchell; Ratra (2018). "Median Statistics Estimate of the Distance to the Galactic Center".
146:
from star formation in the region around 1 million years ago. The core stars are a small part within the much wider
304:
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region around the Galactic Center has revealed an accumulating ring with a mass several million times that of the
337:
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1437:
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4275:
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that contains a large fraction of the molecular hydrogen present in the Milky Way, and most of the Milky Way's
4386:
4183:
3333:
377:
and the Galactic Center is not certain, although estimates since 2000 have remained within the range 24–28.4
870:, and Meng Su "for their discovery, in gamma rays, of the large unanticipated Galactic structure called the
3367:"Isolated Wolf–Rayet Stars and O Supergiants in the Galactic Center Region Identified Via Paschen-α Excess"
312:
691:
appears to be located almost exactly at the Galactic Center and contains an intense compact radio source,
3624:(May 2011). Morris, Mark; Wang, Daniel Q.; Yuan, Feng (eds.). "Dynamical Models of the Galactic Center".
3181:
1171:
307:(IAU) decided to adopt the position of Sagittarius A as the true zero coordinate point for the system of
100:
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1301:
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308:
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from Chandra are orange, green, and purple, showing different X-ray energies, and the radio data from
2501:
Majaess, D (March 2010). "Concerning the Distance to the Center of the Milky Way and Its Structure".
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1016:
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presence can only be inferred from the distribution of brightnesses of stars along a given direction.
253:
conditions in nearby Los Angeles, to conduct a search for the center with the 100-inch (250 cm)
93:
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4211:
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1930:
1847:"Molecular Precursors of the RNA-World in Space: New Nitriles in the G+0.693-0.027 Molecular Cloud"
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around it, would release energy to power the radio source, itself much larger than the black hole.
700:
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The central parts of the Milky Way, as observed in the near-infrared with the NACO instrument on
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81:
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991:. It is thought that the Milky Way undergoes a starburst of this sort every 500 million years.
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77:
3004:"Release 15-001 – NASA's Chandra Detects Record-Breaking Outburst from Milky Way's Black Hole"
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4476:
4426:
4421:
4087:
1739:
Pawsey, J. L (1955). "A Catalogue of Reliably Known Discrete Sources of Cosmic Radio Waves".
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951:. The scenarios invoked to explain this formation involve either star formation in a massive
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found in the direction of the Galactic bulge relates to the distance to the Galactic Center.
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This article is about the astronomical point in the Milky Way. For the general concept, see
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Infra-red image of the center of the Milky Way revealing a new population of massive stars.
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in Sydney, Australia, a team of radio astronomers from the Division of Radiophysics at the
28:
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1438:"A geometric distance measurement to the Galactic center black hole with 0.3% uncertainty"
845:, which emit gamma- and X-rays, were detected astride the Milky Way galaxy's core. Termed
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In November 2010, it was announced that two large elliptical lobe structures of energetic
831:
Gamma- and X-ray bubbles at the Milky Way galaxy center: Top: illustration; Bottom: video.
8:
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is even stronger for stars that are on very tight orbits around Sagittarius A*, such as
284:" to discover some of the first interstellar and intergalactic radio sources, including
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3182:"Researchers reveal common origin of Fermi bubbles and galactic center X-ray outflows"
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do not trace a prominent Galactic bar. The bar may be surrounded by a ring called the
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In May 2021, NASA published new images of the Galactic Center, based on surveys from
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An accurate determination of the distance to the Galactic Center as established from
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171:
112:
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2766:
2713:
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Nobuhiko; Sato, Shuji (March 2005). "A Distinct Structure inside the Galactic Bar".
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The center of the Milky Way, as imaged by 64 radio telescopes of the South African
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They predict that in approximately 200 million years, there will be an episode of
753:. Later studies have estimated a mass of 3.7 million or 4.1 million solar masses.
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3924:
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1954:Малкин, З. М. (2013). "Об определении расстояния от Солнца до центра Галактики".
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have been identified there so far. They seem to have all been formed in a single
715:
603:
316:
235:
198:. The available information about the Galactic Center comes from observations at
73:
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Krishnarao, Dhanesh; Benjamin, Robert A.; Haffner, L. Matthew (7 August 2020).
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Galactic Center: Young Stars and Infrared Flares in the Central Light-Month".
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A simulation of the stars orbiting the Milky Way's central massive black hole
3628:. The Galactic Center: A Window on the Nuclear Environment of Disk Galaxies.
3621:
3250:"Discovery of High-velocity Hα Emission in the Direction of the Fermi Bubble"
3085:
2804:"Astronomers reveal first image of the black hole at the heart of our galaxy"
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1311:
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222:(1755) that a large star was at the center of the Milky Way Galaxy, and that
213:
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36:
4361:
3743:
3716:
3157:
3122:
3108:"2014 Rossi prize awarded to Douglas Finkbeiner, Tracy Slatyer, and Meng Su"
1819:"Loads of Precursors For RNA Have Been Detected in The Center of Our Galaxy"
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1985:
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1000:
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722:) measured the diameter of Sagittarius A* to be 44 million kilometers (0.3
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242:
4356:
3334:"Massive bubbles at center of Milky Way caused by supermassive black hole"
2192:
44:
4401:
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Animation showing orbits of stars near the center of the Milky Way galaxy
3626:
The Galactic Center: A Window to the Nuclear Environment of Disk Galaxies
2952:
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2634:
2207:
2060:
933:
917:
622:; and an uncertainty in characterizing how a mean distance to a group of
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120:
4351:
3904:"New MeerKAT radio image reveals complex heart of the Milky Way – SARAO"
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Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics Galactic Center Group
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In July 2022, astronomers reported the discovery of massive amounts of
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20:
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A small portion of a gigapixel color mosaic of the Milky Way's heart.
