1597:
1475:
413:
3745:
954:
1283:
789:
1544:
43:
1295:
34:
145:. Different cultures and countries invented their own constellations, some of which lasted into the early 20th century before today's constellations were internationally recognized. The recognition of constellations has changed significantly over time. Many changed in size or shape. Some became popular, only to drop into obscurity. Some were limited to a single culture or nation. Naming constellations also helped astronomers and navigators identify stars more easily.
4998:
1069:
5900:
5924:
54:
663:
5876:
5912:
3777:, Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences (Ceskoslovenske Akademie Ved), Praha, Czechoslovakia, 1st Edition, elephant folio hardcover, with small transparency overlay coordinate grid square and separate paper magnitude legend ruler. 2nd Edition 1972 and 1978 reprint, Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences (Ceskoslovenske Akademie Ved), Prague, Czechoslovakia, and Sky Publishing Corporation, Cambridge, MA,
3537:
63:
5888:
774:(in modern Iraq) dating to 3000 BC provide the earliest generally accepted evidence for humankind's identification of constellations. It seems that the bulk of the Mesopotamian constellations were created within a relatively short interval from around 1300 to 1000 BC. Mesopotamian constellations appeared later in many of the classical Greek constellations.
1578:
1180:, charts depicted more stars but retained the traditional constellations. Newly observed stars were incorporated as supplementary to old constellations in the southern sky, which did not depict the traditional stars recorded by ancient Chinese astronomers. Further improvements were made during the later part of the Ming dynasty by
1474:
3839:, Epoch 2000.0, Sky Publishing Corporation, Cambridge, MA, and European Space Agency (ESA), ESTEC, Noordwijk, The Netherlands. Subtitle: "An All-Sky Atlas Comprising One Million Stars to Visual Magnitude Eleven from the Hipparcos and Tycho Catalogues and Ten Thousand Nonstellar Objects". 3 volumes, hardcover,
317:). These terms historically referred to any recognisable pattern of stars whose appearance was associated with mythological characters or creatures, earthbound animals, or objects. Over time, among European astronomers, the constellations became clearly defined and widely recognised. In the 20th century, the
1328:
The history of southern constellations is not straightforward. Different groupings and different names were proposed by various observers, some reflecting national traditions or designed to promote various sponsors. Southern constellations were important from the 14th to 16th centuries, when sailors
1224:
Some of the early constellations were never universally adopted. Stars were often grouped into constellations differently by different observers, and the arbitrary constellation boundaries often led to confusion as to which constellation a celestial object belonged. Before astronomers delineated
395:
The 88 constellations recognized by the IAU as well as those by cultures throughout history are imagined figures and shapes derived from the patterns of stars in the observable sky. Many officially recognized constellations are based on the imaginations of ancient, Near
Eastern and Mediterranean
375:
Stars in constellations can appear near each other in the sky, but they usually lie at a variety of distances away from the Earth. Since each star has its own independent motion, all constellations will change slowly over time. After tens to hundreds of thousands of years, familiar outlines will
1466:
that, together, cover the entire celestial sphere; this list was finally published in 1930. Where possible, these modern constellations usually share the names of their Graeco-Roman predecessors, such as Orion, Leo, or
Scorpius. The aim of this system is area-mapping, i.e. the division of the
2116:; Damour, T; Fukushima, T; Guinot, B; Huang, T.-Y; Lindegren, L; Ma, C; Nordtvedt, K; Ries, J. C; Seidelmann, P. K; Vokrouhlický, D; Will, C. M; Xu, C (2003). "The IAU 2000 Resolutions for Astrometry, Celestial Mechanics, and Metrology in the Relativistic Framework: Explanatory Supplement".
1596:
266:
are not constellations under the formal definition, but are also used by observers to navigate the night sky. Asterisms may be several stars within a constellation, or they may share stars with more than one constellation. Examples of asterisms include the teapot within the constellation
1453:
produced a list of 88 constellations with three-letter abbreviations for them. However, these constellations did not have clear borders between them. In 1928, the IAU formally accepted the 88 modern constellations, with contiguous boundaries along vertical and horizontal lines of
1204:
Historically, the origins of the constellations of the northern and southern skies are distinctly different. Most northern constellations date to antiquity, with names based mostly on
Classical Greek legends. Evidence of these constellations has survived in the form of
513:. The zodiac appears directly overhead from latitudes of 23.5° north to 23.5° south, depending on the time of year. In summer, the ecliptic appears higher up in the daytime and lower at night, while in winter the reverse is true, for both hemispheres.
1034:; it remains unclear when this occurred, but most were placed during the Roman period between 2nd to 4th centuries AD. The oldest known depiction of the zodiac showing all the now familiar constellations, along with some original Egyptian constellations,
1196:, 1628). Traditional Chinese star maps incorporated 23 new constellations with 125 stars of the southern hemisphere of the sky based on the knowledge of Western star charts; with this improvement, the Chinese Sky was integrated with the World astronomy.
1524:
The constellations have no official symbols, though those of the ecliptic may take the signs of the zodiac. Symbols for the other modern constellations, as well as older ones that still occur in modern nomenclature, have occasionally been published.
1317:, was only partially catalogued by ancient Babylonians, Egyptians, Greeks, Chinese, and Persian astronomers of the north. The knowledge that northern and southern star patterns differed goes back to Classical writers, who describe, for example, the
1577:
837:
constellations from the 6th century BC. The Greeks adopted the
Babylonian constellations in the 4th century BC. Twenty Ptolemaic constellations are from the Ancient Near East. Another ten have the same stars but different names.
1110:
are some of the most important observations of
Chinese sky, attested from the 5th century BC. Parallels to the earliest Babylonian (Sumerian) star catalogues suggest that the ancient Chinese system did not arise independently.
2434:
Rappenglück, M. (1997). "The
Pleiades in the "Salle des Taureaux", grotte de Lascaux. Does a rock picture in the cave of Lascaux show the open star cluster of the Pleiades at the Magdalénien era (ca 15.300 BC?"".
3795:(1970), Cartographic Division of the National Geographic Society (NGS), Washington, DC, two-sided large map chart depicting the constellations of the heavens; as a special supplement to the August 1970 issue of
2170:"Resolution C1 on the Definition of a Spectroscopic "Barycentric Radial-Velocity Measure". Special Issue: Preliminary Program of the XXVth GA in Sydney, July 13–26, 2003 Information Bulletin n° 91"
1434:, with early modern modifications and additions (most importantly introducing constellations covering the parts of the southern sky unknown to Ptolemy) by Petrus Plancius (1592, 1597/98 and 1613),
1030:
tradition of anthropomorphic figures represented the planets, stars, and various constellations. Some of these were combined with Greek and
Babylonian astronomical systems culminating in the
94:, showing the stars as they would appear to an observer looking down upon the imaginary celestial sphere from the outside (left); and illustration from the medieval Persian astronomical text
1256:
assigned stars to individual constellations and formalized the division by assigning a series of Greek and Latin letters to the stars within each constellation. These are known today as
356:. Depending on the definition, equatorial constellations may include those that lie between declinations 45° north and 45° south, or those that pass through the declination range of the
1225:
precise boundaries (starting in the 19th century), constellations generally appeared as ill-defined regions of the sky. Today they now follow officially accepted designated lines of
1504:
first made his proposal to designate boundaries for the celestial sphere, a suggestion on which
Delporte based his work. The consequence of this early date is that because of the
412:
1438:(1690) and Nicolas Louis de Lacaille (1763), who introduced fourteen new constellations. Lacaille studied the stars of the southern hemisphere from 1751 until 1752 from the
733:
is the closest star approximating a southern pole star, but is faint in the night sky. Thus, the pole can be triangulated using the constellation Crux as well as the stars
5531:
5451:
4728:
1467:
celestial sphere into contiguous fields. Out of the 88 modern constellations, 36 lie predominantly in the northern sky, and the other 52 predominantly in the southern.
5496:
5315:
5491:
1555:
The Great Rift, a series of dark patches in the Milky Way, is most visible in the southern sky. Some cultures have discerned shapes in these patches. Members of the
5034:
5466:
5441:
5526:
993:, dating to the 3rd century BC. The most complete existing works dealing with the mythical origins of the constellations are by the Hellenistic writer termed
3881:, Willmann-Bell, Inc., Richmond, VA, 3 volumes, hardcover. Vol. 1 (1987): "The Northern Hemisphere to −6°", by Wil Tirion, Barry Rappaport, and George Lovi,
762:, southern France, depict star constellations such as Taurus, Orion's Belt, and the Pleiades. However, this view is not generally accepted among scientists.
419:
4080:, New Haven, CN. Referred to commonly as "Bright Star Catalogue". Various editions with various authors historically, the longest term revising author as
1680:
647:
is high up in the west. Virgo is to the west, with Libra southwest and
Scorpius south. Sagittarius and Capricorn are southeast. Cygnus (containing the
4692:
3063:
1690:
1590:– a constellation defined by dark clouds rather than by stars. The head of the emu is the Coalsack with Crux directly above. Scorpius is to the left.
1481:
2458:
Cunningham, D. (2011). "The Oldest Maps of the World: Deciphering the Hand
Paintings of Cueva de El Castillo Cave in Spain and Lascaux in France".
1422:
A list of 88 constellations was produced for the IAU in 1922. It is roughly based on the traditional Greek constellations listed by Ptolemy in his
4721:
4190:
2032:
5308:
1516:, are already somewhat skewed and no longer perfectly vertical or horizontal. This effect will increase over the years and centuries to come.
3420:
2556:
1750:
1173:
of the Chinese sky on a stone plate; it is done accurately based on observations, and it shows the supernova of the year of 1054 in Taurus.
636:: also in the east (and progressively closer to the horizon) are Cancer and Leo. In addition to Taurus, Perseus and Auriga appear overhead.
5027:
2359:
4714:
2959:
1685:
1381:, who also split the ancient constellation Argo Navis into three; these new figures appeared in his star catalogue, published in 1756.
1374:
958:
624:) appears to the northeast, while Cassiopeia is the northwest. To the west are Pisces (above the horizon) and Aries. To the southwest
5301:
5001:
1695:
1348:
Many of the 88 IAU-recognized constellations in this region first appeared on celestial globes developed in the late 16th century by
1602:
Inca dark cloud constellations in the Mayu (Celestial River), or the Milky Way; Crux is above Yutu, while the eyes of the Llama are
3545:
1221:). Some southern constellations had long names that were shortened to more usable forms; e.g. Musca Australis became simply Musca.
