1646:
29:
1694:
1658:
1682:
1670:
1486:
The fusion cycle that generates energy into the Sun relies on the conversion of hydrogen into helium, which is responsible for a solar mass reduction with a rate of ~ −0.67 × 10 per year. On the other hand, the solar wind contribution is more uncertain. The solar cycle significantly
952:
Prša, Andrej; Harmanec, Petr; Torres, Guillermo; Mamajek, Eric; Asplund, Martin; Capitaine, Nicole; Christensen-Dalsgaard, Jørgen; Depagne, Éric; Haberreiter, Margit; Hekker, Saskia; Hilton, James; Kopp, Greg; Kostov, Veselin; Kurtz, Donald W.; Laskar, Jacques (2016-08-01).
892:
Prša, Andrej; Harmanec, Petr; Torres, Guillermo; Mamajek, Eric; Asplund, Martin; Capitaine, Nicole; Christensen-Dalsgaard, Jørgen; Depagne, Éric; Haberreiter, Margit; Hekker, Saskia; Hilton, James; Kopp, Greg; Kostov, Veselin; Kurtz, Donald W.; Laskar, Jacques (2016-08-01).
492:
387:
645:
remains uncertain. The early Sun had much higher mass-loss rates than at present, and it may have lost anywhere from 1–7% of its natal mass over the course of its main-sequence lifetime.
346:
As a unit of measurement, the solar mass came into use before the AU and the gravitational constant were precisely measured. This is because the relative mass of another planet in the
309:. Later he determined that his value was based upon a faulty value for the solar parallax, which he had used to estimate the distance to the Sun. He corrected his estimated ratio to
1537:
Sackmann, I.-Juliana; Boothroyd, Arnold I. (February 2003), "Our Sun. V. A Bright Young Sun
Consistent with Helioseismology and Warm Temperatures on Ancient Earth and Mars",
1487:
influences the solar mass loss rate due to solar wind. Estimates of the mass carried away with the solar wind showed rates between − (2–3) × 10
1374:
1428:
Genova, Antonio; Mazarico, Erwan; Goossens, Sander; Lemoine, Frank G.; Neumann, Gregory A.; Smith, David E.; Zuber, Maria T. (18 January 2018).
354:
can be calculated in units of Solar mass directly from the orbital radius and orbital period of the planet or stars using Kepler's third law.
1494:
per year, whereas numerical simulations of coupled corona and solar wind models provided rates between − (4.2–6.9) × 10
1294:
610:
The mass of the Sun has been decreasing since the time it formed. This occurs through two processes in nearly equal amounts. First, in the
290:
1724:
362:
The mass of the Sun cannot be measured directly, and is instead calculated from other measurable factors, using the equation for the
630:
from the Sun. Second, high-energy protons and electrons in the atmosphere of the Sun are ejected directly into outer space as the
1229:
1165:
1120:
1091:
1058:
381:
512:
1645:
857:
366:
of a small body orbiting a central mass. Based on the length of the year, the distance from Earth to the Sun (an
281:). From the value of the diurnal parallax, one can determine the distance to the Sun from the geometry of Earth.
1356:
48:
1245:
1163:(May 1998). "Newton's Determination of the Masses and Densities of the Sun, Jupiter, Saturn, and the Earth".