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104:
69:
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2833:
Reynolds, Christopher S. (2008). "Bringing black holes into focus".
610:
stars) is hindered by numerous effects, which include: an ambiguous
52:
4108:
3733:
3489:
3436:
3266:
3139:
3121:
Yang, H.-Y. K.; Ruszkowski, M.; Zweibel, E. G. (12 February 2018).
3060:
3032:. Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics. Release No. 2010-22.
3030:"Astronomers Find Giant, Previously Unseen Structure in our Galaxy"
2915:
2705:
2651:
2447:
2330:
2224:
2077:
1865:
1760:
1698:
1662:
1637:
1454:
1390:
761:
285:
203:
108:
3638:
3582:
3383:
2741:
2580:
2517:
2386:
2301:
2158:
Reid, Mark J. (1993). "The distance to the center of the Galaxy".
2117:
2004:
1912:
1578:
1563:
1512:
1025:
A panorama of the Galactic Center builds on previous surveys from
768:
within gas flowing into Sagittarius A*, according to astronomers.
183:
along the line of sight, the Galactic Center cannot be studied at
4511:
4471:
4466:
1247:
1034:
921:
289:
3831:
3002:
Chou, Felicia; Anderson, Janet; Watzke, Megan (5 January 2015).
1261:
3929:
3554:
2044:
1030:
948:
905:
898:
258:
223:
131:
116:
111:, where the Milky Way appears brightest, visually close to the
2371:
4436:
1219:
757:
327:
273:
192:
4012:
2315:
1776:"The new IAU system of galactic coordinates (1958 revision)"
1774:
Blaauw, A.; Gum, C.S.; Pawsey, J.L.; Westerhout, G. (1960).
3964:
3008:
1677:
Baade, W (1946). "A Search for the Nucleus of Our Galaxy".
909:
127:
4606:
789:
726:). For comparison, the radius of Earth's orbit around the
3784:"Hubble captures glittering crowded hub of our Milky Way"
3247:
3028:
Aguilar, David A.; Pulliam, Christine (9 November 2010).
2672:
1773:
1187:
969:
727:
385:). The latest estimates from geometric-based methods and
341:
2883:
2427:
1273:
The surroundings of the Galactic Center (Top view map).
1138:
The center of the Milky Way – image taken by ISAAC, the
936:
from the central black hole to prevent their formation.
56:
A starchart of the night sky towards the Galactic Center
2936:
2618:
2318:
Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific
1711:
1679:
Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific
3809:"Hubble Spots White Dwarfs in Milky Way's Central Hub"
3331:
1986:"Two estimates of the distance to the Galactic Centre"
764:
falling into the black hole or by the entanglement of
657:, it would be the brightest feature of the Milky Way.
389:
yield the following distances to the Galactic Center:
4595:
3567:
3120:
3045:
2101:"Characteristics of the Galaxy according to Cepheids"
238:
in the area blocked the view for optical astronomy.
3308:"236th Meeting of the American Astronomical Society"
2248:"First results from SPIFFI. I: The Galactic Center"
1559:
1557:
1555:
1114:
Red giant stars coexist with white, Sun-like stars.
219:
Universal Natural History and Theory of the Heavens
3855:
3364:
3001:
1844:
1142:'s near- and mid-infrared spectrometer and camera.
351:
3832:Eckart, A.; Schödel, R.; Straubmeier, C. (2005).
3721:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
3474:
3421:
2367:
2365:
2098:
1991:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
1781:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
908:around Sagittarius A* contains around 10 million
747:Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics
4655:
2997:
2995:
2559:
2099:Majaess, D.J.; Turner, D.G.; Lane, D.J. (2009).
1552:
3960:Dramatic Increase in Supernova Explosions Looms
1983:
1845:Rivilla, Victor M.; et al. (8 July 2022).
3365:Mauerhan, J. C.; Cotera, A.; Dong, H. (2010).
3027:
2726:
2362:
1984:Francis, Charles; Anderson, Erik (June 2014).
756:On 5 January 2015, NASA reported observing an
4028:
3940:The Black Hole at the Center of the Milky Way
3834:The Black Hole at the Center of the Milky Way
3211:(7748). Springer Nature Publishing: 318–320.
2992:
2309:
1838:
1374:"The 1.28 GHZ MeerKAT Galactic Center Mosaic"
2542:"Milky Way: Distance to the Galactic Centre"
2496:
2494:
2492:
2038:
1979:
1977:
1372:Heywood, I.; et al. (28 January 2022).
