20:
2241:
2253:
93:
With the availability of observations at larger distances away from the Sun, more recently it has become apparent that the Milky Way thick disk does not have the same chemical and age composition at all galactic radii. It was found instead that it is metal poor inside the solar radius, but becomes
458:
Bensby, T.; Alves-Brito, A.; Oey, M. S.; Yong, D.; Meléndez, J. (2011-07-01). "A First
Constraint on the Thick Disk Scale Length: Differential Radial Abundances in K Giants at Galactocentric Radii 4, 8, and 12 kpc".
137:
Although the thick disk is mentioned as a bona fide galactic structure in numerous scientific studies and it's even thought to be a common component of disk galaxies in general, its nature is still under dispute.
127:
Scattering by massive clumps: stars born in massive gas clumps tend to be scattered to a thick disc and to be enriched in alpha-elements, while those formed out of these clumps form a thin disc and are
141:
The view of the thick disk as a single separate component has been questioned by a series of papers that describe the galactic disk with a continuous spectrum of components with different thicknesses.
94:
more metal rich outside it. Additionally, recent observations have revealed that the average stellar age of thick disk stars quickly decreases as one moves from the inner to the outer disk.
1320:
Bovy, Jo; Rix, Hans-Walter; Liu, Chao; Hogg, David W.; Beers, Timothy C.; Lee, Young Sun (2012-07-01). "The
Spatial Structure of Mono-abundance Sub-populations of the Milky Way Disk".
305:
1086:
Bournaud, Frédéric; Elmegreen, Bruce G.; Martig, Marie (2009-12-01). "The Thick Disks of Spiral
Galaxies as Relics from Gas-rich, Turbulent, Clumpy Disks at High Redshift".
936:
Bournaud, Frédéric; Elmegreen, Bruce G.; Martig, Marie (2009-12-01). "The Thick Disks of Spiral
Galaxies as Relics from Gas-rich, Turbulent, Clumpy Disks at High Redshift".
102:
It was shown that there is a diversity of thick disc formation scenarios. In general, various scenarios for the formation of this structure have been proposed, including:
593:
86:
The thick disk is a source of early kinematic and chemical evidence for a galaxy's composition and thus is regarded as a very significant component for understanding
40:
2063:
771:
259:
207:
Burstein, D. (1979-12-01). "Structure and origin of S0 galaxies. III - The luminosity distribution perpendicular to the plane of the disks in S0's".
997:
Minchev, I.; Martig, M.; Streich, D.; Scannapieco, C.; de Jong, R. S.; Steinmetz, M. (2015-04-24). "On the
Formation of Galactic Thick Disks".
2110:
1760:
413:
Freeman, K. C. (2010). "The HERMES Project: Reconstructing Galaxy
Formation". In Block, D. L.; Freeman, K. C.; Puerari, I. (eds.).
442:
418:
1493:
23:
Edge on view of the Milky Way with several structures indicated (not to scale). The thick disk is shown in light yellow.
2176:
2095:
881:
Brook, C. B; Kawata, D.; Gibson, B. K.; Freeman, K. C. (2004). "The
Emergence of the Thick Disk in a CDM Universe".
1476:
358:
Kordopatis, G.; et al. (2011). "A spectroscopic survey of thick disc stars outside the solar neighbourhood".
2181:
160:
87:
1908:
1265:
Yoachim, P.; Dalcanton, J. (2012). "Structural
Parameters of Thin and Thick Disks in Edge-On Disk Galaxies".
2078:
360:
51:
in the 1983 article by
Gilmore & Reid. It is supposed to dominate the stellar number density between
2196:
2151:
2018:
1959:
1855:
1548:
1543:
1516:
255:"New light on faint stars. III - Galactic structure towards the South Pole and the Galactic thick disc"
155:
1797:
1877:
1575:
1383:
883:
828:
709:
2100:
826:
Loebman, S.; et al. (2011). "The
Genesis of the Milky Way's Thick Disk via Stellar Migration".
2161:
2073:
2068:
1974:
1870:
1828:
1538:
1511:
1267:
1059:
39:. It was discovered first in external edge-on galaxies. Soon after, it was proposed as a distinct
2156:
2141:
2120:
2088:
1747:
1735:
1730:
1644:
1609:
1580:
1570:
118:
More energetic stars migrate outwards from the inner galaxy to form a thick disk at larger radii
1659:
1558:
520:
Martig, Marie; Minchev, Ivan; Ness, Melissa; Fouesneau, Morgan; Rix, Hans-Walter (2016-11-01).
