Milky Way - Knowledge

7080:"Ich betrachtete die Art neblichter Sterne, deren Herr von Maupertuis in der Abhandlung von der Figur der Gestirne gedenket, und die die Figur von mehr oder weniger offenen Ellipsen vorstellen, und versicherte mich leicht, daß sie nichts anders als eine Häufung vieler Fixsterne seyn können. Die jederzeit abgemessene Rundung dieser Figuren belehrte mich, daß hier ein unbegreiflich zahlreiches Sternenheer, und zwar um einen gemeinschaftlichen Mittelpunkt, müste geordnet seyn, weil sonst ihre freye Stellungen gegen einander, wohl irreguläre Gestalten, aber nicht abgemessene Figuren vorstellen würden. Ich sahe auch ein: daß sie in dem System, darinn sie sich vereinigt befinden, vornemlich auf eine Fläche beschränkt seyn müßten, weil sie nicht zirkelrunde, sondern elliptische Figuren abbilden, und daß sie wegen ihres blassen Lichts unbegreiflich weit von uns abstehen." 7083:("I considered the type of nebulous stars, which Mr. de Maupertuis considered in his treatise on the shape of stars, and which present the figures of more or less open ellipses, and I readily assured myself, that they could be nothing else than a cluster of fixed stars. That these figures always measured round informed me that here an inconceivably numerous host of stars, around a common center, must be orderly, because otherwise their free positions among each other would probably present irregular forms, not measurable figures. I also realized: that in the system in which they find themselves bound, they must be restricted primarily to a plane, because they display not circular, but elliptical figures, and that on account of their faint light, they are located inconceivably far from us.") 17276: 16473: 2409: 1531: 1459: 879: 2437: 3060: 1428: 3135:

interstellar medium. In simulated galaxies with similar properties, star formation will typically have been extinguished within about five billion years from now, even accounting for the expected, short-term increase in the rate of star formation due to the collision between both the Milky Way and the Andromeda Galaxy. Measurements of other galaxies similar to the Milky Way suggest it is among the reddest and brightest spiral galaxies that are still forming new stars and it is just slightly bluer than the bluest red sequence galaxies.

17264: 3004: 3296: 1848: 1026: 7047:"Dem Herrn Wright von Durham, einen Engeländer, war es vorbehalten, einen glücklichen Schritt zu einer Bemerkung zu thun, welche von ihm selber zu keiner gar zu tüchtigen Absicht gebraucht zu seyn scheinet, und deren nützliche Anwendung er nicht genugsam beobachtet hat. Er betrachtete die Fixsterne nicht als ein ungeordnetes und ohne Absicht zerstreutes Gewimmel, sondern er fand eine systematische Verfassung im Ganzen, und eine allgemeine Beziehung dieser Gestirne gegen einen Hauptplan der Raume, die sie einnehmen." 3314: 2615: 17300: 2577: 38: 7050:("To Mr. Wright of Durham, an Englishman, it was reserved to take a happy step towards an observation, which seemed, to him and to no one else, to be needed for a clever idea, the exploitation of which he has not studied sufficiently. He regarded the fixed stars not as a disorganized swarm that was scattered without a design; rather, he found a systematic shape in the whole, and a general relation between these stars and the principal plane of the space that they occupy.") 17252: 16929: 2358: 1995: 17189: 17177: 16919: 1670: 1167:(460–370 BC) proposed that the Milky Way is the glow of stars not directly visible due to Earth's shadow, while other stars receive their light from the Sun, but have their glow obscured by solar rays. Aristotle himself believed that the Milky Way was part of the Earth's upper atmosphere, along with the stars, and that it was a byproduct of stars burning that did not dissipate because of its outermost location in the atmosphere, composing its 17288: 895: 2702:

of irregularity. The possible scenario of the Sun within a spur / Local arm emphasizes that point and indicates that such features are probably not unique, and exist elsewhere in the Milky Way. Estimates of the pitch angle of the arms range from about 7° to 25°. There are thought to be four spiral arms that all start near the Milky Way Galaxy's center. These are named as follows, with the positions of the arms shown in the image:

2681: 17240: 3144: 1255: 7020:, Wright speculated that there are a vast number of inhabited planets in the galaxy: "therefore we may justly suppose, that so many radiant bodies were not created barely to enlighten an infinite void, but to ... display an infinite shapeless universe, crowded with myriads of glorious worlds, all variously revolving round them; and ... with an inconceivable variety of beings and states, animate ..." 1319: 17228: 3579: 3607: 3593: 1620:, at an angle of roughly 60 sky degrees to the direction of the Galactic Center. The Sun's orbit about the Milky Way is expected to be roughly elliptical with the addition of perturbations due to the Galactic spiral arms and non-uniform mass distributions. In addition, the Sun passes through the Galactic plane approximately 2.7 times per orbit. This is very similar to how a 2995:(ordinary) matter as dark matter when it was just a few billion years old. However, only about half of those baryons are accounted for in the modern Universe based on observations of nearby galaxies like the Milky Way. If the finding that the mass of the halo is comparable to the mass of the Milky Way is confirmed, it could be the identity of the missing baryons around the Milky Way. 17216: 6973:, Wright stated that the form of the Milky Way is a ring: "the stars are not infinitely dispersed and distributed in a promiscuous manner throughout all the mundane space, without order or design, ... this phænomenon no other than a certain effect arising from the observer's situation, ... To a spectator placed in an indefinite space, ... it a vast ring of stars ..." 3019:, meaning that the rotation period varies with location. As is typical for spiral galaxies, the orbital speed of most stars in the Milky Way does not depend strongly on their distance from the center. Away from the central bulge or outer rim, the typical stellar orbital speed is between 210 ± 10 km/s (470,000 ± 22,000 mph). Hence the 6960:, Wright stated that despite their mutual gravitational attraction, the stars in the constellations do not collide because they are in orbit, so centrifugal force keeps them separated: "centrifugal force, which not only preserves them in their orbits, but prevents them from rushing all together, by the common universal law of gravity, ..." 3438:. There may still be undetected dwarf galaxies that are dynamically bound to the Milky Way, which is supported by the detection of nine new satellites of the Milky Way in a relatively small patch of the night sky in 2015. There are some dwarf galaxies that have already been absorbed by the Milky Way, such as the progenitor of 2789:

stars near the tangent point. Two surveys of near-infrared light, which is sensitive primarily to red giants and not affected by dust extinction, detected the predicted overabundance in the Scutum–Centaurus arm but not in the Carina–Sagittarius arm: the Scutum–Centaurus Arm contains approximately 30% more

1574:(2016) found a smaller value of 25.64 ± 0.46 kly (7.86 ± 0.14 kpc), also using a star orbit analysis. The Sun is currently 5–30 parsecs (16–98 ly) above, or north of, the central plane of the Galactic disk. The distance between the local arm and the next arm out, the 11763:

Wang, Q.D.; Nowak, M.A.; Markoff, S.B.; Baganoff, F.K.; Nayakshin, S.; Yuan, F.; Cuadra, J.; Davis, J.; Dexter, J.; Fabian, A.C.; Grosso, N.; Haggard, D.; Houck, J.; Ji, L.; Li, Z.; Neilsen, J.; Porquet, D.; Ripple, F.; Shcherbakov, R.V. (2013). "Dissecting X-ray-Emitting Gas Around the Center of Our

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This observation suggests that the Milky Way possesses only two major stellar arms: the Perseus arm and the Scutum–Centaurus arm. The rest of the arms contain excess gas but not excess old stars. In December 2013, astronomers found that the distribution of young stars and star-forming regions matches

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Another 2018 study revealed the very probable presence of disk stars at 26–31.5 kpc (84,800–103,000 ly) from the Galactic Center or perhaps even farther, significantly beyond approximately 13–20 kpc (40,000–70,000 ly), in which it was once believed to be the abrupt drop-off of the

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follow the course of the galaxy while migrating at the Northern Hemisphere. The name "Birds' Path" (in Finnish, Estonian, Latvian, Lithuanian, Bashkir and Kazakh) has some variations in other languages, e.g. "Way of the grey (wild) goose" in Chuvash, Mari and Tatar and "Way of the Crane" in Erzya and

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Lambert, W. G. (1964). "E. O. James: The worship of the Skygod: A comparative study in Semitic and Indo-European religion. (School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. Jordan Lectures in Comparative Religion, vi.) viii, 175 pp. London: University of London, the Athlone Press, 1963.

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In 2005 with further confirmation in 2012 researchers reported that most satellite galaxies of the Milky Way lie in a very large disk and orbit in the same direction. This came as a surprise: according to standard cosmology, the satellite galaxies should form in dark matter halos, and they should be

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is formed, it begins to undergo radiative cooling and the surface temperature steadily drops. By measuring the temperatures of the coolest of these white dwarfs and comparing them to their expected initial temperature, an age estimate can be made. With this technique, the age of the globular cluster

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Observed (normal lines) and extrapolated (dotted lines) structure of the spiral arms of the Milky Way, viewed from north of the galaxy – the galaxy rotates clockwise in this view. The gray lines radiating from the Sun's position (upper center) list the three-letter abbreviations of the corresponding

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and how much it defines the isophotal diameter is not well understood. It is estimated that the significant bulk of stars in the galaxy lies within the 26 kiloparsecs (80,000 light-years) diameter, and that the number of stars beyond the outermost disc dramatically reduces to a very low number, with

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relative to the average flow. Thus, to compare the Milky Way to the Hubble flow, one must consider a volume large enough so that the expansion of the Universe dominates over local, random motions. A large enough volume means that the mean motion of galaxies within this volume is equal to the Hubble

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The satellite galaxies surrounding the Milky Way are not randomly distributed but seem to be the result of a breakup of some larger system producing a ring structure 500,000 light-years in diameter and 50,000 light-years wide. Close encounters between galaxies, like that expected in 4 billion years

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13.61 billion years ago. Some of these overdensities were the seeds of globular clusters in which the oldest remaining stars in what is now the Milky Way formed. Nearly half the matter in the Milky Way may have come from other distant galaxies. These stars and clusters now comprise the stellar halo

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of the typical star is directly proportional only to the length of the path traveled. This is unlike the situation within the Solar System, where two-body gravitational dynamics dominate, and different orbits have significantly different velocities associated with them. The rotation curve (shown in

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for the Milky Way – vertical axis is speed of rotation about the galactic center; horizontal axis is distance from the galactic center in kpcs; the sun is marked with a yellow ball; the observed curve of speed of rotation is blue; the predicted curve based upon stellar mass and gas in the Milky Way

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Discoveries in the early 21st century have added dimension to the knowledge of the Milky Way's structure. With the discovery that the disk of the Andromeda Galaxy (M31) extends much farther than previously thought, the possibility of the disk of the Milky Way extending farther is apparent, and

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It has been suggested that the Milky Way contains two different spiral patterns: an inner one, formed by the Sagittarius arm, that rotates fast and an outer one, formed by the Carina and Perseus arms, whose rotation velocity is slower and whose arms are tightly wound. In this scenario, suggested by

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Two spiral arms, the Scutum–Centaurus arm and the Carina–Sagittarius arm, have tangent points inside the Sun's orbit about the center of the Milky Way. If these arms contain an overdensity of stars compared to the average density of stars in the Galactic disk, it would be detectable by counting the

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The Milky Way's spiral structure is uncertain, and there is currently no consensus on the nature of the Milky Way's arms. Perfect logarithmic spiral patterns only crudely describe features near the Sun, because galaxies commonly have arms that branch, merge, twist unexpectedly, and feature a degree

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were both suggested to be primarily the result of disk oscillations and wrapping around the Milky Way, at a diameter of at least 50 kpc (160,000 ly), which may be part of the Milky Way's outer disk itself, hence making the stellar disk larger by increasing to this size. A more recent 2018

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and Heber Curtis, concerning the nature of the Milky Way, spiral nebulae, and the dimensions of the Universe. To support his claim that the Great Andromeda Nebula is an external galaxy, Curtis noted the appearance of dark lanes resembling the dust clouds in the Milky Way, as well as the significant

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is known as the "green valley", a region populated by galaxies in transition from the "blue cloud" (galaxies actively forming new stars) to the "red sequence" (galaxies that lack star formation). Star-formation activity in green valley galaxies is slowing as they run out of star-forming gas in the

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of the northern sky shows a huge and diffuse structure (spread out across an area around 5,000 times the size of a full moon) within the Milky Way that does not seem to fit within current models. The collection of stars rises close to perpendicular to the plane of the spiral arms of the Milky

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and the thin disk. Recent analysis of the chemical signatures of thousands of stars suggests that stellar formation might have dropped by an order of magnitude at the time of disk formation, 10 to 8 billion years ago, when interstellar gas was too hot to form new stars at the same rate as before.

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The Milky Way contains between 100 and 400 billion stars and at least that many planets. An exact figure would depend on counting the number of very-low-mass stars, which are difficult to detect, especially at distances of more than 300 ly (90 pc) from the Sun. As a comparison, the

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reported that these were not random, as it was believed in that time; stars could be divided into two streams, moving in nearly opposite directions. It was later realized that Kapteyn's data had been the first evidence of the rotation of our galaxy, which ultimately led to the finding of galactic

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If the Milky Way contained only the mass observed in stars, gas, and other baryonic (ordinary) matter, the rotational speed would decrease with distance from the center. However, the observed curve is relatively flat, indicating that there is additional mass that cannot be detected directly with

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This is significantly smaller than the Andromeda Galaxy's isophotal diameter, and slightly below the mean isophotal sizes of the galaxies being at 28.3 kpc (92,000 ly). The paper concludes that the Milky Way and Andromeda Galaxy were not overly large spiral galaxies, nor were among the

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in its outermost regions suggest it has undergone no mergers with large galaxies in the last 10 billion years. This lack of recent major mergers is unusual among similar spiral galaxies. Its neighbour the Andromeda Galaxy appears to have a more typical history shaped by more recent mergers with

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Outside the gravitational influence of the Galactic bar, the structure of the interstellar medium and stars in the disk of the Milky Way is organized into four spiral arms. Spiral arms typically contain a higher density of interstellar gas and dust than the Galactic average as well as a greater

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The nature of the Milky Way's bar is actively debated, with estimates for its half-length and orientation spanning from 1 to 5 kpc (3,000–16,000 ly) and 10–50 degrees relative to the line of sight from Earth to the Galactic Center. Certain authors advocate that the Milky Way

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In January 2006, researchers reported that the heretofore unexplained warp in the disk of the Milky Way has now been mapped and found to be a ripple or vibration set up by the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds as they orbit the Milky Way, causing vibrations when they pass through its edges.

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The disk of stars in the Milky Way does not have a sharp edge beyond which there are no stars. Rather, the concentration of stars decreases with distance from the center of the Milky Way. Beyond a radius of roughly 40,000 light years (13 kpc) from the center, the number of stars per cubic

2902:, of which 90% lie within 100,000 light-years (30 kpc) of the Galactic Center. However, a few globular clusters have been found farther, such as PAL 4 and AM 1 at more than 200,000 light-years from the Galactic Center. About 40% of the Milky Way's clusters are on 3532:: although they are moving away from each other at 967 km/s (2,160,000 mph) as part of the Hubble flow, this velocity is less than would be expected given the 16.8 million pc distance due to the gravitational attraction between the Local Group and the Virgo Cluster. 2872:(or Outer Ring), a ring of gas and stars torn from other galaxies billions of years ago. However, several members of the scientific community recently restated their position affirming the Monoceros structure is nothing more than an over-density produced by the flared and warped 3450:

Previously, these two galaxies, at around 2% of the mass of the Milky Way, were considered too small to influence the Milky Way. However, in a computer model, the movement of these two galaxies creates a dark matter wake that amplifies their influence on the larger Milky Way.

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and become immortal. Hera wakes up while breastfeeding and then realizes she is nursing an unknown baby: she pushes the baby away, some of her milk spills, and it produces the band of light known as the Milky Way. In another Greek story, the abandoned Heracles is given by

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fainter than those that occurred within the Milky Way. As a result, he was able to come up with a distance estimate of 150,000 parsecs. He became a proponent of the "island universes" hypothesis, which held that the spiral nebulae were independent galaxies. In 1920 the

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to the Galactic Center is about 180,000 ly (55 kpc). At this distance or beyond, the orbits of most halo objects would be disrupted by the Magellanic Clouds. Hence, such objects would probably be ejected from the vicinity of the Milky Way. The integrated

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has also been estimated using nucleocosmochronology. Measurements of thin disk stars yield an estimate that the thin disk formed 8.8 ± 1.7 billion years ago. These measurements suggest there was a hiatus of almost 5 billion years between the formation of the

3222:, was estimated to be about 13.2 billion years old. As the oldest known object in the Milky Way at that time, this measurement placed a lower limit on the age of the Milky Way. This estimate was made using the UV-Visual Echelle Spectrograph of the 7998:

Alves, João; Zucker, Catherine; Goodman, Alyssa A.; Speagle, Joshua S.; Meingast, Stefan; Robitaille, Thomas; Finkbeiner, Douglas P.; Schlafly, Edward F.; Green, Gregory M. (January 7, 2020). "A Galactic-scale gas wave in the Solar Neighborhood".

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wrote: "The Milky Way, i.e. the Galaxy, is made up of a very large number of small, tightly clustered stars, which, on account of their concentration and smallness, seem to be cloudy patches. Because of this, it was likened to milk in color."

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at radio frequencies identified polarized emission that is associated with the Fermi bubbles. These observations are best interpreted as a magnetized outflow driven by star formation in the central 640 ly (200 pc) of the Milky Way.

7148:"Thomas Wright von Durham, Kant, Lambert und zuerst auch William Herschel waren geneigt die Gestalt der Milchstraße und die scheinbare Anhäufung der Sterne in derselben als eine Folge der abgeplatteten Gestalt und ungleichen Dimensionen der 1116:. Because of this high inclination, depending on the time of night and year, the Milky Way arch may appear relatively low or relatively high in the sky. For observers from latitudes approximately 65° north to 65° south, the Milky Way passes 2983:

have provided evidence that there is also a gaseous halo containing a large amount of hot gas. This halo extends for hundreds of thousands of light-years, much farther than the stellar halo and close to the distance of the Large and Small

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the four-arm spiral description of the Milky Way. Thus, the Milky Way appears to have two spiral arms as traced by old stars and four spiral arms as traced by gas and young stars. The explanation for this apparent discrepancy is unclear.

7156:("Thomas Wright of Durham, Kant, Lambert and at first also William Herschel were inclined to regard the shape of the Milky Way and the apparent clustering of stars in it as a consequence of the oblate shape and unequal dimensions of the 3084:, this led the gaseous interstellar medium to collapse from a roughly spheroidal shape to a disk. Therefore, later generations of stars formed in this spiral disk. Most younger stars, including the Sun, are observed to be in the disk. 2469:, with different techniques yielding various values within this approximate range. In the inner few kiloparsecs (around 10,000 light-years radius) is a dense concentration of mostly old stars in a roughly spheroidal shape called 2487:

formed by its central bar. However, confusion in the literature between the (peanut shell)-shaped structure created by instabilities in the bar, versus a possible bulge with an expected half-light radius of 0.5 kpc, abounds.

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stars do not trace a prominent Galactic bar. The bar may be surrounded by a ring called the "5 kpc ring" that contains a large fraction of the molecular hydrogen present in the Milky Way, as well as most of the Milky Way's

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for the Milky Way at 26.8 ± 1.1 kiloparsecs (87,400 ± 3,600 light-years), by assuming that the galactic disc is well represented by an exponential disc and adopting a central surface brightness of the galaxy

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constructed a new telescope and was able to distinguish between elliptical and spiral-shaped nebulae. He also managed to make out individual point sources in some of these nebulae, lending credence to Kant's earlier conjecture.

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Gillessen, Stefan; Plewa, Philipp; Eisenhauer, Frank; Sari, Re'em; Waisberg, Idel; Habibi, Maryam; Pfuhl, Oliver; George, Elizabeth; Dexter, Jason; von Fellenberg, Sebastiano; Ott, Thomas; Genzel, Reinhard (November 28, 2016).

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Globular clusters are among the oldest objects in the Milky Way, which thus set a lower limit on the age of the Milky Way. The ages of individual stars in the Milky Way can be estimated by measuring the abundance of long-lived

1647:. The Sun moves through the heliosphere at 84,000 km/h (52,000 mph). At this speed, it takes around 1,400 years for the Solar System to travel a distance of 1 light-year, or 8 days to travel 1 AU ( 15009:"Johns Hopkins scientist finds elusive star with origins close to Big Bang – The newly discovered star's composition indicates that, in a cosmic family tree, it could be as little as one generation removed from the Big Bang" 13130: 3024:

the figure) describes this rotation. Toward the center of the Milky Way the orbit speeds are too low, whereas beyond 7 kpcs the speeds are too high to match what would be expected from the universal law of gravitation.

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has expanded the number of observations of stars from about 2 million stars as of the 1990s to 2 billion. It has expanded the measurable volume of space by a factor of 100 in radius and a factor of 1,000 in precision.

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not bound to host stars than there are stars. The Milky Way contains an average of at least one planet per star, resulting in 100–400 billion planets, according to a January 2013 study of the five-planet star system

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visible in the night sky might be separate "galaxies" themselves, similar to our own. Kant referred to both the Milky Way and the "extragalactic nebulae" as "island universes", a term still current up to the 1930s.

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Sergey E. Koposov; Vasily Belokurov; Gabriel Torrealba; N. Wyn Evans (March 10, 2015). "Beasts of the Southern Wild. Discovery of a large number of Ultra Faint satellites in the vicinity of the Magellanic Clouds".

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A galactic quadrant, or quadrant of the Milky Way, refers to one of four circular sectors in the division of the Milky Way. In astronomical practice, the delineation of the galactic quadrants is based upon the

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forces akin to the Solar System but on much larger scales. The resulting disk of stars would be seen as a band on the sky from our perspective inside the disk. Wright and Kant also conjectured that some of the

10778: 2240:. This disk has at least a comparable extent in radius to the stars, whereas the thickness of the gas layer ranges from hundreds of light-years for the colder gas to thousands of light-years for warmer gas. 12484:

Carretti, E.; Crocker, R. M.; Staveley-Smith, L.; Haverkorn, M.; Purcell, C.; Gaensler, B. M.; Bernardi, G.; Kesteven, M. J.; Poppi, S. (2013). "Giant magnetized outflows from the centre of the Milky Way".

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beyond the Solar System, have also been detected and may be common in the Milky Way. More recently, in November 2020, over 300 million habitable exoplanets are estimated to exist in the Milky Way Galaxy.

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is conjectured to spread out relatively uniformly to a distance beyond one hundred kiloparsecs (kpc) from the Galactic Center. Mathematical models of the Milky Way suggest that the mass of dark matter is

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10 solar masses), although stars and planets make up only a small part of this. Estimates of the mass of the Milky Way vary, depending upon the method and data used. The low end of the estimate range is

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Schiavi, Riccardo; Capuzzo-Dolcetta, Roberto; Arca-Sedda, Manuel; Spera, Mario (October 2020). "Future merger of the Milky Way with the Andromeda galaxy and the fate of their supermassive black holes".

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From pp. 419–420: "It follows that the one set of the stars must have a systematic motion relative to the other. ... these two main directions of motion must be in reality diametrically opposite."

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to the "right" and the Canes-Major Void to the "south". These voids change shape over time, creating filamentous structures of galaxies. The Virgo Supercluster, for instance, is being drawn towards the

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There are several methods being used in astronomy in defining the size of a galaxy, and each of them can yield different results with respect to one another. The most commonly employed method is the

951:. Although all the individual naked-eye stars in the entire sky are part of the Milky Way Galaxy, the term "Milky Way" is limited to this band of light. The light originates from the accumulation of 2276:

and planetary transit observations indicate that there may be at least as many planets bound to stars as there are stars in the Milky Way, and microlensing measurements indicate that there are more

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Boehle, A.; Ghez, A. M.; Schödel, R.; Meyer, L.; Yelda, S.; Albers, S.; Martinez, G. D.; Becklin, E. E.; Do, T.; Lu, J. R.; Matthews, K.; Morris, M. R.; Sitarski, B.; Witzel, G. (October 3, 2016).

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Pawlowski, M.; Famaey, B.; Jerjen, H.; Merritt, D.; Kroupa, P.; Dabringhausen, J.; Lueghausen, F.; Forbes, D.; Hensler, G.; Hammer, F.; Puech, M.; Fouquet, S.; Flores, H.; Yang, Y. (August 2014).

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Falchi, Fabio; Cinzano, Pierantonio; Duriscoe, Dan; Kyba, Christopher C. M.; Elvidge, Christopher D.; Baugh, Kimberly; Portnov, Boris A.; Rybnikova, Nataliya A.; Furgoni, Riccardo (June 1, 2016).

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showing the red sequence (old galaxies, typically elliptical galaxies), the green valley (where the Milky Way is believed to be in), and the blue cloud (young galaxies, typically spiral galaxies).

2988:. The mass of this hot halo is nearly equivalent to the mass of the Milky Way itself. The temperature of this halo gas is between 1 and 2.5 million K (1.8 and 4.5 million °F). 1959:

and TriAnd Ring were stellar overdensities rather kicked out from the main stellar disk, with the velocity dispersion of the RR Lyrae stars found to be higher and consistent with halo membership.

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is approximately +5.1 or better and shows a great deal of detail at +6.1. This makes the Milky Way difficult to see from brightly lit urban or suburban areas, but very prominent when viewed from

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Comparison of the night sky with the night sky of a hypothetical planet within the Milky Way 10 billion years ago, at an age of about 3.6 billion years and 5 billion years before the Sun formed.

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when the Moon is below the horizon. Maps of artificial night sky brightness show that more than one-third of Earth's population cannot see the Milky Way from their homes due to light pollution.

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Report of the Fifteenth Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science; Held at Cambridge in June 1845 § Notices and Abstracts of Miscellaneous Communications to the Sections

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gas extending from these two small galaxies across 100° of the sky. The stream is thought to have been dragged from the Magellanic Clouds in tidal interactions with the Milky Way. Some of the

4218: 10750: 11011:"Looking for Another Earth? Here Are 300 Million, Maybe – A new analysis of data from NASA's Kepler spacecraft increases the number of habitable exoplanets thought to exist in this galaxy" 1589: 8.5 within a sphere with a radius of 15 parsecs (49 ly) from the Sun, giving a density of one star per 69 cubic parsecs, or one star per 2,360 cubic light-years (from 1507:

matter in the halo acquired during late infall, or from nearby, interacting satellite galaxies and their consequent tides". In April 2024, initial studies (and related maps) involving the

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Kruijssen, J M Diederik; Pfeffer, Joel L; Chevance, Mélanie; Bonaca, Ana; Trujillo-Gomez, Sebastian; Bastian, Nate; Reina-Campos, Marta; Crain, Robert A; Hughes, Meghan E (October 2020).

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Chen, Xiaodian; Wang, Shu; Deng, Licai; de Grijs, Richard; Liu, Chao; Tian, Hao (February 4, 2019). "An intuitive 3D map of the Galactic warp's precession traced by classical Cepheids".

5381:"An Electrifying View of the Heart of the Milky Way – A new radio-wave image of the center of our galaxy reveals all the forms of frenzy that a hundred million or so stars can get up to" 3675:

standard. It has been recently suggested that there is a presence of disk stars beyond this diameter, although it is not clear how much of this influences the surface brightness profile.

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in 1785 by carefully counting the number of stars in different regions of the visible sky. He produced a diagram of the shape of the Milky Way with the Solar System close to the center.

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takes place in the disk (especially in the spiral arms, which represent areas of high density), but does not take place in the halo, as there is little cool gas to collapse into stars.

7887: 2603:, seeming to indicate that these X-ray binaries are sending positrons (and electrons) into interstellar space where they slow down and annihilate. The observations were both made by 2043:

Because the orbital velocity depends on the total mass inside the orbital radius, this suggests that the Milky Way is more massive, roughly equaling the mass of Andromeda Galaxy at 7

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first resolved the band of light into individual stars with his telescope in 1610. Until the early 1920s, most astronomers thought that the Milky Way contained all the stars in the

6683: 2329:, according to a 2016 study. Such Earth-sized planets may be more numerous than gas giants, though harder to detect at great distances given their small size. Besides exoplanets, " 13122: 8927:

Castro-Rodríguez, N.; López-Corredoira, M.; Sánchez-Saavedra, M. L.; Battaner, E. (2002). "Warps and correlations with intrinsic parameters of galaxies in the visible and radio".

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Poggio, E.; Drimmel, R.; Andrae, R.; Bailer-Jones, C. A. L.; Fouesneau, M.; Lattanzi, M. G.; Smart, R. L.; Spagna, A. (2020). "Evidence of a dynamically evolving Galactic warp".

1927:(if the former not being the largest) as previously widely believed, but rather average ordinary spiral galaxies. To compare the relative physical scale of the Milky Way, if the 6433: 5475:

H.E. Bond; E. P. Nelan; D. A. VandenBerg; G. H. Schaefer; et al. (February 13, 2013). "HD 140283: A Star in the Solar Neighborhood that Formed Shortly After the Big Bang".

4307:

Kafle, P.R.; Sharma, S.; Lewis, G.F.; Bland-Hawthorn, J. (2012). "Kinematics of the Stellar Halo and the Mass Distribution of the Milky Way Using Blue Horizontal Branch Stars".

592:

In Western culture, the name "Milky Way" is derived from its appearance as a dim un-resolved "milky" glowing band arching across the night sky. The term is a translation of the

11553:

Shen, J.; Rich, R. M.; Kormendy, J.; Howard, C. D.; De Propris, R.; Kunder, A. (2010). "Our Milky Way As a Pure-Disk Galaxy – A Challenge for Galaxy Formation".

5944: 3868:, an absolute visual magnitude of −21.35 (−20.8 − 0.55 = −21.35) is obtained. Determining the absolute magnitude of the Milky Way is very difficult, because Earth is inside it. 9087: 7804: 2941:

came the discovery of a ribbon of galactic debris as the polar orbit of the dwarf and its interaction with the Milky Way tears it apart. Similarly, with the discovery of the

14112: 6986:, Wright speculated that the central body of the Milky Way, around which the rest of the galaxy revolves, might not be visible to us: "the central body A, being supposed as 9177: 3453:

Current measurements suggest the Andromeda Galaxy is approaching the Milky Way at 100 to 140 km/s (220,000 to 310,000 mph). In 4.3 billion years, there may be an

3080:

of the Milky Way. Within a few billion years of the birth of the first stars, the mass of the Milky Way was large enough so that it was spinning relatively quickly. Due to

11249: 7351: 7303: 12789:

Majaess, D. J.; Turner, D. G.; Lane, D. J. (2009). "Searching Beyond the Obscuring Dust Between the Cygnus-Aquila Rifts for Cepheid Tracers of the Galaxy's Spiral Arms".

1956: 4498: 13972: 1963:

stellar density of the disk, meaning that few or no stars were expected to be above this limit, save for stars that belong to the old population of the galactic halo.

14639:

Hammer, F.; Puech, M.; Chemin, L.; Flores, H.; et al. (2007). "The Milky Way, an Exceptionally Quiet Galaxy: Implications for the Formation of Spiral Galaxies".

9474:

Reid, M. J.; et al. (2009). "Trigonometric parallaxes of massive star-forming regions. VI. Galactic structure, fundamental parameters, and noncircular motions".