1076:
Understanding the heavens: thirty centuries of astronomical ideas from ancient thinking to modern cosmology
520:
487:{\displaystyle M_{\odot }={\frac {4\pi ^{2}\times (1\,\mathrm {AU} )^{3}}{G\times (1\,\mathrm {yr} )^{2}}}}
1013:
1513:
578:
1136:
1636:
1221:
862:
839:
815:
265:
of the Sun was accurately measured during the transits of Venus in 1761 and 1769, yielding a value of
1050:
270:
1302:
1021:
619:
589:
328:. The current value for the solar parallax is smaller still, yielding an estimated mass ratio of
1719:
1430:"Solar system expansion and strong equivalence principle as seen by the NASA MESSENGER mission"
1372:
Schröder, K.-P.; Connon Smith, Robert (2008), "Distant future of the Sun and Earth revisited",
371:
261:. The value he obtained differs by only 1% from the modern value, but was not as precise. The
253:
The value of the gravitational constant was first derived from measurements that were made by
635:
351:
1556:
1441:
1393:
1174:
1079:
976:
916:
757:
504:
8:
1698:
852:
1560:
1445:
1397:
1178:
1083:
980:
955:"NOMINAL VALUES FOR SELECTED SOLAR AND PLANETARY QUANTITIES: IAU 2015 RESOLUTION B3 * †"
920:
895:"NOMINAL VALUES FOR SELECTED SOLAR AND PLANETARY QUANTITIES: IAU 2015 RESOLUTION B3 * †"
1686:
1572:
1546:
1472:
1429:
1411:
1383:
1198:
1190:
966:
906:
733:
1613:
1576:
1477:
1459:
1406:
1352:
1225:
1202:
1116:
1087:
1054:
994:
989:
954:
934:
929:
894:
367:
1415:
262:
1662:
1589:
1564:
1467:
1449:
1401:
1182:
1160:
984:
924:
627:
600:
33:
The Sun contains 99.86% of the mass of the Solar System. Bodies less massive than
258:
254:
1323:
1650:
1454:
793:), as listed by the IAU Division I Working Group, has the following estimates:
615:
536:
532:
363:
1270:
294:(1687), he estimated that the ratio of the mass of Earth to the Sun was about
1708:
1463:
998:
938:
642:
1714:
1674:
1481:
867:
725:
347:
285:
235:
145:
84:
1186:
515:, is known for the Sun and several planets to a much higher accuracy than
1551:
604:
118:
1194:
703:
682:
631:
611:
540:
519:
alone. As a result, the solar mass is used as the standard mass in the
220:
157:
1112:
1044:
623:
559:
122:
53:
1047:
Physics, the human adventure: from
Copernicus to Einstein and beyond
28:
1568:
971:
911:
132:
1388:
622:, and this reaction converts some mass into energy in the form of
1073:
500:
is difficult to measure and is only known with limited accuracy (
1137:"How do scientists measure or calculate the weight of a planet?"
558:/year. The mass loss rate will increase when the Sun enters the
1218:
Babylon to
Voyager and beyond: a history of planetary astronomy
153:
149:
34:
1614:"Astronomical Constants : Current Best Estimates (CBEs)"
1427:
141:
63:
1669:
951:
891:
872:
137:
1351:(revised 2nd ed.), Benjamin Cummings, p. 409,
641:
The original mass of the Sun at the time it reached the
535:
occurring within its core, leading to the emission of
1634:
390:
1371:
539:, neutrinos and by the ejection of matter with the
140:. It is often used to indicate the masses of other
1340:
486:
284:The first known estimate of the solar mass was by
1536:
1375:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
1324:"CODATA Value: Newtonian constant of gravitation"
1706:
1045:Holton, Gerald James; Brush, Stephen G. (2001).
136:. It is approximately equal to the mass of the
607:, it will have lost 46% of its starting mass.
1618:Numerical Standards for Fundamental Astronomy
1530:
1347:Carroll, Bradley W.; Ostlie, Dale A. (1995),
1346:
1074:Pecker, Jean Claude; Kaufman, Susan (2001).
736:to express mass in units of length or time.