2221:
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2083:
1785:
763:
383:
2216:
2166:
2001:
1913:
1649:
1533:
1469:
1402:
1339:
1286:
1229:
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1016:
955:
902:
847:
790:
728:
663:
612:
543:
478:
422:
379:
324:
268:
216:
79:. Compared to the thin disk, thick disk stars typically have significantly lower levels of
8:
1979:
1887:
1818:
1725:
1710:
1585:
1449:
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328:
272:
220:
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2115:
1986:
1823:
1775:
1765:
1418:
1392:
1381:
Bovy, J.; Rix, H.- W.; Hogg, D. W. (2012). "The Milky Way Has No Distinct Thick Disk".
1363:
1329:
1302:
1276:
1219:
1160:
1149:"The imprint of clump formation at high redshift - I. A disc alpha-abundance dichotomy"
1129:
1095:
1040:
1006:
979:
945:
918:
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863:
837:
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569:
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395:
369:
340:
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72:
64:
54:
1414:
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556:
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232:
68:
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693:
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344:
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2013:
2008:
1996:
1850:
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1024:
963:
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855:
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736:
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620:
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430:
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332:
276:
224:
58:
391:
2105:
2028:
1720:
1693:
1664:
1616:
1462:
434:
303:(2009). "The Galactic thin and thick discs in the context of galaxy formation".
1969:
1802:
1705:
1700:
1654:
1597:
300:
281:
254:
172:
336:
2273:
2125:
1991:
1954:
1688:
1676:
1528:
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1359:
1251:
1192:
1125:
1036:
975:
685:
565:
498:
236:
177:
48:
1242:
1207:
625:
588:
75:(composition and motion of it stars) are also said to set it apart from the
2023:
1964:
1949:
1780:
1565:
1183:
1148:
740:
113:
2038:
1928:
1918:
1715:
1681:
1621:
1501:
1439:
1281:
1206:
Beraldo e Silva, L.; Debattista, V. P.; Khachaturyants, T. (2020-03-01).
897:
150:
80:
522:"A Radial Age Gradient in the Geometrically Thick Disk of the Milky Way"
1923:
1860:
1205:
182:
121:
The disk forms thick at high redshift with the thin disk forming later
1933:
642:"Simulations of minor mergers - I. General properties of thick discs"
187:
112:
It is a result of a merger event between the Milky Way and a massive
107:
76:
44:
36:
83:âthat is, the abundance of elements other than hydrogen and helium.
19:
1298:
1224:
1165:
1064:
1011:
914:
607:
538:
228:
32:
1444:
1397:
1334:
1100:
950:
842:
785:
723:
658:
473:
374:
319:
1770:
1755:
1485:
996:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1790:
1208:"Geometric properties of galactic discs with clumpy episodes"
31:
is one of the structural components of about 2/3 of all disk
1454:
707:
Steinmetz, M. (2012). "The Galactic thin and thick disk".
594:
Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters
519:
1147:
Clarke, A.; Debattista, V. P.; Nidever, D. (2019-04-01).
880:
457:
1146:
1085:
935:
67:, is composed almost exclusively of older stars. Its
124:
Disk flaring combined with inside-out disk formation
1212:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
1153:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
772:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
646:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
260:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
2271:
1264:
761:
1060:"The riddle of galactic thinâthick disk solved"
640:Villalobos, Ălvaro; Helmi, Amina (2008-12-01).
639:
1319:
298:
2111:List of the most distant astronomical objects
1470:
1450:Populations & Components of the Milky Way
1380:
1057:
252:
1477:
1463:
764:"Chemical Evolution with Radial Migration"
406:
357:
1396:
1333:
1280:
1241:
1223:
1182:
1164:
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1010:
949:
896:
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784:
722:
706:
675:
657:
624:
606:
586:
555:
537:
472:
373:
318:
280:
248:
246:
106:Thick disks come from the heating of the
1445:Structure and Evolution of the Milky Way
294:
292:
206:
18:
825:
819:
589:"The Diversity of Thick Galactic Discs"
412:
2272:
243:
1458:
289:
63:above the galactic plane and, in the
43:in the Milky Way, different from the
16:Structural component of some galaxies
1051:
762:Schoenrich, R.; Binney, J. (2009).
13:
14:
2291:
1433:
1088:The Astrophysical Journal Letters
1058:Fohlmeister, J. (24 April 2015).