5195: 13095: 10157: 2505:). The motion of material around the center indicates that Sagittarius A* harbors a massive, compact object. This concentration of mass is best explained as a 10877: 4774:

Kafle, P.R.; Sharma, S.; Lewis, G.F.; Bland-Hawthorn, J. (2014). "On the Shoulders of Giants: Properties of the Stellar Halo and the Milky Way Mass Distribution".

13892:

Gupta, A.; Mathur, S.; Krongold, Y.; Nicastro, F.; Galeazzi, M. (2012). "A Huge Reservoir of Ionized Gas Around the Milky Way: Accounting for the Missing Mass?".

12204:"Neutrinos Build a Ghostly Map of the Milky Way – Astronomers for the first time detected neutrinos that originated within our local galaxy using a new technique" 1278:

to study the Milky Way and discovered that it is composed of a huge number of faint stars. Galileo also concluded that the appearance of the Milky Way was due to

7267:(M51) at the 1845 meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science. Rosse's illustration of M51 was reproduced in J. P. Nichol's book of 1846. 3282:

with the Andromeda Galaxy, can rip off huge tails of gas, which, over time can coalesce to form dwarf galaxies in a ring at an arbitrary angle to the main disc.

3196:. Age estimates of the oldest of these clusters gives a best fit estimate of 12.6 billion years, and a 95% confidence upper limit of 16 billion years. 13216:

van Woerden, H.; et al. (1957). "Expansion d'une structure spirale dans le noyau du Système Galactique, et position de la radiosource Sagittarius A".

7592: 7567: 7519: 7493: 7280: 3355:. Surrounding the Virgo Supercluster are a number of voids, devoid of many galaxies, the Microscopium Void to the "north", the Sculptor Void to the "left", the 1946:

A 2015 paper discovered that there is a ring-like filament of stars called Triangulum–Andromeda Ring (TriAnd Ring) rippling above and below the relatively flat

15560:

Putman, M. E.; Staveley-Smith, L.; Freeman, K. C.; Gibson, B. K.; Barnes, D. G. (2003). "The Magellanic Stream, High-Velocity Clouds, and the Sculptor Group".

6159: 3505:

flow. Astronomers believe the Milky Way is moving at approximately 630 km/s (1,400,000 mph) with respect to this local co-moving frame of reference.

3847:

These estimates are very uncertain, as most non-star objects are difficult to detect; for example, black hole estimates range from ten million to one billion.

16050: 11829:. Galaxy Dynamics, proceedings of a conference held at Rutgers University, ASP Conference Series. Vol. 182. Rutgers University (published August 1999). 10597: 8212: 2342: 11429:

Vanhollebeke, E.; Groenewegen, M. A. T.; Girardi, L. (April 2009). "Stellar populations in the Galactic bulge. Modelling the Galactic bulge with TRILEGAL".

5002: 2322:

within the Milky Way. 11 billion of these estimated planets may be orbiting Sun-like stars. The nearest exoplanet may be 4.2 light-years away, orbiting the

13334: 10030: 2054:

within 160,000 ly (49 kpc) of its center. In 2010, a measurement of the radial velocity of halo stars found that the mass enclosed within 80 kilo

2630:

In 2010, two gigantic spherical bubbles of high energy gamma-emission were detected to the north and the south of the Milky Way core, using data from the

2196:

of about 39.5 kpc (130,000 ly), over twice as much as was determined in earlier studies, suggesting that about 90% of the mass of the galaxy is

1414:

to estimate the distance to the nebulae. He found that the Andromeda Nebula is 275,000 parsecs from the Sun, far too distant to be part of the Milky Way.

17325: 11021: 7733: 3520:, behind it. The Local Group, a cluster of gravitationally bound galaxies containing, among others, the Milky Way and the Andromeda Galaxy, is part of a 2549:, it would be the brightest feature of the Milky Way. X-ray emission from the core is aligned with the massive stars surrounding the central bar and the 1229:

1138) proposed that the Milky Way was made up of many stars but appeared to be a continuous image in the Earth's atmosphere, citing his observation of a

15016: 12989:

McClure-Griffiths, N. M.; Dickey, J. M.; Gaensler, B. M.; Green, A. J. (2004). "A Distant Extended Spiral Arm in the Fourth Quadrant of the Milky Way".

10852: 9314:

Karachentsev, I. D.; Kashibadze, O. G. (2006). "Masses of the local group and of the M81 group estimated from distortions in the local velocity field".

9208: 8980:

Goodwin, S. P.; Gribbin, J.; Hendry, M. A. (April 30, 1997). "New Determination of the Hubble Parameter Using the Principle of Terrestrial Mediocrity".

8559: 7174: 12440: 2634:. The diameter of each of the bubbles is about 25,000 light-years (7.7 kpc) (or about 1/4 of the galaxy's estimated diameter); they stretch up to 1597:) within 5 parsecs (16 ly) of the Sun, giving a density of about one star per 8.2 cubic parsecs, or one per 284 cubic light-years (from 15436: 11707:

Ghez, A. M.; et al. (December 2008). "Measuring distance and properties of the Milky Way's central supermassive black hole with stellar orbits".

11283: 10707: 10285:

Napiwotzki, R. (2009). The galactic population of white dwarfs. In Journal of Physics: Conference Series (Vol. 172, No. 1, p. 012004). IOP Publishing.

2611:'s satellites. In 1970 gamma ray detectors found that the emitting region was about 10,000 light-years across with a luminosity of about 10,000 suns. 15670:

Noyola, E.; Gebhardt, K.; Bergmann, M. (April 2008). "Gemini and Hubble Space Telescope Evidence for an Intermediate-Mass Black Hole in ω Centauri".

13161: 2346: 15186: 8123: 6662:: "(2) Anaxagoras, Democritus, and their schools say that the milky way is the light of certain stars ... shaded by the earth from the sun's rays." 4617: 4210: 4043:

Banerjee, Indrani; Sau, Subhadip; SenGupta, Soumitra (2022). "Do shadows of SGR A* and M87* indicate black holes with a magnetic monopole charge?".

2658:

flare 400 times brighter than usual, a record-breaker, from Sagittarius A*. The unusual event may have been caused by the breaking apart of an

1601:). This illustrates the fact that there are far more faint stars than bright stars: in the entire sky, there are about 500 stars brighter than 10740: 7216: 6099: 2853:

A simulation published in 2011 suggested that the Milky Way may have obtained its spiral arm structure as a result of repeated collisions with the

1628:

periods on Earth. A reanalysis of the effects of the Sun's transit through the spiral structure based on CO data has failed to find a correlation.

1570:(2016), the Sun lies at an estimated distance of 27.14 ± 0.46 kly (8.32 ± 0.14 kpc) from the Galactic Center. Boehle 9916:

Kafle, Prajwal Raj; et al. (October 2014). "On the Shoulders of Giants: Properties of the Stellar Halo and the Milky Way Mass Distribution".

6841:

Livingston, John W. (1971). "Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyyah: A Fourteenth Century Defense against Astrological Divination and Alchemical Transmutation".

538:, but is now thought to be purely an invention of Babylonian propagandists with the intention to show Marduk as superior to the Sumerian deities. 12377: 10303: 7976: 2839: 14533: 13507: 5905: 14985: 12762: 12213: 9642:

Grand, Robert J J.; Deason, Alis J.; White, Simon D M.; Simpson, Christine M.; Gómez, Facundo A.; Marinacci, Federico; Pakmor, Rüdiger (2019).

7334:[Excerpt from a report about Lord Rosse's great telescope, which Sir James South made known in The Times , no. 18,899, 1845 April 16]. 2862: 1612:, is the direction that the Sun travels through space in the Milky Way. The general direction of the Sun's Galactic motion is towards the star 9109:

Sheffield, Allyson A.; Price-Whelan, Adrian M.; Tzanidakis, Anastasios; Johnston, Kathryn V.; Laporte, Chervin F. P.; Sesar, Branimir (2018).

7587:[On the determination, according to the ellipsoid hypothesis, of the vertex and apex from a small number of observed proper motions]. 7389: 5165: 1439:. The reason given is: It is now 2024, so the article should reflect the status of the ESA's "four planned releases of maps in 2016, 2018...". 16965: 14261:

Borah, Debasish; Dutta, Manoranjan; Mahapatra, Satyabrata; Sahu, Narendra (2022). "Boosted self-interacting dark matter and XENON1T excess".

12454: 10122: 5803: 15159: 14336: 7861: 15886: 10976: 10187: 5278: 1895:

stars in 17 other spiral galaxies to the ones in the Milky Way, and modelling the relationship to their surface brightnesses. This gave an

1700: – for example, "1st galactic quadrant", "second galactic quadrant", or "third quadrant of the Milky Way". Viewing from the 406:

area, also containing some visible stars, may extend up to a diameter of almost 2 million light-years (613 kpc). The Milky Way has several

14006: 13870: 12407: 12314:

Georg Weidenspointner; et al. (January 10, 2008). "An asymmetric distribution of positrons in the Galactic disk revealed by γ-rays".

9231: 6183: 6062:

Star Myths of the Greeks and Romans: A Sourcebook Containing the Constellations of Pseudo-Eratosthenes and the Poetic Astronomy of Hyginus

13559:

Dauphole, B.; et al. (September 1996). "The kinematics of globular clusters, apocentric distances and a halo metallicity gradient".

11875: 8629: 8235: 7429: 7204: 7138: 6675: 6347: 6076: 12925:

Sanna, A.; Reid, M. J.; Dame, T. M.; Menten, K. M.; Brunthaler, A. (2017). "Mapping spiral structure on the far side of the Milky Way".

11682: 8440:

Overholt, A. C.; Melott, A. L.; Pohl, M. (2009). "Testing the link between terrestrial climate change and galactic spiral arm transit".

7098: 7070: 7013: 6996: 6979: 6966: 6953: 5758: 5602: 4585: 3457:, depending on the importance of unknown lateral components to the galaxies' relative motion. If they collide, the chance of individual 763:

Milky Way: Many European languages have borrowed, directly or indirectly, the Greek name for the Milky Way, including English and Latin.

16088: 14556: 10001: 8351: 7037: 6019: 5957:

The stars of the Corona Borealis, the Caer Arianrhod, as it is called in Welsh, whose shape is remembered in certain Bronze Age circles

5391: 7044:, (Koenigsberg and Leipzig, (Germany): Johann Friederich Petersen, 1755). On pages 2–3, Kant acknowledged his debt to Thomas Wright: 6425: 5837: 4718:

Kogut, Alan; et al. (December 10, 1993). "Dipole anisotropy in the COBE differential microwave radiometers first-year sky maps".

9358: 5928: 2373:, which represents spiral galaxies with relatively loosely wound arms. Astronomers first began to conjecture that the Milky Way is a 858:, England. It was understood to be either a guide to the pilgrims who flocked there, or a representation of the pilgrims themselves. 407: 10537: 9095: 9009: 8884: 7368:. From column 115: "The most popularly known nebulæ observed this night were the ring nebulæ in the Canes Venatici, or the 51st of 12115:

Bhat, C. L.; Kifune, T.; Wolfendale, A. W. (November 21, 1985). "A cosmic-ray explanation of the galactic ridge of cosmic X-rays".

9006:

NASA-Smithsonian Education Forum on the Structure and Evolution of the Universe, at the Harvard Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics

7808: 7552:

Nachrichten von der Königlichen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen (Reports of the Royal Society of Science at Göttingen)

6922: 6655: 3114:

Cosmological simulations indicate that, 11 billion years ago, it merged with a particularly large galaxy that has been labeled the

14096: 8415: 5719: 15519:

De Vaucouleurs, Gerard; De Vaucouleurs, Antoinette; Corwin, Herold G.; Buta, Ronald J.; Paturel, Georges; Fouque, Pascal (1991).

14134:

Camarillo, Tia; Dredger, Pauline; Ratra, Bharat (May 4, 2018). "Median Statistics Estimate of the Galactic Rotational Velocity".

12093: 10686: 9390:"The radial velocity dispersion profile of the Galactic halo: Constraining the density profile of the dark halo of the Milky Way" 9169: 6801: 843:. Today, Persians, Pakistanis, and Turks use it in addition to Arabs. It has been suggested that the term was spread by medieval 13303: 7323: 7297: 3028:

electromagnetic radiation. This inconsistency is attributed to dark matter. The rotation curve of the Milky Way agrees with the

988: 15458:

R. Brent Tully; Helene Courtois; Yehuda Hoffman; Daniel Pomarède (September 2, 2014). "The Laniakea supercluster of galaxies".

11232: 11213: 11194: 10264: 9969:

Licquia, Timothy; Newman, J. (2013). "Improved Constraints on the Total Stellar Mass, Color, and Luminosity of the Milky Way".

7585:"Ueber die Bestimmung von Vertex und Apex nach der Ellipsoidhypothese aus einer geringeren Anzahl beobachteter Eigenbewegungen" 7125:(world island) appears nowhere in Kant's book of 1755. The term first appeared in 1850, in the third volume of von Humboldt's 6901: 4968: 3199:

In November 2018, astronomers reported the discovery of one of the oldest stars in the universe. About 13.5 billion-years-old,

15723:

Kroupa, P.; Theis, C.; Boily, C.M. (February 2005). "The great disk of Milky-Way satellites and cosmological sub-structures".

13737: 8758: 6884: 5528: 17161: 17151: 16270: 15544: 14198: 14106: 14067: 14040: 11869: 11676: 11108: 8623: 8539: 8508: 8345: 8308: 7706: 6775: 6531: 6341: 6314: 6283: 6070: 6042: 6013: 5938: 5797: 5752: 5635: 5596: 4930: 4897: 4872: 4836: 4494: 3887: 1230: 865:) as the galaxy is most clearly visible during the winter at the northern hemisphere, especially at high latitudes where the 16472: 16349: 14780: 13968: 13537: 5641: 4064:

Abuter, R.; et al. (2019). "A geometric distance measurement to the Galactic center black hole with 0.3% uncertainty".

3923:

Petrov, L.; Kovalev, Y. Y.; Fomalont, E. B.; Gordon, D. (2011). "The Very Long Baseline Array Galactic Plane Survey—VGaPS".

12292: 10149: 5214:

Cassan, A.; et al. (January 11, 2012). "One or more bound planets per Milky Way star from microlensing observations".

5187: 3556: 1406:

that resolved the outer parts of some spiral nebulae as collections of individual stars. He was also able to identify some

1065:. The band then continues the rest of the way around the sky, back to Sagittarius, dividing the sky into two roughly equal 16163:

Peirani, S; Defreitaspacheco, J (2006). "Mass determination of groups of galaxies: Effects of the cosmological constant".

13099: 11531: 7235: 3688:

to refer exclusively to the band of light that the galaxy forms in the night sky, while the galaxy receives the full name

17035: 16809: 16647: 16410: 16382: 15917: 12036:

Kunder, A.; Chaboyer, B. (2008). "Metallicity analysis of Macho Galactic Bulge RR0 Lyrae stars from their light curves".

10954: 9644:"The effects of dynamical substructure on Milky Way mass estimates from the high-velocity tail of the local stellar halo" 6714: 6210: 4523:

Bland-Hawthorn, Joss; Gerhard, Ortwin (2016). "The Galaxy in Context: Structural, Kinematic, and Integrated Properties".

3539:(CMB), in which the CMB temperature is least distorted by Doppler shift (zero dipole moment). The Milky Way is moving at 3400: 3214:

Several individual stars have been found in the Milky Way's halo with measured ages very close to the 13.80-billion-year

2938: 2854: 1643:

of the Solar System about the center of the Milky Way is approximately 220 km/s (490,000 mph) or 0.073% of the

131: 10611: 10424:

Savage, B. D.; Wakker, B. P. (2009). "The extension of the transition temperature plasma into the lower galactic halo".

5090: 2556:

In June 2023, astronomers reported using a new cascade neutrino technique to detect, for the first time, the release of

1534:

Map of stars cataloged by the Gaia release in 2021, overlay on top of artist's conception of the Milky Way overall shape

453:. The oldest stars in the Milky Way are nearly as old as the Universe itself and thus probably formed shortly after the 15890: 14188: 14057: 4182: 3131: 3064: 1311: 15208:

del Peloso, E. F. (2005). "The age of the Galactic thin disk from Th/Eu nucleocosmochronology. III. Extended sample".

14586:

Yin, J.; Hou, J.L; Prantzos, N.; Boissier, S.; et al. (2009). "Milky Way versus Andromeda: a tale of two disks".

14239: 13812:

Jurić, M.; et al. (February 2008). "The Milky Way Tomography with SDSS. I. Stellar Number Density Distribution".

13680:

Ibata, R.; et al. (2005). "On the accretion origin of a vast extended stellar disk around the Andromeda Galaxy".

6245: 1635:), so the Sun is thought to have completed 18–20 orbits during its lifetime and 1/1250 of a revolution since the 1246:(1292–1350) proposed that the Milky Way is "a myriad of tiny stars packed together in the sphere of the fixed stars". 16958: 16889: 14920:

Krauss, L. M.; Chaboyer, B. (2003). "Age Estimates of Globular Clusters in the Milky Way: Constraints on Cosmology".

11318:

Gillessen, S.; et al. (2009). "Monitoring stellar orbits around the massive black hole in the Galactic Center".

11257: 10867: 10625:

Sumi, T.; et al. (2011). "Unbound or distant planetary mass population detected by gravitational microlensing".

7584: 7547: 7511: 7485: 7272: 6623: 6408: 3454: 3392: 2599:. In 2008 it was found that the distribution of the sources of the gamma rays resembles the distribution of low-mass 1887:

where the photometric brightness of a galaxy in the B-band (445 nm wavelength of light, in the blue part of the

934: 13953: 13586:

Gnedin, O. Y.; Lee, H. M.; Ostriker, J. P. (1999). "Effects of Tidal Shocks on the Evolution of Globular Clusters".

7838: 6169: 2256:

that extends farther outward, but is limited in size by the orbits of two Milky Way satellites, the Large and Small

2040:

in 2009 found velocities as large as 254 km/s (570,000 mph) for stars at the outer edge of the Milky Way.

1503:

from a misalignment of the disc's rotation axis with respect to the principal axis of a non-spherical halo, or from

839:

Straw Way:In West Asia, Central Asia and parts of the Balkans the name for the Milky Way is related to the word for

402:), but only about 1,000 light-years thick at the spiral arms (more at the bulge). Recent simulations suggest that a 9448: 9091: 3081: 2945:, it was found that a ring of galactic debris from its interaction with the Milky Way encircles the Galactic disk. 1939:(24.3 mm (0.955 in)), the Milky Way would be approximately at least the greatest north–south line of the 17275: 15837:"Co-orbiting satellite galaxy structures are still in conflict with the distribution of primordial dwarf galaxies" 13356:

Mel'Nik, A.; Rautiainen, A. (2005). "Kinematics of the outer pseudorings and the spiral structure of the Galaxy".

11889:

Cabrera-Lavers, A.; et al. (December 2008). "The long Galactic bar as seen by UKIDSS Galactic plane survey".

9863:

Phelps, Steven; et al. (October 2013). "The Mass of the Milky Way and M31 Using the Method of Least Action".

8208: 6089:^ Sauer, EGF (July 1971). "Celestial Rotation and Stellar Orientation in Migratory Warblers". Science 30: 459–461. 4464: 2224:

neighboring Andromeda Galaxy contains an estimated one trillion (10) stars. The Milky Way may contain ten billion

1303:

The first attempt to describe the shape of the Milky Way and the position of the Sun within it was carried out by

17330: 16884: 14867:; Fuller, G. M.; et al. (2002). "The Chemical Composition and Age of the Metal-poor Halo Star BD +17o3248". 5980: 4994: 3265:

to correct for Earth's atmospheric distortion, stars in the galaxy's bulge date to about 12.8 billion years old.

2631: 2341:

When compared to other more distant galaxies in the universe, the Milky Way galaxy has a below average amount of

1986:). The Milky Way's stellar disk is also estimated to be approximately up to 1.35 kpc (4,000 ly) thick. 1480:

of a billion stars and is mapping the Milky Way with four planned releases of maps in 2016, 2018, 2021 and 2024.

1290:, speculated (correctly) that the Milky Way might be a rotating body of a huge number of stars, held together by 1057:, where the Milky Way is brightest. From Sagittarius, the hazy band of white light appears to pass around to the 677: 660:

The Milky Way, or "milk circle", was just one of 11 "circles" the Greeks identified in the sky, others being the

657:(forming adjectives) – is also the root of "galaxy", the name for our, and later all such, collections of stars. 454: 16327: 13326: 10037: 2917:

Although the disk contains dust that obscures the view in some wavelengths, the halo component does not. Active

2906:, which means they move in the opposite direction from the Milky Way rotation. The globular clusters can follow 437:, one of the spiral-shaped concentrations of gas and dust. The stars in the innermost 10,000 light-years form a 16729: 16623: 12676:

Dame, T. M.; Hartmann, D.; Thaddeus, P. (2001). "The Milky Way in molecular clouds: A new complete CO survey".

10541: 3049: 2177:. The mass of the Milky Way's interstellar gas is equal to between 10% and 15% of the total mass of its stars. 2080:, but this is only half the mass of the Andromeda Galaxy. A recent 2019 mass estimate for the Milky Way is 1.29 916: 15943:

Junko Ueda; et al. (2014). "Cold molecular gas in merger remnants. I. Formation of molecular gas disks".

11010: 10844: 3485:

in space with which to compare the Milky Way, the Milky Way does have a velocity with respect to cosmological

16734: 16531: 15008: 12430: 9200: 6719: 15778:"The VPOS: a vast polar structure of satellite galaxies, globular clusters and streams around the Milky Way" 10062:

Jiao, Y.-J.; Hammer, F.; Wang, H.-F.; Wang, J.-L.; Amram, P.; Chemin, L.; Yang, Y.-B. (September 27, 2023).

7966: 7171: 2461:

The Sun is 25,000–28,000 ly (7.7–8.6 kpc) from the Galactic Center. This value is estimated using

1578:, is about 2,000 parsecs (6,500 ly). The Sun, and thus the Solar System, is located in the Milky Way's 1096:

plane and the plane of the ecliptic, relative to the galactic plane. The north galactic pole is situated at

63: 16951: 15428: 15374:; Kocevski, Dale D.; Rizzi, Luca; Peel, Alan (March 2008). "Our Peculiar Motion Away from the Local Void". 14447:

Lockman, F. J.; et al. (2008). "The Smith Cloud: A High-Velocity Cloud Colliding with the Milky Way".

10717: 7516:

Report of the Seventy-fifth Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, South Africa

6652: 4660:

Shen, Juntai; Zheng, Xing-Wu (2020). "The bar and spiral arms in the Milky Way: Structure and kinematics".

4404: 1936: 1697: 1590: 964: 14502:"Kraken reveals itself – the merger history of the Milky Way reconstructed with the E-MOSAICS simulations" 12203: 2861:

numerical simulations of the dynamics of the different spiral arms, the outer pattern would form an outer

1198:, which it does not. In his view, the Milky Way is celestial. This idea would be influential later in the 441:

and one or more bars that radiate from the bulge. The Galactic Center is an intense radio source known as

15178: 8064: 7094: 5975: 5669:. Jordan Lectures in Comparative Religion. London, England: University of London Press. pp. 24, 27f. 4607: 3835: 3715: 3536: 3482: 1624:

works with no drag force (damping) term. These oscillations were until recently thought to coincide with

1054: 284: 79: 10328:

Levine, E. S.; Blitz, L.; Heiles, C. (2006). "The spiral structure of the outer Milky Way in hydrogen".

8906:

Goodwin, S. P.; Gribbin, J.; Hendry, M. A. (April 22, 1997). "The Milky Way is just an average spiral".

7442:

Rosse's illustrations of nebulae and galaxies appear on the plates that immediately precede the article.

7198:: 213–266. Herschel's diagram of the Milky Way appears immediately after the article's last page. See: 6107: 3718:. From Sagittarius, the hazy band of white light appears to pass westward through the constellations of 1943:. An even older study from 1978 gave a lower diameter for Milky Way about 23 kpc (75,000 ly). 17206: 16539: 12369: 9031:

Newberg, Heidi Jo; et al. (March 1, 2015). "Rings and Radial Waves in the Disk of the Milky Way".

7518:. Report of the ... Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science (1833): 257–265. 3799: 3630: 3552: 2762: 2289:

space observatory. A different January 2013 analysis of Kepler data estimated that at least 17 billion

2273: 1682: 1674: 1621: 1287: 1085: 912: 577:. At least three of Dôn's children also have astronomical associations: Caer Gwydion ("The fortress of 574: 20: 11489:

Majaess, D. (March 2010). "Concerning the Distance to the Center of the Milky Way and Its Structure".

10555:

Karachentsev, Igor D.; Karachentseva, Valentina E.; Huchtmeier, Walter K.; Makarov, Dmitry I. (2003).

10295: 7213: 6897: 4963: 2532:

per year. Observations indicate that there are SMBHs located near the center of most normal galaxies.

17268: 17135: 15044: 14501: 13497: 13042:

Benjamin, R. A.; et al. (2005). "First GLIMPSE results on the stellar structure of the Galaxy".

9033: 6880: 5897: 3795: 3340: 3200: 2970: 2451: 2266: 850:

Walsingham Way: In England the Milky Way was called the Walsingham Way in reference to the shrine of

15894: 15260:

Skibba, Ramon (2016), "Milky Way retired early from star making" (New Scientist, March 5, 2016), p.9

14975: 13388: 12754: 12190:

Kurahashi Neilson first came up with the idea to use cascade neutrinos to map the Milky Way in 2015.

11608:"Quantifying the (X/peanut)-shaped structure of the Milky Way – new constraints on the bar geometry" 8394: 6918: 5173: 3011:

is red; scatter in observations roughly indicated by gray bars, the difference is due to dark matter

1955:

paper later somewhat ruled out this hypothesis, and supported a conclusion that the Monoceros Ring,

1822:); if viewed from south of the Galactic Center (a view-point similarly distant in the constellation 17000: 16829: 16559: 16521: 16232: 15012: 14971: 11997:"The RR Lyrae population of the Galactic Bulge from the MACHO database: mean colors and magnitudes" 8573:

Blaauw, A.; et al. (1960), "The new I. A. U. system of galactic coordinates (1958 revision)",

7377: 6806: 6796: 4403:

López-Corredoira, M.; Allende Prieto, C.; Garzón, F.; Wang, H.; Liu, C.; Deng, L. (April 9, 2018).

3029: 2949: 2942: 2934: 2752: 2385:

observations in 2005 that showed the Milky Way's central bar to be larger than previously thought.

2037: 1940: 1924: 1823: 1617: 1504: 1375: 1180: 992: 472: 12462: 10126: 7316:

Rosse's illustration of the Whirlpool Galaxy appears on the plate that immediately precedes p. 23.

6767: 5781: 1891:) reaches 25 mag/arcsec. An estimate from 1997 by Goodwin and others compared the distribution of 799:) is used throughout East Asia, including Korea and Vietnam. In Japan and Korea, "Silver River" 銀河 16759: 16724: 16516: 16375: 15163: 14344: 14314:

Legassick, Daniel (2015). "The Age Distribution of Potential Intelligent Life in the Milky Way".

7279:. Report of the ... Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science (1833): 4. 6747:. Translated by Ross, William David; Smith, John Alexander. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 345. 3803: 3791: 3426:

The smallest dwarf galaxies of the Milky Way are only 500 light-years in diameter. These include

2514: 2506: 2423: 2414: 2382: 2098:, an unknown and invisible form of matter that interacts gravitationally with ordinary matter. A 1690: 1631:

It takes the Solar System about 240 million years to complete one orbit of the Milky Way (a

1579: 1141: 905: 446: 14863:

Cowan, J. J.; Sneden, C.; Burles, S.; Ivans, I. I.; Beers, T. C.; Truran, J. W.; Lawler, J. E.;

12546:

Churchwell, E.; et al. (2009). "The Spitzer/GLIMPSE surveys: a new view of the Milky Way".

10986: 10209:

Oka, Tomoharu; Tsujimoto, Shiho; Iwata, Yuhei; Nomura, Mariko; Takekawa, Shunya (October 2017).

10179: 6130: 5288: 4369:

Goodwin, S. P.; Gribbin, J.; Hendry, M. A. (August 1998). "The relative size of the Milky Way".

2482: 2474: 2136:. By comparison, the total mass of all the stars in the Milky Way is estimated to be between 4.6 1213:(973–1048) proposed that the Milky Way is "a collection of countless fragments of the nature of 566:

to Hera for feeding, but Heracles' forcefulness causes Hera to rip him from her breast in pain.

17111: 16671: 16666: 14692:

Mutch, S.J.; Croton, D.J.; Poole, G.B. (2011). "The Mid-life Crisis of the Milky Way and M31".

13998: 13866: 13383: 12399: 9239: 9088:"The Corrugated Galaxy – Milky Way May Be Much Larger Than Previously Estimated" 8389: 6523: 6187: 6155: 3831: 3823: 3811: 3787: 3779: 3775: 3751: 3380: 3376: 3096: 3092: 1358: 1243: 1062: 972: 878: 851: 771: 108: 15615: 14032: 12828:"The spiral structure of the Galaxy revealed by CS sources and evidence for the 4:1 resonance" 11284:"Release 15-001 – NASA's Chandra Detects Record-Breaking Outburst from Milky Way's Black Hole" 8613: 8243: 7702: 7407: 7201: 7134: 6403:. Latin American Monographs. Vol. 55. Austin: Univ. of Texas Pr. pp. 102–4, 109–11. 6331: 6060: 3130:

According to recent studies, the Milky Way as well as the Andromeda Galaxy lie in what in the

17060: 16899: 16824: 16774: 16769: 16435: 16283: 16110:

Kocevski, D. D.; Ebeling, H. (2006). "On the origin of the Local Group's peculiar velocity".

11859: 11666: 11320: 8531: 8525: 7060: 7010: 6993: 6976: 6963: 6950: 5862:

Harvey, Michael (2018). "Dreaming the Night Field: A Scenario for Storytelling Performance".

5742: 5586: 4577: 3771: 3727: 3702: 3548: 3446:

widely distributed and moving in random directions. This discrepancy is still not explained.

3435: 3365: 3320: 3251: 3165: 3016: 3007: 2639: 2608: 1872:

respect to an extrapolation of the exponential disk with the scale length of the inner disc.

1598: 1467: 1399: 1370: 1194:, it should appear different at different times and places on Earth, and that it should have 1011: 496: 419: 16080: 16020: 15746: 15346: 15231: 14609: 14417: 14157: 13572: 12911: 12652: 11912: 11452: 10402: 10089: 10005: 9284: 8950: 8676: 8335: 7032: 6759: 6382: 6003: 5380: 4546: 4430: 4087: 2369:

and stars. The mass distribution within the Milky Way closely resembles the type Sbc in the

1462:

Map of stars cataloged by the Gaia release in 2021, displayed as density mesh in the diagram

17127: 16779: 16764: 16633: 16182: 16129: 16016: 15962: 15858: 15799: 15742: 15689: 15636: 15579: 15524: 15477: 15393: 15371: 15342: 15283: 15227: 15125: 15063: 14929: 14886: 14821: 14754: 14711: 14658: 14605: 14466: 14413: 14370: 14280: 14153: 13911: 13831: 13778: 13699: 13652: 13605: 13568: 13438: 13375: 13265: 13225: 13180: 13155:

Urquhart, J. S.; Figura, C. C.; Moore, T. J. T.; Hoare, M. G.; et al. (January 2014).