1159:
5020:
2925:
1303:
1047:
4165:. PLOS ONE 17(7): e0272270 (2022). A comparative analysis on the structure of constellation line figures across 56 sky cultures.
4127:
1646:
247:, and in 1928 adopted official constellation boundaries that together cover the entire celestial sphere. Any given point in a
4685:
3942:
3930:
3918:
3827:
3667:
3649:
3634:
3608:
3513:
3319:
2869:
2840:
2808:
2734:
2654:
2624:
2597:
2342:
2176:
2096:
2071:
4122:
3889:
hardcover, printed boards. Vol. 2 (1988): "The Southern Hemisphere to +6°", by Wil Tirion, Barry Rappaport and George Lovi,
528:
is inclined 60° from the ecliptic, between Taurus and Gemini (north) and Scorpius and Sagittarius (south and near which the
5776:
1907:
4183:
1626:
3486:
2778:
2250:
2384:
1392:, for example, proposed constellations that were once popular but have since been dropped. The northern constellation
89:
5566:
4065:
4057:
4049:
4033:
4025:
4017:
4009:
4001:
3906:
3894:
3886:
3868:
3860:
3852:
3844:
3782:
3690:
3682:
3573:
971:
There is only limited information on ancient Greek constellations, with some fragmentary evidence being found in the
396:
mythologies. Some of these stories seem to relate to the appearance of the constellations, e.g. the assassination of
255:
include the constellation where a given celestial object is found to convey its approximate location in the sky. The
5676:
4678:
3179:
2409:
2216:
1852:
1538:
318:
240:
102:
2293:
1796:
Britton, John P. (2010). "Studies in Babylonian lunar theory: part III. The introduction of the uniform zodiac".
1675:
1567:
also describes dark cloud constellations, the most famous being the "emu in the sky" whose head is formed by the
1564:
1217:. Southern constellations are more modern inventions, sometimes as substitutes for ancient constellations (e.g.
818:, an expanded and revised version based on more accurate observation from around 1000 BC. However, the numerous
5964:
5954:
4176:
3871:
hardcover. Softcover version available. Supplemental separate purchasable coordinate grid transparent overlays.
20:
4146:
Adobe Flash interactive web browser planetarium and stardome with realistic movement of stars and the planets.
1951:
981:, who mentioned the "heavenly bodies". Greek astronomy essentially adopted the older Babylonian system in the
5959:
4200:
1417:
1162:). As maps were prepared during this period on more scientific lines, they were considered as more reliable.
688:
601:
322:
244:
229:
196:. The traditional 48 constellations, consisting of the zodiac and 36 more (now 38, following the division of
4162:
2204:
5571:
3797:
3307:
1385:
232:
were added from the 15th century until the mid-18th century when European explorers began traveling to the
5786:
1977:
1485:
Equirectangular plot of declination vs right ascension of stars brighter than apparent magnitude 5 on the
628:
is near the horizon. Up high and to the south are Orion and Taurus. To the southeast above the horizon is
5541:
5416:
4950:
4566:
4071:
3788:
3744:
1185:
502:
310:
268:
248:
4088:. 3rd Edition (1964), 4th Edition, 5th Edition (1991), and 6th Edition (pending posthumous) by Hoffleit.
5866:
5831:
5639:
5230:
4810:
4411:
4296:
4036:(Cambridge) softcover. 2nd Edition (1991) with additional third author François Ochsenbein, 2 volumes,
3805:, as a special supplement to the December 1957 issue. Current version 2001 (Tirion), with 2007 reprint.
2332:
1641:
1489:, coded by spectral type and apparent magnitude, relative to the modern constellations and the ecliptic
1155:
801:
541:
276:
4128:
Studies of Occidental Constellations and Star Names to the Classical Period: An Annotated Bibliography
2887:"The epoch of the constellations on the Farnese Atlas and their origin in Hipparchus's lost catalogue"
2036:
1547:
The Milky Way as seen from Earth, with prominent dark features labeled in white, as well as prominent
953:
609:, being the North Star, is the approximate center of the northern celestial hemisphere. It is part of
376:
become unrecognizable. Astronomers can predict the past or future constellation outlines by measuring
4750:
4211:
3555:
1760:
1755:
1497:
1378:
648:
389:
353:
3118:
Early Star Catalogues of the Southern Sky: De Houtman, Kepler (Second and Third Classes), and Halley
3059:
On Frederick de Houtman's Catalogue of Southern Stars, and the Origin of the Southern Constellations
2266:
1463:
5551:
5546:
5536:
5426:
5381:
5366:
5346:
5336:
5270:
4880:
4870:
4755:
4576:
4406:
4386:
4226:
3718:
Rogers, John H. (1998). "Origins of the Ancient Constellations: II. The Mediterranean Traditions".
1282:
989:
in the 4th century BC. The original work of Eudoxus is lost, but it survives as a versification by
783:
652:
510:
3428:
2564:
5944:
5741:
5143:
5119:
4930:
4925:
4820:
4659:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4326:
4306:
4156:
3697:
Rogers, John H. (1998). "Origins of the Ancient Constellations: I. The Mesopotamian Traditions".
1631:
1353:
1083:
948:
640:
545:
184:
astronomy. Constellations appear in Western culture via Greece and are mentioned in the works of
3245:
3031:(1951). "Out of Old Books (Pieter Dircksz Keijser, Delineator of the Southern Constellations)".
1872:
1046:
remained the standard definition of constellations in the medieval period both in Europe and in
259:
of a star, for example, consists of a number and the genitive form of the constellation's name.
5561:
5481:
5436:
5421:
5406:
5356:
5215:
5186:
5042:
4965:
4935:
4875:
4850:
4845:
4840:
4790:
4760:
4596:
4581:
4536:
4396:
4361:
4351:
4346:
4291:
4266:
4231:
3810:
3622:
3592:
2943:
2830:
1999:
1636:
1621:
1534:
1505:
1234:
1134:). Chen Zhuo's work has been lost, but information on his system of constellations survives in
1107:
1059:
788:
633:
573:
549:
537:
533:
482:
478:
474:
466:
5791:
4150:
3503:
2768:
2480:
Rogers, J. H (1998). "Origins of the ancient constellations: I. The Mesopotamian traditions".
2060:
5836:
5746:
5586:
5486:
5461:
5396:
5386:
5341:
5324:
5245:
5235:
5104:
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4506:
4491:
4471:
4456:
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4446:
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4416:
4376:
4241:
4076:
4020:
softcover. Vol. 2 (1985) – "Volume 2: Double Stars, Variable Stars, and Nonstellar Objects",
3835:
3309:
2557:"History of the Constellations and Star Names – D.4: Sumerian constellations and star names?"
1670:
1660:
1405:
1318:
1277:
1273:
1142:. The oldest extant Chinese star chart dates to that period and was preserved as part of the
1131:
1123:
1091:
724:
553:
494:
490:
470:
461:, the zodiac is distributed equally across hemispheres (along the ecliptic), approximating a
256:
74:
2963:
1830:
he zodiac was introduced between −408 and −397 and probably within a very few years of −400.
1543:
1260:. Subsequent star atlases led to the development of today's accepted modern constellations.
5949:
5841:
5751:
5669:
5619:
5371:
5351:
5280:
5181:
5114:
5094:
4631:
4511:
4461:
4401:
3727:
3706:
3614:
3459:
3040:
2994:
2901:
2773:. Science and Civilisation in China. Vol. 3. Cambridge University Press. p. 171.
2522:
2489:
2440:
2135:
2112:
Soffel, M; Klioner, S. A; Petit, G; Wolf, P; Kopeikin, S. M; Bretagnon, P; Brumberg, V. A;
1665:
1450:
1443:
1357:
1330:
1143:
862:
741:(about 30° counterclockwise from Crux) of the constellation Centaurus (arching over Crux).
716:
569:
377:
263:
220:
177:
127:
3135:
8:
5928:
5736:
5411:
5061:
4890:
4765:
4611:
4436:
4236:
3450:
Dearborn, D.S.P.; White, R.E. (1983). "The 'Torreon' of Machu Picchu as an Observatory".
3358:
2862:
Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures
2832:
Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures
2510:
1934:"constellation | Origin and meaning of constellation by Online Etymology Dictionary"
1486:
1322:
1006:
994:
866:
589:
585:
486:
443:
369:
252:
233:
130:
or outline, typically representing an animal, mythological subject, or inanimate object.
95:
3731:
3710:
3463:
3308:
Marc Lachièze-Rey; Jean-Pierre Luminet; Bibliothèque Nationale de France. Paris (2001).
3044:
2998:
2905:
2526:
2493:
2444:
2139:
42:
5916:
5904:
5756:
5716:
5711:
5706:
5506:
3955:, various editions. 2nd Deluxe Edition, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England.
3785:
oversize folio softcover spiral-bound, with transparency overlay coordinate grid ruler.
3770:, Sky Publishing Corporation, Cambridge, MA, with coordinate grid transparency overlay.
3750:
3010:
2917:
2886:
2705:
2151:
2125:
1821:
1813:
1189:
1087:
1027:
944:
858:
850:
2534:
5781:
5768:
5731:
5726:
5701:
5693:
5581:
5556:
5456:
5401:
5323:
4085:
4061:
4053:
4045:
4037:
4029:
4021:
4013:
4005:
3997:
3989:
3981:
3980:, Cambridge University Press and Sky Publishing Corporation, 1st Edition, 2 volumes.
3938:
3926:
3914:
3909:
hardcover, printed boards. 2nd Edition 2001 as collective set of 3 volumes – Vol. 1:
3902:
3890:
3882:
3864:
3856:
3848:
3840:
3823:
3778:
3686:
3678:
3663:
3645:
3630:
3604:
3509:
3482:
3315:
3028:
3014:
2865:
2836:
2804:
2774:
2730:
2709:
2670:
2650:
2620:
2593:
2538:
2338:
2246:
2092:
2067:
1825:
1719:
1563:
in the Milky Way as animals and associated their appearance with the seasonal rains.
