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Simulations show that many bars likely experience a "buckling" event in which a disturbance in the orbital resonances of stars in the bar structure leads to an inward collapse in which the bar becomes thicker and shorter though the exact mechanism behind this buckling instability remains hotly debated. Barred spiral galaxies with high mass accumulated in their center thus tend to have short, stubby bars. Such buckling phenomena are significantly suppressed and delayed by the presence of a
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Costantin, Luca; Pérez-González, Pablo G.; Guo, Yuchen; Buttitta, Chiara; Jogee, Shardha; Bagley, Micaela B.; Barro, Guillermo; Kartaltepe, Jeyhan S.; Koekemoer, Anton M.; Cabello, Cristina; Corsini, Enrico Maria; Méndez-Abreu, Jairo; de la Vega, Alexander; Iyer, Kartheik G.; Bisigello, Laura (2023).
546:
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The general classification is "SB" (spiral barred). The sub-categories are based on how open or tight the arms of the spiral are. SBa types feature tightly bound arms. SBc types are at the other extreme and have loosely bound arms. SBb galaxies lie in between. SBm describes somewhat irregular barred
158:
Bars are thought to be temporary phenomena in the lives of spiral galaxies; the bar structures decay over time, transforming galaxies from barred spirals to more "regular" spiral patterns. Past a certain size the accumulated mass of the bar compromises the stability of the overall bar structure.
170:
Recent studies have confirmed the idea that bars are a sign of galaxies reaching full maturity as the "formative years" end. A 2008 investigation found that only 20 percent of the spiral galaxies in the distant past possessed bars, compared with about 65 percent of their local counterparts.
1044:
Guo, Yuchen; Jogee, Shardha; Finkelstein, Steven L.; Chen, Zilei; Wise, Eden; Bagley, Micaela B.; Barro, Guillermo; Wuyts, Stijn; Kocevski, Dale D.; Kartaltepe, Jeyhan S.; McGrath, Elizabeth J.; Ferguson, Henry C.; Mobasher, Bahram; Giavalisco, Mauro; Lucas, Ray A. (2023-03-01).
92:
Although theoretical models of galaxy formation and evolution had not previously expected galaxies becoming stable enough to host bars very early in the universe's history, evidence has recently emerged of the existence of numerous spiral galaxies in the early universe.
166:
Since so many spiral galaxies have bar structures, it is likely that they are recurring phenomena in spiral galaxy development. The oscillating evolutionary cycle from spiral galaxy to barred spiral galaxy is thought to take on average about two billion years.
72:
and arranged them into sub-categories based on how open the arms of the spiral are. SBa types feature tightly bound arms, while SBc types are at the other extreme and have loosely bound arms. SBb-type galaxies lie in between the two. SB0 is a barred
127:
radiating from the center of the galaxy whose effects reshape the orbits of the inner stars. This effect builds over time to stars orbiting farther out, which creates a self-perpetuating bar structure.
85:, which were once classified as irregular galaxies, but have since been found to contain barred spiral structures. Among other types in Hubble's classifications for the galaxies are the spiral galaxy,
1384:
123:
Barred galaxies are apparently predominant, with surveys showing that up to two-thirds of all spiral galaxies develop a bar. The creation of the bar is generally thought to be the result of a
1405:
Sheth, Kartik; Elmegreen, Debra Meloy; Elmegreen, Bruce G.; et al. (2008). "Evolution of the Bar
Fraction in COSMOS: Quantifying the Assembly of the Hubble Sequence".
583:
1381:
2223:
1608:
1581:
1306:
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1920:
1569:, 1995. "Astronomers Find Multiple Generations of Star Formation in Central Starburst Ring of a Barred Spiral Galaxy." January 15, 2000.
46:. Bars are found in about two thirds of all spiral galaxies in the local universe, and generally affect both the motions of stars and
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1323:
Wheeler, Vance; Valluri, Monica; Silva, Leandro
Beraldo e; Dattathri, Shashank; Debattista, Victor P. (2023-11-16).