13061: 13008: 12944: 12907: 12849: 12808: 12741: 12695: 12648: 12602: 12555: 12504: 12323: 12260: 12171: 12124: 12055: 12008: 11961: 11908: 11840: 11783: 11726: 11629: 11572: 11508: 11448: 11392: 11339: 11149: 11066: 10922: 10797: 10644: 10568: 10500: 10443: 10398: 10347: 10232: 10085: 9978: 9935: 9882: 9835: 9786: 9727: 9665: 9606: 9546: 9493: 9411: 9323: 9280: 9132: 9052: 8946: 8840: 8773: 8729: 8672: 8647: 8582: 8459: 8381: 8274: 8171: 8089: 8018: 7928: 7776: 7742: 7673: 7629: 7559: 6570: 6478: 6378: 6369:

Crossen, Craig (July 2013). "Observing the Milky Way, part I: Sagittarius & Scorpius".

5826: 5567: 5494: 5436: 5339: 5233: 5123: 5104:

Tully, R. Brent; et al. (September 4, 2014). "The Laniakea supercluster of galaxies".

5050: 4793: 4737: 4679: 4542: 4426: 4378: 4326: 4268: 4139: 4083: 4007: 3942: 3755: 3559:(WMAP) as a dipole contribution to the CMB, as photons in equilibrium in the CMB frame get 3517: 3461:

with each other is extremely low, but instead the two galaxies will merge to form a single

3223: 2958: 2823: 2779: 2663: 2635: 2591:

coming from the general direction of the Galactic Center. These gamma rays are produced by

2426:

in radio waves. The central dark spot is the black hole's shadow, which is larger than the

2374: 1593:). On the other hand, there are 64 known stars (of any magnitude, not counting 4 1234: 1109: 1030: 1014:

per square arcsecond in order for the Milky Way to be visible. It should be visible if the

861:

Winter Street: Scandinavian peoples, such as Swedes, have called the galaxy Winter Street (

665: 383: 272: 15457: 11045:"The Milky Way revealed to be a neutrino desert by the IceCube Galactic plane observation" 10211:"Millimetre-wave emission from an intermediate-mass black hole candidate in the Milky Way" 9366: 8876: 4829:

Exploring the Southern Sky: a Pictorial Atlas from the European Southern Observatory (ESO)

3203:

is a tiny ultra metal-poor (UMP) star made almost entirely of materials released from the

3164:, then comparing the results to estimates of their original abundance, a technique called 3071:

The Milky Way began as one or several small overdensities in the mass distribution in the

1831: 1803: 1530: 8: 17232: 17074: 16844: 16449: 16288: 10602: 9001: 6792: 6760: 4612: 4247:"Evidence for an Intermediate-Mass Milky Way from Gaia DR2 Halo Globular Cluster Motions" 3986:"First Sagittarius A* Event Horizon Telescope Results. VI. Testing the Black Hole Metric" 3783: 3731: 3723: 3584: 3501: 3486: 3215: 3153: 3104: 2436: 2366: 2300: 2286: 2237: 1701: 1673:

A diagram of the Sun's location in the Milky Way, the angles represent longitudes in the

1458: 1058: 581:") is the traditional Welsh name for the Milky Way, and Caer Arianrhod ("The Fortress of 429:. The Solar System is located at a radius of about 27,000 light-years (8.3 kpc) from the 262: 16186: 16133: 15966: 15862: 15803: 15693: 15640: 15583: 15528: 15481: 15397: 15287: 15129: 15067: 14933: 14890: 14825: 14758: 14715: 14662: 14470: 14374: 14284: 13915: 13835: 13782: 13703: 13656: 13609: 13442: 13379: 13269: 13229: 13184: 13123:"Milky Way Galaxy has four arms, reaffirming old data and contradicting recent research" 13065: 13012: 12948: 12853: 12812: 12745: 12699: 12606: 12559: 12508: 12327: 12264: 12175: 12128: 12059: 12012: 11965: 11844: 11787: 11730: 11633: 11576: 11512: 11396: 11343: 11153: 11070: 10926: 10801: 10648: 10572: 10504: 10447: 10410: 10351: 10236: 9982: 9939: 9886: 9839: 9790: 9731: 9669: 9610: 9550: 9497: 9415: 9327: 9136: 9056: 8926: 8844: 8777: 8733: 8586: 8463: 8385: 8278: 8175: 8093: 8022: 7932: 7780: 7746: 7677: 7633: 7563: 6742: 6574: 6482: 5571: 5498: 5440: 5343: 5237: 5127: 5054: 4797: 4741: 4683: 4554: 4382: 4330: 4272: 4143: 4011: 3946: 3343:

of giant spiral galaxies belonging to a group of 50 closely bound galaxies known as the

3211:

suggests that the galaxy may be at least 3 billion years older than previously thought.

2991:

Observations of distant galaxies indicate that the Universe had about one-sixth as much

2211:, only a 10th of the mass of previous studies. The mass was determined from data of the 1441:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

17320: 17244: 17156: 17054: 16932: 16839: 16794: 16628: 16429: 16368: 16240: 16222: 16198: 16172: 16145: 16119: 16032: 16006: 15978: 15952: 15848: 15817: 15789: 15758: 15732: 15705: 15679: 15652: 15626: 15595: 15569: 15501: 15467: 15409: 15383: 15332: 15243: 15217: 15141: 15115: 15081: 15053: 14953: 14902: 14876: 14845: 14811: 14727: 14701: 14674: 14648: 14621: 14595: 14513: 14482: 14456: 14429: 14315: 14296: 14270: 14169: 14143: 13927: 13901: 13847: 13821: 13794: 13768: 13715: 13689: 13621: 13595: 13473: 13454: 13428: 13401: 13365: 13281: 13255: 13246:

Dame, T. M.; Thaddeus, P. (2008). "A New Spiral Arm of the Galaxy: The Far 3-Kpc Arm".

13198: 13170: 13077: 13051: 13024: 12998: 12968: 12934: 12897: 12867: 12839: 12798: 12711: 12685: 12571: 12528: 12494: 12435: 12347: 12284: 12250: 12208: 12140: 12071: 12067: 12045: 11977: 11951: 11924: 11898: 11830: 11807: 11773: 11742: 11716: 11647: 11619: 11588: 11562: 11498: 11464: 11438: 11408: 11404: 11382: 11355: 11351: 11329: 11173: 11139: 11056: 11016: 10946: 10912: 10820: 10787: 10773: 10745: 10668: 10634: 10518: 10490: 10459: 10455: 10433: 10371: 10337: 10256: 10222: 10075: 9951: 9925: 9898: 9872: 9804: 9776: 9745: 9717: 9683: 9655: 9624: 9596: 9562: 9558: 9536: 9509: 9483: 9429: 9401: 9339: 9296: 9270: 9150: 9122: 9068: 9042: 8981: 8962: 8936: 8907: 8858: 8830: 8797: 8789: 8688: 8662: 8475: 8471: 8449: 8407: 8366: 8290: 8189: 8161: 8115: 8079: 8042: 8008: 7971: 7944: 7918: 7879: 7657: 6858: 6599: 6560: 6548: 6516: 6496: 6468: 5711: 5510: 5484: 5454: 5426: 5386: 5357: 5329: 5257: 5223: 5147: 5113: 5068: 5040: 4809: 4783: 4753: 4727: 4695: 4669: 4640: 4558: 4532: 4442: 4416: 4342: 4316: 4286: 4258: 4211:"The Latest Calculation of Milky Way's Mass Just Changed What We Know About Our Galaxy" 4155: 4129: 4099: 4073: 4044: 4025: 3997: 3983: 3966: 3932: 3625: 3598: 3525: 3497: 3478: 3352: 2978: 2814:) was discovered in the 1950s by astronomer van Woerden and collaborators through 2290: 2174: 1979: 1971: 1896: 1827: 1799: 1733: 1602: 1586: 1350: 1015: 1003: 952: 480: 415: 395: 188: 114: 16314: 15648: 14745:

Licquia, T.; Newman, J.A.; Poole, G.B. (2012). "What Is The Color Of The Milky Way?".

13790: 12236: 12089: 11584: 10690: 9894: 9505: 9064: 8785: 5506: 4691: 984: 17304: 17292: 17188: 17176: 16974: 16918: 16904: 16894: 16719: 16676: 16658: 16607: 16592: 16266: 16036: 15812: 15777: 15709: 15656: 15540: 15505: 15493: 15301: 14945: 14906: 14837: 14731: 14723: 14486: 14433: 14386: 14300: 14194: 14102: 14063: 14036: 14025: 13931: 13923: 13798: 13472:

Lopez-Corredoira, M.; et al. (July 2012). "Comments on the "Monoceros" affair".

13458: 13299: 13028: 12972: 12960: 12871: 12862: 12827: 12740:. Vol. 387. Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series. p. 375. 12715: 12520: 12339: 12288: 12276: 12241: 11865: 11811: 11799: 11672: 11651: 11592: 11468: 11177: 11165: 11082: 11044: 10938: 10872: 10825: 10660: 10513: 10478: 10463: 10363: 10260: 10248: 10103: 9955: 9947: 9808: 9749: 9740: 9705: 9687: 9628: 9566: 9424: 9389: 9343: 9300: 9154: 9072: 8853: 8818: 8619: 8535: 8504: 8341: 8294: 8184: 8149: 8102: 8046: 8034: 7948: 7883: 7464: 7447: 6771: 6604: 6586: 6527: 6500: 6404: 6337: 6310: 6279: 6066: 6038: 6009: 5934: 5879: 5793: 5792:. Vol. 1: Academy-Bible. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. p. 400. 5748: 5666:

The Worship of the Sky-God: A Comparative Study in Semitic and Indo-European Religion

5664: 5631: 5592: 5514: 5458: 5361: 5249: 5151: 5139: 5072: 4936: 4926: 4903: 4893: 4868: 4842: 4832: 4813: 4805: 4757: 4699: 4346: 4338: 4103: 4029: 3970: 3958: 3954: 3620: 3462: 3458: 3396: 3384: 3207:, and is possibly one of the first stars. The discovery of the star in the Milky Way 3100: 2985: 2895: 2537: 2470: 2307: 2257: 2212: 2178: 1664: 1648: 1525: 1472: 1275: 1081: 996: 980: 600: 438: 66: 15974: 15821: 15762: 15413: 15247: 15145: 15085: 14957: 14849: 14678: 14625: 14292: 14173: 13851: 13719: 13625: 13405: 13202: 13081: 12575: 12075: 11928: 11746: 11229: 11210: 11191: 10522: 10375: 9902: 9513: 9433: 8966: 8862: 8793: 8411: 8193: 5875: 4958: 4562: 4446: 4290: 4159: 3865: 3059: 1712:

that runs starting from the Sun and through the Galactic Center, the quadrants are:

17180: 16922: 16854: 16714: 16249: 16190: 16149: 16137: 16024: 15970: 15866: 15807: 15750: 15697: 15644: 15599: 15587: 15532: 15485: 15401: 15350: 15291: 15235: 15133: 15071: 14937: 14894: 14864: 14829: 14719: 14666: 14613: 14523: 14474: 14425: 14421: 14378: 14288: 14161: 13919: 13839: 13786: 13733: 13707: 13660: 13613: 13446: 13393: 13285: 13273: 13188: 13069: 13016: 12952: 12857: 12703: 12656: 12610: 12563: 12532: 12512: 12351: 12331: 12268: 12179: 12144: 12132: 12063: 12016: 11969: 11942:

Nishiyama, S.; et al. (2005). "A distinct structure inside the Galactic bar".

11916: 11791: 11734: 11637: 11580: 11456: 11412: 11400: 11359: 11347: 11157: 11074: 10950: 10930: 10815: 10805: 10689:. Pasadena, CA: NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory. February 18, 2011. Archived from 10672: 10652: 10607: 10576: 10508: 10451: 10406: 10355: 10240: 10210: 10093: 9943: 9890: 9843: 9794: 9735: 9673: 9614: 9554: 9501: 9419: 9331: 9288: 9140: 9060: 8954: 8848: 8781: 8737: 8692: 8680: 8590: 8467: 8399: 8282: 8179: 8107: 8097: 8065:"An Improved Distance and Mass Estimate for SGR A* from a Multistar Orbit Analysis" 8026: 7936: 7869: 7784: 7681: 7637: 7459: 7419: 7365: 7343: 7273:"On the nebula 25 Herschel, or 61 [should read: 51] of Messier's catalogue" 7264: 6850: 6594: 6578: 6486: 6306: 6300: 5871: 5693: 5536: 5502: 5444: 5347: 5261: 5241: 5131: 5058: 4801: 4745: 4687: 4550: 4434: 4334: 4276: 4147: 4091: 4015: 3950: 3692:. See for example Lausten et al., Pasachoff, Jones, van der Kruit, and Hodge et al. 3612: 3404: 3336: 3239: 3173: 3119: 2961:

and is found in the direction of Virgo about 30,000 light-years (9 kpc) away.

2929:

this is supported by evidence from the discovery of the Outer Arm extension of the

2911: 2903: 2899: 2877: 2643: 2546: 2466: 2326: 2253: 2170: 2099: 2033: 1983: 1967: 1892: 1888: 1864: 1636: 1407: 1403: 1395: 1323: 1304: 1259: 1150: 1129: 1113: 1077: 1066: 983:

blocks light from distant stars. Peoples of the southern hemisphere, including the

947:

The Milky Way is visible as a hazy band of white light, some 30° wide, arching the

819: 710: 706: 702: 685: 52: 16202: 16081:"The Milky Way is being pushed through space by a void called the Dipole Repeller" 16028: 15982: 14617: 13327:"Star-Crossed: Milky Way's Spiral Shape May Result from a Smaller Galaxy's Impact" 13098:(Press release). Leeds, UK: University of Leeds. December 17, 2013. Archived from 11981: 11920: 11100: 10098: 10063: 8479: 8312: 8119: 7007:(the great whirlpool) and estimated its diameter to be 8.64×10 miles (13.9×10 km). 5970: 5474: 4438: 4095: 3879: 3181: 2365:

The Milky Way consists of a bar-shaped core region surrounded by a warped disk of

2004:

The Milky Way is approximately 890 billion to 1.54 trillion times the mass of the

1876: 1847: 1025: 774:, hence the use of "The Road to Santiago" as a name for the Milky Way. Curiously, 387: 198: 16587: 16491: 16331: 16194: 15754: 15355: 15320: 15239: 14772: 13759:

T.M. Dame; P. Thaddeus (2011). "A Molecular Spiral Arm in the Far Outer Galaxy".

13530: 12661: 12636: 11460: 11236: 11217: 11198: 8958: 8715: 8684: 7220: 7208: 7178: 7142: 7133:, vol. 3 (Stuttgart & Tübingen, (Germany): J. G. Cotta, 1850), pp. 187, 189. 7074: 7041: 7017: 7000: 6983: 6970: 6957: 6905: 6888: 6659: 5625: 3655: 3509: 3361: 3262: 2835: 2822:). It was found to be expanding away from the central bulge at more than 50 2819: 2695: 2642:

on the night-sky of the southern hemisphere. Subsequently, observations with the

2492: 2478: 2394: 2370: 1811: 1625: 1339: 1334: 1271: 1097: 1050: 1007: 976: 883: 745: 734: 726: 714: 593: 586: 542: 507: 464: 430: 86: 44: 14382: 13641:"The galactic system of old star clusters: The development of the galactic disk" 11888: 11373:

Reid, M. J.; et al. (November 2009). "A trigonometric parallax of Sgr B2".

7492:. Vol. 4. Boston and New York: Houghton, Mifflin and Co. pp. 396–425. 7402:

Rosse's early observations of nebulae and galaxies are discussed on pp. 127–130.

2826:. It is located in the fourth galactic quadrant at a distance of about 5.2 526:, after slaying her. This story was once thought to have been based on an older 17280: 17256: 16849: 16739: 16612: 16564: 16504: 15076: 15039: 14361:

Buser, R. (2000). "The Formation and Early Evolution of the Milky Way Galaxy".

11527: 11078: 10779:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

9527:

Gnedin, O. Y.; et al. (2010). "The mass profile of the Galaxy to 80 kpc".

9145: 9110: 7962: 7239: 5785: 5449: 5414: 5375: 5352: 5317: 4281: 4246: 4020: 3985: 3659: 3635: 3560: 3513: 3439: 3408: 3020: 2918: 2869: 2802: 2719: 2614: 2600: 2561: 2550: 2542: 2497: 2418: 2408: 2398: 2311: 1951: 1947: 1819: 1807: 1709: 1705: 1644: 1555: 1508: 1384: 1379: 1362: 1206: 1042: 968: 956: 812:

River of Heaven: The Japanese name for the Milky Way is the "River of Heaven" (

476: 442: 17299: 15921: 15536: 15296: 15271: 14165: 13397: 11161: 10900: 10244: 9335: 9292: 8595: 8403: 8286: 8030: 7940: 7874: 7152:(Sternschict) zu betrachten, in welche unser Sonnensystem eingeschlossen ist." 6709: 6222: 5697: 5086: 4940: 4151: 3356: 1411: 1322:

Photograph of the "Great Andromeda Nebula" from 1899, later identified as the

17314: 16834: 16789: 16579: 16569: 16499: 15305: 15038:

Schlaufman, Kevin C.; Thompson, Ian B.; Casey, Andrew R. (November 5, 2018).

14802:

Cayrel; et al. (2001). "Measurement of stellar age from uranium decay".

14528: 11169: 11086: 10901:"A terrestrial planet candidate in a temperate orbit around Proxima Centauri" 10772:

Petigura, Eric A.; Howard, Andrew W.; Marcy, Geoffrey W. (October 31, 2013).

10252: 10107: 8819:"The structure of the outer Galactic disc as revealed by IPHAS early A stars" 8311:. National Solar Observatory – Sacramento Peak. Archived from 7728: 7347: 6590: 6271: 5883: 5063: 5028: 4954: 4907: 4860: 4846: 3962: 3529: 3412: 3295: 3274: 3231: 3115: 3088: 3003: 2907: 2889: 2815: 2748: 2675: 2427: 2378: 2249: 1868: 1651:). The Solar System is headed in the direction of the zodiacal constellation 1640: 1632: 1330: 1283: 1046: 722: 681: 623: 425:

It is estimated to contain 100–400 billion stars and at least that number of

252: 74: 16709: 15871: 15836: 14941: 13193: 13156: 12956: 12272: 11795: 11642: 11607: 10899:

Anglada-Escudé, Guillem; Amado, Pedro J.; Barnes, John; et al. (2016).

10810: 10359: 9848: 9823: 9799: 9764: 9678: 9643: 7589:

Nachrichten von der Königlichen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen

7163: 5588:

The Seven Pillars of Creation: The Bible, Science, and the Ecology of Wonder

4174: 2576: 2248:

drops much faster with radius. Surrounding the galactic disk is a spherical

511:, the Milky Way is created from the severed tail of the primeval salt water 37: 17192: 17007: 16993: 16804: 16754: 16686: 16602: 16597: 16509: 15497: 14976:"Johns Hopkins scientist finds elusive star with origins close to Big Bang" 14949: 14841: 14390: 14229: 13493: 13450: 12964: 12524: 12343: 12280: 12184: 12159: 11803: 10942: 10829: 10664: 10367: 9619: 9584: 8496: 8038: 7760: 7424: 6608: 6582: 6491: 6456: 5253: 5143: 3543:

with respect to this frame, toward 10.5 right ascension, −24° declination (

3521: 3427: 3416: 3372: 3219: 2954: 2922: 2876:

of the Milky Way. The structure of the Milky Way's disk is warped along an

2465:-based methods or by measuring selected astronomical objects that serve as 2315: 2277: 2236:. Filling the space between the stars is a disk of gas and dust called the 2229: 1928: 1551: 1391: 1354: 1263: 1199: 1176: 1168: 866: 558: 523: 484: 364: 16704: 13996: 11192:

Interpretation of velocity distribution of the inner regions of the Galaxy

10554: 6892:

English translation: Galileo Galilei with Edward Stafford Carlos, trans.,

6426:"A Giant 'Wall' of Galaxies Has Been Found Stretching Across The Universe" 3313: 3087:

Since the first stars began to form, the Milky Way has grown through both

2069:. In a 2014 study, the mass of the entire Milky Way is estimated to be 8.5 959:. Brighter regions around the band appear as soft visual patches known as 17220: 17119: 17103: 17048: 17042: 16749: 16744: 16554: 16423: 16417: 16177: 16124: 15737: 15574: 15337: 15222: 15179:"Astronomers Find Fossils of Early Universe Stuffed in Milky Way's Bulge" 15120: 14980: 14881: 14816: 14653: 13945: 13826: 13694: 13600: 13433: 13056: 13003: 12902: 12690: 11956: 11835: 10495: 10342: 10123:"The Milky Way Contains at Least 100 Billion Planets According to Survey" 9406: 8986: 8941: 8912: 8667: 7830: 7372:

catalogue, which was resolved into stars with a magnifying power of 548".

4732: 4134: 3861: 3763: 3493: 3466: 3431: 3420: 3348: 3344: 3330: 3302: 3227: 3188: 3161: 3157: 3123: 3108: 3033: 2723: 2691: 2225: 2204: 2197: 2185: 2161:

In addition to the stars, there is also interstellar gas, comprising 90%

2095: 1860: 1852: 1605: 4 but 15.5 million stars brighter than apparent magnitude 14. 1594: 1575: 1547: 1291: 1101: 411: 403: 98: 16699: 16253: 15489: 15321:"The great disk of Milky-Way satellites and cosmological sub-structures" 15272:"Dwarf Galaxies and Globular Clusters in High Velocity Hydrogen Streams" 12888:

Drimmel, R. (2000). "Evidence for a two-armed spiral in the Milky Way".

12516: 12335: 10934: 10656: 9452: 8111: 7162:

In the English translation – Alexander von Humboldt with

5747:(Third ed.). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. p. 44. 5627:

Tiamat's Brood: An Investigation Into the Dragons of Ancient Mesopotamia

5245: 5135: 4402: 3886:. Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian. January 6, 2003. 2842:). It is located in the first galactic quadrant at a distance of 3 2838:. The Far 3 kpc Arm was discovered in 2008 by astronomer Tom Dame ( 2361:

Overview of different elements of the overall structure of the Milky Way

1566:). Based upon studies of stellar orbits around Sgr A* by Gillessen 1233:

of Jupiter and Mars in 1106 or 1107 as evidence. The Persian astronomer

17143: 17067: 17014: 16442: 16343: 16337: 16279: 15102:

Frebel, A.; et al. (2007). "Discovery of HE 1523-0901, a strongly

9108: 6396: 4468: 2974: 2930: 2873: 2847: 2588: 2510: 2233: 2208: 2189: 2022: 1975: 1815: 1609: 1563: 1279: 1218: 1190:–570 AD) criticized this view, arguing that if the Milky Way were 1164: 1153: 1019: 960: 919: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 749: 741: 450: 399: 326: 287: 226: 192: 154: 118: 17251: 15995: 15518: 15160:"Hubble Finds Birth Certificate of Oldest Known Star in the Milky Way" 12483: 12114: 6862: 2357: 1919:) of 5.0 ± 0.5 kpc (16,300 ± 1,600 ly). 17021: 16864: 16799: 16694: 16617: 16549: 16544: 16324: 16282:, "The Milky Way's Secrets: Our galaxy's night-sky spectacle sparked 14833: 13997:

J.D. Harrington; Janet Anderson; Peter Edmonds (September 24, 2012).

13531:"Catalog of Parameters for Milky Way Globular Clusters: The Database" 13302:. Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian. June 3, 2008. 12136: 11606:

Ciambur, Bogdan C.; Graham, Alister W.; Bland-Hawthorn, Joss (2017).

10981: 10712: 9451:(Press release). National Radio Astronomy Observatory. Archived from 8265:

Sundin, M. (2006). "The galactic habitable zone in barred galaxies".

7299:

Thoughts on Some Important Points Relating to the System of the World

5283: 3827: 3815: 3767: 3739: 3379:

with a diameter of 32,200 light-years. It has a close companion, the

3269: 3255: 3250:, from which an estimate of the age of the star can be derived using 3243: 3036:

in galaxies. Alternatively, a minority of astronomers propose that a

2790: 2737: 2733: 2623: 2592: 2584:

Since 1970, various gamma-ray detection missions have discovered 511-

2462: 2323: 2319: 2293: 2282: 1669: 1543: 1487:

has been described as "transformational". It has been estimated that

1210: 1191: 1146: 1006:. Its visibility can be greatly reduced by background light, such as 948: 766:

Road to Santiago: the Milky Way was traditionally used as a guide by

633: 616: 582: 502: 434: 376: 372: 215: 16943: 16355: 13471: 12988: 10064:"Detection of the Keplerian decline in the Milky Way rotation curve" 9765:"The mass distribution and gravitational potential of the Milky Way" 9111:"A Disk Origin for the Monoceros Ring and A13 Stellar Overdensities" 4645: 4405:"Disk stars in the Milky Way detected beyond 25 kpc from its center" 3375:

in the Local Group orbit the Milky Way. The largest of these is the

2957:

is merging with the Milky Way. This galaxy is tentatively named the

1994: 1499:

detected a wobbling motion of the galaxy, which might be caused by "

894: 17081: 16456: 16220:

Dambeck, Thorsten (March 2008). "Gaia's Mission to the Milky Way".

16141: 16011: 15701: 15631: 15591: 15405: 15137: 15058: 14898: 14670: 14518: 14478: 14320: 14275: 14234: 14148: 13843: 13711: 13665: 13640: 13617: 13502: 13277: 13073: 13020: 12939: 12732:

Benjamin, R. A. (2008). Beuther, H.; Linz, H.; Henning, T. (eds.).

12707: 12615: 12590: 12567: 12255: 12021: 11996: 11973: 11738: 11624: 11144: 11061: 10917: 10581: 10556: 10227: 10080: 9781: 9660: 9261:

Rix, Hans-Walter; Bovy, Jo (2013). "The Milky Way's Stellar Disk".

9201:"It Would Take 200,000 Years at Light Speed to Cross the Milky Way" 9127: 9047: 8742: 8717: 8084: 8013: 7923: 7789: 7764: 7686: 7661: 7642: 7617: 7490:

Congress of Arts and Science, Universal Exposition, St. Louis, 1904

6854: 6762:

A history of physical theories of comets, from Aristotle to Whipple

6565: 5431: 5334: 5045: 4749: 4674: 4537: 4421: 4263: 4078: 4049: 4002: 3735: 3719: 3564: 3541:

552 ± 6 km/s (1,235,000 ± 13,000 mph)

3388: 3204: 3076: 3072: 2659: 2596: 2557: 2536:

features two distinct bars, one nestled within the other. However,

2330: 2162: 1884: 1652: 1477: 1343: 1222: 1195: 1073: 767: 550: 468: 458: 375:

formed from stars that cannot be individually distinguished by the

17287: 15957: 15853: 15794: 15684: 15472: 15388: 14706: 14600: 14461: 13906: 13773: 13478: 13370: 13260: 13175: 13041: 12844: 12803: 12791:

The Journal of the American Association of Variable Star Observers

12734:

The Spiral Structure of the Galaxy: Something Old, Something New..

12591:"Pulsar distances and the galactic distribution of free electrons" 12499: 12050: 11903: 11778: 11721: 11567: 11503: 11443: 11387: 11334: 11317: 10792: 10695:

The team estimates there are about twice as many of them as stars.

10639: 10438: 9930: 9877: 9722: 9601: 9541: 9488: 9449:"Milky Way a Swifter Spinner, More Massive, New Measurements Show" 9275: 8835: 8454: 8166: 7991: 7170:... (New York City: Harper & Brothers, 1897), vols. 3–5. see 6473: 5489: 5228: 5118: 4788: 4321: 3937: 3143: 1270:

Proof of the Milky Way consisting of many stars came in 1610 when

1254: 16859: 16819: 16814: 15559: 13999:"NASA's Chandra Shows Milky Way is Surrounded by Halo of Hot Gas" 13867:"NASA's Chandra Shows Milky Way is Surrounded by Halo of Hot Gas" 13157:"The RMS Survey: Galactic distribution of massive star formation" 12825: 11282:

Chou, Felicia; Anderson, Janet; Watzke, Megan (January 5, 2015).

10898: 3819: 3807: 3247: 3235: 2680: 2114:. 2013 and 2014 studies indicate a range in mass, as large as 4.5 1932: 1500: 1093: 1034: 855: 673: 669: 578: 426: 14095:

Jones, Mark H.; Lambourne, Robert J.; Adams, David John (2004).

13946:"Galactic Halo: Milky Way is Surrounded by Huge Halo of Hot Gas" 11665:

Jones, Mark H.; Lambourne, Robert J.; Adams, David John (2004).

9824:"Mass Distribution and Gravitational Potential of the Milky Way" 5558:

Shapley, H.; Curtis, H. D. (1921). "The Scale of the Universe".

3880:"Sagittarius A*: Milky Way monster stars in cosmic reality show" 3714:

The bright center of the galaxy is located in the constellation

1318: 15775: 14404:

Wakker, B. P.; Van Woerden, H. (1997). "High-Velocity Clouds".

12637:"Star-forming complexes and the spiral structure of our Galaxy" 11228:

Hammersley, P. L.; Garzon, F.; Mahoney, T.; Calbet, X. (1994),

11043:

Fang, Ke; Gallagher, John S.; Halzen, Francis (February 2024).

7908: 7190:

William Herschel (1785), "On the Construction of the Heavens",

6401:

At the Crossroads of the Earth and the Sky: An Andean Cosmology

5318:"An Update on Monitoring Stellar Orbits in the Galactic Center" 3759: 3208: 2992: 2843: 2827: 2565: 2245: 2193: 2166: 2055: 1296: 1214: 1172: 1117: 827: 689: 661: 563: 535: 519: 515: 512: 360: 15369: 14499: 12237:"Observation of high-energy neutrinos from the Galactic plane" 11827:

Origin and Evolution of Massive Black Holes in Galactic Nuclei

11428: 9915: 9002:"How Big is Our Universe: How far is it across the Milky Way?" 8556:"Solar System's 'Nose' Found; Aimed at Constellation Scorpius" 4773: 4306: 1978:), which translates to a diameter of 584 ± 122 778:"The Milky Way" was also used to refer to the pilgrimage road. 570: 231:

2.6 ± 0.5 kpc (8,500 ± 1,600 ly)

16986: 16784: 15776:

Pawlowski, M.; Pflamm-Altenburg, J.; Kroupa, P. (June 2012).

14446: 13558: 12455:"NASA's Fermi Telescope Finds Giant Structure in our Galaxyl" 9582: 9387: 3743: 3544: 3246:. The line strengths yield abundances of different elemental 2865:, and the two patterns would be connected by the Cygnus arm. 2655: 2619: 2443: 2334: 2261: 1105: 840: 790:) is used in many Indian languages following a Hindu belief . 652: 646: 640: 626: 609: 603: 531: 527: 368: 48: 16360: 15834: 12545: 12400:"Antimatter Clouds and Fountains – NASA Press Release 97-83" 7862:"A galactic archaeologist digs into the Milky Way's history" 6670: 6668: 5314: 5279:"100 Billion Alien Planets Fill Our Milky Way Galaxy: Study" 5103: 2306:

data, that there could be as many as 40 billion Earth-sized

2181:

accounts for an additional 1% of the total mass of the gas.