938:The Astrophysical Journal Letters
461:The Astrophysical Journal Letters
2251:
2240:
2239:
804:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.14750.x
677:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13979.x
306:Proceedings of the IAU Symposium
1374:
1313:
1258:
1199:
1140:
1079:
990:
929:
874:
755:
700:
2182:Galaxy formation and evolution
2177:Galaxy colorâmagnitude diagram
633:
580:
513:
451:
351:
253:Gilmore, G.; Reid, N. (1983).
200:
161:Galaxy formation and evolution
1:
1440:Thin and Thick Galactic Disks
193:
1484:
435:10.1007/978-1-4419-7317-7_27
361:Astronomy & Astrophysics
7:
2064:Galaxies named after people
1415:10.1088/0004-637X/751/2/131
1352:10.1088/0004-637X/753/2/148
557:10.3847/0004-637X/831/2/139
491:10.1088/2041-8205/735/2/L46
392:10.1051/0004-6361/201117373
144:
10:
2296:
2197:Gravitational microlensing
2152:Galactic coordinate system
1118:10.1088/0004-637X/707/1/L1
1029:10.1088/2041-8205/804/1/L9
968:10.1088/0004-637X/707/1/L1
156:Galactic coordinate system
132:
2235:
2134:
2049:
1942:
1901:
1811:
1746:
1637:
1492:
1384:The Astrophysical Journal
1322:The Astrophysical Journal
999:The Astrophysical Journal
884:The Astrophysical Journal
860:10.1088/0004-637X/737/1/8
829:The Astrophysical Journal
710:Astronomische Nachrichten
526:The Astrophysical Journal
337:10.1017/S1743921310000773
209:The Astrophysical Journal
97:
2162:Galactic magnetic fields
1975:Brightest cluster galaxy
1871:Luminous infrared galaxy
1268:The Astronomical Journal
415:Galaxies and their Masks
282:10.1093/mnras/202.4.1025
2157:Galactic habitable zone
2142:Extragalactic astronomy
1731:Supermassive black hole
1645:Active galactic nucleus
384:2011A&A...535A.107K
1909:Low surface brightness
1660:Central massive object
741:10.1002/asna.201211698
587:Kasparova, A. (2016).
24:
2187:Galaxy rotation curve
1243:10.1093/mnras/staa065
626:10.1093/mnrasl/slw083
22:
2222:Population III stars
2217:Intergalactic travel
2167:Galactic orientation
2034:Voids and supervoids
1184:10.1093/mnras/stz104
2212:Intergalactic stars
2101:Large quasar groups
2096:Groups and clusters
1960:Groups and clusters
1819:Lyman-alpha emitter
1711:Interstellar medium
1407:2012ApJ...751..131B
1344:2012ApJ...753..148B
1291:2006AJ....131..226Y
1234:2020MNRAS.492.4716B
1175:2019MNRAS.484.3476C
1110:2009ApJ...707L...1B
1021:2015ApJ...804L...9M
960:2009ApJ...707L...1B
907:2004ApJ...612..894B
852:2011ApJ...737....8L
795:2009MNRAS.396..203S
733:2012AN....333..523S
668:2008MNRAS.391.1806V
617:2016MNRAS.460L..89K
548:2016ApJ...831..139M
483:2011ApJ...735L..46B
427:2010gama.conf..319F
329:2010IAUS..265..300B
273:1983MNRAS.202.1025G
221:1979ApJ...234..829B
57:(3.3 and 16.3
2207:Intergalactic dust
2192:Gravitational lens
2147:Galactic astronomy
2116:Starburst galaxies
1856:blue compact dwarf
1812:Energetic galaxies
1776:BL Lacertae object
73:stellar kinematics
65:solar neighborhood
41:galactic structure
25:
2267:
2266:
2227:Galaxy X (galaxy)
2202:Illustris project
2172:Galactic quadrant
1893:Wolf-Rayet galaxy
1883:Green bean galaxy
1878:Hot dust-obscured
1829:Luminous infrared
1593:Elliptical galaxy
444:978-1-4419-7316-0
69:stellar chemistry
2287:
2255:
2243:
2242:
1888:Hanny's Voorwerp
1798:Relativistic jet
1672:Dark matter halo
1479:
1472:
1465:
1456:
1455:
1427:
1426:
1400:
1378:
1372:
1371:
1337:
1317:
1311:
1310:
1284:
1282:astro-ph/0508460
1262:
1256:
1255:
1245:
1227:
1218:(4): 4716â4726.
1203:
1197:
1196:
1186:
1168:
1159:(3): 3476â3490.