3198:
3123:"Unveiling the Origin of the Fermi Bubbles"
2612:
2160:Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics
2092:
1810:
1371:
1365:
1334:
326:−29° 00′ 28.1″ (
138:, with a significant population of massive
4035:
4021:
3858:The Black Hole in the Center of Our Galaxy
3023:
3021:
3019:
1029:and other telescopes. In the first image,
660:
3955:Zooming in on the center of the Milky Way
3881:. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
3862:. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
3742:
3732:
3637:
3581:
3488:
3435:
3382:
3283:
3265:
3224:
3156:
3138:
3100:
3059:
3041:
3039:
2951:
2897:
2740:
2687:
2633:
2579:
2516:
2489:
2472:
2446:
2423:
2421:
2385:
2329:
2300:
2239:
2206:
2186:
2151:
2134:
2116:
2059:
2021:
2003:
1974:
1929:
1911:
1882:
1864:
1852:Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences
1801:
1661:
1577:
1511:
1453:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1407:
1389:
16:Rotational center of the Milky Way galaxy
3192:
2832:
2720:
2666:
2288:
1891:
1610:
1495:
1126:White Dwarfs in Milky Way's Central Hub.
888:
853:bubbles, they extend up to about 25,000
664:
355:
157:
51:
43:
35:
4117:) may be read as "within" or "part of".
3620:
3332:University of Michigan (8 March 2022).
3201:"X-ray chimneys in the Galactic Centre"
3016:
2930:
2500:
1635:
1340:
1328:
1074:X-ray and Radio single color composite.
790:Gamma- and X-ray emitting Fermi bubbles
4656:
3352:"Lecture 31: The Center of Our Galaxy"
3114:
3036:
2418:
2294:
1953:
1897:
1738:
1732:
1629:
1424:
916:, the Galactic Center is also rich in
48:Marked location of the Galactic Center
4016:
3876:
3850:
3660:
3110:. Harvard University. 8 January 2014.
2779:
1816:
1676:
1491:
1489:
884:
730:is about 150 million kilometers (1.0
134:of the Galactic Center, dominated by
3935:The Galactic Supermassive Black Hole
3879:The Galactic Supermassive Black Hole
3714:
3199:Chernyakova, Masha (20 March 2019).
2877:
2826:
2782:"Introduction: Galactic Ring Survey"
2773:
2539:
2533:
2157:
1670:
912:. Although most of them are old red
3981:Fast Stars Near the Galactic Center
3971:Journey to the Center of the Galaxy
3759:"Lights out in the galactic centre"
3666:"Something's been eating the stars"
3179:
2180:10.1146/annurev.aa.31.090193.002021
1767:
1616:
987:, as matter falls into the central
718:in Hawaii, Arizona and California (
13:
4123:
3836:. London: Imperial College Press.
3825:
1486:
972:and near the critical density for
738:from the Sun at closest approach (
14:
4680:
3911:
1705:
1218:Detection of an unusually bright
797:Galactic gamma- and X-ray bubbles
720:Very-long-baseline interferometry
340:, including some associated with
72:and a corresponding point on the
4641:
4629:
4617:
4605:
4580:
4579:
4569:
2814:from the original on 12 May 2022
2136:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.15096.x
1260:
1239:
1211:
1199:
1179:
1163:
1147:
1131:
1119:
1107:
1095:
1079:
1067:
1055:
1043:
814:
803:
773:
699:at the center of the Milky Way.
344:, in the Galactic Center of the
305:International Astronomical Union
230:stated in 1918 that the halo of
23:. For wider central region, see
3945:The dark heart of the Milky Way
3801:
3776:
3751:
3708:
3654:
3614:
3561:
3547:
3521:
3468:
3415:
3358:
3344:
3325:
3300:
3241:
3173:
3054:(5). Springer Nature: 584–591.
2796:
1817:Starr, Michelle (8 July 2022).
580:0.013(stat) ± 0.022(syst)
373:The exact distance between the
352:Distance to the Galactic Center
309:galactic latitude and longitude
3986:At the Center of the Milky Way
3976:A Galactic Cloud of Antimatter
629:The nature of the Milky Way's
257:. He found that near the star
1:
4542:Andromeda–Milky Way collision
4042:
3690:10.1016/S0262-4079(10)62278-6
1170:A view of the night sky near
714:A study in 2008 which linked
482:0.15(stat) ± 0.20(syst)
4008:Galactic Center on arxiv.org
3529:"UCLA Galactic Center Group"
2759:10.1088/0004-6256/136/6/2441
2540:Vovk, Olga (27 April 2011).
2435:Astronomy & Astrophysics
1596:10.1088/0004-637X/692/2/1075
1442:Astronomy & Astrophysics
313:equatorial coordinate system
202:, hard (high-energy) X-ray,
153:
126:There are around 10 million
7:
3600:10.1051/0004-6361/200811497
3507:10.1088/0004-637X/808/2/106
3454:10.1088/0004-637X/808/2/106
3401:10.1088/0004-637X/725/1/188
2780:Staff (12 September 2005).