1501:
1439:
1435:
1338:
1257:
1238:
1193:
1166:
1115:
1063:
1023:
986:
819:
805:
793:
397:
349:
189:
82:
4137:
4098:
3223:
3175:
3154:
2921:
2155:
5880:
5817:
5576:
5511:
4940:
4830:
4541:
4336:
3002:
2909:
2697:
2530:
2169:
2143:
2113:
1886:
1805:
1782:
1393:
1342:
1072:
827:
447:
439:
365:
337:
119:
4123:
Strasbourg Astronomical Data Center Files on official IAU constellation boundaries
3398:
2724:
5721:
5662:
5521:
4835:
4341:
4132:
4081:
3336:
3201:
2798:
2751:
2644:
2614:
2587:
2016:
1846:
1783:"Constellation | Definition, Origin, History, & Facts | Britannica"
1455:
1349:
1307:
1299:
1226:
1126:. The constellations of the three schools were conflated into a single system by
982:
931:
854:
846:
842:
656:
529:
450:
appears to rotate west, with stars circling counterclockwise around the northern
385:
1933:
1911:
1294:
822:
in these catalogues suggest that they built on older, but otherwise unattested,
5853:
5846:
5476:
5391:
5166:
5138:
5070:
4331:
4271:
4261:
4168:
3759:
3006:
2913:
1603:
1389:
1334:
1321:
expedition commissioned by Egyptian Pharaoh Necho II in c. 600 BC and those of
1031:
1002:
973:
834:
734:
730:
675:
521:
302:
236:. Due to Roman and European transmission, each constellation has a Latin name.
33:
2701:
1809:
906:"heap" (Job 9:9, 38:31–32), rendered as "Arcturus, Orion and Pleiades" by the
5938:
5516:
5471:
5446:
5431:
2857:
1607:
1496:
The boundaries developed by Delporte used data that originated back to epoch
1210:
1103:
755:
738:
306:
138:
4068:(Cambridge) softcover and 0-933346-38-7 softcover – reprint of 1985 edition.
3287:
1287:
168:
all traverse). The origins of the zodiac remain historically uncertain; its
5892:
5376:
5240:
5043:
The 41 additional constellations added in the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries
4476:
3385:
The Star Book: Stargazing Throughout the Seasons in the Northern Hemisphere
2542:
1361:
1253:
1177:
1151:
1147:
1095:
517:
462:
3311:
Celestial Treasury: From the Music of the Spheres to the Conquest of Space
3266:
2985:
Swerdlow, N. M. (August 1986). "A Star Catalogue Used by Johannes Bayer".
5275:
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4800:
4795:
4601:
4286:
4281:
4276:
3819:
3655:
3096:
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2205:
http://www.astro.wisc.edu/~dolan/constellations/extra/constellations.html
2130:
1560:
1459:
1369:
1314:
1269:
1249:
1230:
1206:
1170:
1135:
870:
853:
as the middle signs of the four-quarters of the Zodiac, with the Lion as
771:
704:
In July, Ara (adjacent to Triangulum Australe) and Scorpius can be seen.
629:
506:
4670:
1817:
5796:
5501:
5361:
5084:
4980:
4975:
4970:
4770:
4626:
4621:
4606:
4316:
3948:
3874:
2688:
Lorimer, H. L. (1951). "Stars and Constellations in Homer and Hesiod".
1548:
1397:
1365:
1218:
1214:
1181:
1139:
1119:
708:
621:
617:
610:
557:
458:
424:
400:
by Scorpius, their constellations appearing at opposite times of year.
381:
345:
341:
292:
272:
205:
197:
134:
3748:
Ottoman period celestial map, signs of the Zodiac and lunar mansions (
5812:
5624:
5614:
5196:
5176:
5157:
5148:
4915:
4855:
4815:
4646:
4556:
4501:
4481:
4441:
4366:
4301:
2238:
1333:. Italian explorers who recorded new southern constellations include
1127:
1068:
916:
698:
671:
581:
561:
525:
451:
215:
169:
142:
4785:
4736:
4251:
4143:
4041:
3993:
3985:
2217:"Forest for the Trees – Why We Recognize Faces & Constellations"
1401:
644:
137:. People used them to relate stories of their beliefs, experiences,
5826:
5220:
4955:
4865:
4571:
4381:
4321:
3897:
hardcover, printed boards. Vol. 3 (1993) as a separate added work:
3642:
Exploring Ancient Skies: An Encyclopedic Survey of Archaeoastronomy
3267:"The original names and abbreviations for constellations from 1922"
2147:
1568:
1442:, when he was said to have observed more than 10,000 stars using a
1384:
Several modern proposals have not survived. The French astronomers
1086:
had a long tradition of observing celestial phenomena. Nonspecific
1011:
814:
498:
357:
333:
210:
153:
4110:
1396:
survived into the 19th century (when its name was attached to the
5191:
5171:
4960:
4945:
4738:
4591:
4586:
4561:
4431:
3586:
3361:, (Centre de Donneés astronomiques de Strasbourg, February 1990).
2360:"The Solar System has a second plane where objects orbit the Sun"
1509:
1209:, whose oldest representation appears on the statue known as the
1076:
1039:
1016:
998:
935:
in Job 38:32, and it might refer to the zodiacal constellations.
759:
639:
From the same latitude, in July, Cassiopeia (low in the sky) and
606:
329:
301:, which can be translated as "set of stars"; it came into use in
201:
181:
4104:
105:(left); and photograph of the night sky with drawn lines (right)
5685:
5629:
5260:
5255:
5250:
5225:
5210:
5205:
5129:
5124:
5099:
5089:
4780:
4641:
4616:
4546:
4531:
4496:
4421:
4391:
4371:
4256:
4246:
4216:
2800:
The Chinese Sky During the Han: Constellating Stars and Society
1427:
1099:
1035:
990:
978:
720:
694:
565:
361:
214:. The formation of constellations was the subject of extensive
193:
185:
165:
149:
4084:. 1st Edition 1908. 2nd Edition 1940 by Frank Schlesinger and
1286:
Sketch of the southern celestial sky by Portuguese astronomer
1213:, based perhaps on the star catalogue of the Greek astronomer
873:
also makes reference to a number of constellations, including
804:
of stars and constellations date back to the beginning of the
5265:
5109:
4825:
4551:
4486:
4311:
3372:
Nautical Almanac and Astronomical Ephemeris for the year 1833
2716:
1979:
Glossary of navigation: a vade mecum for practical navigators
1513:
823:
662:
643:
appear to the northeast. Ursa Major is now in the northwest.
625:
435:
19:
This article is about the star grouping. For other uses, see
4163:
Bucur D. The network signature of constellation line figures
2796:
2505:
2503:
845:
interpreted some of the creatures mentioned in the books of
53:
5634:
5079:
5056:
4910:
4466:
4356:
4221:
3675:
The New Patterns in the Sky: Myths and Legends of the Stars
3505:
Flags of the Night Sky: When Astronomy Meets National Pride
3101:
On the Dispersal of Knowledge of the Southern Celestial Sky
2267:"Best Constellations Season-by-Season: Southern Hemisphere"
1887:"DOCdb Deep Sky Observer's Companion – the online database"
1556:
957:
Egyptian star chart and decanal clock, from the ceiling of
712:
667:
577:
225:
161:
123:
5887:
4138:
Online Text: Hyginus, Astronomica translated by Mary Grant
2726:
Ancient Egyptian Science: Calendars, clocks, and astronomy
914:"the bier" actually corresponding to Ursa Major. The term
564:(near the celestial equator), and southern constellations
434:
Constellation positions change throughout the year due to
148:
Twelve (or thirteen) ancient constellations belong to the
62:
5654:
4116:
2770:
Mathematics and the Sciences of the Heavens and the Earth
2500:
2337:. New York: A. A. Knopf. pp. 134–162, 405–420.
1585:
907:
536:(near the celestial equator) and northern constellations
157:
3508:. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 124–.
1539:
Molecular cloud § List of molecular cloud complexes
1263:
3599:, G. E. Stechert, New York, hardcover; reprint 1963 as
3301:
2835:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 2022.
1352:, based mainly on observations of the Dutch navigators
613:, constituting the end of the Little Dipper's handle.
3901:, by Murray Cragin, James Lucyk, and Barry Rappaport,
2111:
744:
438:
on Earth occurring at gradually different portions of
5864:
3925:, by Wil Tirion, Barry Rappaport, and Will Remaklus,
3913:, by Wil Tirion, Barry Rappaport, and Will Remaklus,
3833:
Sinnott, Roger W. and Perryman, Michael A.C. (1997)
3481:. Mineola: Dover Publications, Inc. pp. 47–51.
2612:
2585:
2086:
2021:, Science series, American Book Company, p. 220
1615:
3033:
Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada
1969:
1377:more were created in 1763 by the French astronomer
1169:, which was prepared with carvings of stars on the
2753:Zodiac of Dendera, epitome. (Exhib., Leic. square)
2513:(2006). "The Origin of the Greek Constellations".
2059:
1512:, the borders on a modern star map, such as epoch
1001:. The basis of Western astronomy as taught during
532:can be found). The galaxy appears to pass through
465:. Zodiacal constellations of the northern sky are
328:A constellation or star that never sets below the
3064:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
2087:Kovalevsky, Jean; Seidelmann, P. Kenneth (2004).
2018:The story of the stars: New descriptive astronomy
1982:(3rd ed.). Portsmouth: Griffin. p. 142.
1176:Influenced by European astronomy during the late
1146:. Native Chinese astronomy flourished during the
749:
5936:
4198:
3081:Early Explorations of the Southern Celestial Sky
2722:
2642:
2334:The Audubon Society Field Guide to the Night Sky
2066:. Jones & Bartlett Publishers. p. 369.
616:From latitudes of around 35° north, in January,
3720:Journal of the British Astronomical Association
3699:Journal of the British Astronomical Association
2671:"H5906 - ʿayiš - Strong's Hebrew Lexicon (KJV)"
2482:Journal of the British Astronomical Association
2162:
2033:"Do Constellations Ever Break Apart or Change?"
770:Inscribed stones and clay writing tablets from
754:It has been suggested that the 17,000-year-old
251:lies in one of the modern constellations. Some
3899:The Deep Sky Field Guide to Uranometria 2000.0
3640:Kelley, David H. and Milone, Eugene F. (2004)
3587:Mythology, lore, history, and archaeoastronomy
3202:"Constellation names, abbreviations and sizes"
1976:Harbord, John Bradley; Goodwin, H. B. (1897).