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in the vicinity of its center. This process is also thought to explain why many barred spiral galaxies have
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27:
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F. Bournaud; F. Combes (2002). "Gas accretion on spiral galaxies: Bar formation and renewal".
776:
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1945:
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P. B. Eskridge; J. A. Frogel (1999). "What is the True
Fraction of Barred Spiral Galaxies?".
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1047:"First Look at z > 1 Bars in the Rest-frame Near-infrared with JWST Early CEERS Imaging"
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1189:"Circumnuclear regions in barred spiral galaxies - II. Relations to host galaxies"
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1325:"Early-growing Supermassive Black Holes Strengthen Bars and Boxy/Peanut Bulges"
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115:, located more than 40 million light-years from Earth. It was discovered by
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1593:"ESO Provides An Infrared Portrait of the Barred Spiral Galaxy Messier 83."
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classified spiral galaxies of this type as "SB" (spiral, barred) in his
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2020:
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23:
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Spiral galaxy with a central bar-shaped structure composed of stars
1538:
An article about the
Spitzer Space Telescope's Milky Way discovery
1419:
1246:
Lokas, Ewa L. (2019-09-06). "Anatomy of a buckling galactic bar".
967:
291:
1550:
The original press release regarding the article above, from the
741:
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112:
77:. A new type, SBm, was subsequently created to describe somewhat
1930:
1915:
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405:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1950:
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367:
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1322:
681:
501:
1614:
904:
Gerhard, Ortwin (2002). "Mass distribution in our Galaxy".
703:
249:
43:
2440:
971:"A Milky Way-like barred spiral galaxy at a redshift of 3"
802:
1609:"Spitzer NGC 1291 barred spiral galaxy seen in infrared."
1559:
1532:
1530:"Milky Way’s Central Structure Seen with Fresh Clarity."
1545:"Galactic survey reveals a new look for the Milky Way."
1043:
479:
1558:'Barred' Spiral Galaxy Pic Highlights Stellar Birth."
2429:
62:
is located, is classified as a barred spiral galaxy.
1133:
877:
The Whole
Shebang: A State-of-the-Universe(s) Report
1398:
131:The bar structure is believed to act as a type of
1193:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
1187:J. H. Knapen; D. PĂ©rez-RamĂrez; S. Laine (2002).
957:Milky Way-like galaxy found in the early universe
2489:
42:with a central bar-shaped structure composed of
103:Density wave theory § Galactic spiral arms
874:
163:in the galactic center but occur nonetheless.
2271:List of the most distant astronomical objects
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1340:
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986:
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179:Milky Way Galaxy spiral arms - based on
173:
106:
18:
903:
793:
2490:
50:within spiral galaxies and can affect
1618:
1245:
1115:from the original on 15 December 2016
139:inwards from the spiral arms through
1567:Classifying Galaxies: Barred Spirals
1565:Hastings, George and Jane Hastings.
1477:from the original on 7 February 2017
727:Galaxy morphological classification
411:SBdm can also be considered a type
13:
14:
2524:
1522:
1051:The Astrophysical Journal Letters
447:
200:is a barred spiral galaxy in the
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1224:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2002.05840.x
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1507:from the original on 2017-09-22
1489:
1459:
1375:
1316:
1300:
1239:
1180:
1127:
2342:Galaxy formation and evolution
2337:Galaxy color–magnitude diagram
1097:
1037:
961:
950:
897:
805:Astrophysics and Space Science
769:
732:Galaxy formation and evolution
1:
1600:European Southern Observatory
762:
1644:
1497:"Galactic David and Goliath"
1248:Astronomy & Astrophysics
7:
2224:Galaxies named after people
1278:10.1051/0004-6361/201936056
720:
216:
151:, such as that seen in the
10:
2529:
2513:Galaxy morphological types
2357:Gravitational microlensing
2312:Galactic coordinate system
1582:Barred spirals come and go
1382:Ripples in a Galactic Pond
1307:Barred Spirals Come and Go
1166:10.1051/0004-6361:20020920
1136:Astronomy and Astrophysics
1105:"A closer look at IC 5201"
1005:10.1038/s41586-023-06636-x
100:
2395:
2294:
2209:
2102:
2061:
1971:
1906:
1797:
1652:
1598:A press release from the
1407:The Astrophysical Journal
1329:The Astrophysical Journal
188:
26:, viewed nearly face-on;
2322:Galactic magnetic fields
2135:Brightest cluster galaxy
2031:Luminous infrared galaxy
1360:10.3847/1538-4357/ace962
1082:10.3847/2041-8213/acacfb
415:barred Magellanic spiral
211:barred lenticular galaxy
153:Southern Pinwheel Galaxy
79:irregular barred spirals
2317:Galactic habitable zone
2302:Extragalactic astronomy
1891:Supermassive black hole
1805:Active galactic nucleus
1467:"A spiral in Andromeda"
1270:2019A&A...629A..52L
1158:2002A&A...392...83B
936:10.1023/A:1015818111633
875:Timothy Ferris (1998).