614:, hydrogen is converted into helium through
1295:"Kepler's Third Law | Imaging the Universe"
1215:
603:. By the time the Sun becomes a degenerate
380:), the mass of the Sun is given by solving
160:. More precisely, the mass of the Sun is
27:
1550:
1471:
1453:
1405:
1387:
988:
970:
928:
910:
462:
429:
248:
1365:
1106:
626:photons. Most of this energy eventually
511:times the mass of an object, called the
592:, before peaking at a rate of 10 to 10
1707:
1349:An Introduction to Modern Astrophysics
1514:"Lecture 40: The Once and Future Sun"
1166:Archive for History of Exact Sciences
1159:
660:, can be converted to related units:
1620:. IAU Division I Working Group. 2012
1268:
1011:
273:, compared to the present value of
13:
1014:"Universal Gravitational Constant"
531:The Sun is losing mass because of
467:
464:
434:
431:
16:Standard unit of mass in astronomy
14:
1736:
1725:Units of measurement in astronomy
1692:
1680:
1668:
1656:
1644:
1407:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13022.x
732:It is also frequently useful in
648:
513:standard gravitational parameter
1606:
1582:
1506:
1421:
1316:
1287:
1269:Woo, Marcus (6 December 2018).
1262:
1238:
858:Gaussian gravitational constant
1209:
1153:
1129:
1100:
1067:
1038:
1005:
945:
885:
472:
456:
439:
423:
357:
37:are not visible at this scale.
1:
1246:"Finding the Mass of the Sun"
878:
599:/year as the Sun generates a
1518:www.astronomy.ohio-state.edu
581:. This will rise to 10
526:
521:astronomical system of units
350:or the combined mass of two
324:in the third edition of the
7:
1216:Leverington, David (2003).
846:
579:tip of the red-giant branch
10:
1741:
1455:10.1038/s41467-017-02558-1
1222:Cambridge University Press
990:10.3847/0004-6256/152/2/41
930:10.3847/0004-6256/152/2/41
863:Orders of magnitude (mass)
782:The solar mass parameter (
577:/year when it reaches the
1539:The Astrophysical Journal
1109:Fundamentals of astronomy
1107:Barbieri, Cesare (2007).
1078:. Springer. p. 291.
125:, equal to approximately
82:
69:
59:
47:
42:
26:
21:
1051:Rutgers University Press
959:The Astronomical Journal
899:The Astronomical Journal
543:. It is expelling about
212:The solar mass is about
1299:astro.physics.uiowa.edu
1022:University of Tennessee
590:asymptotic giant branch
1590:"Planetary Fact Sheet"
636:coronal mass ejections
537:electromagnetic energy
488:
372:gravitational constant
249:History of measurement
183:or a best estimate of
1434:Nature Communications
1271:"What Is Solar Mass?"
1250:imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov
1187:10.1007/s004070050022
1012:Clarion, Geoffrey R.
489:
1115:. pp. 132–140.
758:Schwarzschild radius
618:, in particular the
505:Cavendish experiment
388:
1594:nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov
1561:2003ApJ...583.1024S
1446:2018NatCo...9..289G
1398:2008MNRAS.386..155S
1179:1998AHES...53...83C
1141:Scientific American
1084:2001uhtc.book.....P
1026:. PASCO. p. 13
981:2016AJ....152...41P
921:2016AJ....152...41P
853:Chandrasekhar limit
562:stage, climbing to
163:nominal solar mass
43:General information
734:general relativity
484:
382:Kepler's third law
1231:978-0-521-80840-8
1161:Cohen, I. Bernard
1122:978-0-7503-0886-1
1093:978-3-540-63198-9
1060:978-0-8135-2908-0
482:
368:astronomical unit
102:
101:
1732:
1697:
1696:
1695:
1685:
1684:
1683:
1673:
1672:
1661:
1660:
1659:
1649:
1648:
1640:
1629:
1628:
1626:
1625:
1610:
1604:
1603:
1601:
1600:
1586:
1580:
1579:
1554:
1552:astro-ph/0210128
1545:(2): 1024–1039,
1534:
1528:
1527:
1525:
1524:
1510:
1504:
1503:
1475:
1457:
1425:
1419:
1418:
1409:
1391:
1369:
1363:
1362:
1344:
1338:
1337:
1335:
1334:
1328:physics.nist.gov
1320:
1314:
1313:
1311:
1310:
1301:. Archived from
1291:
1285:
1284:
1282:
1281:
1266:
1260:
1259:
1257:
1256:
1242:
1236:
1235:
1213:
1207:
1206:
1157:
1151:
1150:
1148:
1147:
1133:
1127:
1126:
1104:
1098:
1097:
1071:
1065:
1064:
1049:(3rd ed.).