1975:
1722:correspond to the period of a constellation's
1559:civilization identified various dark areas or
632:. Appearing above and to the east of Orion is
5670:
5309:
5028:
4722:
4686:
4184:
3976:Hirshfeld, Alan and Sinnott, Roger W. (1982)
3739:
3495:
3449:
2294:"The Moving Stars of the Southern Hemisphere"
1993:
1991:
1989:
1944:
1900:
1446:with an aperture of 0.5 inches (13 mm).
1165:A well-known map from the Song period is the
1122:are attributed to astronomers of the earlier
454:and clockwise around the southern pole star.
427:with dotted line indicating zodiac (ecliptic)
3996:vol. 1. "Volume 1: Stars to Magnitude 8.0",
3359:"A Catalogue of Constellation Boundary Data"
3170:
3168:
3116:Verbunt, Frank; van Gent, Robert H. (2011).
2978:
2824:
2822:
2820:
2638:
2636:
2057:
2051:
1848:Délimitation scientifique des constellations
1745:
1743:
1528:
920:
901:
896:
890:
885:
879:
874:
674:can be used to find the southern pole star,
3973:, Sky Publishing Corporation, Cambridge, MA
2878:
2864:. Kluwer Academic Publishers. p. 910.
2433:
1411:
1400:meteor shower), but is now divided between
348:, all constellations south or north of the
296:
243:(IAU) formally accepted the modern list of
133:The first constellations likely go back to
101:Bottom: Contemporary map of Orion from the
5677:
5663:
5316:
5302:
5035:
5021:
4729:
4715:
4693:
4679:
4191:
4177:
4113:free 3D realtime space-simulation (OpenGL)
3971:Atlas of the Heavens – II Catalogue 1950.0
3816:Norton's Star Atlas and Reference Handbook
3677:, McDonald & Woodward Publishing Co.,
3314:. Cambridge University Press. p. 80.
2690:The Annual of the British School at Athens
2457:
2175:. IAU Secretariat. July 2002. p. 50.
2008:
1986:
1775:
1681:Constellations listed by Johannes Hevelius
715:and Triangulum Australe (near Centaurus),
707:Constellations near the pole star include
4700:
3629:, Dover Publications, Inc., Mineola, NY,
3603:, Dover Publications, Inc., Mineola, NY,
3574:Learn how and when to remove this message
3501:
3165:
3155:"Lacaille's southern planisphere of 1756"
2935:
2817:
2633:
2475:
2473:
2330:
2129:
1840:
1838:
1740:
1199:
200:into three constellations) are listed by
3969:, Praha, 1960 Prague. Published 1964 as
3743:
2984:
2884:
2749:
2509:
2245:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing.
1879:
1844:
1691:Constellations listed by Petrus Plancius
1542:
1293:
1281:
1188:, the German Jesuit and was recorded in
1160:Treatise on Astrology of the Kaiyuan Era
1067:
997:and an early Roman writer styled pseudo-
952:
787:
661:
4119:realtime sky rendering program (OpenGL)
4060:(Cambridge) softcover . Vol. 2 (1999):
3935:Uranometria 2000.0 Deep Sky Field Guide
3847:. Vol. 1, 0–8 Hours (Right Ascension),
3625:, New York, hardcover; reprint 2004 as
3334:
3246:"Nicolas Louis de Lacaille at the Cape"
3243:
3221:
3199:
3152:
3133:
2797:Xiaochun Sun; Jacob Kistemaker (1997).
2766:
2687:
1870:
1795:
1571:, a dark nebula, instead of the stars.
1304:Golden Age of Netherlandish cartography
701:(near Hydrus and Mensa, respectively).
5937:
3717:
3696:
2941:
2792:
2790:
2479:
2470:
2357:
2058:Koupelis, Theo; Kuhn, Karl F. (2007).
2014:
1997:
1866:
1864:
1862:
1835:
938:
833:The classical Zodiac is a revision of
682:
595:
16:Group of stars on the celestial sphere
5658:
5297:
5016:
4710:
4674:
4172:
3476:
2828:
2619:. Coral Ridge Ministries Media, Inc.
2326:
2324:
2322:
2320:
2318:
2316:
2314:
1798:Archive for History of Exact Sciences
1264:Origin of the southern constellations
262:Other star patterns or groups called
3627:Star Lore: Myths, Legends, and Facts
3530:
3136:"Johann Bayer's southern star chart"
3027:
2987:Journal for the History of Astronomy
2931:from the original on 9 October 2022.
2894:Journal for the History of Astronomy
2291:
2025:
1360:. These became widely known through
1130:, an astronomer of the 3rd century (
777:
5507:Psalterium Georgianum/Harpa Georgii
3937:by Murray Cragin and Emil Bonanno,
3933:hardcover, printed boards; Vol. 3:
3921:hardcover, printed boards; Vol. 2:
3399:"A Great Week to See the Milky Way"
3396:
3357:A.C. Davenhall & S.K. Leggett,
2855:
2787:
2237:
2182:from the original on 9 October 2022
1859:
1313:The southern sky, below about −65°
921:
897:
886:
875:
745:History of the early constellations
81:Top: Baroque drawing of Orion from
13:
5402:Honores Friderici/Gloria Frederici
3601:Star Names: Their Lore and Meaning
3526:
2729:. American Philosophical Society.
2646:Star Names: Their Lore and Meaning
2613:Dennis James Kennedy (June 1989).
2358:Sutter, Paul M. (9 October 2020).
2311:
2105:
1154:became increasingly influenced by
14:
5976:
4092:
3923:Uranometria 2000.0 Deep Sky Atlas
3911:Uranometria 2000.0 Deep Sky Atlas
2885:Schaefer, Bradley E. (May 2005).
2535:10.1038/scientificamerican1106-96
1686:Constellations listed by Lacaille
1616:List of dark cloud constellations
5922:
5910:
5898:
5886:
5874:
5327:(including Ptolemy's Argo Navis)
4997:
4996:
3863:hardcover; Vol. 3, 16–24 Hours,
3535:
3337:"Benjamin Apthorp Gould and the
3180:International Astronomical Union
2243:The Stars: A New Way to See Them
2219:. Nautilus Magazine. 19 May 2014
1853:International Astronomical Union
1696:Constellations listed by Ptolemy
1595:
1576:
1473:
1053:
985:, first introduced to Greece by
865:, and the Eagle standing in for
411:
380:of individual stars by accurate
319:International Astronomical Union
241:International Astronomical Union
204:, a Greco-Roman astronomer from
73:Four views of the constellation
61:
52:
41:
32:
5053:Vespucci or Corsalius early 16c
4140:Greco-Roman constellation myths
3855:hardcover; Vol. 2, 8–16 Hours,
3470:
3443:
3413:
3390:
3377:
3364:
3351:
3328:
3280:
3259:
3237:
3215:
3193:
3146:
3127:
3110:
3090:
3070:
3051:
3021:
2952:
2849:
2760:
2743:
2681:
2663:
2606:
2579:
2563:. 21 April 2015. Archived from
2549:
2451:
2427:
2402:
2377:
2351:
2285:
2259:
2231:
2209:
2194:
2080:
1713:
1676:Lists of stars by constellation
1565:Australian Aboriginal astronomy
1075:with a cylindrical projection (
693:January constellations include
670:and the 'Southern Pointers' of
4101:, including high quality maps.
3808:Norton, Arthur Philip. (1910)
3397:Rao, Joe (11 September 2009).
2616:The Real Meaning of the Zodiac
2091:. Cambridge University Press.
1956:Oxford Dictionary of Astronomy
1926:
1908:"A Complete List of Asterisms"
1789:
1019:, written in the 2nd century.
765:
750:Lascaux Caves, southern France
655:is high in the sky along with
403:
332:when viewed from a particular
282:
21:Constellation (disambiguation)
1:
3967:Atlas Coeli II Katalog 1950.0
3951:and Sinnott, Roger W. (1998)
3597:Star-Names And Their Meanings
3558:and help improve the section.
2829:Selin, Helaine Elise (2008).
2586:E. William Bullinger (2015).
2292:Dyer, Alan (19 August 2016).
1751:"Definition of constellation"
1701:
1418:IAU designated constellations
1241:1875.0 in his star catalogue
962:
689:Southern celestial hemisphere
602:Northern celestial hemisphere
305:during the 14th century. The
173:
5601:obsolete constellation names
4737:48 constellations listed by
3945:, hardcover, printed boards.
3662:2nd ed., Lutterworth Press,
3502:Bordeleau, André G. (2013).
3374:(Board of Admiralty, London)
3122:Astronomy & Astrophysics
3067:, Vol. 77, pp. 414–32)
2201:What Are the Constellations?
2015:Steele, Joel Dorman (1884),
1306:, by the Dutch cartographer
1102:, dating back to the middle
792:Babylonian tablet recording
228:. Constellations in the far
122:in which a group of visible
7:
5542:Sceptrum et Manus Iustitiae
4072:Yale University Observatory
3959:
3791:. (1957, 1970, 2001, 2007)
3789:National Geographic Society
3673:Staal, Julius D. W. (1988)
3479:Echoes of the Ancient Skies
3224:"Star Tales – The Almagest"
2331:Chartrand, Mark R. (1991).
2203:, University of Wisconsin,
1654:
1186:Johann Adam Schall von Bell
1114:Three schools of classical
1090:, later categorized in the
902:
891:
880:
253:astronomical naming systems
249:celestial coordinate system
172:divisions became prominent
10:
5981:
5832:Ecliptic coordinate system
5684:
4159:short essay by Gavin White
3740:Atlases and celestial maps
3288:"Constellation boundaries"
3107:, 35–37, pp. 211–30)
3007:10.1177/002182868601700304
2942:Norton, Arthur P. (1919).
2914:10.1177/002182860503600202
2089:Fundamentals of Astrometry
1998:Norton, Arthur P. (1959).
1873:"Star Tales: The final 88"
1642:Rho Ophiuchi cloud complex
1532:
1519:
1415:
1267:
1233:based on those defined by
1156:medieval Islamic astronomy
1057:
942:
781:
686:
599:
489:. In the southern sky are
309:word for constellation is
18:
5805:
5765:
5692:
5610:
5595:
5332:
5293:
5048:
5012:
4994:
4746:
4706:
4655:
4207:
4077:Catalogue of Bright Stars
2723:Marshall Clagett (1989).
2702:10.1017/S0068245400018359
2643:Richard H. Allen (2013).