2598:10.1051/0004-6361:200810720
2546:Universe at a glance (blog)
2465:10.1051/0004-6361/201833718
1472:10.1051/0004-6361/201935656
1279:
893:The Galactic Center of the
734:), whereas the distance of
398:0.2(stat) ± 0.2(syst)
27:. For the book series, see
10:
4685:
3918:UCLA Galactic Center Group
3570:Astronomy and Astrophysics
3226:10.1038/d41586-019-00811-9
3078:10.1038/s41550-022-01618-x
2568:Astronomy and Astrophysics
2404:10.1051/0004-6361/20078472
2374:Astronomy and Astrophysics
1714:Astronomy and Astrophysics
1617:Ley, Willy (August 1965).
1302:Galactic coordinate system
1297:Galactic Center GeV excess
1010:
1003:, around the black hole.
653:activity. Viewed from the
18:
4565:
4529:
4337:
4309:
4298:
4230:
4182:
4174:Galactic Center filaments
4142:
4135:
4121:
4050:
3996:Annotated Galactic Center
3991:Galactic Center Starscape
3477:The Astrophysical Journal
3424:The Astrophysical Journal
3371:The Astrophysical Journal
3254:The Astrophysical Journal
2886:The Astrophysical Journal
2676:The Astrophysical Journal
2622:The Astrophysical Journal
2255:Astronomische Nachrichten
2195:The Astrophysical Journal
2048:The Astrophysical Journal
1968:10.7868/S0004629913020072
1940:10.1134/S1063772913020078
1884:10.3389/fspas.2022.876870
1741:The Astrophysical Journal
1642:The Astrophysical Journal
1566:The Astrophysical Journal
1378:The Astrophysical Journal
1027:Chandra X-ray Observatory
1017:Chandra X-ray Observatory
695:, which coincides with a
686:astronomical radio source
3715:Wang, Q. Daniel (2021).
3285:10.3847/2041-8213/aba8f0
3180:Liu, Jia (15 May 2020).
2729:The Astronomical Journal
2348:10.1088/1538-3873/aa9b26
1956:Astronomicheskii Zhurnal
1621:. For Your Information.
1409:10.3847/1538-4357/ac449a
1050:Composite labeled image.
707:, probably involving an
247:Mount Wilson Observatory
4169:Supermassive black hole
3592:2009A&A...499..483B
3312:www.abstractsonline.com
3158:10.3390/galaxies6010029
2808:Event Horizon Telescope
2590:2008A&A...491..781C
2457:2018A&A...615L..15G
2396:2009A&A...498...95V
2172:1993ARA&A..31..345R
1803:10.1093/mnras/121.2.123
1726:1996A&A...310..771N
1464:2019A&A...625L..10G
1228:supermassive black hole
1156:Spitzer Space Telescope
697:supermassive black hole
678:Event Horizon Telescope
671:supermassive black hole
661:Supermassive black hole
620:interstellar extinction
191:, or soft (low-energy)
82:supermassive black hole
4462:Sagittarius Spheroidal
4324:Small Magellanic Cloud
4319:Large Magellanic Cloud
4276:Pisces-Eridanus stream
4129:
3877:Melia, Fulvio (2007).
3788:www.spacetelescope.org
3632:. San Francisco: 142.
2275:10.1002/asna.200310181
1623:Galaxy Science Fiction
1307:Great Rift (astronomy)
901:
681:
370:
176:
78:central massive object
57:
49:
41:
4127:
4088:Laniakea Supercluster
3744:10.1093/mnras/stab801
1619:"The Galactic Giants"
1322:SDSS J090745.0+024507
1230:in the center of the
892:
668:
367:
206:, submillimetre, and
169:
55:
47:
39:
4128:The Milky Way Galaxy
3923:26 June 2017 at the
3340:. Science X Network.
3188:. Science X Network.
2023:10.1093/mnras/stu631
1329:Notes and references
1192:Very Large Telescope
1154:Infrared image from
766:magnetic field lines
29:Galactic Center Saga
21:Galaxy § Center
4102:Observable universe
3682:2010NewSc.207...30M
3648:2011ASPC..439..142M
3499:2015ApJ...808..106S
3446:2015ApJ...808..106S
3393:2010ApJ...725..188M
3276:2020ApJ...899L..11K
3217:2019Natur.567..318C
3149:2018Galax...6...29Y
3070:2022NatAs...6..584Y
2970:10.1038/nature01121
2962:2002Natur.419..694S
2908:2005ApJ...620..744G
2847:2008Natur.455...39R
2784:. Boston University
2751:2008AJ....136.2441K
2698:1998ApJ...492..190A
2644:2005ApJ...621L.105N
2527:2010AcA....60...55M
2340:2018PASP..130b4101C
2267:2004AN....325...88H
2217:2003ApJ...597L.121E
2127:2009MNRAS.398..263M
2070:2005ApJ...628..246E
2014:2014MNRAS.441.1105F
1922:2013ARep...57..128M
1875:2022FrASS...9.6870R
1794:1960MNRAS.121..123B
1753:1955ApJ...121....1P
1691:1946PASP...58..249B
1654:1918ApJ....48..154S
1636:Shapley, H (1918).
1625:. pp. 130–142.