825:10.1023/A:1017025820201
817:1999Ap&SS.269..427E
161:supermassive black hole
96:
2498:Barred spiral galaxies
2069:Low surface brightness
1820:Central massive object
1501:www.spacetelescope.org
1471:www.spacetelescope.org
1109:www.spacetelescope.org
777:"Barred spiral galaxy"
205:
185:
149:active galactic nuclei
120:
89:and irregular galaxy.
31:
28:Hubble Space Telescope
2347:Galaxy rotation curve
906:Space Science Reviews
196:
177:
111:Barred spiral galaxy
110:
101:Further information:
22:
2382:Population III stars
2377:Intergalactic travel
2327:Galactic orientation
2194:Voids and supervoids
881:Simon & Schuster
757:Firehose instability
36:barred spiral galaxy
2372:Intergalactic stars
2261:Large quasar groups
2256:Groups and clusters
2120:Groups and clusters
1979:Lyman-alpha emitter
1871:Interstellar medium
1595:November 29, 2001.
1586:Sky & Telescope
1576:concerning NGC 1326
1528:Britt, Robert Roy.
1429:2008ApJ...675.1141S
1393:Scientific American
1351:2023ApJ...958..119W
1215:2002MNRAS.337..808K
1073:2023ApJ...945L..10G
997:2023Natur.623..499C
928:2002SSRv..100..129G
846:D. Mihalas (1968).
2367:Intergalactic dust
2352:Gravitational lens
2307:Galactic astronomy
2276:Starburst galaxies
2016:blue compact dwarf
1972:Energetic galaxies
1936:BL Lacertae object
1552:Univ. of Wisconsin
1387:2007-09-28 at the
848:Galactic Astronomy
209:spirals. SB0 is a
206:
186:
121:
32:
2427:
2426:
2387:Galaxy X (galaxy)
2362:Illustris project
2332:Galactic quadrant
2053:Wolf-Rayet galaxy
2043:Green bean galaxy
2038:Hot dust-obscured
1989:Luminous infrared
1753:Elliptical galaxy
1311:Sky and Telescope
981:(7987): 499–501.
890:978-0-6848-3861-8
861:978-0-7167-0326-6
752:Lenticular galaxy
747:Ceers-2112 galaxy
718:
717:
650:Magellanic Clouds
445:
444:
439:Magellanic spiral
437:SBm is a type of
257:lenticular galaxy
255:SB0 is a type of
141:orbital resonance
87:elliptical galaxy
83:Magellanic Clouds
75:lenticular galaxy
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2048:Hanny's Voorwerp
1958:Relativistic jet
1832:Dark matter halo
1639:
1632:
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1616:
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1611:22 October 2014.
1547:16 August 2005.
1535:16 August 2005.
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1413:(2): 1141–1155.
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1206:astro-ph/0207258
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1149:astro-ph/0206273
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919:astro-ph/0203110
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56:Milky Way Galaxy
48:interstellar gas
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2508:Barred galaxies
2503:Spiral galaxies
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1967:
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1881:Galaxy filament
1825:Galactic Center
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1643:
1607:Horton, Adam.
1543:Devitt, Terry.
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1389:Wayback Machine
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2179:Stellar stream
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1523:External links
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1437:10.1086/524980
1397:
1395:, October 2005
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1199:(3): 808–828.