1845:Delporte, Eugène (1930).
1810:10.1007/S00407-010-0064-Z
1756:Oxford English Dictionary
1726:due to the Sun's transit.
1529:Dark cloud constellations
1379:Nicolas Louis de Lacaille
1192:(Calendrical Treatise of
1167:Suzhou Astronomical Chart
457:Because of Earth's 23.5°
390:astronomical spectroscopy
5537:Sceptrum Brandenburgicum
4201:88 modern constellations
4149:Audio – Cain/Gay (2009)
3965:Becvar, Antonin. (1959)
3773:Becvar, Antonin. (1962)
2767:Needham, Joseph (1959).
2589:The Witness of the Stars
2385:"January Constellations"
2118:The Astronomical Journal
2062:In Quest of the Universe
1412:88 modern constellations
1319:African circumnavigation
784:Old Babylonian astronomy
275:in the constellation of
91:Firmamentum Sobiescianum
5325:Obsolete constellations
5076:Keyser & de Houtman
4660:Lists of constellations
4133:Table of Constellations
4099:IAU: The Constellations
4082:(Ellen) Dorrit Hoffleit
4052:(Cambridge) hardcover;
4028:(Cambridge) hardcover,
3814:, 20th Edition 2003 as
3593:Allen, Richard Hinckley
1426:in the 2nd century and
1354:Pieter Dirkszoon Keyser
949:Ancient Greek astronomy
861:, the Man representing
5562:Telescopium Herschelii
3755:
3057:Knobel, E. B. (1917).
2856:Sun, Xiaochun (1997).
2035:. NASA. Archived from
1637:Dark Horse (astronomy)
1622:Great Rift (astronomy)
1552:
1535:Great Rift (astronomy)
1310:
1291:
1200:Early modern astronomy
1080:
1060:Chinese constellations
968:
797:
679:
666:The Southern Cross in
323:88 constellations
297:
245:88 constellations
218:, most notably in the
5965:Concepts in astronomy
5955:Celestial cartography
5487:Officina Typographica
4701:Constellation history
3836:Millennium Star Atlas
3775:Atlas Borealis 1950.0
3747:
3619:Star Lore of All Ages
3615:Olcott, William Tyler
3477:Krupp, Edwin (1994).
3339:Uranometria Argentina
3087:44, pp. 439–70)
2437:Astronomy and Culture
2410:"July Constellations"
1871:Ridpath, Ian (2018).
1671:Former constellations
1661:Celestial cartography
1546:
1533:Further information:
1297:
1285:
1278:Former constellations
1274:Harmonia Macrocosmica
1248:The 1603 star atlas "
1243:Uranometria Argentina
1132:Three Kingdoms period
1124:Warring States period
1094:, have been found on
1092:twenty-eight mansions
1071:
1058:Further information:
956:
802:Babylonian catalogues
791:
665:
446:toward the east, the
378:common proper motions
257:Flamsteed designation
5960:History of astronomy
5842:Planets in astrology
3978:Sky Catalogue 2000.0
3803:A Map of The Heavens
3801:. Forerunner map as
3768:Atlas of the Heavens
3425:Astronomy.pomona.edu
3370:For example, in the
3176:"The Constellations"
2960:"Astronomical Epoch"
2511:Schaefer, Bradley E.
1914:on 29 September 2012
1666:Constellation family
1451:Henry Norris Russell
1444:refracting telescope
1358:Frederick de Houtman
1331:celestial navigation
1144:Dunhuang Manuscripts
1138:records, notably by
5412:Globus Aerostaticus
5062:Triangulum Australe
4612:Triangulum Australe
4107:, di Felice Stoppa.
3811:Norton's Star Atlas
3798:National Geographic
3732:1998JBAA..108...79R
3711:1998JBAA..108....9R
3623:G. P. Putnam's Sons
3464:1983JHAS...14...37D
3431:on 16 December 2010
3383:Peter Grego (2012)
3045:1951JRASC..45..215S
2999:1986JHA....17..189S
2945:Norton's Star Atlas
2906:2005JHA....36..167S
2567:on 7 September 2015
2527:2006SciAm.295e..96S
2515:Scientific American
2494:1998JBAA..108....9R
2445:1997ascu.conf..217R
2414:Constellation Guide
2389:Constellation Guide
2140:2003AJ....126.2687S
2001:Norton's Star Atlas
1632:Serpens–Aquila Rift
1487:Hipparcos Catalogue
1329:used the stars for
1323:Hanno the Navigator
1007:Early Modern period
995:pseudo-Eratosthenes
939:Classical antiquity
927:a garland of crowns
808:, most notably the
683:Southern hemisphere
596:Northern hemisphere
586:Triangulum Australe
442:around the Sun. As
336:on Earth is termed
234:Southern Hemisphere
128:a perceived pattern
96:Book of Fixed Stars
5694:Astrological signs
4157:The Greek Star-Map
3879:Uranometria 2000.0
3756:
3751:Zubdat al-Tawarikh
3029:Hogg, Helen Sawyer
2592:. eKitap Projesi.
2039:on 13 October 2011
1938:www.etymonline.com
1720:Astrological signs
1553:
1311:
1292:
1258:Bayer designations
1088:Chinese star names
1081:
977:of the Greek poet
969:
945:Egyptian astronomy
826:traditions of the
798:
680:
651:) is to the east.
364:) ranging between
224:of the Latin poet
118:is an area on the
5862:
5861:
5769:Western astrology
5652:
5651:
5648:
5647:
5582:Turdus Solitarius
5557:Taurus Poniatovii
5552:Tarandus/Rangifer
5457:Machina Electrica
5289:
5288:
5008:
5007:
4668:
4667:
4144:Neave Planetarium
4086:Louise F. Jenkins
4074:. (1908, et al.)
3943:978-0-943396-73-6
3931:978-0-943396-72-9
3919:978-0-943396-71-2
3828:978-0-13-145164-3
3668:978-0-718-89478-8
3650:978-0-387-95310-6
3635:978-0-486-43581-7
3609:978-0-486-21079-7
3584:
3583:
3576:
3515:978-1-4614-0929-8
3321:978-0-521-80040-2
3085:Annals of Science
2871:978-0-7923-4066-9
2842:978-1-4020-4559-2
2810:978-90-04-10737-3
2750:Denderah (1825).
2736:978-0-87169-214-6
2675:Blue Letter Bible
2656:978-0-486-13766-7
2626:978-1-929626-14-4
2599:978-963-527-403-1
2344:978-0-679-73354-6
2098:978-0-521-64216-3
2073:978-0-7637-4387-1
1763:on 2 January 2013
1502:Benjamin A. Gould
1500:, which was when
1440:Cape of Good Hope
1436:Johannes Hevelius
1339:Antonio Pigafetta
1150:, and during the
1116:Chinese astronomy
1064:Chinese astronomy
1048:Islamic astronomy
1032:Zodiac of Dendera
1024:Ptolemaic Kingdom
987:Eudoxus of Cnidus
841:Biblical scholar
806:Middle Bronze Age
778:Ancient Near East
520:'s 60° tilt, the
423:Spanish-language
386:radial velocities
350:celestial equator
321:(IAU) recognized
83:Johannes Hevelius
5972:
5927:
5926:
5925:
5915:
5914:
5913:
5903:
5902:
5901:
5891:
5890:
5879:
5878:
5877:
5870:
5818:Axial precession
5679:
5672:
5665:
5656:
5655:
5577:Triangulum Minus
5512:Quadrans Muralis
5318:
5311:
5304:
5295:
5294:
5037:
5030:
5023:
5014:
5013:
5000:
4999:
4941:Piscis Austrinus
4831:Corona Australis
4731:
4724:
4717:
4708:
4707:
4695:
4688:
4681:
4672:
4671:
4542:Piscis Austrinus
4337:Corona Australis
4193:
4186:
4179:
4170:
4169:
4004:(Cambridge) and
3988:both vols., and
3953:Sky Atlas 2000.0
3877:; et al. (1987)
3735:
3714:
3579:
3572:
3568:
3565:
3559:
3554:Please read the
3550:may need cleanup
3539:
3538:
3531:
3520:
3519:
3499:
3493:
3492:
3474:
3468:
3467:
3452:Archaeoastronomy
3447:
3441:
3440:
3438:
3436:
3427:. Archived from
3417:
3411:
3410:
3408:
3406:
3394:
3388:
3381:
3375:
3368:
3362:
3355:
3349:
3348:
3332:
3326:
3325:
3305:
3299:
3298:
3296:
3294:
3284:
3278:
3277:
3275:
3273:
3263:
3257:
3256:
3254:
3252:
3241:
3235:
3234:
3232:
3230:
3219:
3213:
3212:
3210:
3208:
3197:
3191:
3190:
3188:
3186:
3172:
3163:
3162:
3150:
3144:
3143:
3131:
3125:
3114:
3108:
3105:Der Globusfreund
3094:
3088:
3074:
3068:
3055:
3049:
3048:
3025:
3019:
3018:
2982:
2976:
2975:
2973:
2971:
2962:. Archived from
2956:
2950:
2949:
2939:
2933:
2932:
2930:
2891:
2882:
2876:
2875:
2853:
2847:
2846:
2826:
2815:
2814:
2794:
2785:
2784:
2764:
2758:
2757:
2747:
2741:
2740:
2720:
2714:
2713:
2685:
2679:
2678:
2667:
2661:
2660:
2649:. Courier Corp.