1588:2009ApJ...692.1075G
1530:10.1038/nature07245
1522:2008Natur.455...78D
1400:2022ApJ...925..165H
1344:(31 January 2022).
1292:Galactic anticenter
1086:Radio single color.
338:prebiotic molecules
241:In the early 1940s
226:might be the star.
84:of about 4 million
76:of the galaxy. Its
4447:Pisces Overdensity
4281:Sagittarius Stream
4192:Carina–Sagittarius
4130:
4082:Virgo Supercluster
4063:Milky Way subgroup
3906:. 26 January 2022.
3696:on 9 December 2014
3664:(September 2010).
1351:The New York Times
904:The central cubic
902:
885:Stellar population
868:Douglas Finkbeiner
745:Scientists at the
682:
639:RR Lyrae variables
600:RR Lyrae variables
371:
282:sea interferometry
278:Joseph Lade Pawsey
249:took advantage of
177:
88:, which is called
58:
50:
42:
4669:Geometric centers
4593:
4592:
4557:Zone of Avoidance
4525:
4524:
4372:Canes Venatici II
4329:Magellanic Bridge
4311:Magellanic Clouds
4294:
4293:
4260:Magellanic Stream
4245:Fimbulthul stream
3888:978-0-691-13129-0
3869:978-0-691-09505-9
3843:978-1-86094-567-0
3555:"Galactic Center"
2946:(6908): 694–696.
1952:Russian original
1900:Astronomy Reports
997:Bahcall–Wolf cusp
985:relativistic jets
964:density in a 400-
860:Bruno Rossi Prize
823:
365:
315:the location is:
232:globular clusters
181:interstellar dust
167:
115:(M6) or the star
113:Butterfly Cluster
4676:
4646:
4645:
4644:
4634:
4633:
4632:
4622:
4621:
4620:
4610:
4609:
4601:
4583:
4582:
4575:Astronomy portal
4573:
4367:Canes Venatici I
4307:
4306:
4212:Scutum–Centaurus
4140:
4139:
4118:
4116:
4107:
4100:
4093:
4086:
4080:
4074:
4068:
4061:
4037:
4030:
4023:
4014:
4013:
3907:
3892:
3873:
3861:
3847:
3820:
3819:
3817:
3815:
3805:
3799:
3798:
3796:
3794:
3780:
3774:
3773:
3771:
3769:
3755:
3749:
3748:
3746:
3736:
3727:(2): 1609–1618.
3712:
3706:
3705:
3703:
3701:
3692:. Archived from
3658:
3652:
3651:
3641:
3618:
3612:
3611:
3585:
3565:
3559:
3558:
3551:
3545:
3544:
3542:
3540:
3531:. Archived from
3525:
3519:
3518:
3492:
3472:
3466:
3465:
3439:
3419:
3413:
3412:
3386:
3362:
3356:
3355:
3348:
3342:
3341:
3329:
3323:
3322:
3320:
3318:
3304:
3298:
3297:
3287:
3269:
3245:
3239:
3238:
3228:
3196:
3190:
3189:
3177:
3171:
3170:
3160:
3142:
3118:
3112:
3111:
3104:
3098:
3097:
3063:
3048:Nature Astronomy
3043:
3034:
3033:
3025:
3014:
3013:
2999:
2990:
2989:
2955:
2953:astro-ph/0210426
2934:
2928:
2927:
2901:
2899:astro-ph/0306130
2881:
2875:
2874:
2830:
2824:
2823:
2821:
2819:
2800:
2794:
2793:
2791:
2789:
2777:
2771:
2770:
2744:
2735:(6): 2441–2452.
2724:
2718:
2717:
2691:
2689:astro-ph/9706292
2670:
2664:
2663:
2637:
2635:astro-ph/0502058
2628:(2): L105–L108.
2616:
2610:
2609:
2583:
2563:
2557:
2556:
2554:
2552:
2537:
2531:
2530:
2520:
2504:Acta Astronomica
2498:
2487:
2486:
2476:
2450:
2425:
2416:
2415:
2389:
2369:
2360:
2359:
2333:
2313:
2307:
2306:
2304:
2292:
2286:
2285:
2284:on 21 June 2007.
2283:
2277:. Archived from
2252:
2243:
2237:
2236:
2210:
2208:astro-ph/0306220
2201:(2): L121–L124.
2190:
2184:
2183:
2155:
2149:
2148:
2138:
2120:
2096:
2090:
2089:
2063:
2061:astro-ph/0502129
2042:
2036:
2035:
2025:
2007:
1998:(2): 1105–1114.
1981:
1972:
1971:
1951:
1933:
1915:
1895:
1889:
1888:
1886:
1868:
1842:
1836:
1835:
1833:
1831:
1814:
1808:
1807:
1805:
1771:
1765:
1764:
1736:
1730:
1729:
1709:
1703:
1702:
1674:
1668:
1667:
1665:
1633:
1627:
1626:
1614:
1608:
1607:
1581:
1572:(2): 1075–1109.
1561:
1550:
1549:
1515:
1493:
1484:
1483:
1457:
1433:
1422:
1421:
1411:
1393:
1369:
1363:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1338:
1264:
1243:
1215:
1203:
1183:
1167:
1151:
1135:
1123:
1111:
1099:
1083:
1071:
1062:Composite image.