1041:

As viewed from Earth, the visible region of the Milky Way's

995:. The area of sky that the Milky Way obscures is called the 16318: 14638: 14557:"Star Clusters reveal the "Kraken" in the Milky Way's Past" 13891: 12458: 11605: 11288: 10389:

Dickey, J. M.; Lockman, F. J. (1990). "H I in the Galaxy".

9173: 8645: 7332:

in The Times, Nr. 18899, 1845 April 16 bekannt gemacht hat"

4717: 3984:

Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration; et al. (2022).

3922: 3747: 3037: 3032:

of spiral galaxies, the best evidence for the existence of

3015:

The stars and gas in the Milky Way rotate about its center

2651: 2604: 2509:(SMBH) with an estimated mass of 4.1–4.5 million times the 2450:(inset) in the center of the Milky Way, as detected by the 1613: 1366: 1089: 844: 554: 546: 141: 17215: 16162: 16051:"The Velocity of Our Galaxy: the End of a 40-Year Mystery" 15370:

Tully, R. Brent; Shaya, Edward J.; Karachentsev, Igor D.;

15106:-process-enhanced metal-poor star with detected uranium". 15101: 15040:"An Ultra Metal-poor Star Near the Hydrogen-burning Limit" 14585: 10774:"Prevalence of Earth-size planets orbiting Sun-like stars" 10477:

Connors, Tim W.; Kawata, Daisuke; Gibson, Brad K. (2006).

9648:

Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters

7446:

Bailey, M. E.; Butler, C. J.; McFarland, J. (April 2005).

5213: 4995:"Astronomers have found the edge of the Milky Way at last" 4173:

Frommert, Hartmut; Kronberg, Christine (August 26, 2005).

3364:, which in turn forms part of a greater structure, called 2513:. The rate of accretion of the SMBH is consistent with an 1258:

The shape of the Milky Way as deduced from star counts by

13679: 11994: 11372: 9473: 9170:"The Milky Way galaxy may be much bigger than we thought" 8718:"An All-Sky Catalog of Faint Extreme Ultraviolet Sources" 8572: 7997: 7412:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London

7192:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London

6665: 6647:... (Oxford, England: Clarendon Press, 1931), vol. III, 6546: 5169: 4890:

The Search for Life Continued: Planets Around Other Stars

4063: 2831: 2585: 2005: 1818:

distant from Earth in the direction of the constellation

1686: 1539: 1365:

31). Searching the photographic record, he found 11 more

1010:

or moonlight. The sky needs to be darker than about 20.2

971:

of the galaxy. Dark regions within the band, such as the

955:

stars and other material located in the direction of the

757: 14970: 13154: 11762: 10836: 9971:

American Astronomical Society, AAS Meeting #221, #254.11

9578: 9576: 8611: 7662:"Novae in spiral nebulae and the Island Universe Theory" 7618:"Novae in spiral nebulae and the island universe theory" 6549:"The new world atlas of artificial night sky brightness" 5591:. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. p. 25. 4827:

Lausten, Svend; Madsen, Claus; West, Richard M. (1987).

4458: 4456: 3508:

The Milky Way is moving in the general direction of the

2770:

There are at least two smaller arms or spurs, including:

2381:, in the 1960s. These conjectures were confirmed by the 1859:

The Milky Way is one of the two largest galaxies in the

1175:

is due to the refraction of the Earth's atmosphere. The

487:

showed that the Milky Way is just one of many galaxies.

367:, with the name describing the galaxy's appearance from 15037: 14260: 13811: 13638: 12548:

Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific

11941: 10845:"Milky Way Teeming With Billions Of Earth-Size Planets" 10708:"17 Billion Earth-Size Alien Planets Inhabit Milky Way" 10208: 9641: 9526: 8340:(2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 4. 7805:"New Milky Way Map Is a Spectacular Billion-Star Atlas" 7666:

Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific

7622:

Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific

7160:(star stratum), in which our solar system is included.) 6624:"Which Constellations Can Be Seen Along The Milky Way?" 4639:

Gerhard, O. (2010). "Pattern speeds in the Milky Way".

4632: 4120:

Gerhard, O. (2002). "Mass distribution in our Galaxy".

3347:, surrounded by a Local Void, itself being part of the 2793:

than would be expected in the absence of a spiral arm.

2169:

by mass, with two thirds of the hydrogen found in the

1369:. Curtis noticed that these novae were, on average, 10 573:") is the traditional Welsh name for the constellation 15887:"Milky Way Galaxy is warped and vibrating like a drum" 15669: 14862: 14744: 14691: 13992: 13990: 13419:

Mel'Nik, A. (2006). "Outer pseudoring in the galaxy".

13215: 11552: 10892: 9862: 9313: 8816: 8759:"The beginnings of radio astronomy in the Netherlands" 8750: 8062: 6457:"Human contrast threshold and astronomical visibility" 6221:. Armenian Astronomical Society (ArAS). Archived from 6033:

Simpson, John; Weiner, Edmund, eds. (March 30, 1989).

5686:

Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies

2662:

falling into the black hole or by the entanglement of

2000:

Abbreviations: GNP/GSP: Galactic North and South Poles

1394:

in the early 1920s using the Mount Wilson observatory

19:

This article is about the galaxy. For other uses, see

17204: 14133: 14101:. Cambridge University Press. p. 21; Fig. 1.13. 14018: 14016: 13355: 12984: 12982: 12313: 12234: 10687:"Free-Floating Planets May be More Common Than Stars" 10624: 9573: 9307: 8150:"Characteristics of the Galaxy according to Cepheids" 7445: 6916: 6910: 5692:(1). London, England: University of London: 157–158. 4522: 4453: 3551:). This motion is observed by satellites such as the 3500:. Individual galaxies, including the Milky Way, have 3496:, the apparent motions of galaxy clusters due to the 2568:, creating the first neutrino view of the Milky Way. 1851:

A size comparison of the six largest galaxies of the

1171:. He said that the milky appearance of the Milky Way 557:'s breast while she is asleep so the baby will drink 13758: 12738:

Massive Star Formation: Observations Confront Theory

12675: 11851: 11230:

Infrared Signatures of the Inner Spiral Arms and Bar

11129: 10598:"Cosmic census finds crowd of planets in our galaxy" 8979: 8905: 8491: 8489: 7550:[On the proper motions of the fixed stars]. 6945:

An Original Theory or New Hypothesis of the Universe

6507: 5470: 5468: 4368: 3574: 3118:. Properties of the Milky Way such as stellar mass, 14913: 14773:"A firestorm of star birth (artist's illustration)" 14094: 13987: 13096:"Massive stars mark out Milky Way's 'missing' arms" 12924: 11706: 11664: 11042: 10868:"Milky Way may host billions of Earth-size planets" 10771: 10476: 10323: 10321: 8148:Majaess, D. J.; Turner, D. G.; Lane, D. J. (2009). 7734:

Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada

7236:"The Earl of Rosse and the Leviathan of Parsontown" 6917:O'Connor, J. J.; Robertson, E. F. (November 2002). 6522:. Astronomers' observing guides. Springer. p. 6329: 6131:"Moonhack – Coding the Story of the Emu in the Sky" 4245:Watkins, Laura L.; et al. (February 2, 2019). 4042: 2840:

Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian

1966:A 2020 study predicted the edge of the Milky Way's 1072:The galactic plane is inclined by about 60° to the 882:The Milky Way as seen from a dark site with little 14024: 14013: 12979: 11424: 11422: 11281: 11009: 10061: 9030: 8812: 8810: 8757:van Woerden, Hugo; Strom, Richard G. (June 2006). 8439: 7034:Allgemeine Naturgeschichte und Theorie des Himmels 6784: 6515: 6246:"A Pilgrimage to Walsingham, 'England's Nazareth'" 5379: 5209: 5207: 5205: 2953:Way. The proposed likely interpretation is that a 2473:. It has been proposed that the Milky Way lacks a 2269:of the Milky Way is estimated to be around −20.9. 1519: 1282:of the Earth's atmosphere. In a treatise in 1755, 1134: 549:places his son born by a mortal woman, the infant 15879: 15841:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 15782:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 15276:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 14506:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 14403: 14224: 14222: 13969:"Our Galaxy Swims Inside a Giant Pool of Hot Gas" 13585: 13162:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 12832:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 12788: 11882: 11702: 11700: 11612:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 11313: 11311: 11277: 11275: 10859: 10548: 10483:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 10327: 9821: 9769:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 9710:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 9589:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 9585:"A dynamical model of the local cosmic expansion" 9394:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 9085: 8823:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 8648:"Far-infrared loops in the 2nd Galactic Quadrant" 8575:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 8486: 8154:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 8147: 7765:"A spiral nebula as a stellar system, Messier 31" 7302:. Edinburgh, Scotland: William Tait. p. 23. 7238:. The Compleat Amateur Astronomer. Archived from 6790: 6461:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 5529:"Milky Way Galaxy: Facts About Our Galactic Home" 5465: 5273: 5271: 5033:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 4925:. Cham, Switzerland: Springer. pp. 65, 717. 4826: 4488: 4486: 4244: 2299:In November 2013, astronomers reported, based on 2203:In September 2023, astronomers reported that the 1084:, it passes as far north as the constellation of 55:). Listed below is Galactic Center's information. 17312: 15722: 15318: 10969: 10318: 10114: 9699: 9697: 9447:Finley, Dave; Aguilar, David (January 5, 2009). 9198: 8756: 8607: 8605: 6164:. New York: Duffield & Company. Chapter 21: 6052: 5310: 5308: 5306: 4462: 4172: 793:Silver River: this Chinese name "Silver River" ( 16109: 15611: 15609: 14186: 14180: 14055: 13858: 13150: 13148: 12883: 12881: 11519: 11419: 11366: 10741:"Far-Off Planets Like the Earth Dot the Galaxy" 10700: 10589: 10470: 8973: 8807: 8711: 8709: 8495: 6751: 6513: 5202: 4988: 4986: 4923:Jan Hendrik Oort: Master of the Galactic System 3138: 2626:bubbles (blue-violet) of the Milky Way (center) 1802:increasing in the counter-clockwise direction ( 1476:provides distance estimates by determining the 16233:"The Formation and Evolution of the Milky Way" 16231:Chiappini, Cristina (November–December 2001). 15918:"Astrophysicist maps out our own galaxy's end" 14919: 14219: 12784: 12782: 12780: 12370:"Satellite Explains Giant Cloud of Antimatter" 12108: 12035: 11857: 11818: 11697: 11671:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 50–51. 11308: 11272: 10765: 8646:Kiss, Cs; Moór, A.; Tóth, L. V. (April 2004). 8641: 8639: 8433: 8364: 8233: 8058: 8056: 5678: 5676: 5551: 5268: 5022: 5020: 4483: 4463:Frommert, H.; Kronberg, C. (August 25, 2005). 4240: 4238: 4236: 4115: 4113: 3850: 3285: 2690:concentration of star formation, as traced by 2479:collision and merger between previous galaxies 2094:Much of the mass of the Milky Way seems to be 1402:of this new telescope, he was able to produce 818:), as well as an alternative name in Chinese ( 813: 802: 782: 16959: 16376: 16292:, vol. 329, no. 4 (November 2023), pp. 86–87. 15909: 15466:(7516) (published September 4, 2014): 71–73. 15363: 15031: 15000: 13805: 13035: 12630: 12628: 12626: 12582: 12539: 12363: 12361: 12228: 12195: 11484: 11482: 11480: 11478: 11211:Models for the inner regions of the Galaxy. I 11001: 10732: 10679: 10479:"N-body simulations of the Magellanic stream" 10388: 9968: 9756: 9694: 9446: 9440: 9167: 8602: 8242:. Nasa Astrobiology Institute. Archived from 7955: 7582: 7545: 6514:Steinicke, Wolfgang; Jakiel, Richard (2007). 6264: 6049:See the entries for "Milky Way" and "galaxy". 6032: 5995: 5557: 5415:"The 1.28 GHz MeerKAT Galactic Center Mosaic" 5303: 4831:. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. p. 119. 4204: 4202: 4200: 3860:absolute magnitude of −20.8. Combined with a 2666:within gas flowing into Sagittarius A*. 2184:In March 2019, astronomers reported that the 1585:There are about 208 stars brighter than 1092:, indicating the high inclination of Earth's 1045:occupies an area of the sky that includes 30 794: 15606: 15521:Third Reference Catalogue of Bright Galaxies 15319:Kroupa, P.; Theis, C.; Boily, C. M. (2005). 14964: 14230:"Milky Way's origins are not what they seem" 14022: 13349: 13245: 13145: 12878: 12727: 12725: 12588: 12422: 11935: 11864:. Oxford University Press. pp. 11, 36. 11858:Frolov, Valeri P.; Zelnikov, Andrei (2011). 10977:"'Exocomets' Common Across Milky Way Galaxy" 10423: 10417: 10055: 9962: 8766:Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage 8706: 8517: 8258: 8227: 8141: 7145: 7120: 7078: 7062: 7045: 6330:Pasachoff, Jay M.; Filippenko, Alex (2013). 6058: 5413:Heyood, I.; et al. (January 28, 2022). 5406: 5368: 4983: 4769: 4767: 4398: 4396: 4394: 4392: 4302: 4300: 3871: 3469:over the course of about six billion years. 2491:The Galactic Center is marked by an intense 1390:The controversy was conclusively settled by 781:River Ganga of the Sky: this sanskrit name ( 530:version in which Tiamat is instead slain by 103:−29° 00′ 28.1699″ 16352:– Mosaic of galactic plane (March 19, 2021) 15945:The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series 15269: 15201: 14440: 14406:Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 14397: 14328: 14031:. Jones & Bartlett Publishers. p. 13552: 13522: 13418: 13412: 12777: 11546: 10391:Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 10382: 10180:"Black Holes | Science Mission Directorate" 9520: 8869: 8722:The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series 8636: 8358: 8053: 7448:"Unwinding the discovery of spiral nebulae" 6757: 6336:. Cambridge University Press. p. 384. 6333:The Cosmos: Astronomy in the New Millennium 6208: 6059:Eratosthenes (1997). Condos, Theony (ed.). 5673: 5017: 4713: 4711: 4709: 4525:Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 4233: 4110: 4057: 3535:Another reference frame is provided by the 3319:The position of the Local Group within the 1830:would increase in the clockwise direction ( 17326:Astronomical objects known since antiquity 16966: 16952: 16383: 16369: 15942: 15207: 15097: 15095: 14334: 14307: 14049: 13966: 13120: 12623: 12358: 11758: 11756: 11658: 11475: 10842: 10595: 10141: 9223: 8716:Lampton, M.; et al. (February 1997). 8503:. Cambridge University Press. p. 90. 7753: 7721: 7486:"Statistical methods in stellar astronomy" 7364:On March 5, 1845, Rosse observed M51, the 7086: 6840: 6834: 6822:Nasir al-Din al-Tusi's Memoir on Astronomy 6708:Montada, Josep Puig (September 28, 2007). 6703: 6701: 6184:"The Pilgrim's Way: El Camino de Santiago" 5412: 4364: 4362: 4360: 4358: 4356: 4197: 2782:(which contains the Sun and Solar System) 2740:(Along with extension discovered in 2004) 1249: 490: 36: 16230: 16176: 16123: 16010: 15956: 15936: 15870: 15852: 15811: 15793: 15736: 15683: 15630: 15573: 15471: 15387: 15354: 15336: 15295: 15221: 15119: 15075: 15057: 14880: 14815: 14705: 14652: 14599: 14527: 14517: 14460: 14356: 14354: 14319: 14313: 14274: 14147: 14098:An Introduction to Galaxies and Cosmology 13905: 13825: 13772: 13693: 13664: 13599: 13477: 13432: 13387: 13369: 13259: 13218:Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences 13192: 13174: 13121:Westerholm, Russell (December 18, 2013). 13055: 13002: 12938: 12901: 12861: 12843: 12819: 12802: 12722: 12689: 12660: 12614: 12498: 12254: 12183: 12092:. Boston University. September 12, 2005. 12049: 12029: 12020: 11988: 11955: 11902: 11834: 11824: 11777: 11720: 11668:An Introduction to Galaxies and Cosmology 11641: 11623: 11566: 11502: 11442: 11386: 11333: 11143: 11060: 10916: 10819: 10809: 10791: 10638: 10580: 10512: 10494: 10437: 10341: 10226: 10150:"Andromeda Galaxy hosts a trillion stars" 10097: 10079: 9929: 9876: 9847: 9798: 9780: 9739: 9721: 9677: 9659: 9618: 9600: 9540: 9487: 9467: 9423: 9405: 9274: 9254: 9161: 9144: 9126: 9046: 8985: 8940: 8911: 8852: 8834: 8741: 8666: 8618:, Springer Science & Business Media, 8594: 8501:Galaxies in the Universe: An Introduction 8453: 8393: 8333: 8183: 8165: 8101: 8083: 8012: 7922: 7873: 7788: 7685: 7650: 7641: 7548:"Ueber die Eigenbewegungen der Fixsterne" 7463: 7423: 6830:. New York: Springer-Verlag. p. 129. 6812: 6797:"Abu Rayhan Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Biruni" 6740: 6651:, E. W. 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Springer. page 4, Fig. 1.4. 13241: 13239: 12731: 11525: 10025: 10023: 9996: 9994: 9992: 9762: 9703: 9381: 9356: 9102: 9079: 8899: 7375: 6843:Journal of the American Oriental Society 5623: 4992: 4706: 4575: 4518: 4516: 4175:"Classification of the Milky Way Galaxy" 3918: 3916: 3218:. In 2007, a star in the galactic halo, 3142: 3058: 3002: 2925:are also located primarily in the disk. 2910:about the Milky Way, in contrast to the 2868:Outside of the major spiral arms is the 2679: 2613: 2575: 2571: 2356: 2207:of the Milky Way Galaxy is only 2.06 10 1993: 1846: 1668: 1529: 1457: 1317: 1253: 1024: 877: 729:of South Australia called the Milky Way 51:'s night sky (featuring the telescope's 17090:) may be read as "within" or "part of". 16465:) may be read as "within" or "part of". 16325:Milky Way – Panorama (9 billion pixels) 16219: 15920:. University of Toronto. Archived from 15426: 15092: 14088: 13579: 12887: 12634: 12447: 12431:"Bubbles of Energy Are Found in Galaxy" 12428: 12235:IceCube Collaboration (June 29, 2023). 12170:. Physics 16, 115 (29 June 2023): 115. 11753: 11488: 11007: 10738: 10529: 10120: 9763:McMillan, Paul J. (February 11, 2017). 9583:Peñarrubia, Jorge; et al. (2014). 9260: 8920: 8887:from the original on September 27, 2022 8612:Wilson, Thomas L.; et al. (2009), 8523: 8354:from the original on February 15, 2017. 8206: 7961: 7853: 7841:from the original on September 15, 2016 7727: 7509: 7483: 7263:Rosse revealed the spiral structure of 6802:MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive 6707: 6698: 6368: 6154: 6079:from the original on November 20, 2016. 6022:from the original on November 20, 2016. 5930:Awen: The Quest of the Celtic Mysteries 5740: 5734: 5682: 5374: 5093:from the original on September 4, 2014. 5026: 4638: 4600: 4353: 4119: 3841: 3678: 3648: 1814:(a view-point several hundred thousand 1123: 963:. The most conspicuous of these is the 847:who in turn borrowed it from Armenians. 760:that it stretches across the night sky. 17313: 16260: 14801: 14567:from the original on November 15, 2020 14536:from the original on November 16, 2020 14351: 14254: 14023:Koupelis, Theo; Kuhn, Karl F. (2007). 14009:from the original on October 23, 2012. 13956:from the original on October 29, 2012. 13632: 13528: 13324: 13133:from the original on December 19, 2013 12826:Lépine, J. R. D.; et al. (2011). 12755:"New Images: Milky Way Loses Two Arms" 12752: 12443:from the original on January 10, 2016. 12157: 11825:Blandford, R. D. (August 8–12, 1998). 10855:from the original on November 4, 2014. 10596:Borenstein, Seth (February 19, 2011). 10535: 10306:from the original on September 8, 2018 10190:from the original on November 17, 2017 8337:Patrick Moore's Data Book of Astronomy 8264: 8209:"Exposing the Stuff Between the Stars" 7859: 7759: 7694: 7656: 7615: 7382:Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy 7295: 6947:(London, England: H. Chapelle, 1750). 6621: 6454: 6128: 6026: 5926: 5861: 5198:from the original on January 25, 2016. 4662:Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics 4495:"How Many Stars are in the Milky Way?" 4492: 3695: 1112:, and the south galactic pole is near 1037:, an area with little light pollution. 17152:History of the center of the Universe 16973: 16947: 16364: 15162:. NASA. March 7, 2013. Archived from 15019:from the original on November 6, 2018 15006: 14988:from the original on November 6, 2018 14554: 14360: 14335:Wethington, Nicholas (May 27, 2009). 14190:Extragalactic Astronomy and Cosmology 14059:Extragalactic Astronomy and Cosmology 13975:from the original on October 29, 2012 13950:Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory 13873:from the original on October 23, 2012 13510:from the original on February 6, 2019 13337:from the original on December 3, 2013 13236: 12589:Taylor, J. H.; Cordes, J. M. (1993). 12367: 12201: 12082: 11878:from the original on August 10, 2016. 11530:. Fairfax Public Access Corporation. 11247: 11111:from the original on February 7, 2019 11024:from the original on November 5, 2020 10880:from the original on November 6, 2013 10843:Borenstein, Seth (November 4, 2013). 10753:from the original on November 5, 2013 10147: 10020: 9989: 9350: 9263:The Astronomy and Astrophysics Review 8374:International Journal of Astrobiology 8267:International Journal of Astrobiology 8207:English, Jayanne (January 14, 2000). 8129:from the original on December 2, 2017 7405: 7324:"Auszug aus einem Berichte über Lord 7321: 7270: 7227: 7092: 6990:, without the finite view; ..." 6818: 6436:from the original on February 5, 2021 6423: 6395: 6305:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 6243: 6209:Harutyunyan, Hayk (August 29, 2003). 6148: 5824: 5779: 5773: 5662: 5584: 5394:from the original on January 31, 2022 4971:from the original on January 19, 2022 4953: 4920: 4887: 4513: 4208: 4036: 3977: 3913: 3708: 3393:dwarf galaxies orbiting the Milky Way 3371:Two smaller galaxies and a number of 2969:In addition to the stellar halo, the 2894:The Galactic disk is surrounded by a 1998:A schematic profile of the Milky Way. 1970:being around 292 ± 61 1915:-mag/arcsec and a disk scale length ( 1658: 418:, which is itself a component of the 313:Dark matter density at Sun's position 16091:from the original on January 6, 2019 15915: 15512: 15177:Specktor, Brandon (March 23, 2019). 13726: 13673: 13529:Harris, William E. (February 2003). 13492: 12429:Overbye, Dennis (November 9, 2010). 12160:"Milky Way Viewed through Neutrinos" 12090:"Introduction: Galactic Ring Survey" 11296:from the original on January 6, 2015 11241: 11008:Overbye, Dennis (November 5, 2020). 10957:from the original on October 3, 2021 10865: 10739:Overbye, Dennis (November 4, 2013). 10160:from the original on January 5, 2011 9180:from the original on August 13, 2018 9086:Mary L. Martialay (March 11, 2015). 8334:Moore, Patrick; Rees, Robin (2014). 8200: 7967:"The Dusty Magnets of the Milky Way" 7807:. September 14, 2016. Archived from 6244:Bogle, Joanna (September 16, 2011). 6211:"The Armenian name of the Milky Way" 3665: 3557:Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe 3481:states that there is no "preferred" 3261:According to observations utilizing 2998: 1421: 917:adding citations to reliable sources 888: 692:circles passing through both poles. 414:of galaxies, which form part of the 15439:from the original on April 24, 2022 15189:from the original on March 23, 2019 14783:from the original on April 13, 2015 14555:Young, Monica (November 13, 2020). 14207:from the original on March 26, 2023 14115:from the original on March 26, 2023 14076:from the original on March 26, 2023 13325:Matson, John (September 14, 2011). 13300:"Milky Way's Inner Beauty Revealed" 11685:from the original on March 26, 2023 11250:"Bar at Milky Way's heart revealed" 10557:"A Catalog of Neighboring Galaxies" 10411:10.1146/annurev.aa.28.090190.001243 10267:from the original on April 24, 2022 10031:"Lecture Seven: The Milky Way: Gas" 9388:Battaglia, G.; et al. (2005). 9211:from the original on April 16, 2020 8632:from the original on April 26, 2016 7979:from the original on April 19, 2024 7890:from the original on August 4, 2022 7731:(1989). "Edwin Hubble, 1889–1953". 7484:Kapteyn, Jacobus Cornelius (1906). 7432:from the original on March 26, 2023 7283:from the original on March 10, 2021 7061:pages xxxiii–xxxvi of the Preface ( 6715:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 6686:from the original on March 15, 2023 6622:Miller, James (November 14, 2015). 6350:from the original on March 26, 2023 6298: 5947:from the original on March 26, 2023 5806:from the original on March 26, 2023 5761:from the original on March 26, 2023 5644:from the original on March 26, 2023 5605:from the original on March 26, 2023 5005:from the original on March 24, 2020 4620:from the original on April 27, 2021 4555:10.1146/annurev-astro-081915-023441 4501:from the original on March 27, 2010 3890:from the original on March 17, 2008 3563:in the direction of the motion and 3492:One such frame of reference is the 3401:Sagittarius Dwarf Elliptical Galaxy 3258:, is 14.5 ± 0.7 billion years old. 2939:Sagittarius Dwarf Elliptical Galaxy 2855:Sagittarius Dwarf Elliptical Galaxy 1002:The Milky Way has a relatively low 371:: a hazy band of light seen in the 220:220–450 pc (718–1,470 ly) 13: 16471: 16303:Milky Way – IRAS (infrared) survey 16213: 15891:University of California, Berkeley 15427:Hadhazy, Adam (November 3, 2016). 14242:from the original on July 27, 2017 13639:Janes, K.A.; Phelps, R.L. (1980). 13540:from the original on March 9, 2012 12295:from the original on June 30, 2023 12216:from the original on June 29, 2023 12096:from the original on July 13, 2007 11861:Introduction to Black Hole Physics 11534:from the original on June 11, 2007 9229: 9012:from the original on March 5, 2013 8367:"The galactic cycle of extinction" 7700: 7595:from the original on March 8, 2021 7570:from the original on March 8, 2021 7522:from the original on March 8, 2021 7496:from the original on March 8, 2021 7392:from the original on June 10, 2020 7354:from the original on March 8, 2021 7306:from the original on March 8, 2021 7101:from the original on June 30, 2012 7093:Evans, J. C. (November 24, 1998). 7003:, Wright called the Milky Way the 6722:from the original on July 28, 2012 6008:. Compass Point Books. p. 6. 5968: 5188:"How Many Stars in the Milky Way?" 4957:; et al. 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Archived from 5087:"Laniakea: Our home supercluster" 4921:Kruit, Pieter C. van der (2019). 4209:Starr, Michelle (March 8, 2019). 4185:from the original on May 31, 2015 3301:A diagram of the galaxies in the 3268:The age of stars in the galactic 2618:Illustration of the two gigantic 2481:, and that instead it only has a 1266:was assumed to be near the center 1130:Galaxy § Observation history 869:can obscure it during the summer. 713:. Northern peoples observed that 701:"Birds' Path" is used in several 303:Escape velocity at Sun's position 17298: 17286: 17274: 17262: 17250: 17238: 17226: 17214: 17187: 17175: 16928: 16927: 16917: 16156: 16103: 16073: 16043: 15828: 15813:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.20937.x 15769: 15716: 15663: 15553: 15451: 15420: 15312: 15263: 15254: 15170: 15152: 15007:Rosen, Jill (November 5, 2018). 14856: 14795: 14765: 14738: 14685: 14632: 14579: 14548: 14493: 14127: 13960: 13938: 13885: 13864: 13752: 13486: 13465: 13318: 13292: 13209: 13114: 13088: 12918: 12863:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.18492.x 12669: 12477: 12392: 12380:from the original on May 6, 2021 12307: 12202:Chang, Kenneth (June 29, 2023). 12151: 11995:Alcock, C.; et al. (1998). 11599: 11222: 11203: 11184: 11123: 11093: 11036: 10866:Khan, Amina (November 4, 2013). 10618: 10514:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2006.10659.x 10288: 10279: 10202: 10172: 10125:. HubbleSite.org. Archived from 9909: 9856: 9822:Slobodan Ninković (April 2017). 9815: 9741:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.18564.x 9635: 9425:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2005.09367.x 9192: 9092:Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute 9024: 8994: 8854:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.15746.x 8566: 8548: 8530:. Cambridge University. p. 8327: 8301: 8185:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.15096.x 7902: 7823: 7797: 7705:. National Academy of Sciences. 7465:10.1111/j.1468-4004.2005.46226.x 6643:Aristotle with W. D. Ross, ed., 6518:Galaxies and how to observe them 6278:. Harcourt School. p. 500. 4993:Croswell, Ken (March 23, 2020). 4892:. Berlin: Springer. p. 89. 4867:. Harcourt School. p. 500. 3790:. From there, it passes through 3605: 3591: 3577: 3312: 3294: 3082:conservation of angular momentum 2435: 2407: 2232:, and a hundred million stellar 1837: 1511:of the Milky Way were reported. 1426: 893: 14293:10.1016/j.nuclphysb.2022.115787 12753:Bryner, Jeanna (June 3, 2008). 8558:. April 8, 2011. Archived from 8234:Mullen, Leslie (May 18, 2001). 7860:Skibba, Ramin (June 10, 2021). 7609: 7536: 7474: 7254: 7184: 7113: 7053: 7025: 6937: 6869: 6734: 6637: 6615: 6540: 6448: 6417: 6389: 6362: 6323: 6292: 6237: 6202: 6176: 6122: 6092: 6083: 5933:. Skylight Press. p. 144. 5920: 5890: 5876:10.13110/storselfsoci.14.1.0083 5855: 5818: 5704: 5656: 5617: 5578: 5521: 5180: 5158: 5097: 5079: 4947: 4914: 4881: 4853: 4820: 4569: 3099:Magellanic Clouds, through the 2964: 2632:Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope 2173:and the remaining one-third as 1982:(1.905 ± 0.3979 1520:Sun's location and neighborhood 1495:A study in 2020 concluded that 1135:Ancient, naked eye observations 904:needs additional citations for 695: 678:tropics of Cancer and Capricorn 622:), meaning "milky circle". The 191:(87,400 ± 3,600 15916:Wong, Janet (April 14, 2000). 14426:10.1146/annurev.astro.35.1.217 14136:Astrophysics and Space Science 12368:Naeye, Bob (January 9, 2008). 11190:Gerard de Vaucouleurs (1964), 10536:Coffey, Jerry (May 11, 2017). 9706:"Mass models of the Milky Way" 9168:David Freeman (May 25, 2018). 7488:. In Rogers, Howard J. (ed.). 5780:Pache, Corinne Ondine (2010). 5089:. YouTube. September 3, 2014. 4888:Jones, Barrie William (2008). 4166: 3168:. These yield values of about 3132:galaxy color–magnitude diagram 3065:galaxy color–magnitude diagram 3050:Galaxy formation and evolution 2669: 1696:Quadrants are described using 1655:, which follows the ecliptic. 1514: 991:, identified these regions as 832: 795: 770:traveling to the holy site at 585:") being the constellation of 263:Spiral pattern rotation period 1: 16890:Andromeda–Milky Way collision 16390: 14747:American Astronomical Society 10148:Young, Kelly (June 6, 2006). 9704:McMillan, P. J. (July 2011). 8527:The Story of the Solar System 8524:Garlick, Mark Antony (2002). 8499:; Gallagher, John S. (2007). 7408:"Observations on the nebulae" 7296:Nichol, John Pringle (1846). 6921:. University of St. Andrews. 6826:al-Tadhkira fi 'ilm al-hay' a 6035:The Oxford English Dictionary 5741:Leeming, David Adams (1998). 5630:. Dragon's Head. p. 41. 3906: 3455:Andromeda–Milky Way collision 1867:), although the size for its 1542:is near the inner rim of the 1286:, drawing on earlier work by 1184: 1157: 1149:(384–322 BC) states that the 873: 867:glow of the Sun late at night 16265:. Grand Central Publishing. 16195:10.1016/j.newast.2005.08.008 15999:Astronomy & Astrophysics 15429:"Why Nothing Really Matters" 14337:"Formation of the Milky Way" 13971:. Discovery Communications. 12890:Astronomy & Astrophysics 12068:10.1088/0004-6256/136/6/2441 11528:"The Stars of the Milky Way" 11405:10.1088/0004-637X/705/2/1548 11352:10.1088/0004-637X/692/2/1075 10456:10.1088/0004-637X/702/2/1472 10068:Astronomy & Astrophysics 9559:10.1088/2041-8205/720/1/L108 8929:Astronomy & Astrophysics 8472:10.1088/0004-637X/705/2/L101 6896:(London: Rivingtons, 1880), 6758:Heidarzadeh, Tofigh (2008). 6129:Mandow, Rami (May 3, 2021). 4608:"A New Map of the Milky Way" 4578:"Double Galaxies § 7.1" 4409:Astronomy & Astrophysics 4066:Astronomy & Astrophysics 3139:Age and cosmological history 3043: 2937:. With the discovery of the 2850:) from the Galactic Center. 2352: 1798:with the galactic longitude 1786: 1776: 1772: 1766: 1762: 1756: 1752: 1746: 1691:origin of the mapping system 1591:List of nearest bright stars 1562:linear structures (formerly 1226: 965:Large Sagittarius Star Cloud 634: 617: 7: 16029:10.1051/0004-6361/202038674 15649:10.1088/0004-637X/805/2/130 14618:10.1051/0004-6361/200912316 14383:10.1126/science.287.5450.69 13967:Communications, Discovery. 13791:10.1088/2041-8205/734/1/l24 11921:10.1051/0004-6361:200810720 11585:10.1088/2041-8205/720/1/L72 11526:Grant, J.; Lin, B. (2000). 10099:10.1051/0004-6361/202347513 9895:10.1088/0004-637X/775/2/102 9506:10.1088/0004-637X/700/1/137 9232:"How big is the Milky Way?" 9065:10.1088/0004-637X/801/2/105 7406:Rosse, The Earl of (1850). 7378:"On Lord Rosse's telescope" 7214:The Royal Society of London 7097:. George Mason University. 6676:"What does your image show" 6005:Pioneers of Light and Sound 5976:Online Etymology Dictionary 5864:Storytelling, Self, Society 5712:"Myths about the Milky Way" 5624:MacBeath, Alastair (1999). 5507:10.1088/2041-8205/765/1/L12 4692:10.1088/1674-4527/20/10/159 4439:10.1051/0004-6361/201832880 4096:10.1051/0004-6361/201935656 3856:Karachentsev et al. give a 3570: 3567:in the opposite direction. 3537:cosmic microwave background 3483:inertial frame of reference 3472: 3286:Intergalactic neighbourhood 3127:relatively large galaxies. 2914:of a planet around a star. 2650:Later, on January 5, 2015, 2218: 1781: 1769: 1759: 1749: 1029:The Milky Way as seen from 967:, a portion of the central 599:, in turn derived from the 449:of 4.100 (± 0.034) million 433:, on the inner edge of the 10: 17347: 16309:Milky Way – H-Alpha survey 15755:10.1051/0004-6361:20041122 15725:Astronomy and Astrophysics 15356:10.1051/0004-6361:20041122 15325:Astronomy and Astrophysics 15240:10.1051/0004-6361:20053307 15210:Astronomy and Astrophysics 14724:10.1088/0004-637X/736/2/84 14588:Astronomy and Astrophysics 13924:10.1088/2041-8205/756/1/L8 13561:Astronomy and Astrophysics 12662:10.1051/0004-6361:20021504 12641:Astronomy and Astrophysics 12158:Wright, Katherine (2023). 11891:Astronomy and Astrophysics 11461:10.1051/0004-6361/20078472 11431:Astronomy and Astrophysics 11209:Peters, W.L. III. (1975), 11079:10.1038/s41550-023-02128-0 9948:10.1088/0004-637X/794/1/59 8959:10.1051/0004-6361:20020895 8685:10.1051/0004-6361:20034530 8655:Astronomy and Astrophysics 8236:"Galactic Habitable Zones" 8103:10.3847/0004-637X/830/1/17 7583:Schwarzschild, K. (1908). 7546:Schwarzschild, K. (1907). 7452:Astronomy & Geophysics 7328:grosses Telescop, den Sir 7207:November 20, 2016, at the 7141:November 20, 2016, at the 7129:: Alexander von Humboldt, 7073:November 20, 2016, at the 7040:November 20, 2016, at the 7016:November 20, 2016, at the 6999:November 20, 2016, at the 6982:November 20, 2016, at the 6969:November 20, 2016, at the 6956:November 20, 2016, at the 6250:National Catholic Register 6002:Jankowski, Connie (2010). 5825:Keith, W. J. (July 2007). 5585:Brown, William P. (2010). 4806:10.1088/0004-637X/794/1/59 4339:10.1088/0004-637X/761/2/98 3955:10.1088/0004-6256/142/2/35 3684:Some authors use the term 3631:Galactic Center GeV excess 3553:Cosmic Background Explorer 3547:epoch, near the center of 3328: 3234:caused by the presence of 3230:the relative strengths of 3054: 3047: 2887: 2834:and 3.3 kpc from the 2673: 2545:activity. Viewed from the 2392: 2377:, rather than an ordinary 2274:gravitational microlensing 1683:galactic coordinate system 1675:galactic coordinate system 1662: 1622:simple harmonic oscillator 1616:near the constellation of 1523: 1127: 809:means galaxies in general. 653: 647: 641: 627: 610: 604: 494: 398:(87,400 ± 3,600 187:26.8 ± 1.1 21:Milky Way (disambiguation) 18: 17170: 17096: 16981: 16913: 16877: 16685: 16657: 16646: 16578: 16530: 16522:Galactic Center filaments 16490: 16483: 16469: 16398: 16315:Multiwavelength Milky Way 16112:The Astrophysical Journal 16055:CEA/The Knowledge Factory 15975:10.1088/0067-0049/214/1/1 15672:The Astrophysical Journal 15619:The Astrophysical Journal 15562:The Astrophysical Journal 15537:10.1007/978-1-4757-4363-0 15376:The Astrophysical Journal 15108:The Astrophysical Journal 15045:The Astrophysical Journal 14869:The Astrophysical Journal 14694:The Astrophysical Journal 14641:The Astrophysical Journal 14449:The Astrophysical Journal 14193:. Springer. p. 413. 