2640:
2631:
2630:
2610:
2604:
2603:
2583:
2577:
2576:
2574:
2572:
2561:Gary D. Thompson
2553:
2547:
2546:
2507:
2498:
2497:
2477:
2468:
2467:
2460:Midnight Science
2455:
2449:
2448:
2431:
2425:
2424:
2422:
2420:
2406:
2400:
2399:
2397:
2395:
2381:
2375:
2374:
2372:
2370:
2355:
2349:
2348:
2328:
2309:
2308:
2306:
2304:
2289:
2283:
2282:
2280:
2278:
2263:
2257:
2256:
2235:
2229:
2228:
2226:
2224:
2213:
2207:
2198:
2192:
2191:
2189:
2187:
2181:
2174:
2166:
2160:
2159:
2133:
2131:astro-ph/0303376
2109:
2103:
2102:
2084:
2078:
2077:
2065:
2055:
2049:
2048:
2046:
2044:
2029:
2023:
2022:
2012:
2006:
2005:
1995:
1984:
1983:
1973:
1967:
1966:
1964:
1962:
1948:
1942:
1941:
1930:
1924:
1923:
1921:
1919:
1910:. Archived from
1904:
1898:
1897:
1895:
1893:
1883:
1877:
1876:
1868:
1857:
1856:
1842:
1833:
1832:
1793:
1787:
1786:
1779:
1773:
1772:
1770:
1768:
1759:. Archived from
1747:
1727:
1717:
1599:
1580:
1551:labeled in black
1477:
1394:Quadrans Muralis
1386:Pierre Lemonnier
1343:Amerigo Vespucci
1194:Chongzhen period
1073:Chinese star map
967:
964:
925:, translated as
924:
923:
905:
900:
899:
894:
889:
888:
883:
878:
877:
828:Early Bronze Age
810:Three Stars Each
620:(containing the
448:celestial sphere
415:
370:23.5° south
366:23.5° north
300:
208:, Egypt, in his
175:
152:(straddling the
120:celestial sphere
87:
65:
56:
45:
36:
5980:
5979:
5975:
5974:
5973:
5971:
5970:
5969:
5935:
5934:
5933:
5923:
5921:
5911:
5909:
5899:
5897:
5885:
5875:
5873:
5865:
5863:
5858:
5801:
5767:
5761:
5688:
5683:
5653:
5644:
5606:
5591:
5522:Robur Carolinum
5328:
5322:
5285:
5044:
5041:
5004:
4990:
4836:Corona Borealis
4742:
4735:
4702:
4699:
4669:
4664:
4651:
4342:Corona Borealis
4203:
4197:
4095:
3962:
3766:. Published as
3760:Becvar, Antonin
3742:
3589:
3580:
3569:
3563:
3560:
3553:
3546:Further reading
3540:
3536:
3529:
3527:Further reading
3524:
3523:
3516:
3500:
3496:
3489:
3475:
3471:
3448:
3444:
3434:
3432:
3419:
3418:
3414:
3404:
3402:
3395:
3391:
3382:
3378:
3369:
3365:
3356:
3352:
3333:
3329:
3322:
3306:
3302:
3292:
3290:
3286:
3285:
3281:
3271:
3269:
3265:
3264:
3260:
3250:
3248:
3242:
3238:
3228:
3226:
3220:
3216:
3206:
3204:
3198:
3194:
3184:
3182:
3174:
3173:
3166:
3151:
3147:
3132:
3128:
3115:
3111:
3095:
3091:
3075:
3071:
3056:
3052:
3026:
3022:
2983:
2979:
2969:
2967:
2966:on 24 July 2011
2958:
2957:
2953:
2940:
2936:
2928:
2900:(123): 167–19.
2889:
2883:
2879:
2872:
2854:
2850:
2843:
2827:
2818:
2811:
2795:
2788:
2781:
2765:
2761:
2748:
2744:
2737:
2721:
2717:
2686:
2682:
2669:
2668:
2664:
2657:
2641:
2634:
2627:
2611:
2607:
2600:
2584:
2580:
2570:
2568:
2555:
2554:
2550:
2508:
2501:
2478:
2471:
2456:
2452:
2432:
2428:
2418:
2416:
2408:
2407:
2403:
2393:
2391:
2383:
2382:
2378:
2368:
2366:
2356:
2352:
2345:
2329:
2312:
2302:
2300:
2298:The Amazing Sky
2290:
2286:
2276:
2274:
2265:
2264:
2260:
2253:
2236:
2232:
2222:
2220:
2215:
2214:
2210:
2199:
2195:
2185:
2183:
2179:
2172:
2168:
2167:
2163:
2124:(6): 2687–706.
2110:
2106:
2099:
2085:
2081:
2074:
2056:
2052:
2042:
2040:
2031:
2030:
2026:
2013:
2009:
1996:
1987:
1974:
1970:
1960:
1958:
1952:"Constellation"
1950:
1949:
1945:
1932:
1931:
1927:
1917:
1915:
1906:
1905:
1901:
1891:
1889:
1885:
1884:
1880:
1869:
1860:
1843:
1836:
1794:
1790:
1785:. 5 March 2024.
1781:
1780:
1776:
1766:
1764:
1749:
1748:
1741:
1731:
1730:
1718:
1714:
1704:
1657:
1618:
1611:
1600:
1591:
1581:
1541:
1531:
1522:
1494:
1493:
1492:
1491:
1490:
1483:
1478:
1464:Eugene Delporte
1456:right ascension
1420:
1414:
1350:Petrus Plancius
1308:Frederik de Wit
1280:
1266:
1227:right ascension
1202:
1190:Chongzhen Lishu
1066:
1056:
1028:native Egyptian
983:Hellenistic era
965:
959:Senenmut's tomb
951:
941:
932:hapax legomenon
869:. The biblical
843:E. W. Bullinger
786:
780:
768:
752:
747:
691:
685:
657:Corona Borealis
604:
598:
530:Galactic Center
432:
431:
430:
429:
428:
421:
416:
406:
291:comes from the
285:
112:
111:
110:
109:
108:
85:
68:
67:
66:
58:
57:
48:
47:
46:
38:
37:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5978:
5968:
5967:
5962:
5957:
5952:
5947:
5945:Constellations
5932:
5931:
5919:
5907:
5895:
5883:
5860:
5859:
5857:
5856:
5854:Zodiacal light
5851:
5850:
5849:
5839:
5834:
5829:
5823:Constellations
5820:
5815:
5809:
5807:
5803:
5802:
5800:
5799:
5794:
5789:
5784:
5779:
5773:
5771:
5763:
5762:
5760:
5759:
5754:
5749:
5744:
5739:
5734:
5729:
5724:
5719:
5714:
5709:
5704:
5698:
5696:
5690:
5689:
5682:
5681:
5674:
5667:
5659:
5650:
5649:
5646:
5645:
5643:
5642:
5637:
5632:
5627:
5622:
5620:Phoenicopterus
5617:
5611:
5608:
5607:
5605:
5604:
5596:
5593:
5592:
5590:
5589:
5584:
5579:
5574:
5569:
5564:
5559:
5554:
5549:
5544:
5539:
5534:
5529:
5524:
5519:
5514:
5509:
5504:
5499:
5494:
5489:
5484:
5479:
5477:Musca Borealis
5474:
5469:
5464:
5459:
5454:
5449:
5444:
5439:
5434:
5429:
5424:
5419:
5414:
5409:
5404:
5399:
5394:
5392:Custos Messium
5389:
5384:
5379:
5374:
5369:
5364:
5359:
5354:
5349:
5344:
5339:
5333:
5330:
5329:
5321:
5320:
5313:
5306:
5298:
5291:
5290:
5287:
5286:
5284:
5283:
5278:
5273:
5268:
5263:
5258:
5253:
5248:
5243:
5238:
5233:
5228:
5223:
5218:
5213:
5208:
5199:
5194:
5189:
5184:
5179:
5174:
5169:
5167:Canes Venatici
5160:
5151:
5146:
5141:
5139:Camelopardalis
5132:
5127:
5122:
5117:
5112:
5107:
5102:
5097:
5092:
5087:
5082:
5073:
5071:Coma Berenices
5064:
5059:
5049:
5046:
5045:
5040:
5039:
5032:
5025:
5017:
5010:
5009:
5006:
5005:
4995:
4992:
4991:
4989:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4873:
4868:
4863:
4858:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4838:
4833:
4828:
4823:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4747:
4744:
4743:
4734:
4733:
4726:
4719:
4711:
4704:
4703:
4698:
4697:
4690:
4683:
4675:
4666:
4665:
4663:
4662:
4656:
4653:
4652:
4650:
4649:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4579:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4332:Coma Berenices
4329:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4272:Canes Venatici
4269:
4264:
4262:Camelopardalis
4259:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4208:
4205:
4204:
4196:
4195:
4188:
4181:
4173:
4167:
4166:
4160:
4154:
4153:Constellations
4151:Astronomy Cast
4147:
4141:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4114:
4108:
4105:Atlascoelestis
4102:
4094:
4093:External links
4091:
4090:
4089:
4069:
3974:
3961:
3958:
3957:
3956:
3946:
3872:
3831:
3806:
3786:
3771:
3741:
3738:
3737:
3736:
3715:
3694:
3671:
3653:
3638:
3612:
3588:
3585:
3582:
3581:
3543:
3541:
3534:
3528:
3525:
3522:
3521:
3514:
3494:
3488:978-0486428826
3487:
3469:
3442:
3412:
3389:
3376:
3363:
3350:
3327:
3320:
3300:
3279:
3258:
3236:
3214:
3192:
3164:
3145:
3126:
3109:
3089:
3069:
3050:
3020:
2977:
2951:
2934:
2877:
2870:
2848:
2841:
2816:
2809:
2786:
2780:978-0521058018
2779:
2759:
2742:
2735:
2715:
2680:
2662:
2655:
2632:
2625:
2605:
2598:
2578:
2548:
2499:
2469:
2450:
2426:
2401:
2376:
2364:Universe Today
2350:
2343:
2310:
2284:
2273:. 22 June 2023
2258:
2252:978-0547132808
2251:
2230:
2208:
2193:
2161:
2148:10.1086/378162
2104:
2097:
2079:
2072:
2050:
2024:
2007:
1985:
1968:
1943:
1925:
1899:
1878:
1858:
1834:
1788:
1774:
1738:
1737:
1729:
1728:
1711:
1710:
1703:
1700:
1699:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1656:
1653:
1652:
1651:
1650:
1649:
1647:Emu in the sky
1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1617:
1614:
1613:
1612:
1601:
1594:
1592:
1582:
1575:
1530:
1527:
1521:
1518:
1484:
1480:
1479:
1472:
1471:
1470:
1469:
1416:Main article:
1413:
1410:
1390:Joseph Lalande
1335:Andrea Corsali
1325:in c. 500 BC.