1042:
1036:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1018:
1009:
1003:
1002:
992:
974:
949:
943:
942:
932:
914:
889:
837:
835:
831:
828:
825:
813:
811:
807:
804:
801:
778:
755:
723:
716:
714:
701:
694:
693:
680:
673:
672:
669:
653:One solar mass,
601:planetary nebula
569:
567:
550:
548:
533:fusion reactions
507:). The value of
493:
491:
490:
485:
483:
481:
480:
479:
470:
448:
447:
446:
437:
419:
418:
405:
400:
399:
379:
370:or AU), and the
342:
341:
340:
339:
332:
323:
322:
321:
320:
313:
308:
307:
306:
305:
298:
280:
278:
268:
263:diurnal parallax
233:
218:
217:
208:
206:
202:
198:
195:
182:
181:
179:
176:
146:stellar clusters
135:
130:
117:) is a standard
98:
96:
93:
31:
19:
18:
1740:
1739:
1735:
1734:
1733:
1731:
1730:
1729:
1705:
1704:
1703:
1693:
1691:
1681:
1679:
1667:
1657:
1655:
1643:
1635:
1633:
1632:
1623:
1621:
1612:
1611:
1607:
1598:
1596:
1588:
1587:
1583:
1535:
1531:
1522:
1520:
1512:
1511:
1507:
1500:
1497:
1493:
1490:
1426:
1422:
1370:
1366:
1359:
1345:
1341:
1332:
1330:
1322:
1321:
1317:
1308:
1306:
1293:
1292:
1288:
1279:
1277:
1267:
1263:
1254:
1252:
1244:
1243:
1239:
1232:
1224:. p. 126.
1214:
1210:
1158:
1154:
1145:
1143:
1135:
1134:
1130:
1123:
1105:
1101:
1094:
1072:
1068:
1061:
1053:. p. 137.
1043:
1039:
1029:
1027:
1016:
1010:
1006:
950:
946:
890:
886:
881:
849:
833:
829:
826:
823:
821:
809:
805:
802:
799:
797:
792:
789:
769:
766:
763:
746:
743:
740:
722:
719:
712:
710:
709:
700:
697:
691:
689:
688:
679:
670:
667:
665:
664:
659:
656:
651:
598:
595:
587:
584:
576:
573:
565:
563:
557:
554:
546:
544:
529:
475:
471:
463:
449:
442:
438:
430:
414:
410:
406:
404:
395:
391:
389:
386:
385:
375:
360:
337:
335:
334:
330:
329:
318:
316:
315:
311:
310:
303:
301:
300:
296:
295:
276:
274:
266:
259:torsion balance
257:in 1798 with a
255:Henry Cavendish
251:
244:
241:
236:mass of Jupiter
231:
229:
226:
215:
213:
210:
204:
200:
196:
193:
191:
189:
186:
177:
174:
172:
170:
167:
164:
128:
126:
115:
112:
94:
91:
89:
78:
75:
38:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1738:
1728:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1702:
1701:
1689:
1677:
1665:
1653:
1631:
1630:
1605:
1581:
1569:10.1086/345408
1529:
1505:
1498:
1495:
1491:
1488:
1420:
1382:(1): 155–163,
1364:
1357:
1339:
1315:
1286:
1261:
1237:
1230:
1208:
1152:
1128:
1121:
1099:
1092:
1066:
1059:
1037:
1004:
944:
883:
882:
880:
877:
876:
875:
870:
865:
860:
855:
848:
845:
844:
843:
819:
790:
787:
780:
779:
767:
764:
761:
744:
741:
730:
729:
720:
717:
707:
698:
695:
686:
677:
657:
654:
650:
647:
616:nuclear fusion
596:
593:
585:
582:
574:
571:
555:
552:
528:
525:
478:
474:
469:
466:
461:
458:
455:
452:
445:
441:
436:
433:
428:
425:
422:
417:
413:
409:
403:
398:
394:
364:orbital period
359:
356:
288:. In his work
250:
247:
242:
239:
227:
224:
187:
184:
168:
165:
162:
113:
110:
100:
99:
87:
80:
79:
76:
73:
71:
67:
66:
61:
57:
56:
51:
45:
44:
40:
39:
32:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1737:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1720:Units of mass
1718:
1716:
1713:
1712:
1710:
1700:
1690:
1688:
1678:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1664:
1654:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1641:
1638:
1619:
1615:
1609:
1595:
1591:
1585:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1533:
1519:
1515:
1509:
1502:
1483:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1424:
1417:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1376:
1368:
1360:
1354:
1350:
1343:
1329:
1325:
1319:
1305:on 2020-07-31
1304:
1300:
1296:
1290:
1276:
1272:
1265:
1251:
1247:
1241:
1233:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1212:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1167:
1162:
1156:
1142:
1138:
1132:
1124:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1103:
1095:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1070:
1062:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1041:
1025:
1023:
1015:
1008:
1000:
996:
991:
986:
982:
978:
973:
968:
964:
960:
956:
948:
940:
936:
931:
926:
922:
918:
913:
908:
904:
900:
896:
888:
884:
874:
871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
851:
850:
841:
820:
817:
796:
795:
794:
785:
776:
772:
762:
759:
753:
749:
739:
738:
737:
735:
727:
708:
705:
687:
684:
676:
663:
662:
661:
649:Related units
646:
644:
643:main sequence
639:
637:
633:
629:
628:radiates away
625:
621:
617:
613:
608:
606:
602:
591:
588:/year on the
580:
561:
542:
538:
534:
524:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
503:
499:
496:The value of
494:
476:
459:
453:
450:
443:
426:
420:
415:
411:
407:
401:
396:
392:
383:
378:
373:
369:
365:
355:
353:
349:
344:
327:
293:
292:
287:
282:
272:
264:
260:
256:
246:
237:
222:
221:mass of Earth
161:
159:
155:
151:
147:
144:, as well as
143:
139:
134:
124:
120:
116:
107:
88:
86:
85:SI base units
81:
72:
68:
65:
62:
58:
55:
52:
50:
46:
41:
36:
30:
25:
20:
1699:Solar System
1622:. Retrieved
1617:
1608:
1597:. Retrieved
1593:
1584:
1542:
1538:
1532:
1521:. Retrieved
1517:
1508:
1485:
1437:
1433:
1423:
1379:
1373:
1367:
1348:
1342:
1331:. Retrieved
1327:
1318:
1307:. Retrieved
1303:the original
1298:
1289:
1278:. Retrieved
1274:
1264:
1253:. Retrieved
1249:
1240:
1217:
1211:
1173:(1): 83–95.
1170:
1164:
1155:
1144:. Retrieved
1140:
1131:
1108:
1102:
1075:
1069:
1046:
1040:
1028:. Retrieved
1020:
1007:
962:
958:
947:
902:
898:
887:
868:Stellar mass
842:-compatible)
818:-compatible)
783:
781:
774:
770:
751:
747:
731:
726:Jupiter mass
674:
652:
640:
609:
530:
516:
508:
501:
497:
495:
376:
361:
352:binary stars
348:Solar System
345:
325:
289:
286:Isaac Newton
283:
252:
211:
119:unit of mass
109:
105:
103:
60:Unit of
1687:Outer space
760:of the Sun)
605:white dwarf
358:Calculation
158:black holes
49:Unit system
1709:Categories
1624:2021-05-04
1599:2020-09-01
1523:2020-09-01
1440:(1): 289.