1059:
1047:
941:paradox of youth
926:Wolf–Rayet stars
920:. More than 100
825:
824:
807:
777:
716:radio telescopes
703:of gas onto the
676:, imaged by the
655:Andromeda Galaxy
604:standard candles
589:
587:
581:
579:
571:
569:
563:
561:
553:
551:
545:
543:
535:
533:
527:
525:
517:
515:
509:
507:
499:
497:
491:
489:
483:
481:
473:
471:
465:
463:
454:
452:
446:
444:
436:
434:
428:
426:
418:
413:
407:
405:
399:
397:
387:standard candles
366:
346:Milky Way Galaxy
321:
255:Hooker Telescope
251:wartime blackout
236:molecular clouds
168:
144:Wolf–Rayet stars
4684:
4683:
4679:
4678:
4677:
4675:
4674:
4673:
4664:Galactic Center
4654:
4653:
4652:
4642:
4640:
4630:
4628:
4618:
4616:
4604:
4596:
4594:
4589:
4561:
4537:Alternate names
4521:
4333:
4301:
4290:
4240:Aquarius Stream
4226:
4178:
4144:Galactic Center
4131:
4119:
4114:
4112:
4111:
4105:
4098:
4091:
4084:
4078:
4072:
4066:
4059:
4046:
4041:
3925:Wayback Machine
3914:
3902:
3889:
3870:
3844:
3828:
3826:Further reading
3823:
3813:
3811:
3807:
3806:
3802:
3792:
3790:
3782:
3781:
3777:
3767:
3765:
3757:
3756:
3752:
3713:
3709:
3699:
3697:
3676:(2778): 30–33.
3659:
3655:
3619:
3615:
3566:
3562:
3553:
3552:
3548:
3538:
3536:
3535:on 26 June 2017
3527:
3526:
3522:
3473:
3469:
3420:
3416:
3363:
3359:
3350:
3349:
3345:
3330:
3326:
3316:
3314:
3306:
3305:
3301:
3246:
3242:
3197:
3193:
3178:
3174:
3119:
3115:
3106:
3105:
3101:
3044:
3037:
3026:
3017:
3000:
2993:
2935:
2931:
2882:
2878:
2855:10.1038/455039a
2841:(7209): 39–40.
2831:
2827:
2817:
2815:
2802:
2801:
2797:
2787:
2785:
2778:
2774:
2725:
2721:
2671:
2667:
2617:
2613:
2564:
2560:
2550:
2548:
2538:
2534:
2499:
2490:
2426:
2419:
2370:
2363:
2324:(984): 024101.
2314:
2310:
2293:
2289:
2281:
2250:
2244:
2240:
2191:
2187:
2156:
2152:
2097:
2093:
2043:
2039:
1982:
1975:
1896:
1892:
1843:
1839:
1829:
1827:
1815:
1811:
1772:
1768:
1737:
1733:
1710:
1706:
1675:
1671:
1634:
1630:
1615:
1611:
1562:
1553:
1506:(7209): 78–80.
1494:
1487:
1434:
1425:
1370:
1366:
1356:
1354:
1342:Overbye, Dennis
1339:
1335:
1331:
1326:
1282:
1277:
1276:
1275:
1274:
1272:
1267:
1266:
1265:
1251:
1244:
1235:
1216:
1207:
1204:
1195:
1184:
1175:
1168:
1159:
1152:
1143:
1136:
1127:
1124:
1115:
1112:
1103:
1100:
1091:
1090:
1089:
1088:
1087:
1084:
1076:
1075:
1072:
1064:
1063:
1060:
1052:
1051:
1048:
1039:
1038:
1013:
887:
835:
834:
833:
832:
828:
827:
826:
815:
810:
809:
808:
799:
798:
792:
787:
786:
785:
783:
778:
663:
585:
583:
577:
575:
567:
565:
559:
557:
549:
547:
541:
539:
531:
529:
523:
521:
513:
511:
505:
503:
495:
493:
487:
485:
479:
477:
469:
467:
461:
459:
450:
448:
442:
440:
432:
430:
424:
422:
411:
409:
403:
401:
395:
393:
379:kilolight-years
356:
354:
319:
172:VISTA telescope
158:
156:
119:, south to the
74:rotational axis
62:Galactic Center
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4682:
4672:
4671:
4666:
4651:
4650:
4638:
4626:
4614:
4591:
4590:
4588:
4587:
4577:
4566:
4563:
4562:
4560:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4547:Baade's Window
4544:
4539:
4533:
4531:
4527:
4526:
4523:
4522:
4520:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4502:Ursa Major III
4499:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4387:Coma Berenices
4384:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4343:
4341:
4335:
4334:
4332:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4315:
4313:
4304:
4296:
4295:
4292:
4291:
4289:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4267:
4265:Monoceros Ring
4262:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4242:
4236:
4234:
4228:
4227:
4225:
4224:
4219:
4217:Near 3 kpc Arm
4214:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4188:
4186:
4180:
4179:
4177:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4165:
4164:
4157:Sagittarius A*
4154:
4148:
4146:
4137:
4133:
4132:
4122:
4120:
4054:
4052:
4048:
4047:
4040:
4039:
4032:
4025:
4017:
4011:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3999:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3913:
3912:External links
3910:
3909:
3908:
3894:
3893:
3887:
3874:
3868:
3848:
3842:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3821:
3800:
3775:
3750:
3707:
3653:
3622:Merritt, David
3613:
3576:(2): 483–501.