1265:
1262:
1235:Benjamin Gould
1201:
1198:
1108:constellations
1055:
1052:
1005:and until the
1003:Late Antiquity
974:Works and Days
966: 1473 BC
940:
937:
857:, the Bull as
835:Neo-Babylonian
820:Sumerian names
812:texts and the
794:Halley's Comet
779:
776:
767:
764:
756:cave paintings
751:
748:
746:
743:
731:Sigma Octantis
687:Main article:
684:
681:
676:Sigma Octantis
649:Northern Cross
600:Main article:
597:
594:
560:), as well as
522:galactic plane
440:its orbit
422:
418:
417:
410:
409:
408:
407:
405:
402:
303:Middle English
284:
281:
107:
106:
99:
71:
70:
69:
60:
59:
51:
50:
49:
40:
39:
31:
30:
29:
28:
27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5977:
5966:
5963:
5961:
5958:
5956:
5953:
5951:
5948:
5946:
5943:
5942:
5940:
5930:
5920:
5918:
5908:
5906:
5896:
5894:
5889:
5884:
5882:
5872:
5871:
5868:
5855:
5852:
5848:
5845:
5844:
5843:
5840:
5838:
5835:
5833:
5830:
5828:
5824:
5821:
5819:
5816:
5814:
5811:
5810:
5808:
5804:
5798:
5795:
5793:
5790:
5788:
5785:
5783:
5780:
5778:
5775:
5774:
5772:
5770:
5764:
5758:
5755:
5753:
5750:
5748:
5745:
5743:
5740:
5738:
5735:
5733:
5730:
5728:
5725:
5723:
5720:
5718:
5715:
5713:
5710:
5708:
5705:
5703:
5700:
5699:
5697:
5695:
5691:
5687:
5680:
5675:
5673:
5668:
5666:
5661:
5660:
5657:
5641:
5640:Vultur volans
5638:
5636:
5635:Vultur cadens
5633:
5631:
5628:
5626:
5623:
5621:
5618:
5616:
5613:
5612:
5609:
5603:
5602:
5598:
5597:
5594:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5565:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5550:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5535:
5533:
5530:
5528:
5525:
5523:
5520:
5518:
5517:Ramus Pomifer
5515:
5513:
5510:
5508:
5505:
5503:
5500:
5498:
5495:
5493:
5490:
5488:
5485:
5483:
5480:
5478:
5475:
5473:
5472:Mons Maenalus
5470:
5468:
5465:
5463:
5460:
5458:
5455:
5453:
5450:
5448:
5447:Lochium Funis
5445:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5435:
5433:
5432:Leo Palatinus
5430:
5428:
5425:
5423:
5420:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5395:
5393:
5390:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5334:
5331:
5326:
5319:
5314:
5312:
5307:
5305:
5300:
5299:
5296:
5292:
5282:
5279:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5249:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5224:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5203:
5200:
5198:
5195:
5193:
5190:
5188:
5185:
5183:
5180:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5054:
5051:
5050:
5047:
5038:
5033:
5031:
5026:
5024:
5019:
5018:
5015:
5011:
5003:
4993:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4748:
4745:
4740:
4732:
4727:
4725:
4720:
4718:
4713:
4712:
4709:
4705:
4696:
4691:
4689:
4684:
4682:
4677:
4676:
4673:
4661:
4658:
4657:
4654:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4209:
4206:
4202:
4194:
4189:
4187:
4182:
4180:
4175:
4174:
4171:
4164:
4161:
4158:
4155:
4152:
4148:
4145:
4142:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4118:
4115:
4112:
4109:
4106:
4103:
4100:
4097:
4096:
4087:
4083:
4079:
4078:
4073:
4070:
4067:
4066:0-521-27721-3
4063:
4059:
4058:0-521-42736-3
4055:
4051:
4050:0-521-41743-0
4047:
4043:
4039:
4035:
4034:0-521-27721-3
4031:
4027:
4026:0-521-25818-9
4023:
4019:
4018:0-933346-34-4
4015:
4011:
4010:0-933346-35-2
4007:
4003:
4002:0-521-24710-1
3999:
3995:
3991:
3987:
3983:
3979:
3975:
3972:
3968:
3964:
3963:
3954:
3950:
3947:
3944:
3940:
3936:
3932:
3928:
3924:
3920:
3916:
3912:
3908:
3907:0-943396-38-7
3904:
3900:
3896:
3895:0-943396-15-8
3892:
3888:
3887:0-943396-14-X
3884:
3880:
3876:
3873:
3870:
3869:0-933346-83-2
3866:
3862:
3861:0-933346-82-4
3858:
3854:
3853:0-933346-81-6
3850:
3846:
3845:0-933346-84-0
3842:
3838:
3837:
3832:
3829:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3813:
3812:
3807:
3804:
3800:
3799:
3794:
3790:
3787:
3784:
3783:0-933346-01-8
3780:
3776:
3772:
3769:
3765:
3761:
3758:
3757:
3753:
3752:
3746:
3733:
3729:
3725:
3721:
3716:
3712:
3708:
3704:
3700:
3695:
3692:
3691:0-939923-04-1
3688:
3684:
3683:0-939923-10-6
3680:
3676:
3672:
3669:
3665:
3661:
3657:
3654:
3651:
3647:
3643:
3639:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3616:
3613:
3610:
3606:
3602:
3598:
3594:
3591:
3590:
3578:
3575:
3567:
3557:
3556:editing guide
3551:
3547:
3542:
3533:
3532:
3517:
3511:
3507:
3506:
3498:
3490:
3484:
3480:
3473:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3453:
3446:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3416:
3400:
3393:
3386:
3380:
3373:
3367:
3360:
3354:
3346:
3342:
3340:
3335:Ian Ridpath.
3331:
3323:
3317:
3313:
3312:
3304:
3289:
3283:
3268:
3262:
3247:
3244:Ian Ridpath.
3240:
3225:
3222:Ian Ridpath.
3218:
3203:
3200:Ian Ridpath.
3196:
3181:
3177:
3171:
3169:
3160:
3156:
3153:Ian Ridpath.
3149:
3141:
3137:
3134:Ian Ridpath.
3130:
3123:
3119:
3113:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3093:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3073:
3066:
3065:
3060:
3054:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3024:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2993:(5): 189–97.
2992:
2988:
2981:
2965:
2961:
2955:
2947:
2946:
2938:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2888:
2881:
2873:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2858:Helaine Selin
2852:
2844:
2838:
2834:
2833:
2825:
2823:
2821:
2812:
2806:
2802:
2801:
2793:
2791:
2782:
2776:
2772:
2771:
2763:
2755:
2754:
2746:
2738:
2732:
2728:
2727:
2719:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2684:
2676:
2672:
2666:
2658:
2652:
2648:
2647:
2639:
2637:
2628:
2622:
2618:
2617:
2609:
2601:
2595:
2591:
2590:
2582:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2552:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2521:(5): 96–101.
2520:
2516:
2512:
2506:
2504:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2476:
2474:
2465:
2461:
2454:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2430:
2415:
2411:
2405:
2390:
2386:
2380:
2365:
2361:
2354:
2346:
2340:
2336:
2335:
2327:
2325:
2323:
2321:
2319:
2317:
2315:
2299:
2295:
2288:
2272:
2268:
2262:
2254:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2234:
2218:
2212:
2206:
2202:
2197:
2178:
2171:
2165:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2108:
2100:
2094:
2090:
2083:
2075:
2069:
2064:
2063:
2054:
2038:
2034:
2028:
2020:
2019:
2011:
2003:
2002:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1981:
1980:
1972:
1957:
1953:
1947:
1939:
1935:
1929:
1913:
1909:
1903:
1888:
1882:
1874:
1867:
1865:
1863:
1854:
1850:
1849:
1841:
1839:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1804:(6): 617–63.
1803:
1799:
1792:
1784:
1778:
1762:
1758:
1757:
1752:
1746:
1744:
1739:
1736:
1735:
1725:
1721:
1716:
1712:
1709:
1708:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1658:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1624:
1623:
1620:
1619:
1609:
1608:Beta Centauri
1605:
1598:
1593:
1589:
1587:
1579:
1574:
1573:
1572:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1536:
1526:
1517:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1488:
1482:
1476:
1468:
1465:
1462:developed by
1461:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1419:
1409:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1382:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1346:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1326:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1300:celestial map
1296:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1261:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1246:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1222:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1211:Farnese Atlas
1208:
1197:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1174:
1172:
1168:
1163:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1112:
1109:
1105:
1104:Shang dynasty
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1084:Ancient China
1078:
1074:
1070:
1065:
1061:
1054:Ancient China
1051:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1020:
1018:
1014:
1013:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
975:
960:
955:
950:
946:
936:
934:
933:
928:
919:
918:
913:
909:
904:
893:
882:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
839:
836:
831:
829:
825:
821:
817:
816:
811:
807:
803:
795:
790:
785:
775:
773:
763:
761:
757:
742:
740:
739:Beta Centauri
736:
732:
728:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
705:
702:
700:
696:
690:
677:
673:
669:
664:
660:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
637:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
614:
612:
608:
603:
593:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
514:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
455:
453:
449:
445:
444:Earth rotates
441:
437:
426:
420:
414:
401:
399:
393:
391:
387:
383:
379:
373:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
326:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
307:Ancient Greek
304:
299:
294:
290:
289:constellation
280:
278:
274:
270:
265:
260:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
239:In 1922, the
237:
235:
231:
227:
223:
222:
221:Metamorphoses
217:
213:
212:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
146:
144:
140:
136:
131:
129:
125:
121:
117:
116:constellation
104:
100:
97:
93:
92:
84:
80:
79:
78:
76:
64:
55:
44:
35:
26:
22:
5929:Solar System
5822:
5766:Concepts in
5625:Serpentarius
5600:
5599:
5377:Cancer Minor
5241:Microscopium
5201:
5162:
5153:
5134:
5075:
5066:
5052:
4741:after 150 AD
4477:Microscopium
4075:
3977:
3970:
3966:
3952:
3934:
3922:
3910:
3898:
3878:
3834:
3830:, hardcover.
3822:, Pi Press,
3820:Ridpath, Ian
3818:, edited by
3815:
3809:
3802:
3796:
3792:
3774:
3767:
3763:
3749:
3723:
3719:
3702:
3698:
3674:
3659:
3656:Ridpath, Ian
3644:, Springer,
3641:
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3429:the original
3424:
3415:
3403:. Retrieved
3392:
3387:. F+W Media.
3384:
3379:
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3282:
3270:. Retrieved
3261:
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3239:
3227:. Retrieved
3217:
3205:. Retrieved
3195:
3183:. Retrieved
3158:
3148:
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3129:
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3117:
3112:
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3100:
3097:Dekker, Elly
3092:
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3080:
3077:Dekker, Elly
3072:
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2980:
2968:. Retrieved
2964:the original
2954:
2948:. p. 1.