14166:10.1007/s10509-018-3486-8 13894:The Astrophysical Journal 13814:The Astrophysical Journal 13761:The Astrophysical Journal 13682:The Astrophysical Journal 13588:The Astrophysical Journal 13498:"The Milky Way is warped" 13421:Astronomische Nachrichten 13398:10.1134/s1063773709090047 13248:The Astrophysical Journal 13044:The Astrophysical Journal 12991:The Astrophysical Journal 12678:The Astrophysical Journal 12595:The Astrophysical Journal 12001:The Astrophysical Journal 11944:The Astrophysical Journal 11709:The Astrophysical Journal 11555:The Astrophysical Journal 11375:The Astrophysical Journal 11235:February 3, 2019, at the 11216:February 3, 2019, at the 11197:February 3, 2019, at the 11162:10.1038/s41550-018-0686-7 11101:"The Milky Way is warped" 10426:The Astrophysical Journal 10245:10.1038/s41550-017-0224-z 10002:"The Interstellar Medium" 9918:The Astrophysical Journal 9865:The Astrophysical Journal 9529:The Astrophysical Journal 9476:The Astrophysical Journal 9336:10.1007/s10511-006-0002-6 9293:10.1007/s00159-013-0061-8 9115:The Astrophysical Journal 9034:The Astrophysical Journal 8442:The Astrophysical Journal 8404:10.1017/S1473550408004047 8287:10.1017/S1473550406003065 8072:The Astrophysical Journal 8031:10.1038/s41586-019-1874-z 7941:10.1038/s41550-020-1017-3 7875:10.1146/knowable-060921-1 7769:The Astrophysical Journal 7616:Curtis, Heber D. (1917). 7336:Astronomische Nachrichten 7177:November 6, 2018, at the 7146: 6904:December 2, 2012, at the 5698:10.1017/S0041977X00100345 5477:The Astrophysical Journal 5419:The Astrophysical Journal 5322:The Astrophysical Journal 5027:Dearson, Alis J. (2020). 4776:The Astrophysical Journal 4720:The Astrophysical Journal 4309:The Astrophysical Journal 4251:The Astrophysical Journal 3990:The Astrophysical Journal 3884:Chandra X-ray Observatory 3654:The distance towards its 3305:relative to the Milky Way 3201:2MASS J18082002-5104378 B 2971:Chandra X-ray Observatory 2818:radio measurements of H ( 2768: 2515:inactive galactic nucleus 2452:Chandra X-ray Observatory 2296:reside in the Milky Way. 2267:absolute visual magnitude 2036:. Measurements using the 1855:, including the Milky Way 1435:This section needs to be 1053:lies in the direction of 993:dark cloud constellations 823: 814: 783: 349: 312: 302: 282: 271: 261: 250: 235: 224: 213: 209: 183: 165: 140: 130: 125: 107: 97: 85: 73: 61: 35: 30: 17001:Local Interstellar Cloud 15077:10.3847/1538-4357/aadd97 15013:Johns Hopkins University 14972:Johns Hopkins University 14187:Peter Schneider (2006). 14056:Peter Schneider (2006). 14027:In Quest of the Universe 13645:The Astronomical Journal 12038:The Astronomical Journal 10561:The Astronomical Journal 9357:Vayntrub, Alina (2000). 9146:10.3847/1538-4357/aaa4b6 8877:"Dimensions of Galaxies" 8615:Tools of Radio Astronomy 7703:"Robert Julius Trumpler" 7376:Robinson, T. R. (1845). 7348:10.1002/asna.18460230802 6807:University of St Andrews 6161:Where the forest murmurs 5836:. A Reader's Companion. 5784:. In Gargarin, Michael; 5450:10.3847/1538-4357/ac449a 5353:10.3847/1538-4357/aa5c41 5029:"The Edge of the Galaxy" 4282:10.3847/1538-4357/ab089f 4021:10.3847/2041-8213/ac6756 3925:The Astronomical Journal 3641: 3194:12.7 ± 0.7 billion years 3030:universal rotation curve 2950:Sloan Digital Sky Survey 2943:Canis Major Dwarf Galaxy 2808:Expanding 3 kpc Arm 2038:Very Long Baseline Array 1941:contiguous United States 1626:mass lifeform extinction 1404:astronomical photographs 1181:Olympiodorus the Younger 737:, meaning "house river". 475:between the astronomers 253:Galactic rotation period 16517:Supermassive black hole 16356:The clickable Milky Way 16330:August 6, 2017, at the 16021:2020A&A...642A..30S 15747:2005A&A...431..517K 15347:2005A&A...431..517K 15297:10.1093/mnras/174.3.695 15232:2005A&A...440.1153D 14942:10.1126/science.1075631 14610:2009A&A...505..497Y 14418:1997ARA&A..35..217W 14158:2018Ap&SS.363..268C 13573:1996A&A...313..119D 12957:10.1126/science.aan5452 12912:2000A&A...358L..13D 12653:2003A&A...397..133R 12273:10.1126/science.adc9818 11913:2008A&A...491..781C 11796:10.1126/science.1240755 11453:2009A&A...498...95V 10851:. The Huffington Post. 10811:10.1073/pnas.1319909110 10403:1990ARA&A..28..215D 10360:10.1126/science.1128455 10090:2023A&A...678A.208J 9849:10.1515/astro-2017-0002 9359:"Mass of the Milky Way" 9285:2013A&ARv..21...61R 8951:2002A&A...391..519C 8677:2004A&A...418..131K 8596:10.1093/mnras/121.2.123 7510:Kapteyn, J. C. (1905). 7271:Rosse, Earl of (1846). 6887:March 16, 2016, at the 6658:April 11, 2016, at the 6455:Crumey, Andrew (2014). 6383:2013S&T...126a..24C 5790:Ancient Greece and Rome 4964:Encyclopædia Britannica 4547:2016ARA&A..54..529B 4431:2018A&A...612L...8L 4152:10.1023/A:1015818111633 4088:2019A&A...625L..10G 3387:is a stream of neutral 2883: 2507:supermassive black hole 2424:Event Horizon Telescope 2415:Supermassive black hole 2383:Spitzer Space Telescope 1989: 1842: 1580:galactic habitable zone 1410:that he could use as a 1250:Telescopic observations 491:Etymology and mythology 447:supermassive black hole 17331:Barred spiral galaxies 17113:To the Moon and Beyond 16810:Sagittarius Spheroidal 16672:Small Magellanic Cloud 16667:Large Magellanic Cloud 16624:Pisces-Eridanus stream 16477: 16340:– SEDS Messier website 16284:scientific revolutions 14777:www.spacetelescope.org 14529:10.1093/mnras/staa2452 13952:. September 24, 2012. 13451:10.1002/asna.200585006 12185:10.1103/Physics.16.115 10544:on September 13, 2011. 10296:"NASA – Neutron Stars" 10074:. EDP Sciences: A208. 8803:on September 19, 2010. 7591:(in German): 191–200. 7425:10.1098/rstl.1850.0026 7219:April 6, 2016, at the 7121: 7079: 7063: 7046: 6894:The Sidereal Messenger 6645:The Works of Aristotle 6583:10.1126/sciadv.1600377 5064:10.1093/mnras/staa1711 4584:. Izdatel'stvo Nauka. 4493:Wethington, Nicholos. 4467:. SEDS. Archived from 4465:"The Milky Way Galaxy" 3381:Small Magellanic Cloud 3377:Large Magellanic Cloud 3335:The Milky Way and the 3178:13.8 ± 4 billion years 3170:12.5 ± 3 billion years 3148: 3068: 3012: 2763:Carina–Sagittarius Arm 2686: 2654:reported observing an 2627: 2581: 2362: 2001: 1856: 1760: 90° ≤ ℓ ≤ 180° 1677: 1535: 1463: 1418:Satellite observations 1359:Great Andromeda Nebula 1353:had observed the nova 1329:In 1904, studying the 1326: 1267: 1244:Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya 1038: 886: 852:Our Lady of Walsingham 803: 17131:(1968 and 1977 films) 17061:Laniakea Supercluster 16475: 16436:Laniakea Supercluster 15872:10.1093/mnras/stu1005 13194:10.1093/mnras/stt2006 11643:10.1093/mnras/stx1823 11321:Astrophysical Journal 10989:on September 16, 2014 10614:on February 22, 2011. 9800:10.1093/mnras/stw2759 9679:10.1093/mnrasl/slz092 9242:on September 24, 2013 8562:on September 7, 2015. 7811:on September 15, 2016 7322:South, James (1846). 6819:Ragep, Jamil (1993). 6766:. Springer. pp. 6172:on February 17, 2007. 6104:Adelaide City Council 5927:Harris, Mike (2011). 5663:James, E. O. (1963). 4122:Space Science Reviews 3703:Bortle Dark-Sky Scale 3321:Laniakea Supercluster 3252:nucleocosmochronology 3166:nucleocosmochronology 3146: 3062: 3008:Galaxy rotation curve 3006: 2683: 2674:Further information: 2617: 2579: 2572:Gamma rays and x-rays 2517:, being estimated at 2371:Hubble classification 2360: 2345:making our galaxy a " 1997: 1863:(the other being the 1850: 1672: 1599:List of nearest stars 1533: 1461: 1400:light-gathering power 1321: 1257: 1028: 989:Australian aborigines 881: 752:called the Milky Way 497:Milky Way (mythology) 471:. Following the 1920 420:Laniakea Supercluster 16476:The Milky Way Galaxy 16057:. January 31, 2017. 14974:(November 5, 2018). 13496:(February 5, 2019). 13102:on December 18, 2013 12635:Russeil, D. (2003). 10849:The Associated Press 10538:"Absolute Magnitude" 9620:10.1093/mnras/stu879 9363:The Physics Factbook 8881:ned.ipac.caltech.edu 8240:NAI Features Archive 8211:. Hubble News Desk. 7831:"Gaia > Gaia DR1" 6793:Robertson, Edmund F. 6492:10.1093/mnras/stu992 6190:on December 17, 2006 6065:. Red Wheel/Weiser. 5902:snowdonia-npa.gov.uk 5827:"John Cowper Powys: 5378:(January 31, 2022). 4582:ned.ipac.caltech.edu 4576:Karachentsev, Igor. 3528:, centered near the 3518:Shapley Supercluster 3224:Very Large Telescope 3192:M4 was estimated as 3154:radioactive elements 3105:high-velocity clouds 2959:Virgo Stellar Stream 2935:Scutum–Centaurus Arm 2753:Scutum–Centaurus Arm 2664:magnetic field lines 2375:barred spiral galaxy 1750:0° ≤ ℓ ≤ 90° 1235:Nasir al-Din al-Tusi 1124:Astronomical history 1031:Sajama National Park 913:improve this article 740:Emu in the Sky: The 518:, set in the sky by 384:barred spiral galaxy 117:(25,881–26,996 17075:Observable universe 16450:Observable universe 16289:Scientific American 16254:10.1511/2001.40.745 16223:Sky & Telescope 16187:2006NewA...11..325P 16134:2006ApJ...645.1043K 15967:2014ApJS..214....1U 15863:2014MNRAS.442.2362P 15804:2012MNRAS.423.1109P 15694:2008ApJ...676.1008N 15641:2015ApJ...805..130K 15584:2003ApJ...586..170P 15529:1991rc3..book.....D 15490:10.1038/nature13674 15482:2014Natur.513...71T 15398:2008ApJ...676..184T 15372:Courtois, Hélène M. 15288:1976MNRAS.174..695L 15166:on August 11, 2014. 15130:2007ApJ...660L.117F 15068:2018ApJ...867...98S 14934:2003Sci...299...65K 14891:2002ApJ...572..861C 14826:2001Natur.409..691C 14759:2012AAS...21925208L 14716:2011ApJ...736...84M 14663:2007ApJ...662..322H 14471:2008ApJ...679L..21L 14375:2000Sci...287...69B 14347:on August 17, 2014. 14285:2022NuPhB.97915787B 13916:2012ApJ...756L...8G 13836:2008ApJ...673..864J 13783:2011ApJ...734L..24D 13704:2005ApJ...634..287I 13657:1994AJ....108.1773J 13610:1999ApJ...522..935G 13443:2005AN....326Q.599M 13380:2009AstL...35..609M 13331:Scientific American 13270:2008ApJ...683L.143D 13230:1957CRAS..244.1691V 13185:2014MNRAS.437.1791U 13066:2005ApJ...630L.149B 13013:2004ApJ...607L.127M 12949:2017Sci...358..227S 12854:2011MNRAS.414.1607L 12813:2009JAVSO..37..179M 12746:2008ASPC..387..375B 12700:2001ApJ...547..792D 12607:1993ApJ...411..674T 12560:2009PASP..121..213C 12517:10.1038/nature11734 12509:2013Natur.493...66C 12336:10.1038/nature06490 12328:2008Natur.451..159W 12265:2023Sci...380.1338I 12249:(6652): 1338–1343. 12176:2023PhyOJ..16..115W 12129:1985Natur.318..267B 12060:2008AJ....136.2441K 12013:1998ApJ...492..190A 11966:2005ApJ...621L.105N 11845:1999ASPC..182...87B 11788:2013Sci...341..981W 11731:2008ApJ...689.1044G 11634:2017MNRAS.471.3988C 11577:2010ApJ...720L..72S 11513:2010AcA....60...55M 11397:2009ApJ...705.1548R 11344:2009ApJ...692.1075G 11154:2019NatAs...3..320C 11071:2024NatAs...8..241F 10935:10.1038/nature19106 10927:2016Natur.536..437A 10802:2013PNAS..11019273P 10786:(48): 19273–19278. 10657:10.1038/nature10092 10649:2011Natur.473..349S 10603:The Washington Post 10573:2004AJ....127.2031K 10505:2006MNRAS.371..108C 10448:2009ApJ...702.1472S 10352:2006Sci...312.1773L 10336:(5781): 1773–1777. 10237:2017NatAs...1..709O 9983:2013AAS...22125411L 9940:2014ApJ...794...59K 9887:2013ApJ...775..102P 9840:2017OAst...26....1N 9791:2017MNRAS.465...76M 9732:2011MNRAS.414.2446M 9670:2019MNRAS.487L..72G 9611:2014MNRAS.443.2204P 9551:2010ApJ...720L.108G 9498:2009ApJ...700..137R 9416:2005MNRAS.364..433B 9328:2006Ap.....49....3K 9137:2018ApJ...854...47S 9057:2015ApJ...801..105X 8845:2010MNRAS.402..713S 8778:2006JAHH....9....3V 8734:1997ApJS..108..545L 8587:1960MNRAS.121..123B 8464:2009ApJ...705L.101O 8386:2008IJAsB...7...17G 8315:on February 6, 2008 8279:2006IJAsB...5..325S 8176:2009MNRAS.398..263M 8094:2016ApJ...830...17B 8023:2020Natur.578..237A 7933:2020NatAs...4..590P 7781:1929ApJ....69..103H 7747:1989JRASC..83..351S 7678:1988PASP..100....6C 7634:1917PASP...29..206C 7564:1907NWGot...5..614S 6791:O'Connor, John J.; 6575:2016SciA....2E0377F 6483:2014MNRAS.442.2600C 6371:Sky & Telescope 6299:Rey, H. A. (1976). 5898:"Eryri – Snowdonia" 5572:1921BuNRC...2..171S 5499:2013ApJ...765L..12B 5441:2022ApJ...925..165H 5344:2017ApJ...837...30G 5246:10.1038/nature10684 5238:2012Natur.481..167C 5136:10.1038/nature13674 5128:2014Natur.513...71T 5055:2020MNRAS.496.3929D 4798:2014ApJ...794...59K 4742:1993ApJ...419....1K 4684:2020RAA....20..159S 4613:Scientific American 4383:1998Obs...118..201G 4331:2012ApJ...761...98K 4273:2019ApJ...873..118W 4144:2002SSRv..100..129G 4012:2022ApJ...930L..17E 3947:2011AJ....142...35P 3784:galactic anticenter 3732:Triangulum Australe 3585:solar system portal 3502:peculiar velocities 3487:frames of reference 3465:or perhaps a large 3216:age of the Universe 2846:(about 10,000 2580:All-sky x-ray image 2343:neutrino luminosity 2238:interstellar medium 1935:were the size of a 1702:north galactic pole 1685:, which places the 1378:took place between 1237:(1201–1274) in his 1080:). Relative to the 1059:galactic anticenter 410:and is part of the 382:The Milky Way is a 17269:History of science 17157:Order of magnitude 17139:(1996 documentary) 17055:Virgo Supercluster 17036:Milky Way subgroup 16795:Pisces Overdensity 16629:Sagittarius Stream 16540:Carina–Sagittarius 16478: 16430:Virgo Supercluster 16411:Milky Way subgroup 16241:American Scientist 15924:on January 8, 2007 13734:"Outer Disk Ring?" 12465:on August 23, 2014 12436:The New York Times 12406:. April 28, 1997. 12209:The New York Times 11260:on October 9, 2014 11017:The New York Times 10746:The New York Times 10720:on October 6, 2014 9369:on August 13, 2014 9098:on March 13, 2015. 7972:The New York Times 7965:(April 19, 2024). 7835:www.cosmos.esa.int 7701:Weaver, Harold F. 6741:Aristotle (1931). 6680:mo-www.harvard.edu 5387:The New York Times 5291:on January 3, 2013 4959:"Milky Way Galaxy" 3864:of 0.55 estimated 3626:Galactic astronomy 3599:outer space portal 3526:Local Supercluster 3498:expansion of space 3479:special relativity 3353:Virgo Supercluster 3149: 3075:shortly after the 3069: 3013: 2816:21 centimeter 2687: 2628: 2582: 2538:RR Lyrae-type 2503:Sagittarius A-star 2363: 2175:molecular hydrogen 2002: 1950:, which alongside 1897:isophotal diameter 1857: 1678: 1659:Galactic quadrants 1603:apparent magnitude 1587:absolute magnitude 1536: 1464: 1351:Heber Doust Curtis 1327: 1268: 1151:Greek philosophers 1039: 1016:limiting magnitude 1004:surface brightness 979:, are areas where 887: 483:, observations by 481:Heber Doust Curtis 416:Virgo Supercluster 408:satellite galaxies 392:isophotal diameter 363:that includes the 283:Speed relative to 62:Observation data ( 17202: 17201: 16975:Location of Earth 16941: 16940: 16905:Zone of Avoidance 16873: 16872: 16720:Canes Venatici II 16677:Magellanic Bridge 16659:Magellanic Clouds 16642: 16641: 16608:Magellanic Stream 16593:Fimbulthul stream 16346:– Infrared Images 16272:978-1-5387-5415-3 15889:(Press release). 15546:978-1-4757-4365-4 15433:Discover Magazine 14810:(6821): 691–692. 14561:Sky and Telescope 14263:Nuclear Physics B 14238:. July 27, 2017. 14200:978-3-540-33174-2 14108:978-0-521-54623-2 14069:978-3-540-33174-2 14042:978-0-7637-4387-1 13358:Astronomy Letters 13127:University Herald 12933:(6360): 227–230. 12322:(7175): 159–162. 12123:(6043): 267–269. 11871:978-0-19-969229-3 11772:(6149): 981–983. 11678:978-0-521-54623-2 10911:(7617): 437–440. 10873:Los Angeles Times 10693:on May 22, 2011. 10633:(7347): 349–352. 10008:on April 19, 2015 9455:on August 8, 2014 9230:Coffey, Jeffrey. 9172:(Press release). 9090:(Press release). 8625:978-3-540-85121-9 8541:978-0-521-80336-6 8510:978-1-139-46238-9 8347:978-1-139-49522-6 8007:(7794): 237–239. 7866:Knowable Magazine 6919:"Galileo Galilei" 6875:Galileo Galilei, 6777:978-1-4020-8322-8 6533:978-1-85233-752-0 6343:978-1-107-68756-1 6316:978-0-395-24830-0 6285:978-0-03-001667-7 6272:Pasachoff, Jay M. 6225:on April 29, 2006 6072:978-1-890482-93-0 6044:978-0-19-861186-8 6015:978-0-7565-4306-8 5969:Harper, Douglas. 5940:978-1-908011-36-7 5799:978-0-19-538839-8 5754:978-0-19-511957-2 5637:978-0-9524387-5-5 5598:978-0-19-973079-7 5539:on March 21, 2017 5222:(7380): 167–169. 5176:on March 2, 2012. 4932:978-3-030-17801-7 4899:978-0-387-76559-4 4874:978-0-03-001667-7 4861:Pasachoff, Jay M. 4838:978-3-642-61588-7 4616:. April 1, 2020. 3877:For a photo see: 3463:elliptical galaxy 3397:Canis Major Dwarf 3385:Magellanic Stream 3101:Magellanic Stream 2999:Galactic rotation 2986:Magellanic Clouds 2904:retrograde orbits 2900:globular clusters 2898:of old stars and 2806:(also called the 2786: 2785: 2564:of the Milky Way 2258:Magellanic Clouds 2254:globular clusters 2179:Interstellar dust 2125:and as small as 8 1832:negative rotation 1806:) as viewed from 1804:positive rotation 1792: 1791: 1665:Galactic quadrant 1649:astronomical unit 1526:Location of Earth 1456: 1455: 1408:Cepheid variables 1118:directly overhead 1110:β Comae Berenices 1082:celestial equator 997:Zone of Avoidance 981:interstellar dust 945: 944: 937: 721:House river: The 601:Hellenistic Greek 522:, the Babylonian 353: 352: 170:100–400 billion ( 136:Sb; Sbc; SB(rs)bc 113:7.935–8.277 17338: 17303: 17302: 17291: 17290: 17279: 17278: 17267: 17266: 17265: 17255: 17254: 17243: 17242: 17241: 17231: 17230: 17229: 17219: 17218: 17210: 17191: 17181:Astronomy portal 17179: 17091: 17089: 17080: 17073: 17066: 17059: 17053: 17047: 17041: 17034: 17027: 17020: 17013: 17006: 16999: 16992: 16968: 16961: 16954: 16945: 16944: 16931: 16930: 16923:Astronomy portal 16921: 16715:Canes Venatici I 16655: 16654: 16560:Scutum–Centaurus 16488: 16487: 16466: 16464: 16455: 16448: 16441: 16434: 16428: 16422: 16416: 16409: 16385: 16378: 16371: 16362: 16361: 16276: 16257: 16237: 16227: 16207: 16206: 16180: 16178:astro-ph/0508614 16160: 16154: 16153: 16127: 16125:astro-ph/0510106 16118:(2): 1043–1053. 16107: 16101: 16100: 16098: 16096: 16077: 16071: 16070: 16068: 16066: 16047: 16041: 16040: 16014: 15993: 15987: 15986: 15960: 15940: 15934: 15933: 15931: 15929: 15913: 15907: 15906: 15904: 15902: 15897:on July 16, 2014 15883: 15877: 15876: 15874: 15856: 15847:(3): 2362–2380. 15832: 15826: 15825: 15815: 15797: 15788:(2): 1109–1126. 15773: 15767: 15766: 15740: 15738:astro-ph/0410421 15720: 15714: 15713: 15687: 15678:(2): 1008–1015. 15667: 15661: 15660: 15634: 15613: 15604: 15603: 15577: 15575:astro-ph/0209127 15557: 15551: 15550: 15516: 15510: 15509: 15475: 15455: 15449: 15448: 15446: 15444: 15424: 15418: 15417: 15391: 15367: 15361: 15360: 15358: 15340: 15338:astro-ph/0410421 15316: 15310: 15309: 15299: 15267: 15261: 15258: 15252: 15251: 15225: 15223:astro-ph/0506458 15216:(3): 1153–1159. 15205: 15199: 15198: 15196: 15194: 15174: 15168: 15167: 15156: 15150: 15149: 15123: 15121:astro-ph/0703414 15099: 15090: 15089: 15079: 15061: 15035: 15029: 15028: 15026: 15024: 15004: 14998: 14997: 14995: 14993: 14968: 14962: 14961: 14917: 14911: 14910: 14884: 14882:astro-ph/0202429 14860: 14854: 14853: 14834:10.1038/35055507 14819: 14817:astro-ph/0104357 14799: 14793: 14792: 14790: 14788: 14769: 14763: 14762: 14742: 14736: 14735: 14709: 14689: 14683: 14682: 14656: 14654:astro-ph/0702585 14636: 14630: 14629: 14603: 14583: 14577: 14576: 14574: 14572: 14552: 14546: 14545: 14543: 14541: 14531: 14521: 14512:(2): 2472–2491. 14497: 14491: 14490: 14464: 14444: 14438: 14437: 14401: 14395: 14394: 14358: 14349: 14348: 14343:. Archived from 14332: 14326: 14325: 14323: 14311: 14305: 14304: 14278: 14258: 14252: 14251: 14249: 14247: 14226: 14217: 14216: 14214: 14212: 14184: 14178: 14177: 14151: 14131: 14125: 14124: 14122: 14120: 14092: 14086: 14085: 14083: 14081: 14053: 14047: 14046: 14030: 14020: 14011: 14010: 13994: 13985: 13984: 13982: 13980: 13964: 13958: 13957: 13942: 13936: 13935: 13909: 13889: 13883: 13882: 13880: 13878: 13862: 13856: 13855: 13829: 13827:astro-ph/0510520 13809: 13803: 13802: 13776: 13756: 13750: 13749: 13747: 13745: 13730: 13724: 13723: 13697: 13695:astro-ph/0504164 13677: 13671: 13670: 13668: 13636: 13630: 13629: 13603: 13601:astro-ph/9806245 13583: 13577: 13576: 13556: 13550: 13549: 13547: 13545: 13535: 13526: 13520: 13519: 13517: 13515: 13490: 13484: 13483: 13481: 13469: 13463: 13462: 13436: 13434:astro-ph/0510569 13416: 13410: 13409: 13391: 13373: 13353: 13347: 13346: 13344: 13342: 13322: 13316: 13315: 13313: 13311: 13296: 13290: 13289: 13263: 13254:(2): L143–L146. 13243: 13234: 13233: 13213: 13207: 13206: 13196: 13178: 13169:(2): 1791–1807. 13152: 13143: 13142: 13140: 13138: 13118: 13112: 13111: 13109: 13107: 13092: 13086: 13085: 13059: 13057:astro-ph/0508325 13050:(2): L149–L152. 13039: 13033: 13032: 13006: 13004:astro-ph/0404448 12986: 12977: 12976: 12942: 12922: 12916: 12915: 12905: 12903:astro-ph/0005241 12885: 12876: 12875: 12865: 12847: 12838:(2): 1607–1616. 12823: 12817: 12816: 12806: 12786: 12775: 12774: 12772: 12770: 12749: 12729: 12720: 12719: 12693: 12691:astro-ph/0009217 12673: 12667: 12666: 12664: 12632: 12621: 12620: 12618: 12586: 12580: 12579: 12554:(877): 213–230. 12543: 12537: 12536: 12502: 12481: 12475: 12474: 12472: 12470: 12461:. Archived from 12451: 12445: 12444: 12426: 12420: 12419: 12417: 12415: 12396: 12390: 12389: 12387: 12385: 12365: 12356: 12355: 12311: 12305: 12304: 12302: 12300: 12258: 12232: 12226: 12225: 12223: 12221: 12199: 12193: 12192: 12187: 12155: 12149: 12148: 12137:10.1038/318267a0 12112: 12106: 12105: 12103: 12101: 12086: 12080: 12079: 12053: 12044:(6): 2441–2452. 12033: 12027: 12026: 12024: 11992: 11986: 11985: 11959: 11957:astro-ph/0502058 11939: 11933: 11932: 11906: 11886: 11880: 11879: 11855: 11849: 11848: 11838: 11836:astro-ph/9906025 11822: 11816: 11815: 11781: 11760: 11751: 11750: 11724: 11715:(2): 1044–1062. 11704: 11695: 11694: 11692: 11690: 11662: 11656: 11655: 11645: 11627: 11603: 11597: 11596: 11570: 11550: 11544: 11543: 11541: 11539: 11523: 11517: 11516: 11506: 11491:Acta Astronomica 11486: 11473: 11472: 11446: 11426: 11417: 11416: 11390: 11381:(2): 1548–1553. 11370: 11364: 11363: 11337: 11328:(2): 1075–1109. 11315: 11306: 11305: 11303: 11301: 11279: 11270: 11269: 11267: 11265: 11256:. Archived from 11245: 11239: 11226: 11220: 11207: 11201: 11188: 11182: 11181: 11147: 11132:Nature Astronomy 11127: 11121: 11120: 11118: 11116: 11097: 11091: 11090: 11064: 11049:Nature Astronomy 11040: 11034: 11033: 11031: 11029: 11013: 11005: 10999: 10998: 10996: 10994: 10973: 10967: 10966: 10964: 10962: 10920: 10896: 10890: 10889: 10887: 10885: 10863: 10857: 10856: 10840: 10834: 10833: 10823: 10813: 10795: 10769: 10763: 10762: 10760: 10758: 10736: 10730: 10729: 10727: 10725: 10704: 10698: 10697: 10683: 10677: 10676: 10642: 10622: 10616: 10615: 10610:. Archived from 10608:Associated Press 10593: 10587: 10586: 10584: 10567:(4): 2031–2068. 10552: 10546: 10545: 10540:. Archived from 10533: 10527: 10526: 10516: 10498: 10496:astro-ph/0508390 10474: 10468: 10467: 10441: 10432:(2): 1472–1489. 10421: 10415: 10414: 10386: 10380: 10379: 10345: 10343:astro-ph/0605728 10325: 10316: 10315: 10313: 10311: 10292: 10286: 10283: 10277: 10276: 10274: 10272: 10230: 10215:Nature Astronomy 10206: 10200: 10199: 10197: 10195: 10176: 10170: 10169: 10167: 10165: 10145: 10139: 10138: 10136: 10134: 10129:on July 23, 2014 10118: 10112: 10111: 10101: 10083: 10059: 10053: 10052: 10050: 10048: 10042: 10036:. Archived from 10035: 10027: 10018: 10017: 10015: 10013: 10004:. Archived from 9998: 9987: 9986: 9966: 9960: 9959: 9933: 9913: 9907: 9906: 9880: 9860: 9854: 9853: 9851: 9819: 9813: 9812: 9802: 9784: 9760: 9754: 9753: 9743: 9725: 9716:(3): 2446–2457. 9701: 9692: 9691: 9681: 9663: 9639: 9633: 9632: 9622: 9604: 9595:(3): 2204–2222. 9580: 9571: 9570: 9544: 9535:(1): L108–L112. 9524: 9518: 9517: 9491: 9471: 9465: 9464: 9462: 9460: 9444: 9438: 9437: 9427: 9409: 9407:astro-ph/0506102 9385: 9379: 9378: 9376: 9374: 9365:. Archived from 9354: 9348: 9347: 9311: 9305: 9304: 9278: 9258: 9252: 9251: 9249: 9247: 9238:. Archived from 9227: 9221: 9220: 9218: 9216: 9196: 9190: 9189: 9187: 9185: 9165: 9159: 9158: 9148: 9130: 9106: 9100: 9099: 9094:. Archived from 9083: 9077: 9076: 9050: 9028: 9022: 9021: 9019: 9017: 8998: 8992: 8991: 8989: 8987:astro-ph/9704289 8977: 8971: 8970: 8944: 8942:astro-ph/0205553 8924: 8918: 8917: 8915: 8913:astro-ph/9704216 8903: 8897: 8896: 8894: 8892: 8873: 8867: 8866: 8856: 8838: 8814: 8805: 8804: 8802: 8796:. Archived from 8763: 8754: 8748: 8747: 8745: 8713: 8704: 8703: 8701: 8699: 8670: 8668:astro-ph/0401303 8652: 8643: 8634: 8633: 8609: 8600: 8599: 8598: 8570: 8564: 8563: 8552: 8546: 8545: 8521: 8515: 8514: 8497:Sparke, Linda S. 8493: 8484: 8483: 8457: 8448:(2): L101–L103. 8437: 8431: 8430: 8428: 8426: 8420: 8397: 8371: 8362: 8356: 8355: 8331: 8325: 8324: 8322: 8320: 8305: 8299: 8298: 8262: 8256: 8255: 8253: 8251: 8246:on April 9, 2013 8231: 8225: 8224: 8222: 8220: 8204: 8198: 8197: 8187: 8169: 8145: 8139: 8138: 8136: 8134: 8128: 8105: 8087: 8069: 8060: 8051: 8050: 8016: 7995: 7989: 7988: 7986: 7984: 7959: 7953: 7952: 7926: 7911:Nature Astronomy 7906: 7900: 7899: 7897: 7895: 7877: 7857: 7851: 7850: 7848: 7846: 7827: 7821: 7820: 7818: 7816: 7801: 7795: 7794: 7792: 7757: 7751: 7750: 7725: 7719: 7718: 7716: 7714: 7698: 7692: 7691: 7689: 7654: 7648: 7647: 7645: 7628:(171): 206–207. 7613: 7607: 7604: 7602: 7600: 7579: 7577: 7575: 7540: 7534: 7531: 7529: 7527: 7512:"Star streaming" 7505: 7503: 7501: 7478: 7472: 7469: 7467: 7458:(2): 2.26–2.28. 7441: 7439: 7437: 7427: 7401: 7399: 7397: 7366:Whirlpool Galaxy 7363: 7361: 7359: 7342:(536): 113–118. 7315: 7313: 7311: 7292: 7290: 7288: 7265:Whirlpool Galaxy 7258: 7252: 7251: 7249: 7247: 7231: 7225: 7188: 7182: 7155: 7154: 7124: 7117: 7111: 7110: 7108: 7106: 7090: 7084: 7082: 7066: 7057: 7051: 7049: 7029: 7023: 6941: 6935: 6934: 6932: 6930: 6914: 6908: 6877:Sidereus Nuncius 6873: 6867: 6866: 6838: 6832: 6831: 6816: 6810: 6809: 6788: 6782: 6781: 6765: 6755: 6749: 6748: 6738: 6732: 6731: 6729: 6727: 6705: 6696: 6695: 6693: 6691: 6672: 6663: 6641: 6635: 6634: 6632: 6630: 6619: 6613: 6612: 6602: 6568: 6553:Science Advances 6544: 6538: 6537: 6521: 6511: 6505: 6504: 6494: 6476: 6467:(3): 2600–2619. 6452: 6446: 6445: 6443: 6441: 6421: 6415: 6414: 6393: 6387: 6386: 6366: 6360: 6359: 6357: 6355: 6327: 6321: 6320: 6296: 6290: 6289: 6268: 6262: 6261: 6259: 6257: 6241: 6235: 6234: 6232: 6230: 6206: 6200: 6199: 6197: 6195: 6186:. Archived from 6180: 6174: 6173: 6168:. Archived from 6152: 6146: 6145: 6143: 6141: 6126: 6120: 6119: 6117: 6115: 6110:on July 12, 2019 6106:. Archived from 6100:"Reconciliation" 6096: 6090: 6087: 6081: 6080: 6056: 6050: 6048: 6030: 6024: 6023: 5999: 5993: 5992: 5990: 5988: 5966: 5960: 5959: 5954: 5952: 5924: 5918: 5917: 5915: 5913: 5894: 5888: 5887: 5859: 5853: 5852: 5850: 5848: 5842: 5835: 5822: 5816: 5815: 5813: 5811: 5777: 5771: 5770: 5768: 5766: 5738: 5732: 5731: 5729: 5727: 5708: 5702: 5701: 5680: 5671: 5670: 5660: 5654: 5653: 5651: 5649: 5621: 5615: 5614: 5612: 5610: 5582: 5576: 5575: 5555: 5549: 5548: 5546: 5544: 5535:. Archived from 5525: 5519: 5518: 5492: 5472: 5463: 5462: 5452: 5434: 5410: 5404: 5403: 5401: 5399: 5383: 5372: 5366: 5365: 5355: 5337: 5312: 5301: 5300: 5298: 5296: 5275: 5266: 5265: 5231: 5211: 5200: 5199: 5184: 5178: 5177: 5172:. Archived from 5162: 5156: 5155: 5121: 5101: 5095: 5094: 5083: 5077: 5076: 5066: 5048: 5039:(3): 3929–3942. 5024: 5015: 5014: 5012: 5010: 4990: 4981: 4980: 4978: 4976: 4951: 4945: 4944: 4918: 4912: 4911: 4885: 4879: 4878: 4857: 4851: 4850: 4824: 4818: 4817: 4791: 4771: 4762: 4761: 4735: 4733:astro-ph/9312056 4715: 4704: 4703: 4677: 4657: 4651: 4650: 4648: 4636: 4630: 4629: 4627: 4625: 4604: 4598: 4597: 4595: 4593: 4573: 4567: 4566: 4540: 4520: 4511: 4510: 4508: 4506: 4490: 4481: 4480: 4478: 4476: 4460: 4451: 4450: 4424: 4400: 4387: 4386: 4366: 4351: 4350: 4324: 4304: 4295: 4294: 4284: 4266: 4242: 4231: 4230: 4228: 4226: 4215:ScienceAlert.com 4206: 4195: 4194: 4192: 4190: 4170: 4164: 4163: 4137: 4135:astro-ph/0203110 4128:(1/4): 129–138. 4117: 4108: 4107: 4081: 4061: 4055: 4054: 4052: 4040: 4034: 4033: 4023: 4005: 3981: 3975: 3974: 3940: 3920: 3900: 3899: 3897: 3895: 3875: 3869: 3854: 3848: 3845: 3839: 3712: 3706: 3699: 3693: 3690:Milky Way Galaxy 3682: 3676: 3669: 3663: 3652: 3615: 3613:astronomy portal 3610: 3609: 3608: 3601: 3596: 3595: 3594: 3587: 3582: 3581: 3580: 3542: 3516:, including the 3405:Ursa Minor Dwarf 3351:and in turn the 3337:Andromeda Galaxy 3316: 3298: 3254:. Another star, 3195: 3179: 3171: 3120:angular momentum 2912:elliptical orbit 2780:Orion–Cygnus Arm 2705: 2704: 2696:molecular clouds 2644:Parkes Telescope 2547:Andromeda Galaxy 2524: 2522: 2500: 2467:standard candles 2449: 2439: 2421: 2411: 2327:Proxima Centauri 2310:orbiting in the 2262:closest approach 2150: 2139: 2128: 2117: 2106: 2100:dark matter halo 2083: 2072: 2061: 2046: 2034:Andromeda Galaxy 2020: 2015: 2011: 1968:dark matter halo 1911: 1909: 1893:Cepheid variable 1889:visible spectrum 1865:Andromeda Galaxy 1770:180° ≤ ℓ ≤ 270° 1719: 1718: 1637:origin of humans 1451: 1448: 1442: 1430: 1429: 1422: 1324:Andromeda Galaxy 1305:William Herschel 1260:William Herschel 1228: 1189: 1186: 1162: 1159: 940: 933: 929: 926: 920: 897: 889: 834: 825: 817: 816: 808: 806: 798: 797: 786: 785: 711:Baltic languages 707:Turkic languages 686:Antarctic Circle 656: 655: 650: 649: 644: 643: 637: 630: 629: 620: 613: 612: 607: 606: 344: 343: 342: 325: 324: 323: 308: 298: 296: 278:160–180 Myr 267:220–360 Myr 246: 244: 236:Angular momentum 179: 177: 175: 152: 150: 93: 53:laser guide star 40: 28: 27: 17346: 17345: 17341: 17340: 17339: 17337: 17336: 17335: 17311: 17310: 17309: 17297: 17285: 17273: 17263: 17261: 17249: 17239: 17237: 17227: 17225: 17213: 17205: 17203: 17198: 17166: 17092: 17087: 17085: 17084: 17078: 17071: 17064: 17057: 17051: 17045: 17039: 17032: 17025: 17018: 17011: 17004: 16997: 16990: 16977: 16972: 16942: 16937: 16909: 16885:Alternate names 16869: 16681: 16649: 16638: 16588:Aquarius Stream 16574: 16526: 16492:Galactic Center 16479: 16467: 16462: 16460: 16459: 16453: 16446: 16439: 16432: 16426: 16420: 16414: 16407: 16394: 16389: 16332:Wayback Machine 16299: 16273: 16235: 16216: 16214:Further reading 16211: 16210: 16161: 16157: 16108: 16104: 16094: 16092: 16079: 16078: 16074: 16064: 16062: 16049: 16048: 16044: 15994: 15990: 15941: 15937: 15927: 15925: 15914: 15910: 15900: 15898: 15885: 15884: 15880: 15833: 15829: 15774: 15770: 15721: 15717: 15668: 15664: 15614: 15607: 15558: 15554: 15547: 15517: 15513: 15456: 15452: 15442: 15440: 15425: 15421: 15368: 15364: 15317: 15313: 15268: 15264: 15259: 15255: 15206: 15202: 15192: 15190: 15175: 15171: 15158: 15157: 15153: 15100: 15093: 15036: 15032: 15022: 15020: 15005: 15001: 14991: 14989: 14969: 14965: 14928:(5603): 65–69. 