1144:
1138:
1137:
1103:
1083:
1077:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1055:
1049:
1048:
1014:
994:
988:
987:
953:
933:
927:
926:
900:
898:astro-ph/0405306
878:
872:
871:
845:
823:
817:
816:
806:
788:
768:
759:
753:
752:
726:
717:(5â6): 523â529.
704:
698:
697:
679:
661:
652:(4): 1806â1827.
637:
631:
630:
628:
610:
584:
578:
577:
559:
541:
517:
511:
510:
476:
455:
449:
448:
410:
404:
403:
377:
355:
349:
348:
322:
296:
287:
286:
284:
250:
241:
240:
204:
88:galaxy formation
62:
35:, including the
2295:
2294:
2290:
2289:
2288:
2286:
2285:
2284:
2270:
2269:
2268:
2263:
2231:
2130:
2045:
1938:
1897:
1807:
1742:
1721:Galaxy filament
1665:Galactic Center
1633:
1488:
1483:
1436:
1431:
1430:
1379:
1375:
1318:
1314:
1263:
1259:
1204:
1200:
1145:
1141:
1084:
1080:
1070:
1068:
1056:
1052:
995:
991:
934:
930:
879:
875:
824:
820:
766:
760:
756:
705:
701:
638:
634:
585:
581:
518:
514:
456:
452:
445:
421:. p. 319.
411:
407:
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251:
244:
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196:
147:
135:
100:
52:
17:
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11:
5:
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2204:
2199:
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2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
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2149:
2144:
2138:
2136:
2132:
2131:
2129:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
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2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2055:
2053:
2047:
2046:
2044:
2043:
2042:
2041:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2019:Stellar stream
2016:
2011:
2006:
2005:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1984:
1983:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1957:
1952:
1946:
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1744:
1743:
1741:
1740:
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1738:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1706:Galactic ridge
1703:
1701:Galactic plane
1698:
1697:
1696:
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1674:
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1442:
1435:
1434:External links
1432:
1429:
1428:
1373:
1312:
1299:10.1086/497970
1275:(1): 226â249.
1257:
1198:
1139:
1078:
1050:
989:
928:
915:10.1086/422709
891:(2): 894â899.
873:
818:
779:(1): 203â222.
754:
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632:
579:
512:
450:
443:
405:
350:
288:
242:
229:10.1086/157563
198:
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185:
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173:Galactic bulge
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2127:
2124:
2122:
2121:Superclusters
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
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2054:
2052:
2048:
2040:
2037:
2036:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2024:Superclusters
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1989:
1988:
1985:
1981:
1978:
1976:
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1971:
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1966:
1963:
1962:
1961:
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1956:
1955:Galactic tide
1953:
1951:
1948:
1947:
1945:
1941:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1914:Ultra diffuse
1912:
1910:
1907:
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1900:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
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1748:Active nuclei
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179:
178:Galactic halo
176:
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78:
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70:
66:
60:
56:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
21:
2257:
2245:
1980:fossil group
1902:Low activity
1736:Ultramassive
1566:Dwarf galaxy
1549:intermediate
1544:grand design
1388:
1382:
1376:
1325:
1321:
1315:
1272:
1266:
1260:
1215:
1211:
1201:
1156:
1152:
1142:
1094:(1): L1âL5.
1091:
1087:
1081:
1069:. Retrieved
1063:
1053:
1002:
998:
992:
944:(1): L1âL5.
941:
937:
931:
888:
882:
876:
833:
827:
821:
776:
770:
757:
714:
708:
702:
649:
645:
635:
601:(1): 89â93.
598:
592:
582:
529:
525:
515:
464:
460:
453:
414:
408:
365:
359:
353:
310:
304:
301:Feltzing, F.
299:Bensby, T.;
264:
258:
212:
208:
202:
167:Galaxy parts
140:
136:
114:dwarf galaxy
101:
92:
85:
28:
26:
2039:void galaxy
2002:cannibalism
1987:Interacting
1943:Interaction
1929:Blue Nugget
1919:Dark galaxy
1824:Lyman-break
1716:Protogalaxy
1682:Disc galaxy
313:: 300â303.
267:(4): 1025.
215:: 829â836.
151:Disk galaxy
55:kiloparsecs
2079:Polar-ring
1924:Red nugget
1866:faint blue
1726:Spiral arm
1581:spheroidal
1571:elliptical
1554:Magellanic
1539:flocculent
1507:Lenticular
1494:Morphology
1391:(2): 131.
1328:(2): 148.