3560:
3546:
3520:
3467:
3414:
3377:(1): 188–199.
3357:
3343:
3324:
3299:
3240:
3191:
3172:
3113:
3099:
3035:
3015:
2991:
2929:
2916:10.1086/427175
2892:(2): 744–757.
2876:
2825:
2795:
2772:
2719:
2706:10.1086/305017
2682:(1): 190–199.
2665:
2652:10.1086/429291
2611:
2574:(3): 781–787.
2558:
2532:
2488:
2431:Tacconi, L. J.
2417:
2361:
2308:
2287:
2261:(2): 120–123.
2238:
2225:10.1086/380188
2185:
2166:(1): 345–372.
2150:
2111:(1): 263–270.
2091:
2078:10.1086/430667
2054:(1): 246–259.
2037:
1973:
1962:(2): 152–157.
1958:(in Russian).
1931:10.1.1.766.631
1906:(2): 128–133.
1890:
1837:
1809:
1788:(2): 123–131.
1766:
1761:10.1086/145957
1731:
1704:
1699:10.1086/125835
1669:
1663:10.1086/142423
1628:
1609:
1551:
1485:
1423:
1364:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1324:
1319:
1317:Sagittarius B2
1314:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1269:
1268:
1259:
1258:
1257:
1256:
1255:
1254:
1253:
1252:
1245:
1238:
1236:
1224:Sagittarius A*
1217:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1198:
1196:
1185:
1178:
1176:
1169:
1162:
1160:
1153:
1146:
1144:
1137:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1094:
1085:
1078:
1077:
1073:
1066:
1065:
1061:
1054:
1053:
1049:
1042:
1041:
1040:
1024:
1023:
1022:
1021:
1012:
1009:
974:star formation
957:accretion disk
930:star formation
886:
883:
830:
829:
813:
812:
811:
802:
801:
800:
796:
795:
794:
793:
791:
788:
780:
779:
772:
771:
770:
709:accretion disk
693:Sagittarius A*
674:Sagittarius A*
662:
659:
651:star formation
624:variable stars
616:Galactic bulge
596:variable stars
592:
591:
573:
562:0.031 kpc
555:
537:
519:
501:
475:
456:
438:
420:
353:
350:
263:Baade's Window
228:Harlow Shapley
155:
152:
148:galactic bulge
98:constellations
90:Sagittarius A*
25:Galactic bulge
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4681:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4661:
4659:
4649:
4639:
4637:
4627:
4625:
4615:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4602:
4599:
4586:
4578:
4576:
4572:
4568:
4567:
4564:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4534:
4532:
4528:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4497:Ursa Major II
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4487:Triangulum II
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4344:
4342:
4340:
4336:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4316:
4314:
4312:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4297:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4237:
4235:
4233:
4229:
4223:
4222:Far 3 kpc Arm
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4189:
4187:
4185:
4181:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4163:
4162:Fermi bubbles
4160:
4159:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4152:Sagittarius A
4150:
4149:
4147:
4145:
4141:
4138:
4134:
4126:
4110:
4103:
4096:
4089:
4083:
4077:
4071:
4064:
4057:
4053:
4049:
4045:
4038:
4033:
4031:
4026:
4024:
4019:
4018:
4015:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3922:
3919:
3916:
3915:
3905:
3901:
3900:
3899:
3898:
3890:
3884:
3880:
3875:
3871:
3865:
3860:
3859:
3853:
3852:Melia, Fulvio
3849:
3845:
3839:
3835:
3830:
3829:
3810:
3804:
3789:
3785:
3779:
3764:
3760:
3754:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3726:
3722:
3718:
3711:
3695:
3691:
3687:
3683:
3679:
3675:
3671:
3670:New Scientist
3667:
3663:
3662:Chown, Marcus
3657:
3649:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3631:
3627:
3623:
3617:
3609:
3605:
3601:
3597:
3593:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3575:
3571:
3564:
3556:
3550:
3534:
3530:
3524:
3516:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3482:
3478:
3471:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3451:
3447:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3429:
3425:
3418:
3410:
3406:
3402:
3398:
3394:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3361:
3353:
3347:
3339:
3335:
3328:
3313:
3309:
3303:
3295:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3244:
3236:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3195:
3187:
3183:
3176:
3168:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3117:
3109:
3103:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3042:
3040:
3031:
3024:
3022:
3020:
3011:
3010:
3005:
2998:
2996:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2933:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2880:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2829:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2799:
2783:
2776:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2723:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2669:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2615:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2562:
2547:
2543:
2536:
2528:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2505:
2497:
2495:
2493:
2484:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2424:
2422:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2380:(1): 95–107.