14918: 14914: 14861: 14857: 14800: 14796: 14786: 14784: 14771: 14770: 14766: 14743: 14739: 14690: 14686: 14637: 14633: 14584: 14580: 14570: 14568: 14553: 14549: 14539: 14537: 14498: 14494: 14445: 14441: 14402: 14398: 14369:(5450): 69–74. 14359: 14352: 14333: 14329: 14312: 14308: 14259: 14255: 14245: 14243: 14228: 14227: 14220: 14210: 14208: 14201: 14185: 14181: 14132: 14128: 14118: 14116: 14109: 14093: 14089: 14079: 14077: 14070: 14054: 14050: 14043: 14021: 14014: 13995: 13988: 13978: 13976: 13965: 13961: 13944: 13943: 13939: 13890: 13886: 13876: 13874: 13869:. Brooke Boen. 13863: 13859: 13810: 13806: 13757: 13753: 13743: 13741: 13732: 13731: 13727: 13678: 13674: 13637: 13633: 13584: 13580: 13557: 13553: 13543: 13541: 13533: 13527: 13523: 13513: 13511: 13491: 13487: 13470: 13466: 13417: 13413: 13389:10.1.1.247.4658 13354: 13350: 13340: 13338: 13323: 13319: 13309: 13307: 13298: 13297: 13293: 13244: 13237: 13214: 13210: 13153: 13146: 13136: 13134: 13119: 13115: 13105: 13103: 13094: 13093: 13089: 13040: 13036: 12987: 12980: 12923: 12919: 12886: 12879: 12824: 12820: 12787: 12778: 12768: 12766: 12750: 12730: 12723: 12674: 12670: 12633: 12624: 12587: 12583: 12544: 12540: 12493:(7430): 66–69. 12482: 12478: 12468: 12466: 12453: 12452: 12448: 12427: 12423: 12413: 12411: 12398: 12397: 12393: 12383: 12381: 12366: 12359: 12312: 12308: 12298: 12296: 12233: 12229: 12219: 12217: 12200: 12196: 12156: 12152: 12113: 12109: 12099: 12097: 12088: 12087: 12083: 12034: 12030: 11993: 11989: 11940: 11936: 11887: 11883: 11872: 11856: 11852: 11823: 11819: 11761: 11754: 11705: 11698: 11688: 11686: 11679: 11663: 11659: 11604: 11600: 11551: 11547: 11537: 11535: 11524: 11520: 11487: 11476: 11427: 11420: 11371: 11367: 11316: 11309: 11299: 11297: 11280: 11273: 11263: 11261: 11246: 11242: 11237:Wayback Machine 11227: 11223: 11218:Wayback Machine 11208: 11204: 11199:Wayback Machine 11189: 11185: 11128: 11124: 11114: 11112: 11099: 11098: 11094: 11041: 11037: 11027: 11025: 11006: 11002: 10992: 10990: 10975: 10974: 10970: 10960: 10958: 10897: 10893: 10883: 10881: 10864: 10860: 10841: 10837: 10770: 10766: 10756: 10754: 10737: 10733: 10723: 10721: 10706: 10705: 10701: 10685: 10684: 10680: 10623: 10619: 10594: 10590: 10553: 10549: 10534: 10530: 10475: 10471: 10422: 10418: 10387: 10383: 10326: 10319: 10309: 10307: 10294: 10293: 10289: 10284: 10280: 10270: 10268: 10221:(10): 709–712. 10207: 10203: 10193: 10191: 10178: 10177: 10173: 10163: 10161: 10146: 10142: 10132: 10130: 10119: 10115: 10060: 10056: 10046: 10044: 10043:on July 8, 2015 10040: 10033: 10029: 10028: 10021: 10011: 10009: 10000: 9999: 9990: 9967: 9963: 9914: 9910: 9861: 9857: 9820: 9816: 9761: 9757: 9702: 9695: 9640: 9636: 9581: 9574: 9525: 9521: 9472: 9468: 9458: 9456: 9445: 9441: 9386: 9382: 9372: 9370: 9355: 9351: 9312: 9308: 9259: 9255: 9245: 9243: 9228: 9224: 9214: 9212: 9197: 9193: 9183: 9181: 9166: 9162: 9107: 9103: 9084: 9080: 9029: 9025: 9015: 9013: 9000: 8999: 8995: 8978: 8974: 8925: 8921: 8904: 8900: 8890: 8888: 8875: 8874: 8870: 8815: 8808: 8800: 8761: 8755: 8751: 8714: 8707: 8697: 8695: 8650: 8644: 8637: 8626: 8610: 8603: 8571: 8567: 8554: 8553: 8549: 8542: 8522: 8518: 8511: 8494: 8487: 8438: 8434: 8424: 8422: 8418: 8395:10.1.1.384.9224 8369: 8363: 8359: 8348: 8332: 8328: 8318: 8316: 8307: 8306: 8302: 8263: 8259: 8249: 8247: 8232: 8228: 8218: 8216: 8205: 8201: 8146: 8142: 8132: 8130: 8126: 8067: 8061: 8054: 7996: 7992: 7982: 7980: 7963:Overbye, Dennis 7960: 7956: 7907: 7903: 7893: 7891: 7858: 7854: 7844: 7842: 7829: 7828: 7824: 7814: 7812: 7803: 7802: 7798: 7758: 7754: 7726: 7722: 7712: 7710: 7699: 7695: 7655: 7651: 7614: 7610: 7598: 7596: 7573: 7571: 7541: 7537: 7525: 7523: 7499: 7497: 7479: 7475: 7435: 7433: 7395: 7393: 7388:(50): 114–133. 7357: 7355: 7309: 7307: 7286: 7284: 7259: 7255: 7245: 7243: 7242:on May 19, 2013 7232: 7228: 7221:Wayback Machine 7209:Wayback Machine 7189: 7185: 7179:Wayback Machine 7161: 7143:Wayback Machine 7118: 7114: 7104: 7102: 7091: 7087: 7075:Wayback Machine 7058: 7054: 7042:Wayback Machine 7031:Immanuel Kant, 7030: 7026: 7018:Wayback Machine 7001:Wayback Machine 6984:Wayback Machine 6971:Wayback Machine 6958:Wayback Machine 6943:Thomas Wright, 6942: 6938: 6928: 6926: 6915: 6911: 6906:Wayback Machine 6891: 6889:Wayback Machine 6874: 6870: 6839: 6835: 6817: 6813: 6789: 6785: 6778: 6756: 6752: 6739: 6735: 6725: 6723: 6706: 6699: 6689: 6687: 6674: 6673: 6666: 6660:Wayback Machine 6642: 6638: 6628: 6626: 6620: 6616: 6559:(6): e1600377. 6545: 6541: 6534: 6512: 6508: 6453: 6449: 6439: 6437: 6422: 6418: 6411: 6394: 6390: 6367: 6363: 6353: 6351: 6344: 6328: 6324: 6317: 6297: 6293: 6286: 6269: 6265: 6255: 6253: 6242: 6238: 6228: 6226: 6207: 6203: 6193: 6191: 6182: 6181: 6177: 6153: 6149: 6139: 6137: 6135:Space Australia 6127: 6123: 6113: 6111: 6098: 6097: 6093: 6088: 6084: 6073: 6057: 6053: 6045: 6031: 6027: 6016: 6000: 5996: 5986: 5984: 5967: 5963: 5950: 5948: 5941: 5925: 5921: 5911: 5909: 5896: 5895: 5891: 5860: 5856: 5846: 5844: 5840: 5833: 5823: 5819: 5809: 5807: 5800: 5786:Fantham, Elaine 5778: 5774: 5764: 5762: 5755: 5739: 5735: 5725: 5723: 5716:judy-volker.com 5710: 5709: 5705: 5681: 5674: 5661: 5657: 5647: 5645: 5638: 5622: 5618: 5608: 5606: 5599: 5583: 5579: 5566:(11): 171–217. 5556: 5552: 5542: 5540: 5527: 5526: 5522: 5473: 5466: 5411: 5407: 5397: 5395: 5376:Overbye, Dennis 5373: 5369: 5313: 5304: 5294: 5292: 5277: 5276: 5269: 5212: 5203: 5186: 5185: 5181: 5164: 5163: 5159: 5112:(7516): 71–73. 5102: 5098: 5085: 5084: 5080: 5025: 5018: 5008: 5006: 4991: 4984: 4974: 4972: 4952: 4948: 4933: 4919: 4915: 4900: 4886: 4882: 4875: 4858: 4854: 4839: 4825: 4821: 4772: 4765: 4716: 4707: 4658: 4654: 4637: 4633: 4623: 4621: 4606: 4605: 4601: 4591: 4589: 4574: 4570: 4521: 4514: 4504: 4502: 4491: 4484: 4474: 4472: 4471:on May 12, 2007 4461: 4454: 4401: 4390: 4371:The Observatory 4367: 4354: 4305: 4298: 4243: 4234: 4224: 4222: 4207: 4198: 4188: 4186: 4171: 4167: 4118: 4111: 4062: 4058: 4041: 4037: 3982: 3978: 3921: 3914: 3909: 3904: 3903: 3893: 3891: 3878: 3876: 3872: 3855: 3851: 3846: 3842: 3713: 3709: 3700: 3696: 3683: 3679: 3674: 3670: 3666: 3653: 3649: 3644: 3611: 3606: 3604: 3597: 3592: 3590: 3583: 3578: 3576: 3573: 3555:(COBE) and the 3540: 3514:galaxy clusters 3510:Great Attractor 3475: 3459:stars colliding 3399:(the closest), 3362:Great Attractor 3333: 3327: 3326: 3325: 3324: 3323: 3317: 3308: 3307: 3306: 3299: 3288: 3263:adaptive optics 3242:created by the 3193: 3177: 3169: 3141: 3057: 3052: 3046: 3001: 2967: 2896:spheroidal halo 2892: 2886: 2836:Galactic Center 2820:atomic hydrogen 2678: 2672: 2574: 2531: 2528: 2520: 2518: 2511:mass of the Sun 2496: 2459: 2458: 2457: 2456: 2455: 2447: 2440: 2432: 2431: 2417: 2412: 2401: 2395:Galactic Center 2393:Main articles: 2391: 2389:Galactic Center 2355: 2347:neutrino desert 2312:habitable zones 2221: 2213:Gaia spacecraft 2157: 2154: 2148: 2146: 2143: 2137: 2135: 2132: 2126: 2124: 2121: 2115: 2113: 2110: 2104: 2090: 2087: 2081: 2079: 2076: 2070: 2068: 2065: 2059: 2053: 2050: 2044: 2031: 2028: 2018: 2013: 2009: 1999: 1992: 1907: 1905: 1903: 1880: 1845: 1840: 1812:Galactic Center 1787: 1783: 1782:270° ≤ ℓ ≤ 360° 1778: 1741: 1739: 1732: 1730: 1725: 1723: 1667: 1661: 1528: 1522: 1517: 1509:magnetic fields 1452: 1446: 1443: 1440: 1431: 1427: 1420: 1340:Bertil Lindblad 1335:Jacobus Kapteyn 1272:Galileo Galilei 1252: 1187: 1160: 1137: 1132: 1126: 1098:right ascension 1051:Galactic Center 1008:light pollution 941: 930: 924: 921: 910: 898: 884:light pollution 876: 800: 746:New South Wales 735:Kaurna language 727:Adelaide Plains 715:migratory birds 698: 618:galaxías kýklos 611:γαλαξίας κύκλος 594:Classical Latin 587:Corona Borealis 559:her divine milk 543:Greek mythology 499: 493: 465:Galileo Galilei 431:Galactic Center 391: 340: 338: 337: 335: 332: 329: 321: 319: 318: 316: 306: 294: 292: 275:rotation period 242: 240: 202: 196: 173: 171: 169: 166:Number of stars 160: 157: 148: 146: 126:Characteristics 91: 87:Right ascension 57: 56: 45:Galactic Center 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 17344: 17334: 17333: 17328: 17323: 17308: 17307: 17295: 17283: 17271: 17259: 17247: 17235: 17223: 17200: 17199: 17197: 17196: 17184: 17171: 17168: 17167: 17165: 17164: 17159: 17154: 17149: 17141: 17133: 17125: 17117: 17109: 17100: 17098: 17094: 17093: 16985: 16983: 16979: 16978: 16971: 16970: 16963: 16956: 16948: 16939: 16938: 16936: 16935: 16925: 16914: 16911: 16910: 16908: 16907: 16902: 16897: 16895:Baade's Window 16892: 16887: 16881: 16879: 16875: 16874: 16871: 16870: 16868: 16867: 16862: 16857: 16852: 16850:Ursa Major III 16847: 16842: 16837: 16832: 16827: 16822: 16817: 16812: 16807: 16802: 16797: 16792: 16787: 16782: 16777: 16772: 16767: 16762: 16757: 16752: 16747: 16742: 16737: 16735:Coma Berenices 16732: 16727: 16722: 16717: 16712: 16707: 16702: 16697: 16691: 16689: 16683: 16682: 16680: 16679: 16674: 16669: 16663: 16661: 16652: 16644: 16643: 16640: 16639: 16637: 16636: 16631: 16626: 16621: 16615: 16613:Monoceros Ring 16610: 16605: 16600: 16595: 16590: 16584: 16582: 16576: 16575: 16573: 16572: 16567: 16565:Near 3 kpc Arm 16562: 16557: 16552: 16547: 16542: 16536: 16534: 16528: 16527: 16525: 16524: 16519: 16514: 16513: 16512: 16505:Sagittarius A* 16502: 16496: 16494: 16485: 16481: 16480: 16470: 16468: 16402: 16400: 16396: 16395: 16388: 16387: 16380: 16373: 16365: 16359: 16358: 16353: 16347: 16341: 16335: 16322: 16312: 16306: 16298: 16297:External links 16295: 16294: 16293: 16277: 16271: 16258: 16248:(6): 506–515. 16228: 16215: 16212: 16209: 16208: 16171:(4): 325–330. 16155: 16142:10.1086/503666 16102: 16072: 16042: 15988: 15935: 15908: 15878: 15827: 15768: 15731:(2): 517–521. 15715: 15702:10.1086/529002 15662: 15605: 15592:10.1086/344477 15568:(1): 170–194. 15552: 15545: 15511: 15450: 15419: 15406:10.1086/527428 15382:(1): 184–205. 15362: 15331:(2): 517–521. 15311: 15282:(3): 695–710. 15262: 15253: 15200: 15169: 15151: 15138:10.1086/518122 15091: 15030: 14999: 14963: 14912: 14899:10.1086/340347 14875:(2): 861–879. 14855: 14794: 14779:. ESA/Hubble. 14764: 14737: 14684: 14671:10.1086/516727 14647:(1): 322–334. 14631: 14594:(2): 497–508. 14578: 14547: 14492: 14479:10.1086/588838 14455:(1): L21–L24. 14439: 14396: 14350: 14341:Universe Today 14327: 14306: 14253: 14218: 14199: 14179: 14126: 14107: 14087: 14068: 14048: 14041: 14035:, Fig. 16–13. 14012: 13986: 13959: 13937: 13884: 13865:Boen, Brooke. 13857: 13844:10.1086/523619 13820:(2): 864–914. 13804: 13751: 13736:. SolStation. 13725: 13712:10.1086/491727 13688:(1): 287–313. 13672: 13666:10.1086/117192 13631: 13618:10.1086/307659 13594:(2): 935–949. 13578: 13551: 13521: 13485: 13464: 13427:(7): 589–605. 13411: 13364:(9): 609–624. 13348: 13317: 13291: 13278:10.1086/591669 13235: 13208: 13144: 13113: 13087: 13074:10.1086/491785 13034: 13021:10.1086/422031 12978: 12917: 12877: 12818: 12776: 12721: 12708:10.1086/318388 12684:(2): 792–813. 12668: 12622: 12616:10.1086/172870 12581: 12568:10.1086/597811 12538: 12476: 12446: 12421: 12391: 12357: 12306: 12227: 12194: 12150: 12107: 12081: 12028: 12022:10.1086/305017 12007:(2): 190–199. 11987: 11974:10.1086/429291 11934: 11897:(3): 781–787. 11881: 11870: 11850: 11817: 11752: 11739:10.1086/592738 11696: 11677: 11657: 11598: 11561:(1): L72–L76. 11545: 11518: 11474: 11418: 11365: 11307: 11271: 11240: 11221: 11202: 11183: 11138:(4): 320–325. 11122: 11092: 11055:(2): 241–246. 11035: 11000: 10968: 10891: 10858: 10835: 10764: 10731: 10699: 10678: 10617: 10588: 10582:10.1086/382905 10547: 10528: 10489:(1): 108–120. 10469: 10416: 10381: 10317: 10287: 10278: 10201: 10171: 10140: 10113: 10054: 10019: 9988: 9961: 9908: 9871:(2): 102–113. 9855: 9828:Open Astronomy 9814: 9755: 9693: 9654:(1): L72–L76. 9634: 9572: 9519: 9482:(1): 137–148. 9466: 9439: 9400:(2): 433–442. 9380: 9349: 9306: 9253: 9236:Universe Today 9222: 9191: 9160: 9101: 9078: 9023: 8993: 8972: 8935:(2): 519–530. 8919: 8898: 8868: 8829:(2): 713–723. 8806: 8749: 8743:10.1086/312965 8728:(2): 545–557. 8705: 8635: 8624: 8601: 8581:(2): 123–131, 8565: 8547: 8540: 8516: 8509: 8485: 8432: 8357: 8346: 8326: 8300: 8273:(4): 325–326. 8257: 8226: 8199: 8160:(1): 263–270. 8140: 8052: 7990: 7954: 7917:(6): 590–596. 7901: 7852: 7822: 7796: 7790:10.1086/143167 7752: 7729:Sandage, Allan 7720: 7693: 7687:10.1086/132128 7649: 7643:10.1086/122632 7608: 7606: 7605: 7580: 7535: 7533: 7532: 7507: 7473: 7471: 7470: 7443: 7403: 7373: 7319: 7318: 7317: 7293: 7253: 7234:Abbey, Lenny. 7226: 7224: 7223: 7211: 7183: 7112: 7085: 7052: 7024: 7022: 7021: 7008: 6991: 6974: 6961: 6936: 6909: 6868: 6855:10.2307/600445 6849:(1): 96–103 . 6833: 6811: 6783: 6776: 6750: 6733: 6697: 6664: 6636: 6614: 6539: 6532: 6506: 6447: 6416: 6409: 6388: 6361: 6342: 6322: 6315: 6291: 6284: 6263: 6236: 6201: 6175: 6156:Macleod, Fiona 6147: 6121: 6091: 6082: 6071: 6051: 6043: 6025: 6014: 5994: 5961: 5939: 5919: 5889: 5854: 5829:Owen Glendower 5817: 5798: 5772: 5753: 5733: 5703: 5672: 5655: 5636: 5616: 5597: 5577: 5550: 5520: 5464: 5405: 5367: 5302: 5267: 5201: 5192:NASA Blueshift 5179: 5157: 5096: 5078: 5016: 4982: 4955:Hodge, Paul W. 4946: 4931: 4913: 4898: 4880: 4873: 4852: 4837: 4819: 4763: 4750:10.1086/173453 4705: 4652: 4631: 4599: 4568: 4512: 4482: 4452: 4388: 4352: 4296: 4232: 4196: 4165: 4109: 4056: 4035: 3976: 3911: 3910: 3908: 3905: 3902: 3901: 3870: 3849: 3840: 3834:, and back to 3707: 3694: 3677: 3672: 3664: 3660:Sagittarius A* 3646: 3645: 3643: 3640: 3639: 3638: 3636:Oort constants 3633: 3628: 3623: 3621:Baade's Window 3617: 3616: 3602: 3588: 3572: 3569: 3474: 3471: 3440:Omega Centauri 3409:Sculptor Dwarf 3373:dwarf galaxies 3329:Main article: 3318: 3311: 3310: 3309: 3300: 3293: 3292: 3291: 3290: 3289: 3287: 3284: 3232:spectral lines 3140: 3137: 3089:galaxy mergers 3056: 3053: 3048:Main article: 3045: 3042: 3021:orbital period 3017:differentially 3000: 2997: 2966: 2963: 2919:star formation 2908:rosette orbits 2888:Main article: 2885: 2882: 2870:Monoceros Ring 2812:3 kpc Arm 2810:or simply the 2803:Near 3 kpc Arm 2784: 2783: 2777: 2773: 2772: 2766: 2765: 2760: 2756: 2755: 2746: 2742: 2741: 2731: 2727: 2726: 2717: 2713: 2712: 2709: 2685:constellations 2671: 2668: 2601:X-ray binaries 2573: 2570: 2562:galactic plane 2551:Galactic ridge 2543:star formation 2529: 2526: 2498:Sagittarius A* 2448:Sagittarius A* 2441: 2434: 2433: 2422:imaged by the 2419:Sagittarius A* 2413: 2406: 2405: 2404: 2403: 2402: 2399:Sagittarius A* 2390: 2387: 2354: 2351: 2316:Sun-like stars 2220: 2217: 2155: 2152: 2144: 2141: 2133: 2130: 2122: 2119: 2111: 2108: 2088: 2085: 2077: 2074: 2066: 2063: 2051: 2048: 2029: 2026: 1991: 1988: 1952:Monoceros Ring 1948:galactic plane 1901: 1878: 1844: 1841: 1839: 1836: 1820:Coma Berenices 1796: 1795: 1794: 1793: 1790: 1789: 1785: 1780: 1774: 1773: 1771: 1768: 1764: 1763: 1761: 1758: 1754: 1753: 1751: 1748: 1744: 1743: 1736: 1727: 1706:(zero degrees) 1663:Main article: 1660: 1657: 1645:speed of light 1556:Radcliffe wave 1554:, between the 1521: 1518: 1516: 1513: 1454: 1453: 1434: 1432: 1425: 1419: 1416: 1380:Harlow Shapley 1363:Messier object 1331:proper motions 1251: 1248: 1136: 1133: 1125: 1122: 1076:(the plane of 1047:constellations 1043:galactic plane 957:galactic plane 943: 942: 901: 899: 892: 875: 872: 871: 870: 859: 848: 837: 810: 791: 779: 764: 761: 758:Emu in the Sky 742:Gomeroi people 738: 719: 697: 694: 639:) – from root 495:Main article: 492: 489: 477:Harlow Shapley 443:Sagittarius A* 389: 351: 350: 347: 346: 330: 327: 314: 310: 309: 304: 300: 299: 290: 280: 279: 276: 269: 268: 265: 259: 258: 255: 248: 247: 237: 233: 232: 229: 222: 221: 218: 211: 210: 207: 206: 200: 185: 181: 180: 167: 163: 162: 158: 155: 144: 138: 137: 134: 128: 127: 123: 122: 111: 105: 104: 101: 95: 94: 92:17 45 40.03599 89: 83: 82: 77: 71: 70: 59: 58: 42: 41: 33: 32: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 17343: 17332: 17329: 17327: 17324: 17322: 17319: 17318: 17316: 17306: 17301: 17296: 17294: 17289: 17284: 17282: 17277: 17272: 17270: 17260: 17258: 17253: 17248: 17246: 17236: 17234: 17224: 17222: 17217: 17212: 17211: 17208: 17195: 17194: 17190: 17185: 17183: 17182: 17178: 17173: 17172: 17169: 17163: 17160: 17158: 17155: 17153: 17150: 17148: 17146: 17142: 17140: 17138: 17137:Cosmic Voyage 17134: 17132: 17130: 17129:Powers of Ten 17126: 17124: 17122: 17118: 17116: 17114: 17110: 17108: 17106: 17102: 17101: 17099: 17095: 17083: 17076: 17069: 17062: 17056: 17050: 17044: 17037: 17030: 17023: 17016: 17009: 17002: 16995: 16988: 16984: 16980: 16976: 16969: 16964: 16962: 16957: 16955: 16950: 16949: 16946: 16934: 16926: 16924: 16920: 16916: 16915: 16912: 16906: 16903: 16901: 16898: 16896: 16893: 16891: 16888: 16886: 16883: 16882: 16880: 16876: 16866: 16863: 16861: 16858: 16856: 16853: 16851: 16848: 16846: 16845:Ursa Major II 16843: 16841: 16838: 16836: 16835:Triangulum II 16833: 16831: 16828: 16826: 16823: 16821: 16818: 16816: 16813: 16811: 16808: 16806: 16803: 16801: 16798: 16796: 16793: 16791: 16788: 16786: 16783: 16781: 16778: 16776: 16773: 16771: 16768: 16766: 16763: 16761: 16758: 16756: 16753: 16751: 16748: 16746: 16743: 16741: 16738: 16736: 16733: 16731: 16728: 16726: 16723: 16721: 16718: 16716: 16713: 16711: 16708: 16706: 16703: 16701: 16698: 16696: 16693: 16692: 16690: 16688: 16684: 16678: 16675: 16673: 16670: 16668: 16665: 16664: 16662: 16660: 16656: 16653: 16651: 16645: 16635: 16632: 16630: 16627: 16625: 16622: 16619: 16616: 16614: 16611: 16609: 16606: 16604: 16601: 16599: 16596: 16594: 16591: 16589: 16586: 16585: 16583: 16581: 16577: 16571: 16570:Far 3 kpc Arm 16568: 16566: 16563: 16561: 16558: 16556: 16553: 16551: 16548: 16546: 16543: 16541: 16538: 16537: 16535: 16533: 16529: 16523: 16520: 16518: 16515: 16511: 16510:Fermi bubbles 16508: 16507: 16506: 16503: 16501: 16500:Sagittarius A 16498: 16497: 16495: 16493: 16489: 16486: 16482: 16474: 16458: 16451: 16444: 16437: 16431: 16425: 16419: 16412: 16405: 16401: 16397: 16393: 16386: 16381: 16379: 16374: 16372: 16367: 16366: 16363: 16357: 16354: 16351: 16348: 16345: 16342: 16339: 16336: 16333: 16329: 16326: 16323: 16321:models (NASA) 16320: 16317:– Images and 16316: 16313: 16311:– wikisky.org 16310: 16307: 16305:– wikisky.org 16304: 16301: 16300: 16291: 16290: 16285: 16281: 16278: 16274: 16268: 16264: 16263:The Milky Way 16259: 16255: 16251: 16247: 16243: 16242: 16234: 16229: 16225: 16224: 16218: 16217: 16204: 16200: 16196: 16192: 16188: 16184: 16179: 16174: 16170: 16166: 16165:New Astronomy 16159: 16151: 16147: 16143: 16139: 16135: 16131: 16126: 16121: 16117: 16113: 16106: 16090: 16086: 16082: 16076: 16060: 16056: 16052: 16046: 16038: 16034: 16030: 16026: 16022: 16018: 16013: 16008: 16004: 16000: 15992: 15984: 15980: 15976: 15972: 15968: 15964: 15959: 15954: 15950: 15946: 15939: 15923: 15919: 15912: 15896: 15892: 15888: 15882: 15873: 15868: 15864: 15860: 15855: 15850: 15846: 15842: 15838: 15831: 15823: 15819: 15814: 15809: 15805: 15801: 15796: 15791: 15787: 15783: 15779: 15772: 15764: 15760: 15756: 15752: 15748: 15744: 15739: 15734: 15730: 15726: 15719: 15711: 15707: 15703: 15699: 15695: 15691: 15686: 15681: 15677: 15673: 15666: 15658: 15654: 15650: 15646: 15642: 15638: 15633: 15628: 15624: 15620: 15612: 15610: 15601: 15597: 15593: 15589: 15585: 15581: 15576: 15571: 15567: 15563: 15556: 15548: 15542: 15538: 15534: 15530: 15526: 15522: 15515: 15507: 15503: 15499: 15495: 15491: 15487: 15483: 15479: 15474: 15469: 15465: 15461: 15454: 15438: 15434: 15430: 15423: 15415: 15411: 15407: 15403: 15399: 15395: 15390: 15385: 15381: 15377: 15373: 15366: 15357: 15352: 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13828: 13823: 13819: 13815: 13808: 13800: 13796: 13792: 13788: 13784: 13780: 13775: 13770: 13766: 13762: 13755: 13739: 13735: 13729: 13721: 13717: 13713: 13709: 13705: 13701: 13696: 13691: 13687: 13683: 13676: 13667: 13662: 13658: 13654: 13651:: 1773–1785. 13650: 13646: 13642: 13635: 13627: 13623: 13619: 13615: 13611: 13607: 13602: 13597: 13593: 13589: 13582: 13574: 13570: 13566: 13562: 13555: 13539: 13532: 13525: 13509: 13505: 13504: 13499: 13495: 13494:Byrd, Deborah 13489: 13480: 13475: 13468: 13460: 13456: 13452: 13448: 13444: 13440: 13435: 13430: 13426: 13422: 13415: 13407: 13403: 13399: 13395: 13390: 13385: 13381: 13377: 13372: 13367: 13363: 13359: 13352: 13336: 13332: 13328: 13321: 13305: 13301: 13295: 13287: 13283: 13279: 13275: 13271: 13267: 13262: 13257: 13253: 13249: 13242: 13240: 13231: 13227: 13224:: 1691–1695. 13223: 13220:(in French). 13219: 13212: 13204: 13200: 13195: 13190: 13186: 13182: 13177: 13172: 13168: 13164: 13163: 13158: 13151: 13149: 13132: 13128: 13124: 13117: 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11644: 11639: 11635: 11631: 11626: 11621: 11617: 11613: 11609: 11602: 11594: 11590: 11586: 11582: 11578: 11574: 11569: 11564: 11560: 11556: 11549: 11533: 11529: 11522: 11514: 11510: 11505: 11500: 11496: 11492: 11485: 11483: 11481: 11479: 11470: 11466: 11462: 11458: 11454: 11450: 11445: 11440: 11437:(1): 95–107. 11436: 11432: 11425: 11423: 11414: 11410: 11406: 11402: 11398: 11394: 11389: 11384: 11380: 11376: 11369: 11361: 11357: 11353: 11349: 11345: 11341: 11336: 11331: 11327: 11323: 11322: 11314: 11312: 11295: 11291: 11290: 11285: 11278: 11276: 11259: 11255: 11254:New Scientist 11251: 11244: 11238: 11234: 11231: 11225: 11219: 11215: 11212: 11206: 11200: 11196: 11193: 11187: 11179: 11175: 11171: 11167: 11163: 11159: 11155: 11151: 11146: 11141: 11137: 11133: 11126: 11110: 11106: 11102: 11096: 11088: 11084: 11080: 11076: 11072: 11068: 11063: 11058: 11054: 11050: 11046: 11039: 11023: 11019: 11018: 11012: 11004: 10988: 10984: 10983: 10978: 10972: 10961:September 11, 10956: 10952: 10948: 10944: 10940: 10936: 10932: 10928: 10924: 10919: 10914: 10910: 10906: 10902: 10895: 10879: 10875: 10874: 10869: 10862: 10854: 10850: 10846: 10839: 10831: 10827: 10822: 10817: 10812: 10807: 10803: 10799: 10794: 10789: 10785: 10781: 10780: 10775: 10768: 10752: 10748: 10747: 10742: 10735: 10719: 10715: 10714: 10709: 10703: 10696: 10692: 10688: 10682: 10674: 10670: 10666: 10662: 10658: 10654: 10650: 10646: 10641: 10636: 10632: 10628: 10621: 10613: 10609: 10605: 10604: 10599: 10592: 10583: 10578: 10574: 10570: 10566: 10562: 10558: 10551: 10543: 10539: 10532: 10524: 10520: 10515: 10510: 10506: 10502: 10497: 10492: 10488: 10484: 10480: 10473: 10465: 10461: 10457: 10453: 10449: 10445: 10440: 10435: 10431: 10427: 10420: 10412: 10408: 10404: 10400: 10396: 10392: 10385: 10377: 10373: 10369: 10365: 10361: 10357: 10353: 10349: 10344: 10339: 10335: 10331: 10324: 10322: 10305: 10301: 10297: 10291: 10282: 10266: 10262: 10258: 10254: 10250: 10246: 10242: 10238: 10234: 10229: 10224: 10220: 10216: 10212: 10205: 10189: 10185: 10181: 10175: 10159: 10155: 10154:New Scientist 10151: 10144: 10128: 10124: 10117: 10109: 10105: 10100: 10095: 10091: 10087: 10082: 10077: 10073: 10069: 10065: 10058: 10039: 10032: 10026: 10024: 10007: 10003: 9997: 9995: 9993: 9984: 9980: 9976: 9972: 9965: 9957: 9953: 9949: 9945: 9941: 9937: 9932: 9927: 9923: 9919: 9912: 9904: 9900: 9896: 9892: 9888: 9884: 9879: 9874: 9870: 9866: 9859: 9850: 9845: 9841: 9837: 9833: 9829: 9825: 9818: 9810: 9806: 9801: 9796: 9792: 9788: 9783: 9778: 9774: 9770: 9766: 9759: 9751: 9747: 9742: 9737: 9733: 9729: 9724: 9719: 9715: 9711: 9707: 9700: 9698: 9689: 9685: 9680: 9675: 9671: 9667: 9662: 9657: 9653: 9649: 9645: 9638: 9630: 9626: 9621: 9616: 9612: 9608: 9603: 9598: 9594: 9590: 9586: 9579: 9577: 9568: 9564: 9560: 9556: 9552: 9548: 9543: 9538: 9534: 9530: 9523: 9515: 9511: 9507: 9503: 9499: 9495: 9490: 9485: 9481: 9477: 9470: 9454: 9450: 9443: 9435: 9431: 9426: 9421: 9417: 9413: 9408: 9403: 9399: 9395: 9391: 9384: 9368: 9364: 9360: 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P. 7756: 7748: 7744: 7740: 7736: 7735: 7730: 7724: 7708: 7704: 7697: 7688: 7683: 7679: 7675: 7671: 7667: 7663: 7659: 7658:Curtis, H. D. 7653: 7644: 7639: 7635: 7631: 7627: 7623: 7619: 7612: 7594: 7590: 7586: 7581: 7569: 7565: 7561: 7557: 7554:(in German). 7553: 7549: 7544: 7543: 7539: 7521: 7517: 7513: 7508: 7495: 7491: 7487: 7482: 7481: 7477: 7466: 7461: 7457: 7453: 7449: 7444: 7431: 7426: 7421: 7417: 7413: 7409: 7404: 7391: 7387: 7383: 7379: 7374: 7371: 7367: 7353: 7349: 7345: 7341: 7338:(in German). 