1225:1911.03717
1166:1901.00931
1012:1502.06606
608:1604.07624
539:1609.01168
532:(2): 139.
467:(2): L46.
194:References
183:Spiral arm
128:alpha-poor
29:thick disk
2014:Satellite
2009:Jellyfish
1997:collision
1934:Dead disk
1851:Starburst
1766:Markarian
1638:Structure
1605:Irregular
1576:irregular
1423:119299930
1398:1111.6585
1368:118530729
1360:0004-637X
1335:1111.1724
1252:0004-637X
1193:0004-637X
1134:118528894
1126:0004-637X
1101:0910.3677
1037:2041-8213
1005:(1): L9.
984:118528894
976:0004-637X
951:0910.3677
843:1009.5997
786:0809.3006
749:119112515
724:1205.6098
686:0035-8711
659:0803.2323
566:0004-637X
507:119266731
499:0004-637X
474:1106.1914
400:118616147
375:1110.5221
320:0908.3807
237:0004-637X
188:Thin disk
108:thin disk
77:thin disk
45:thin disk
37:Milky Way
2280:Galaxies
2274:Category
2246:Category
2135:See also
2059:Galaxies
1786:X-shaped
1617:Peculiar
1559:unbarred
1517:unbarred
1486:Galaxies
1065:Phys.org
1045:59389858
923:54633942
868:21097464
836:(1): 8.
813:14749516
694:14881474
574:54652169
419:Springer
368:: A107.
345:18562648
145:See also
53:1 and 5
47:and the
33:galaxies
2106:Quasars
2074:Nearest
2069:Largest
1970:cluster
1803:Seyfert
1403:Bibcode
1340:Bibcode
1307:2219155
1287:Bibcode
1230:Bibcode
1171:Bibcode
1106:Bibcode
1017:Bibcode
956:Bibcode
903:Bibcode
848:Bibcode
791:Bibcode
729:Bibcode
664:Bibcode
613:Bibcode
544:Bibcode
479:Bibcode
423:Bibcode
380:Bibcode
325:Bibcode
269:Bibcode
217:Bibcode
133:Dispute
2258:Portal
2089:Spiral
1992:merger
1771:Quasar
1756:Blazar
1694:corona
1610:barred
1586:spiral
1534:barred
1529:anemic
1524:Spiral
1512:barred
1421:
1366:
1358:
1305:
1250:
1191:
1132:
1124:
1071:24 May
1043:
1035:
982:
974:
921:
866:
811:
747:
692:
684:
572:
564:
505:
497:
441:
398:
343:
235:
98:Origin
81:metals
2126:Voids
2051:Lists
2029:Walls
1965:group
1950:Field
1844:ELIRG
1839:HLIRG
1834:ULIRG
1791:DRAGN
1781:Radio
1761:LINER
1655:Bulge
1627:Polar
1419:S2CID
1393:arXiv
1364:S2CID
1330:arXiv
1303:S2CID
1277:arXiv
1220:arXiv
1161:arXiv
1130:S2CID
1096:arXiv
1041:S2CID
1007:arXiv
980:S2CID
946:arXiv
919:S2CID
893:arXiv
864:S2CID
838:arXiv
809:S2CID
781:arXiv
767:(PDF)
745:S2CID
719:arXiv
690:S2CID
654:arXiv
603:arXiv
570:S2CID
534:arXiv
503:S2CID
469:arXiv
396:S2CID
370:arXiv
341:S2CID
315:arXiv
2084:Ring
1689:Halo
1677:Disc
1622:Ring
1502:Disc
1356:ISSN
1248:ISSN
1189:ISSN
1122:ISSN
1073:2015
1033:ISSN
972:ISSN
682:ISSN
562:ISSN
495:ISSN
439:ISBN
233:ISSN
71:and
49:halo
27:The
1861:pea
1650:Bar
1411:doi
1389:751
1348:doi
1326:753
1295:doi
1273:131
1238:doi
1216:492
1179:doi
1157:484
1114:doi
1092:707
1025:doi
1003:804
964:doi
942:707
911:doi
889:612
856:doi
834:737
799:doi
777:396
737:doi
715:333
672:doi
650:391
621:doi
599:460
552:doi
530:831
487:doi
465:735
431:doi
388:doi
366:535
333:doi
311:265
277:doi
265:202
225:doi
213:234
59:kly
2276::
1598:cD
1417:.
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275:.
263:.
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245:^
231:.
223:.
211:.
90:.
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1471:t
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1425:.
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61:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