2379:
2375:
2368:
2366:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2312:
2303:
2298:
2291:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2249:
2242:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2189:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2154:
2146:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2095:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2041:
2033:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1992:
1987:
1980:
1978:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1894:
1885:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1853:
1848:
1841:
1826:
1825:
1820:
1813:
1804:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1782:
1777:
1770:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1735:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1708:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1673:
1664:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1632:
1624:
1620:
1613:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1560:
1558:
1556:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1500:
1492:
1490:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1419:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1368:
1353:
1352:
1347:
1343:
1337:
1333:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1312:Sagittarius A
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1284:
1271:
1263:
1249:
1242:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1214:
1209:
1202:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1182:
1177:
1173:
1166:
1161:
1157:
1150:
1145:
1141:
1134:
1129:
1122:
1117:
1110:
1105:
1098:
1093:
1092:
1082:
1070:
1058:
1046:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1020:
1018:
1008:
1004:
1002:
998:
992:
990:
986:
982:
977:
975:
971:
967:
961:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
937:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
918:massive stars
915:
911:
907:
900:
896:
891:
882:
880:
875:
873:
872:Fermi bubbles
869:
865:
864:Tracy Slatyer
861:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
806:
782:
776:
769:
767:
763:
759:
754:
752:
748:
743:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
712:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
689:Sagittarius A
687:
679:
675:
672:
667:
658:
656:
652:
648:
646:
640:
636:
632:
627:
625:
621:
617:
613:
612:reddening law
609:
605:
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534:0.98 kly
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266:
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210:wavelengths.
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4648:Solar System
4552:In mythology
4492:Ursa Major I
4457:Reticulum II
4286:Virgo Stream
4255:Helmi stream
4250:Gaia Sausage
4202:Orion–Cygnus
4197:Norma–Cygnus
4143:
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3896:
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526:0.3 kpc
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498:0.8 kly
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464:0.5 kpc
453:2.3 kly
445:0.7 kpc
406:0.3 kpc
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372:
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303:In 1958 the
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265:ever since.
243:Walter Baade
240:
217:
212:
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4076:Local Sheet
4070:Local Group
3763:www.eso.org
3700:9 September
2474:10871/35577
1222:flare from
1172:Sagittarius
914:giant stars
855:light years
383:kiloparsecs
320:17 45 40.04
294:Centaurus A
196:wavelengths
189:ultraviolet
179:Because of
140:supergiants
130:within one
121:Pipe Nebula
101:Sagittarius
4658:Categories
4507:Ursa Minor
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1357:1 February
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966:light-year
740:perihelion
705:black hole
435:1 kly
216:stated in
136:red giants
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4452:Pisces II
4357:Boötes II
4347:Antlia II
4300:Satellite
4270:Palomar 5
4136:Structure
4056:Milky Way
4044:Milky Way
3639:1001.5435
3583:0903.2135
3515:118579717
3462:118579717
3384:1009.2769
3294:220969030
3094:247292361
3086:2397-3366
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2581:0809.3174
2518:1002.2743
2483:118891445
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2387:0903.0946
2356:118936491
2302:1202.6128
2118:0903.4206
2086:122485461
2032:119235554
2005:1309.2629
1926:CiteSeerX
1913:1301.7011
1579:0810.4674
1513:0809.2442
1480:119190574
1418:246275657
1232:Milky Way
981:starburst
895:Milky Way
841:, termed
701:Accretion
635:red giant
618:owing to
608:red-clump
381:(7.4–8.7
311:. In the
276:, led by
200:gamma ray
154:Discovery
105:Ophiuchus
70:Milky Way
4585:Category
4477:Sculptor
4412:Hercules
4392:Crater 2
4352:Boötes I
4302:galaxies
4109:Universe
4051:Location
3921:Archived
3854:(2003).
3768:30 April
3409:20968628
3338:Phys.org
3235:30894730
3186:Phys.org
3167:56443272
3127:Galaxies
2978:12384690
2863:18769426
2812:Archived
2767:16046532
2714:16244436
2606:15040792
2551:23 March
2233:16425333
2145:14316644
1948:55662712
1538:18769434
1280:See also
879:chimneys
862:went to
762:asteroid
458:7.94 or
286:Taurus A
280:, used "
204:infrared
175:picture.
109:Scorpius
4598:Portals
4530:Related
4512:Virgo I
4482:Sextans
4472:Segue 2
4467:Segue 1
4442:Phoenix
4207:Perseus
3678:Bibcode
3644:Bibcode
3608:5221750
3588:Bibcode
3495:Bibcode
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2958:Bibcode
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2263:Bibcode
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2123:Bibcode
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1918:Bibcode
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1234:galaxy.
1035:MeerKAT
1011:Gallery
851:eRosita
843:bubbles
736:Mercury
414:1
290:Virgo A
185:visible
68:of the
64:is the
4427:Leo IV
4422:Leo II
4407:Fornax
4382:Carina
4339:Dwarfs
4272:stream
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906:parsec
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606:(e.g.
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566:≈26.49
530:≈25.96
259:Alnasl
224:Sirius
132:parsec
117:Shaula
107:, and
4612:Stars
4437:Leo T
4432:Leo V
4417:Leo I
4397:Draco
3897:Press
3729:arXiv
3634:arXiv
3604:S2CID
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3511:S2CID
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