7337: 7333: 7331: 7327: 7320: 7305: 7301: 7300: 7294: 7282: 7278: 7274: 7269: 7268: 7266: 7262: 7261: 7257: 7241: 7237: 7230: 7222: 7218: 7215: 7212: 7210: 7206: 7203: 7200: 7199: 7197: 7193: 7187: 7180: 7176: 7173: 7169: 7165: 7159: 7153: 7149: 7144: 7140: 7136: 7132: 7128: 7123: 7116: 7100: 7096: 7089: 7081: 7076: 7072: 7068: 7065: 7059:Kant (1755), 7056: 7048: 7043: 7039: 7036: 7035: 7028: 7019: 7015: 7012: 7009: 7006: 7005:Vortex Magnus 7002: 6998: 6995: 6992: 6989: 6985: 6981: 6978: 6975: 6972: 6968: 6965: 6962: 6959: 6955: 6952: 6949: 6948: 6946: 6940: 6924: 6920: 6913: 6907: 6903: 6899: 6895: 6890: 6886: 6882: 6878: 6872: 6864: 6860: 6856: 6852: 6848: 6844: 6837: 6829: 6825: 6821: 6815: 6808: 6804: 6803: 6798: 6794: 6787: 6779: 6773: 6769: 6764: 6763: 6754: 6746: 6745: 6737: 6721: 6717: 6716: 6711: 6704: 6702: 6685: 6681: 6677: 6671: 6669: 6661: 6657: 6654: 6650: 6649:Meteorologica 6646: 6640: 6625: 6618: 6610: 6606: 6601: 6596: 6592: 6588: 6584: 6580: 6576: 6572: 6567: 6562: 6558: 6554: 6550: 6543: 6535: 6529: 6525: 6520: 6519: 6510: 6502: 6498: 6493: 6488: 6484: 6480: 6475: 6470: 6466: 6462: 6458: 6451: 6435: 6431: 6427: 6420: 6412: 6410:0-292-70349-X 6406: 6402: 6398: 6392: 6384: 6380: 6376: 6372: 6365: 6349: 6345: 6339: 6335: 6334: 6326: 6318: 6312: 6308: 6304: 6303: 6295: 6287: 6281: 6277: 6273: 6267: 6251: 6247: 6240: 6224: 6220: 6216: 6212: 6205: 6189: 6185: 6179: 6171: 6167: 6163: 6162: 6157: 6151: 6136: 6132: 6125: 6109: 6105: 6101: 6095: 6086: 6078: 6074: 6068: 6064: 6063: 6055: 6046: 6040: 6036: 6029: 6021: 6017: 6011: 6007: 6006: 5998: 5982: 5978: 5977: 5972: 5965: 5958: 5946: 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4157: 4153: 4149: 4145: 4141: 4136: 4131: 4127: 4123: 4116: 4114: 4105: 4101: 4097: 4093: 4089: 4085: 4080: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4060: 4051: 4046: 4039: 4031: 4027: 4022: 4017: 4013: 4009: 4004: 3999: 3995: 3991: 3987: 3980: 3972: 3968: 3964: 3960: 3956: 3952: 3948: 3944: 3939: 3934: 3930: 3926: 3919: 3917: 3912: 3889: 3885: 3881: 3874: 3867: 3863: 3859: 3853: 3844: 3837: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3809: 3805: 3801: 3797: 3793: 3789: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3773: 3769: 3765: 3761: 3757: 3753: 3749: 3745: 3741: 3737: 3733: 3729: 3725: 3721: 3717: 3711: 3704: 3698: 3691: 3687: 3681: 3668: 3661: 3657: 3651: 3647: 3637: 3634: 3632: 3629: 3627: 3624: 3622: 3619: 3618: 3614: 3603: 3600: 3589: 3586: 3575: 3568: 3566: 3562: 3558: 3554: 3550: 3546: 3538: 3533: 3531: 3530:Virgo Cluster 3527: 3523: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3506: 3503: 3499: 3495: 3490: 3488: 3484: 3480: 3470: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3456: 3451: 3447: 3443: 3441: 3437: 3433: 3429: 3424: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3413:Sextans Dwarf 3410: 3406: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3369: 3367: 3363: 3358: 3354: 3350: 3346: 3342: 3341:binary system 3338: 3332: 3322: 3315: 3304: 3297: 3283: 3279: 3276: 3275:galactic halo 3271: 3266: 3264: 3259: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3237: 3233: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3212: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3197: 3190: 3185: 3183: 3175: 3167: 3163: 3159: 3155: 3145: 3136: 3133: 3128: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3112: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3085: 3083: 3078: 3074: 3066: 3061: 3051: 3041: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3025: 3022: 3018: 3009: 3005: 2996: 2994: 2989: 2987: 2982: 2981: 2976: 2972: 2962: 2960: 2956: 2951: 2946: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2926: 2924: 2923:Open clusters 2920: 2915: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2897: 2891: 2890:Galactic halo 2881: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2866: 2864: 2858: 2856: 2851: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2804: 2798: 2794: 2792: 2781: 2778: 2775: 2774: 2771: 2767: 2764: 2761: 2758: 2757: 2754: 2750: 2747: 2744: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2732: 2729: 2728: 2725: 2721: 2718: 2715: 2714: 2710: 2707: 2706: 2703: 2699: 2697: 2693: 2682: 2677: 2676:Spiral galaxy 2667: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2648: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2625: 2621: 2616: 2612: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2587: 2578: 2569: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2554: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2539: 2533: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2499: 2494: 2489: 2486: 2485: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2453: 2445: 2438: 2429: 2428:event horizon 2425: 2420: 2416: 2410: 2400: 2396: 2386: 2384: 2380: 2379:spiral galaxy 2376: 2372: 2368: 2359: 2350: 2348: 2344: 2339: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2304:space mission 2303: 2297: 2295: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2279: 2278:rogue planets 2275: 2270: 2268: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2252:of stars and 2251: 2250:galactic halo 2247: 2241: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2230:neutron stars 2227: 2216: 2214: 2210: 2206: 2201: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2182: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2159: 2101: 2097: 2092: 2057: 2041: 2039: 2035: 2024: 2008:in total (8.9 2007: 1996: 1987: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1964: 1960: 1958: 1953: 1949: 1944: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1925:largest known 1920: 1918: 1914: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1873: 1870: 1869:galactic disc 1866: 1862: 1854: 1849: 1838:Size and mass 1835: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1775: 1765: 1755: 1745: 1737: 1735: 1728: 1721: 1720: 1717: 1716: 1715: 1714: 1713: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1694: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1676: 1671: 1666: 1656: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1641:orbital speed 1638: 1634: 1633:galactic year 1629: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1606: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1583: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1546:, within the 1545: 1541: 1532: 1527: 1512: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1493: 1490: 1486: 1481: 1479: 1475: 1474: 1469: 1460: 1450: 1438: 1433: 1424: 1423: 1415: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1388: 1386: 1385:Doppler shift 1381: 1377: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1347: 1345: 1341: 1336: 1332: 1325: 1320: 1316: 1313: 1308: 1306: 1301: 1298: 1293: 1292:gravitational 1289: 1288:Thomas Wright 1285: 1284:Immanuel Kant 1281: 1277: 1273: 1265: 1262:in 1785. The 1261: 1256: 1247: 1245: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1203: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1163:–428 BC) and 1155: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1143: 1142:Meteorologica 1131: 1121: 1120:twice a day. 1119: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1078:Earth's orbit 1075: 1070: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1036: 1032: 1027: 1023: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1000: 998: 994: 990: 986: 982: 978: 974: 970: 966: 962: 958: 954: 950: 939: 936: 928: 918: 914: 908: 907: 902:This section 900: 896: 891: 890: 885: 880: 868: 864: 860: 857: 853: 849: 846: 842: 838: 835: 829: 821: 811: 805: 792: 789: 780: 777: 776:La Voje Ladee 773: 769: 765: 762: 759: 755: 751: 747: 743: 739: 736: 732: 728: 724: 723:Kaurna people 720: 716: 712: 708: 704: 700: 699: 693: 691: 687: 683: 682:Arctic Circle 679: 675: 671: 667: 663: 658: 638: 636: 625: 624:Ancient Greek 621: 619: 602: 598: 595: 590: 588: 584: 580: 576: 572: 567: 565: 560: 556: 552: 548: 544: 539: 537: 533: 529: 525: 521: 517: 514: 510: 509: 504: 498: 488: 486: 482: 478: 474: 470: 466: 462: 460: 456: 452: 448: 444: 440: 436: 432: 428: 423: 421: 417: 413: 409: 405: 401: 397: 393: 385: 380: 378: 374: 370: 366: 362: 358: 348: 333: 315: 311: 307:550 km/s 305: 301: 297:5.5 km/s 291: 289: 286: 281: 277: 274: 270: 266: 264: 260: 256: 254: 249: 238: 234: 230: 228: 225:Thickness of 223: 219: 217: 214:Thickness of 212: 208: 204: 194: 190: 186: 182: 168: 164: 161: 145: 143: 139: 135: 133: 129: 124: 120: 116: 112: 110: 106: 102: 100: 96: 90: 88: 84: 81: 78: 76: 75:Constellation 72: 68: 65: 60: 54: 50: 47:as seen from 46: 39: 34: 29: 26: 22: 17233:Solar System 17193:Space portal 17186: 17174: 17144: 17136: 17128: 17120: 17112: 17104: 17086:Each arrow ( 17028: 17008:Local Bubble 16994:Solar System 16900:In mythology 16840:Ursa Major I 16805:Reticulum II 16634:Virgo Stream 16603:Helmi stream 16598:Gaia Sausage 16550:Orion–Cygnus 16545:Norma–Cygnus 16461:Each arrow ( 16403: 16391: 16287: 16262: 16245: 16239: 16221: 16168: 16164: 16158: 16115: 16111: 16105: 16093:. Retrieved 16084: 16075: 16063:. Retrieved 16054: 16045: 16002: 15998: 15991: 15948: 15944: 15938: 15926:. Retrieved 15922:the original 15911: 15899:. Retrieved 15895:the original 15881: 15844: 15840: 15830: 15785: 15781: 15771: 15728: 15724: 15718: 15675: 15671: 15665: 15622: 15618: 15565: 15561: 15555: 15520: 15514: 15463: 15459: 15453: 15441:. Retrieved 15432: 15422: 15379: 15375: 15365: 15328: 15324: 15314: 15279: 15275: 15265: 15256: 15213: 15209: 15203: 15191:. Retrieved 15183:Live Science 15182: 15172: 15164:the original 15154: 15111: 15107: 15103: 15049: 15043: 15033: 15021:. Retrieved 15002: 14990:. Retrieved 14979: 14966: 14925: 14921: 14915: 14872: 14868: 14858: 14807: 14803: 14797: 14785:. Retrieved 14776: 14767: 14750: 14746: 14740: 14697: 14693: 14687: 14644: 14640: 14634: 14591: 14587: 14581: 14571:November 15, 14569:. Retrieved 14560: 14550: 14540:November 15, 14538:. Retrieved 14509: 14505: 14495: 14452: 14448: 14442: 14409: 14405: 14399: 14366: 14362: 14345:the original 14340: 14330: 14309: 14266: 14262: 14256: 14244:. Retrieved 14233: 14209:. Retrieved 14189: 14182: 14139: 14135: 14129: 14117:. Retrieved 14097: 14090: 14078:. Retrieved 14058: 14051: 14026: 14002: 13977:. Retrieved 13962: 13949: 13940: 13897: 13893: 13887: 13875:. Retrieved 13860: 13817: 13813: 13807: 13764: 13760: 13754: 13742:. Retrieved 13728: 13685: 13681: 13675: 13648: 13644: 13634: 13591: 13587: 13581: 13564: 13560: 13554: 13542:. Retrieved 13524: 13512:. Retrieved 13501: 13488: 13467: 13424: 13420: 13414: 13361: 13357: 13351: 13339:. Retrieved 13330: 13320: 13308:. Retrieved 13294: 13251: 13247: 13221: 13217: 13211: 13166: 13160: 13137:December 18, 13135:. Retrieved 13126: 13116: 13106:December 18, 13104:. Retrieved 13100:the original 13090: 13047: 13043: 13037: 12994: 12990: 12930: 12926: 12920: 12893: 12889: 12835: 12831: 12821: 12794: 12790: 12767:. Retrieved 12758: 12737: 12733: 12681: 12677: 12671: 12644: 12640: 12598: 12594: 12584: 12551: 12547: 12541: 12490: 12486: 12479: 12469:November 10, 12467:. Retrieved 12463:the original 12449: 12434: 12424: 12412:. Retrieved 12403: 12394: 12382:. Retrieved 12373: 12319: 12315: 12309: 12297:. Retrieved 12246: 12240: 12230: 12218:. Retrieved 12207: 12197: 12189: 12167: 12163: 12153: 12120: 12116: 12110: 12098:. Retrieved 12084: 12041: 12037: 12031: 12004: 12000: 11990: 11947: 11943: 11937: 11894: 11890: 11884: 11860: 11853: 11826: 11820: 11769: 11765: 11712: 11708: 11687:. Retrieved 11667: 11660: 11615: 11611: 11601: 11558: 11554: 11548: 11536:. Retrieved 11521: 11494: 11490: 11434: 11430: 11378: 11374: 11368: 11325: 11319: 11298:. Retrieved 11287: 11262:. Retrieved 11258:the original 11253: 11243: 11224: 11205: 11186: 11135: 11131: 11125: 11115:February 22, 11113:. Retrieved 11104: 11095: 11052: 11048: 11038: 11026:. Retrieved 11015: 11003: 10991:. Retrieved 10987:the original 10980: 10971: 10959:. Retrieved 10908: 10904: 10894: 10882:. Retrieved 10871: 10861: 10848: 10838: 10783: 10777: 10767: 10755:. Retrieved 10744: 10734: 10722:. Retrieved 10718:the original 10711: 10702: 10694: 10691:the original 10681: 10630: 10626: 10620: 10612:the original 10601: 10591: 10564: 10560: 10550: 10542:the original 10531: 10486: 10482: 10472: 10429: 10425: 10419: 10394: 10390: 10384: 10333: 10329: 10308:. Retrieved 10299: 10290: 10281: 10269:. Retrieved 10218: 10214: 10204: 10192:. Retrieved 10183: 10174: 10162:. Retrieved 10153: 10143: 10131:. Retrieved 10127:the original 10116: 10071: 10067: 10057: 10045:. Retrieved 10038:the original 10010:. Retrieved 10006:the original 9974: 9970: 9964: 9921: 9917: 9911: 9868: 9864: 9858: 9831: 9827: 9817: 9775:(1): 76–94. 9772: 9768: 9758: 9713: 9709: 9651: 9647: 9637: 9592: 9588: 9532: 9528: 9522: 9479: 9475: 9469: 9457:. Retrieved 9453:the original 9442: 9397: 9393: 9383: 9371:. Retrieved 9367:the original 9362: 9352: 9319: 9316:Astrophysics 9315: 9309: 9266: 9262: 9256: 9246:November 28, 9244:. Retrieved 9240:the original 9235: 9225: 9213:. Retrieved 9204: 9194: 9182:. Retrieved 9163: 9118: 9114: 9104: 9096:the original 9081: 9038: 9032: 9026: 9014:. Retrieved 9005: 8996: 8975: 8932: 8928: 8922: 8901: 8889:. Retrieved 8880: 8871: 8826: 8822: 8798:the original 8769: 8765: 8752: 8725: 8721: 8696:. Retrieved 8658: 8654: 8614: 8578: 8574: 8568: 8560:the original 8550: 8526: 8519: 8500: 8445: 8441: 8435: 8423:. Retrieved 8377: 8373: 8360: 8336: 8329: 8317:. Retrieved 8313:the original 8303: 8270: 8266: 8260: 8248:. Retrieved 8244:the original 8239: 8229: 8217:. Retrieved 8202: 8157: 8153: 8143: 8131:. Retrieved 8112:10261/147803 8075: 8071: 8004: 8000: 7993: 7981:. Retrieved 7970: 7957: 7914: 7910: 7904: 7892:. Retrieved 7865: 7855: 7843:. Retrieved 7834: 7825: 7813:. Retrieved 7809:the original 7799: 7772: 7768: 7755: 7738: 7732: 7723: 7711:. Retrieved 7696: 7669: 7665: 7652: 7625: 7621: 7611: 7597:. Retrieved 7588: 7572:. Retrieved 7555: 7551: 7538: 7524:. Retrieved 7515: 7498:. Retrieved 7489: 7476: 7455: 7451: 7436:February 17, 7434:. Retrieved 7415: 7411: 7396:February 17, 7394:. Retrieved 7385: 7381: 7369: 7358:February 17, 7356:. Retrieved 7339: 7335: 7329: 7325: 7310:February 17, 7308:. Retrieved 7298: 7287:February 17, 7285:. Retrieved 7276: 7256: 7244:. Retrieved 7240:the original 7229: 7202:Google Books 7195: 7191: 7186: 7167: 7158:world island 7157: 7151: 7147: 7130: 7126: 7115: 7103:. Retrieved 7095:"Our Galaxy" 7088: 7055: 7033: 7027: 7004: 6987: 6944: 6939: 6927:. Retrieved 6912: 6893: 6876: 6871: 6846: 6842: 6836: 6827: 6823: 6820: 6814: 6800: 6786: 6761: 6753: 6743: 6736: 6724:. Retrieved 6713: 6688:. Retrieved 6679: 6648: 6644: 6639: 6627:. Retrieved 6617: 6556: 6552: 6542: 6517: 6509: 6464: 6460: 6450: 6438:. Retrieved 6430:ScienceAlert 6429: 6419: 6400: 6391: 6374: 6370: 6364: 6354:December 18, 6352:. Retrieved 6332: 6325: 6301: 6294: 6275: 6266: 6256:November 13, 6254:. Retrieved 6249: 6239: 6227:. Retrieved 6223:the original 6218: 6214: 6204: 6192:. Retrieved 6188:the original 6178: 6170:the original 6165: 6160: 6150: 6138:. Retrieved 6134: 6124: 6114:February 26, 6112:. Retrieved 6108:the original 6103: 6094: 6085: 6061: 6054: 6034: 6028: 6004: 5997: 5985:. Retrieved 5974: 5964: 5956: 5949:. Retrieved 5929: 5922: 5910:. Retrieved 5901: 5892: 5870:(1): 83–94. 5867: 5863: 5857: 5845:. Retrieved 5828: 5820: 5808:. Retrieved 5789: 5775: 5763:. Retrieved 5743: 5736: 5724:. Retrieved 5715: 5706: 5689: 5685: 5665: 5658: 5646:. Retrieved 5626: 5619: 5607:. Retrieved 5587: 5580: 5563: 5559: 5553: 5541:. Retrieved 5537:the original 5532: 5523: 5480: 5476: 5422: 5418: 5408: 5396:. Retrieved 5385: 5370: 5325: 5321: 5293:. Retrieved 5289:the original 5282: 5219: 5215: 5191: 5182: 5174:the original 5160: 5109: 5105: 5099: 5081: 5036: 5032: 5007:. Retrieved 4998: 4973:. Retrieved 4962: 4949: 4922: 4916: 4889: 4883: 4864: 4855: 4828: 4822: 4779: 4775: 4723: 4719: 4665: 4661: 4655: 4634: 4622:. Retrieved 4611: 4602: 4590:. Retrieved 4581: 4571: 4528: 4524: 4503:. Retrieved 4473:. Retrieved 4469:the original 4412: 4408: 4374: 4370: 4312: 4308: 4254: 4250: 4223:. Retrieved 4214: 4187:. Retrieved 4178: 4168: 4125: 4121: 4069: 4065: 4059: 4038: 3993: 3989: 3979: 3928: 3924: 3892:. Retrieved 3883: 3873: 3857: 3852: 3843: 3710: 3697: 3689: 3685: 3680: 3667: 3650: 3561:blue-shifted 3534: 3522:supercluster 3507: 3491: 3476: 3452: 3448: 3444: 3436:Leo II Dwarf 3428:Carina Dwarf 3425: 3417:Fornax Dwarf 3370: 3334: 3280: 3267: 3260: 3220:HE 1523-0901 3213: 3198: 3186: 3182:BD +17° 3248 3174:CS 31082-001 3150: 3129: 3113: 3086: 3070: 3026: 3014: 2990: 2979: 2968: 2965:Gaseous halo 2955:dwarf galaxy 2947: 2927: 2916: 2893: 2867: 2859: 2852: 2811: 2807: 2801: 2799: 2795: 2787: 2769: 2700: 2692:H II regions 2688: 2649: 2629: 2583: 2555: 2534: 2502: 2501:(pronounced 2493:radio source 2490: 2483: 2460: 2446:flares from 2364: 2340: 2301: 2298: 2271: 2242: 2228:, a billion 2226:white dwarfs 2222: 2209:solar masses 2202: 2190:solar masses 2183: 2160: 2093: 2042: 2023:solar masses 2003: 1965: 1961: 1945: 1929:Solar System 1921: 1916: 1912: 1874: 1858: 1797: 1784:(360° ≅ 0°) 1695: 1679: 1630: 1607: 1595:brown dwarfs 1584: 1571: 1567: 1559: 1552:Local Bubble 1537: 1496: 1494: 1488: 1484: 1482: 1471: 1465: 1444: 1436: 1392:Edwin Hubble 1389: 1376:Great Debate 1355:S Andromedae 1348: 1338:rotation by 1328: 1309: 1302: 1269: 1264:Solar System 1238: 1217:stars". The 1204: 1200:Muslim world 1179:philosopher 1177:Neoplatonist 1169:great circle 1140: 1138: 1114:α Sculptoris 1071: 1040: 1001: 946: 931: 922: 911:Please help 906:verification 903: 862: 854:which is in 831: 787: 775: 756:, the giant 753: 730: 696:Common names 659: 632: 615: 608:, short for 596: 591: 568: 540: 524:national god 506: 500: 485:Edwin Hubble 473:Great Debate 463: 451:solar masses 424: 381: 365:Solar System 356: 354: 345:GeV cm) 257:212 Myr 25: 17245:Spaceflight 17123:(1968 film) 17121:Cosmic Zoom 17115:(1964 film) 17107:(1957 book) 17105:Cosmic View 17049:Local Sheet 17043:Local Group 16750:Eridanus II 16725:Canis Major 16424:Local Sheet 16418:Local Group 16280:Plait, Phil 15928:January 11, 15901:October 18, 15114:(2): L117. 15023:November 5, 14992:November 5, 14981:EurekAlert! 14412:: 217–266. 14211:October 27, 14142:(12): 268. 14119:October 27, 14080:October 27, 13979:October 28, 13877:October 28, 13567:: 119–128. 13514:February 6, 12997:(2): L127. 12896:: L13–L16. 12647:: 133–146. 11950:(2): L105. 11618:(4): 3988. 11028:November 5, 10884:November 5, 10757:November 5, 10397:: 215–259. 10133:January 11, 9459:January 20, 9322:(1): 3–18. 8772:(1): 3–20. 8661:: 131–141. 8309:"Magnitude" 7775:: 103–158. 7599:February 6, 7574:February 6, 7558:: 614–632. 7526:February 6, 7500:February 6, 7418:: 499–514. 7330:James South 7135:From p. 187 6710:"Ibn Bajja" 6690:October 20, 6397:Urton, Gary 5847:October 11, 5398:February 1, 5166:"Milky Way" 4999:ScienceNews 4668:(10): 159. 4646:1003.2489v1 4531:: 529–596. 4377:: 201–208. 3862:color index 3836:Sagittarius 3764:Canis Major 3716:Sagittarius 3565:red-shifted 3524:called the 3494:Hubble flow 3467:disk galaxy 3432:Draco Dwarf 3421:Leo I Dwarf 3357:Boötes Void 3349:Local Sheet 3345:Local Group 3331:Local Group 3303:Local Group 3189:white dwarf 3162:uranium-238 3158:thorium-232 3124:metallicity 3109:Smith Cloud 3034:dark matter 2724:Perseus Arm 2670:Spiral arms 2484:pseudobulge 2291:Earth-sized 2234:black holes 2205:virial mass 2198:dark matter 2186:virial mass 2171:atomic form 2096:dark matter 1861:Local Group 1853:Local Group 1816:light-years 1576:Perseus Arm 1548:Local Fluff 1515:Astrography 1470:spacecraft 1447:August 2024 1398:. With the 1357:within the 1231:conjunction 1221:astronomer 1209:astronomer 1102:declination 1067:hemispheres 1055:Sagittarius 1020:rural areas 961:star clouds 863:Vintergatan 709:and in the 651:("milk") + 412:Local Group 404:dark matter 400:light-years 396:kiloparsecs 273:Bar pattern 245:10 J s 197:(diameter; 99:Declination 80:Sagittarius 17315:Categories 17305:Geophysics 17293:Technology 17145:Cosmic Eye 17068:Local Hole 17015:Gould Belt 16855:Ursa Minor 16710:Boötes III 16443:Local Hole 16012:2102.10938 15632:1503.02079 15625:(2): 130. 15059:1811.00549 14865:Primas, F. 14753:: 252.08. 14519:2003.01119 14321:1509.02832 14276:2107.13176 14269:: 115787. 14149:1805.01917 13767:(1): L24. 12940:1710.06489 12797:(2): 179. 12256:2307.04427 11689:August 23, 11625:1706.09902 11300:January 6, 11145:1902.00998 11062:2306.17275 10993:January 8, 10918:1609.03449 10724:January 8, 10228:1707.07603 10081:2309.00048 9977:: 254.11. 9834:(1): 1–6. 9782:1608.00971 9661:1905.09834 9184:August 13, 9128:1801.01171 9048:1503.00257 9041:(2): 105. 8891:August 22, 8698:August 17, 8085:1607.05726 8014:2001.08748 7924:1912.10471 7741:(6): 351. 7713:January 5, 7246:January 4, 7166:, trans., 7164:E. C. Otté 7105:January 4, 7011:On page 33 6994:On page 73 6988:incognitum 6977:On page 65 6964:On page 48 6951:On page 57 6929:January 8, 6629:August 13, 6566:1609.01041 6229:August 10, 6194:January 6, 5782:"Hercules" 5483:(1): L12. 5432:2201.10541 5425:(2): 165. 5335:1611.09144 5295:January 3, 5046:2002.09497 4941:1110483488 4675:2012.10130 4624:August 10, 4538:1602.07702 4422:1804.03064 4264:1804.11348 4257:(2): 118. 4079:1904.05721 4050:2207.06034 4003:2311.09484 3996:(2): L17. 3907:References 3800:Cassiopeia 3512:and other 3238:and other 2975:XMM-Newton 2931:Cygnus Arm 2874:thick disk 2863:pseudoring 2791:red giants 2720:Near 3 kpc 2716:turquoise 2589:gamma rays 2560:from the 2320:red dwarfs 2294:exoplanets 2012:10 to 1.54 1937:US quarter 1610:solar apex 1564:Gould Belt 1524:See also: 1483:Data from 1371:magnitudes 1333:of stars, 1312:Lord Rosse 1280:refraction 1219:Andalusian 1188: 495 1165:Democritus 1161: 500 1154:Anaxagoras 1128:See also: 1094:equatorial 1086:Cassiopeia 973:Great Rift 953:unresolved 874:Appearance 788:Ākāśagaṃgā 772:Compostela 750:Queensland 731:wodliparri 688:, and two 597:via lactea 575:Cassiopeia 508:Enūma Eliš 505:epic poem 503:Babylonian 288:rest frame 227:thick disk 17321:Milky Way 17029:Milky Way 17022:Orion Arm 16865:Willman 1 16800:Pisces II 16705:Boötes II 16695:Antlia II 16648:Satellite 16618:Palomar 5 16484:Structure 16404:Milky Way 16392:Milky Way 16350:Milky Way 16344:Milky Way 16338:Milky Way 16037:224991193 15958:1407.6873 15854:1406.1799 15795:1204.5176 15710:208867075 15685:0801.2782 15657:118267222 15506:205240232 15473:1409.0880 15443:April 24, 15389:0705.4139 15306:0035-8711 15193:March 24, 15052:(2): 98. 14907:119503888 14787:April 14, 14732:119280671 14707:1105.2564 14700:(2): 84. 14601:0906.4821 14487:118393177 14462:0804.4155 14434:117861711 14301:236469147 13932:118567708 13907:1205.5037 13900:(1): L8. 13799:118301649 13774:1105.2523 13479:1207.2749 13459:117118657 13384:CiteSeerX 13371:0902.3353 13261:0807.1752 13176:1310.4758 13029:119327129 12973:206660521 12872:118477787 12845:1010.1790 12804:0909.0897 12759:Space.com 12751:See also 12716:118888462 12500:1301.0512 12289:259287623 12051:0809.1645 11904:0809.3174 11812:206550019 11779:1307.5845 11764:Galaxy". 11722:0808.2870 11652:119376558 11593:118470423 11568:1005.0385 11504:1002.2743 11497:(1): 55. 11469:125177722 11444:0903.0946 11388:0908.3637 11335:0810.4674 11178:119290364 11170:2397-3366 11087:2397-3366 10982:Space.com 10793:1311.6806 10713:Space.com 10640:1105.3544 10464:119245570 10439:0907.4955 10271:April 24, 10261:119400213 10253:2397-3366 10108:0004-6361 9956:119040135 9931:1408.1787 9924:(1): 17. 9878:1306.4013 9809:119183093 9750:119100616 9723:1102.4340 9688:165163524 9629:119295582 9602:1405.0306 9567:119245657 9542:1005.2619 9489:0902.3913 9344:120973010 9301:117112561 9276:1301.3168 9205:Space.com 9155:118932403 9121:(1): 47. 9073:119124338 9016:March 13, 8836:0909.3857 8455:0906.2777 8390:CiteSeerX 8380:(1): 17. 8319:August 9, 8295:122018103 8167:0903.4206 8078:(1): 17. 8047:210086520 7983:April 19, 7949:209444772 7894:August 4, 7884:236290725 7370:Messier's 7150:Weltinsel 7122:Weltinsel 7119:The term 6898:pp. 42–43 6881:pp. 15–16 6653:pp. 39–40 6591:2375-2548 6501:119210885 6474:1405.4209 6377:(1): 24. 6302:The Stars 6215:ArAS News 6166:Milky Way 5884:1550-5340 5810:April 24, 5765:April 24, 5726:March 21, 5648:April 24, 5609:April 24, 5533:Space.com 5515:119247629 5490:1302.3180 5459:246275657 5362:119087402 5328:(1): 30. 5284:Space.com 5229:1202.0903 5152:205240232 5119:1409.0880 5073:211259409 5009:March 27, 4975:April 24, 4908:288474262 4847:851764943 4814:119040135 4789:1408.1787 4782:(1): 17. 4758:209835274 4700:229005996 4347:119303111 4322:1210.7527 4315:(2): 17. 4104:119190574 4030:248744741 3971:121762178 3963:0004-6256 3938:1101.1460 3931:(2): 35. 3828:Ophiuchus 3816:Vulpecula 3796:Andromeda 3782:, to the 3768:Monoceros 3740:Centaurus 3701:See also 3686:Milky Way 3477:Although 3270:thin disk 3256:HD 140283 3244:R-process 3107:like the 3044:Formation 2878:"S" curve 2830:from the 2749:Far 3 kpc 2738:Outer arm 2624:gamma-ray 2597:electrons 2593:positrons 2558:neutrinos 2477:due to a 2471:the bulge 2463:geometric 2367:gas, dust 2353:Structure 2331:exocomets 2324:red dwarf 2283:Kepler-32 2192:within a 1740:Reference 1731:longitude 1544:Orion Arm 1412:benchmark 1349:In 1917, 1310:In 1845, 1276:telescope 1211:Al-Biruni 1192:sublunary 1147:Aristotle 1012:magnitude 949:night sky 925:June 2024 583:Arianrhod 513:dragoness 455:Dark Ages 435:Orion Arm 377:naked eye 373:night sky 357:Milky Way 216:thin disk 31:Milky Way 17082:Universe 16982:Included 16933:Category 16825:Sculptor 16760:Hercules 16740:Crater 2 16700:Boötes I 16650:galaxies 16457:Universe 16399:Location 16328:Archived 16226:: 36–39. 16089:Archived 16085:Wired UK 16059:Archived 15951:(1): 1. 15822:55501752 15763:55827105 15498:25186900 15437:Archived 15414:14738309 15248:16484977 15187:Archived 15146:17533424 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SEDS. 13508:Archived 13503:EarthSky 13406:15989486 13335:Archived 13304:Archived 13203:14266458 13131:Archived 13082:14782284 12965:29026043 12763:Archived 12576:15529740 12525:23282363 12441:Archived 12408:Archived 12378:Archived 12344:18185581 12299:June 30, 12293:Archived 12281:37384687 12220:June 30, 12214:Archived 12094:Archived 12076:16046532 11929:15040792 11876:Archived 11804:23990554 11747:18335611 11683:Archived 11532:Archived 11294:Archived 11264:June 17, 11233:Archived 11214:Archived 11195:Archived 11109:Archived 11105:phys.org 11022:Archived 10955:Archived 10943:27558064 10878:Archived 10853:Archived 10830:24191033 10751:Archived 10665:21593867 10523:15563258 10376:12763199 10368:16741076 10310:April 5, 10304:Archived 10265:Archived 10194:April 5, 10188:Archived 10158:Archived 9903:21656852 9514:11347166 9434:15562509 9209:Archived 9178:Archived 9010:Archived 8967:17813024 8885:Archived 8863:12884630 8794:16816839 8630:archived 8425:July 31, 8416:Archived 8412:31391193 8352:Archived 8213:Archived 8194:14316644 8133:July 31, 8124:Archived 8039:31910431 7977:Archived 7888:Archived 7839:Archived 7763:(1929). 7707:Archived 7660:(1988). 7593:Archived 7568:Archived 7520:Archived 7494:Archived 7430:Archived 7390:Archived 7352:Archived 7304:Archived 7281:Archived 7217:Archived 7205:Archived 7175:Archived 7139:Archived 7099:Archived 7071:Archived 7038:Archived 7014:Archived 6997:Archived 6980:Archived 6967:Archived 6954:Archived 6923:Archived 6902:Archived 6885:Archived 6726:July 11, 6720:Archived 6684:Archived 6656:Archived 6609:27386582 6434:Archived 6399:(1981). 6348:Archived 6274:(1994). 6158:(1911). 6077:Archived 6020:Archived 5981:Archived 5971:"galaxy" 5945:Archived 5906:Archived 5838:Archived 5804:Archived 5788:(eds.). 5759:Archived 5720:Archived 5642:Archived 5603:Archived 5543:April 8, 5392:Archived 5254:22237108 5196:Archived 5144:25186900 5091:Archived 5003:Archived 4969:Archived 4863:(1994). 4618:Archived 4592:April 5, 4586:Archived 4563:53649594 4505:April 9, 4499:Archived 4447:59933365 4291:85463973 4225:March 8, 4219:Archived 4183:Archived 4160:42162871 3888:Archived 3736:Circinus 3720:Scorpius 3571:See also 3473:Velocity 3389:hydrogen 3366:Laniakea 3248:isotopes 3240:elements 3205:Big Bang 3156:such as 3077:Big Bang 3073:Universe 2993:baryonic 2660:asteroid 2530:☉ 2260:, whose 2219:Contents 2165:and 10% 2163:hydrogen 2156:☉ 2151:10 2147:and 6.43 2145:☉ 2140:10 2134:☉ 2129:10 2123:☉ 2118:10 2112:☉ 2107:10 2089:☉ 2084:10 2078:☉ 2073:10 2067:☉ 2062:10 2052:☉ 2047:10 2030:☉ 2021:10 1885:isophote 1881:standard 1824:Sculptor 1729:Galactic 1724:quadrant 1722:Galactic 1704:with 0° 1698:ordinals 1653:Scorpius 1618:Hercules 1505:accreted 1478:parallax 1344:Jan Oort 1239:Tadhkira 1223:Avempace 1215:nebulous 1196:parallax 1104:+27.4° ( 1074:ecliptic 977:Coalsack 975:and the 784:आकाशगंगा 768:pilgrims 754:Dhinawan 744:between 684:and the 666:meridian 635:galaxias 628:γαλαξίας 605:γαλαξίας 551:Heracles 528:Sumerian 469:Universe 459:Big Bang 331:☉ 203:isophote 159:☉ 109:Distance 17281:Physics 17257:Science 17207:Portals 17097:Related 16878:Related 16860:Virgo I 16830:Sextans 16820:Segue 2 16815:Segue 1 16790:Phoenix 16555:Perseus 16183:Bibcode 16150:2760455 16130:Bibcode 16017:Bibcode 16005:: A30. 15963:Bibcode 15859:Bibcode 15800:Bibcode 15743:Bibcode 15690:Bibcode 15637:Bibcode 15600:6911875 15580:Bibcode 15525:Bibcode 15478:Bibcode 15394:Bibcode 15343:Bibcode 15284:Bibcode 15228:Bibcode 15126:Bibcode 15064:Bibcode 14930:Bibcode 14922:Science 14887:Bibcode 14822:Bibcode 14755:Bibcode 14712:Bibcode 14659:Bibcode 14606:Bibcode 14467:Bibcode 14414:Bibcode 14371:Bibcode 14363:Science 14281:Bibcode 14154:Bibcode 13912:Bibcode 13832:Bibcode 13779:Bibcode 13744:May 10, 13700:Bibcode 13653:Bibcode 13606:Bibcode 13569:Bibcode 13544:May 10, 13439:Bibcode 13376:Bibcode 13341:July 7, 13310:July 7, 13286:7450090 13266:Bibcode 13226:Bibcode 13181:Bibcode 13062:Bibcode 13009:Bibcode 12945:Bibcode 12927:Science 12908:Bibcode 12850:Bibcode 12809:Bibcode 12769:June 4, 12742:Bibcode 12696:Bibcode 12649:Bibcode 12603:Bibcode 12601:: 674. 12556:Bibcode 12533:4426371 12505:Bibcode 12414:July 2, 12404:HEASARC 12384:July 2, 12352:4333175 12324:Bibcode 12261:Bibcode 12242:Science 12172:Bibcode 12164:Physics 12145:4262045 12125:Bibcode 12100:May 10, 12056:Bibcode 12009:Bibcode 11962:Bibcode 11909:Bibcode 11841:Bibcode 11784:Bibcode 11766:Science 11727:Bibcode 11630:Bibcode 11573:Bibcode 11509:Bibcode 11449:Bibcode 11413:1916267 11393:Bibcode 11360:1431308 11340:Bibcode 11150:Bibcode 11067:Bibcode 10951:4451513 10923:Bibcode 10821:3845182 10798:Bibcode 10673:4422627 10645:Bibcode 10569:Bibcode 10501:Bibcode 10444:Bibcode 10399:Bibcode 10348:Bibcode 10330:Science 10233:Bibcode 10164:June 8, 10086:Bibcode 9979:Bibcode 9936:Bibcode 9883:Bibcode 9836:Bibcode 9787:Bibcode 9728:Bibcode 9666:Bibcode 9607:Bibcode 9547:Bibcode 9494:Bibcode 9412:Bibcode 9324:Bibcode 9281:Bibcode 9215:May 31, 9133:Bibcode 9053:Bibcode 8947:Bibcode 8841:Bibcode 8774:Bibcode 8730:Bibcode 8693:7825138 8673:Bibcode 8583:Bibcode 8460:Bibcode 8382:Bibcode 8275:Bibcode 8219:May 10, 8172:Bibcode 8090:Bibcode 8019:Bibcode 7929:Bibcode 7777:Bibcode 7743:Bibcode 7674:Bibcode 7672:: 6–7. 7630:Bibcode 7560:Bibcode 7326:Rosse's 7064:Vorrede 6600:4928945 6571:Bibcode 6479:Bibcode 6379:Bibcode 6140:June 5, 5987:May 20, 5951:May 13, 5568:Bibcode 5495:Bibcode 5437:Bibcode 5340:Bibcode 5262:2614136 5234:Bibcode 5124:Bibcode 5051:Bibcode 4794:Bibcode 4738:Bibcode 4726:: 1–6. 4680:Bibcode 4543:Bibcode 4427:Bibcode 4379:Bibcode 4327:Bibcode 4269:Bibcode 4189:May 30, 4140:Bibcode 4084:Bibcode 4072:: L10. 4008:Bibcode 3943:Bibcode 3894:May 20, 3820:Sagitta 3808:Lacerta 3804:Cepheus 3792:Perseus 3236:thorium 3228:measure 3187:Once a 3055:History 2776:orange 2711:Arm(s) 2638:and to 2442:Bright 2308:planets 2285:by the 2056:parsecs 1933:Neptune 1931:out to 1810:of the 1788: 1779: 1742: 1738: 1726: 1708:as the 1689:as the 1550:of the 1501:torques 1437:updated 1297:nebulae 1274:used a 1207:Persian 1108:) near 1100:12 49, 1035:Bolivia 856:Norfolk 833:Tiān hé 820:Chinese 733:in the 725:of the 718:Moksha. 674:equator 670:horizon 579:Gwydion 501:In the 457:of the 427:planets 386:with a 359:is the 322:−0.0018 320:+0.0024 17147:(2012) 17077: 17070: 17063: 17038: 17031: 17024: 17017: 17010: 17003: 16996: 16989: 16775:Leo IV 16770:Leo II 16755:Fornax 16730:Carina 16687:Dwarfs 16620:stream 16452: 16445: 16438: 16413: 16406: 16269: 16203:685068 16201: 16148: 16095:May 5, 16065:May 5, 16035: 15983:716993 15981: 15820: 15761: 15708: 15655: 15598: 15543: 15504: 15496: 15460:Nature 15412: 15304: 15246: 15144: 15084: 14956: 14948: 14905: 14848: 14840: 14804:Nature 14730: 14677: 14624: 14485: 14432: 14389: 14299: 14197: 14172: 14105: 14066: 14039: 13930: 13850: 13797: 13718: 13624: 13534:(text) 13457: 13404: 13386: 13284: 13201: 13080: 13027: 12971: 12963: 12870: 12714: 12574: 12531: 12523: 12487:Nature 12350: 12342: 12316:Nature 12287: 12279: 12143: 12117:Nature 12074: 11982:399710 11980: 11927: 11868: 11810: 11802: 11745: 11675: 11650: 11591: 11538:May 9, 11467: 11411: 11358: 11176: 11168: 11085: 10949: 10941: 10905:Nature 10828: 10818: 10671: 10663: 10627:Nature 10521: 10462: 10374: 10366: 10259: 10251: 10106: 10047:May 2, 10012:May 2, 9954: 9905:. 102. 9901: 9807: 9748: 9686: 9627: 9565: 9512: 9432: 9373:May 9, 9342: 9299: 9269:: 61. 9153: 9071: 8965: 8861: 8792: 8691: 8622: 8538: 8507: 8480:734824 8478: 8410: 8392: 8344: 8293: 8250:May 9, 8192: 8120:307657 8118: 8045: 8037: 8001:Nature 7947: 7882: 7172:p. 147 7168:Cosmos 7131:Kosmos 7127:Kosmos 6863:600445 6861: 6774: 6607: 6597: 6589: 6530: 6499: 6440:May 5, 6407: 6340: 6313: 6282: 6252:. 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