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511:Coma Berenices
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448:Other examples
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393:
392:
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383:
380:
374:
373:
371:
364:
361:
355:
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352:
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342:
336:
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326:
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317:
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307:
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276:
269:
266:
260:
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243:
237:
236:
233:
230:
225:
218:
215:
204:constellation.
190:
187:
178:
98:
95:
81:, such as the
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2525:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
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2461:
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2449:
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2437:
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2420:
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2414:
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2398:
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2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2299:
2297:
2293:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2281:Superclusters
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2221:
2220:
2217:
2216:
2214:
2212:
2208:
2200:
2197:
2196:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2184:Superclusters
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2149:
2148:
2145:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2122:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2115:Galactic tide
2113:
2111:
2108:
2107:
2105:
2101:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2074:Ultra diffuse
2072:
2070:
2067:
2066:
2064:
2060:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2013:
2012:
2009:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1991:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
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1964:
1961:
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1956:
1952:
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1943:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1908:Active nuclei
1905:
1897:
1894:
1893:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
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1606:
1601:
1597:
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1594:
1591:
1588:
1587:
1583:
1580:
1575:
1574:press release
1571:
1570:
1568:
1564:
1562:2 March 2001.
1561:
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1194:
1190:
1183:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1142:(1): 83–102.
1141:
1137:
1130:
1114:
1110:
1106:
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933:
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878:
871:
863:
857:
853:
852:W. H. Freeman
849:
842:
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826:
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814:
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806:
799:
797:
782:
778:
772:
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541:
538:
537:
534:
531:
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506:
503:
499:
497:
494:
493:
490:
487:
484:
481:
477:
475:
472:
471:
468:
467:Constellation
465:
463:
460:
457:
454:
453:
440:
436:
433:
429:
426:
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420:
417:
416:
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242:
239:
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234:
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203:
199:
195:
182:
176:
172:
168:
164:
162:
156:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
135:, channeling
134:
129:
126:
118:
114:
109:
104:
94:
90:
88:
84:
80:
76:
71:
67:
63:
61:
57:
54:as well. The
53:
49:
45:
41:
40:spiral galaxy
37:
29:
25:
21:
2482:Solar System
2417:
2405:
2140:fossil group
2062:Low activity
1896:Ultramassive
1809:
1726:Dwarf galaxy
1709:intermediate
1704:grand design
1693:
1584:
1509:. Retrieved
1500:
1491:
1479:. Retrieved
1470:
1461:
1410:
1406:
1400:
1377:
1332:
1328:
1318:
1313:, April 2002
1302:
1251:
1247:
1241:
1196:
1192:
1182:
1139:
1135:
1129:
1117:. Retrieved
1108:
1099:
1054:
1050:
1039:
978:
974:
963:
952:
909:
905:
899:
876:
870:
847:
841:
808:
804:
784:. Retrieved
781:ScienceDaily
780:
771:
595:SB(rs)bcpec
412:
235:Information
207:
169:
165:
157:
130:
125:density wave
122:
91:
66:Edwin Hubble
64:
60:Solar System
58:, where the
35:
33:
2470:Outer space
2458:Spaceflight
2199:void galaxy
2162:cannibalism
2147:Interacting
2103:Interaction
2089:Blue Nugget
2079:Dark galaxy
1984:Lyman-break
1876:Protogalaxy
1842:Disc galaxy
1589:April 2002.
1119:12 December
811:: 427–430.
643:Canis Major
359:Messier 108
117:Joseph Lunt
52:spiral arms
2492:Categories
2239:Polar-ring
2084:Red nugget
2026:faint blue
1886:Spiral arm
1741:spheroidal
1731:elliptical
1714:Magellanic
1699:flocculent
1667:Lenticular
1654:Morphology
1511:2017-09-22
1481:6 February
1342:2306.07424
1335:(2): 119.
1261:1906.03916
1064:2210.08658
1057:(1): L10.