1358:0201547309
1333:2020-09-06
1309:2020-09-06
1280:2020-09-06
1255:2020-09-06
1146:2020-09-01
972:1605.09788
912:1605.09788
879:References
836:10 ms
812:10 ms
756:(half the
704:Earth mass
683:Lunar mass
632:solar wind
612:Sun's core
541:solar wind
271:arcseconds
234:times the
219:times the
207:10 kg
180:10 kg
106:solar mass
97:10 kg
22:Solar mass
1663:Astronomy
1577:118904050
1501:per year.
1464:2041-1723
1389:0801.4031
1275:Space.com
1203:122869257
1113:CRC Press
999:0004-6256
965:(2): 41.
939:0004-6256
905:(2): 41.
777:≈ 4.93 μs
754:≈ 1.48 km
624:gamma ray
620:p–p chain
560:red giant
527:Variation
454:×
421:×
412:π
397:⊙
326:Principia
291:Principia
123:astronomy
54:astronomy
1499:☉
1492:☉
1482:29348613
1416:10073988
1195:41134054
1030:11 April
847:See also
791:☉
768:☉
745:☉
658:☉
597:☉
586:☉
575:☉
556:☉
269:(9
188:☉
169:☉
154:galaxies
131:10
114:☉
77:☉
1651:Physics
1637:Portals
1557:Bibcode
1473:5773540
1442:Bibcode
1394:Bibcode
1175:Bibcode
1080:Bibcode
1024:Physics
977:Bibcode
917:Bibcode
333:⁄
314:⁄
299:⁄
150:nebulae
1575:
1480:
1470:
1462:
1414:
1355:
1228:
1201:
1193:
1119:
1090:
1057:
997:
937:
570:
551:
230:), or
192:(1.988
70:Symbol
35:Saturn
1675:Stars
1573:S2CID
1547:arXiv
1412:S2CID
1384:arXiv
1199:S2CID
1191:JSTOR
1017:(PDF)
967:arXiv
907:arXiv
822:1.327
798:1.327
564:(7–9)
545:(2–3)
275:8.794
199:0.000
173:1.988
142:stars
90:1.988
1478:PMID
1460:ISSN
1353:ISBN
1226:ISBN
1117:ISBN
1088:ISBN
1055:ISBN
1032:2019
995:ISSN
935:ISSN
832:(10)
808:(10)
634:and
232:1047
156:and
104:The
64:mass
1715:Sun
1565:doi
1543:583
1468:PMC
1450:doi
1402:doi
1380:386
1183:doi
985:doi
963:152
925:doi
903:152
873:Sun
840:TDB
827:400
824:124
816:TCG
803:420
800:124
715:.35
713:047
692:946
690:332
671:510
668:068
502:see
338:946
336:332
319:282
317:169
304:700
277:148
245:).
216:000
214:333
201:092
194:475
175:416
138:Sun
121:in
92:416
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830:41
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666:27
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523:.
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302:28
267:9″
190:=
171:=
152:,
148:,
133:kg
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1627:.
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1526:.
1496:M
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1438:9
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1336:.
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1034:.
1001:.
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941:.
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838:(
834:×
814:(
810:×
788:M
786:·
784:G
775:c
771:G
765:M
752:c
748:G
742:M
728:)
724:(
721:J
718:M
711:1
706:)
702:(
699:E
696:M
685:)
681:(
678:L
675:M
655:M
594:M
583:M
572:M
566:×
553:M
547:×
517:G
509:G
498:G
477:2
473:)
468:r
465:y
460:1
457:(
451:G
444:3
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435:U
432:A
427:1
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393:M
377:G
374:(
331:1
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297:1
279:″
243:J
240:M
238:(
228:E
225:M
223:(
209:.
205:×
203:)
197:±
185:M
178:×
166:M
129:×
127:2
111:M
108:(
95:×
74:M
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