988:2311.04283
786:2018-09-17
763:References
713:Horologium
555:Ursa Major
302:Messier 95
145:star birth
143:, fueling
2174:Satellite
2169:Jellyfish
2157:collision
2094:Dead disk
2011:Starburst
1926:Markarian
1798:Structure
1765:Irregular
1736:irregular
1560:SPACE.com
1533:SPACE.com
1445:0004-637X
1420:0710.4552
1369:0004-637X
1294:182953157
1286:0004-6361
1091:2041-8205
1013:1476-4687
833:189840251
676:UGC 12158
202:Andromeda
2406:Category
2295:See also
2219:Galaxies
1946:X-shaped
1777:Peculiar
1719:unbarred
1677:unbarred
1646:Galaxies
1505:Archived
1475:Archived
1453:14841360
1385:Archived
1233:10845683
1174:17562844
1113:Archived
1031:37938777
1022:10651483
944:42162871
721:See also
709:SB(r)ab
698:NGC 1512
628:NGC 2217
606:NGC 1365
584:NGC 7541
577:Eridanus
562:NGC 1300
397:NGC 5398
378:NGC 2903
340:NGC 1073
321:NGC 3953
283:NGC 4921
264:NGC 4314
241:NGC 2787
224:Example
217:Examples
198:NGC 7640
24:NGC 1300
2432:Portals
2266:Quasars
2234:Nearest
2229:Largest
2130:cluster
1963:Seyfert
1425:Bibcode
1347:Bibcode
1266:Bibcode
1254:: A52.
1211:Bibcode
1154:Bibcode
1069:Bibcode
993:Bibcode
924:Bibcode
912:: 129.
813:Bibcode
742:IC 3447
737:IC 1011
691:Pegasus
113:IC 5201
2418:Portal
2249:Spiral
2152:merger
1931:Quasar
1916:Blazar
1854:corona
1770:barred
1746:spiral
1694:barred
1689:anemic
1684:Spiral
1672:barred
1451:
1443:
1367:
1292:
1284:
1231:
1172:
1089:
1029:
1019:
1011:
975:Nature
942:
887:
858:
831:
669:Tucana
665:Dorado
621:Fornax
599:Pisces
458:Image
423:NGC 55
232:Image
189:Grades
2446:Stars
2286:Voids
2211:Lists
2189:Walls
2125:group
2110:Field
2004:ELIRG
1999:HLIRG
1994:ULIRG
1951:DRAGN
1941:Radio
1921:LINER
1815:Bulge
1787:Polar
1449:S2CID
1415:arXiv
1337:arXiv
1290:S2CID
1256:arXiv
1229:S2CID
1201:arXiv
1170:S2CID
1144:arXiv
1059:arXiv
983:arXiv
940:S2CID
914:arXiv
829:S2CID
573:SBbc
489:Virgo
455:Name
441:(Sm)
401:SBdm
363:SBcd
325:SBbc
287:SBab
183:data.
44:stars
38:is a
30:image
2244:Ring
1849:Halo
1837:Disc
1782:Ring
1662:Disc
1483:2017
1441:ISSN
1365:ISSN
1282:ISSN
1121:2016
1087:ISSN
1027:PMID
1009:ISSN
885:ISBN
856:ISBN
661:SBm
639:SBa
617:SBc
551:SBb
540:M109
529:SBb
507:SBb
485:SBc
462:Type
427:SBm
382:SBd
344:SBc
306:SBb
268:SBa
245:SB0
228:Type
181:WISE
97:Bars
2021:pea
1810:Bar
1433:doi
1411:675
1355:doi
1333:958
1274:doi
1252:629
1219:doi
1197:337
1162:doi
1140:392
1077:doi
1055:945
1017:PMC
1001:doi
979:623
932:doi
910:100
821:doi
809:269
687:SB
533:Leo
518:M95
496:M91
474:M58
413:of
137:gas
2494::
1758:cD
1572:A
1503:.
1499:.
1473:.
1469:.
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1409:.
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1195:.
1191:.
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1138:.
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1107:.
1085:.
1075:.
1067:.
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1049:.
1025:.
1015:.
1007:.
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938:.
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883:.
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854:.
850:.
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807:.
795:^
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34:A
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119:.
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