2944:
2937:
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2880:
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2565:the original
2560:
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2413:
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2392:. Retrieved
2388:
2379:
2367:. Retrieved
2363:
2353:
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2301:. Retrieved
2297:
2287:
2275:. Retrieved
2270:
2261:
2242:
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2221:. Retrieved
2211:
2200:
2196:
2186:28 September
2184:. Retrieved
2164:
2121:
2117:
2114:Capitaine, N
2107:
2088:
2082:
2061:
2053:
2041:. Retrieved
2037:the original
2027:
2017:
2010:
2004:. p. 1.
2000:
1978:
1971:
1959:. Retrieved
1955:
1946:
1937:
1928:
1918:21 September
1916:. Retrieved
1912:the original
1902:
1892:21 September
1890:. Retrieved
1881:
1847:
1829:
1801:
1797:
1791:
1777:
1765:. Retrieved
1761:the original
1754:
1733:
1732:
1724:invisibility
1723:
1715:
1706:
1705:
1584:
1561:dark nebulae
1554:
1523:
1495:
1448:
1431:
1423:
1421:
1383:
1368:
1362:Johann Bayer
1347:
1327:
1312:
1290:(1 May 1500)
1254:Johann Bayer
1247:
1242:
1223:
1203:
1178:Ming dynasty
1175:
1164:
1152:Yuan dynasty
1148:Song dynasty
1113:
1096:oracle bones
1082:
1043:
1042:. Ptolemy's
1021:
1010:
972:
970:
930:
926:
915:
911:
840:
832:
813:
809:
799:
769:
753:
729:
706:
703:
692:
638:
615:
605:
518:Solar System
515:
463:great circle
456:
433:
394:
374:
327:
314:
298:cōnstellātiō
288:
286:
261:
238:
230:southern sky
219:
209:
170:astrological
156:, which the
147:
132:
115:
113:
90:
72:
25:
5950:Sky regions
5917:Outer space
5905:Spaceflight
5742:Sagittarius
5417:Hippocampus
5276:Telescopium
5202:de Lacaille
4951:Sagittarius
4806:Capricornus
4801:Canis Minor
4796:Canis Major
4602:Telescopium
4567:Sagittarius
4287:Capricornus
4282:Canis Minor
4277:Canis Major
4012:hardcover,
3949:Tirion, Wil
3875:Tirion, Wil
3793:The Heavens
3764:Atlas Coeli
3685:hardcover,
3564:August 2016
3421:"Night sky"
2043:27 November
1627:Cygnus Rift
1549:star clouds
1460:declination
1370:Uranometria
1315:declination
1270:Uranometria
1250:Uranometria
1231:declination
1207:star charts
1171:planisphere
1136:Tang period
895:"fool" and
871:Book of Job
800:The oldest
772:Mesopotamia
766:Mesopotamia
630:Canis Major
516:Due to the
507:Capricornus
503:Sagittarius
404:Observation
354:circumpolar
340:. From the
338:circumpolar
283:Terminology
269:Sagittarius
88:star atlas
5939:Categories
5797:Triplicity
5532:Scarabaeus
5502:Polophylax
5362:Argo Navis
5231:Horologium
5085:Chamaeleon
4981:Ursa Minor
4976:Ursa Major
4971:Triangulum
4811:Cassiopeia
4771:Argo Navis
4627:Ursa Minor
4622:Ursa Major
4607:Triangulum
4412:Horologium
4317:Chamaeleon
4297:Cassiopeia
4117:Stellarium
4044:. Vol. 1:
3693:softcover.
3670:softcover.
3660:Star Tales
3652:hardcover.
3637:softcover.
3617:. (1911);
3611:softcover.
3548:" section
3458:(5): S37.
3345:Star Tales
3272:31 January
3159:Star Tales
3140:Star Tales
2696:: 86–101.
2239:Rey, H. A.
2223:3 February
1702:References
1588:in the sky
1506:precession
1398:Quadrantid
1366:star atlas
1288:João Faras
1268:See also:
1219:Argo Navis
1215:Hipparchus
1182:Xu Guangqi
1140:Qutan Xida
1120:Han period
943:See also:
851:Revelation
782:See also:
709:Chamaeleon
622:Big Dipper
618:Ursa Major
611:Ursa Minor
558:Betelgeuse
542:Cassiopeia
459:axial tilt
425:star chart
384:and their
382:astrometry
346:South Pole
342:North Pole
293:Late Latin
277:Ursa Major
273:big dipper
206:Alexandria
198:Argo Navis
178:Babylonian
176:400 BC in
135:prehistory
5881:Astronomy
5837:Ophiuchus
5813:Astronomy
5747:Capricorn
5452:Lumbricus
5197:Vulpecula
5177:Leo Minor
5158:Reticulum
5149:Monoceros
4916:Ophiuchus
4856:Delphinus
4816:Centaurus
4751:Andromeda
4647:Vulpecula
4557:Reticulum
4502:Ophiuchus
4482:Monoceros
4442:Leo Minor
4367:Delphinus
4302:Centaurus
4212:Andromeda
3994:83-240310
3726:: 79–89.
3658:. (2018)
3595:. (1899)
3229:30 August
3207:30 August
3185:29 August
3015:118829690
2803:. Brill.
2710:192976174
2571:30 August
2271:Star Walk
1826:122004678
1734:Citations
1707:Footnotes
1510:equinoxes
1449:In 1922,
1432:Phenomena
1373:of 1603.
1302:from the
1128:Chen Zhuo
922:מַזָּרוֹת
917:Mazzaroth
796:in 164 BC
699:Reticulum
672:Centaurus
582:Centaurus
562:Monoceros
526:Milky Way
452:pole star
287:The word
271:, or the
264:asterisms
216:mythology
143:mythology
5827:Ecliptic
5792:Polarity
5787:Modality
5752:Aquarius
5547:Solarium
5497:Phaethon
5427:Jordanus
5382:Cerberus
5367:Asterion
5347:Antinous
5337:Anguilla
5271:Sculptor
5221:Circinus
5163:Hevelius
5154:Habrecht
5135:Plancius
5002:Category
4956:Scorpius
4881:Hercules
4871:Eridanus
4866:Equuleus
4756:Aquarius
4577:Sculptor
4572:Scorpius
4407:Hercules
4387:Eridanus
4382:Equuleus
4322:Circinus
4227:Aquarius
4111:Celestia
4042:91-26764
3986:81-17975
3960:Catalogs
3705:: 9–28.
3435:12 March
3178:. IAU –
3099:(1987).
3079:(1987).
2926:Archived
2922:15431718
2543:17076089
2241:(1954).
2177:Archived
2156:32887246
1818:41134332
1767:2 August
1655:See also
1569:Coalsack
1424:Almagest
1375:Fourteen
1106:. These
1044:Almagest
1012:Almagest
884:"bier",
863:Aquarius
824:Sumerian
815:MUL.APIN
653:Hercules
511:Aquarius
499:Scorpius
358:ecliptic
334:latitude
211:Almagest
182:Chaldean
154:ecliptic
139:creation
5867:Portals
5847:symbols
5825:of the
5806:Related
5777:Element
5737:Scorpio
5630:Xiphias
5567:Testudo
5492:Patella
5192:Sextans
5172:Lacerta
5144:Columba
5120:Phoenix
4961:Serpens
4946:Sagitta
4931:Perseus
4926:Pegasus
4821:Cepheus
4739:Ptolemy
4592:Sextans
4587:Serpens
4562:Sagitta
4527:Phoenix
4522:Perseus
4517:Pegasus
4432:Lacerta
4327:Columba
4307:Cepheus
3728:Bibcode
3707:Bibcode
3460:Bibcode
3405:22 July
3401:. Space
3041:Bibcode
3039:: 215.
2995:Bibcode
2970:16 July
2902:Bibcode
2860:(ed.).
2523:Bibcode
2490:Bibcode
2441:Bibcode
2439:: 217.
2419:24 June
2394:24 June
2303:24 June
2277:24 June
2136:Bibcode
1961:26 July
1520:Symbols
1508:of the
1498:B1875.0
1430:' work
1118:in the
1077:Su Song
1040:planets
1022:In the
1017:Ptolemy
1009:is the
999:Hyginus
929:, is a
867:Scorpio
847:Ezekiel
760:Lascaux
641:Cepheus
607:Polaris
546:Perseus
524:of the
330:horizon
202:Ptolemy
190:Eudoxus
166:planets
98:(right)
5757:Pisces
5717:Cancer
5712:Gemini
5707:Taurus
5686:Zodiac
5572:Tigris
5482:Noctua
5437:Lilium
5422:Hirudo
5407:Gallus
5357:Aranea
5261:Puppis
5256:Pictor
5251:Octans
5226:Fornax
5216:Carina
5211:Caelum
5206:Antlia
5204:1763:
5187:Scutum
5165:1683:
5156:1621:
5137:1613:
5130:Volans
5125:Tucana
5100:Hydrus
5090:Dorado
5078:1596:
5069:1536:
4966:Taurus
4936:Pisces
4876:Gemini
4851:Cygnus
4846:Crater
4841:Corvus
4791:Cancer
4786:Boötes
4781:Auriga
4761:Aquila
4642:Volans
4617:Tucana
4597:Taurus
4582:Scutum
4547:Puppis
4537:Pisces
4532:Pictor
4497:Octans
4422:Hydrus
4397:Gemini
4392:Fornax
4372:Dorado
4362:Cygnus
4352:Crater
4347:Corvus
4292:Carina
4267:Cancer
4257:Caelum
4252:Boötes
4247:Auriga
4232:Aquila
4217:Antlia
4064:
4056:
4048:
4040:
4032:
4024:
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4000:
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3293:24 May
3251:4 July
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2868:
2839:
2807:
2777:
2733:
2708:
2653:
2623:
2596:
2541:
2369:5 July
2341:
2249:
2154:
2095:
2070:
1824:
1816:
1428:Aratus
1402:Boötes
1341:, and
1276:, and
1100:Anyang
1038:, and
1036:decans
991:Aratus
979:Hesiod
912:‘Ayish
910:, but
903:chimah
892:chesil
881:‘Ayish
859:Taurus
723:, and
721:Hydrus
695:Pictor
645:Boötes
634:Gemini
588:, and
574:Carina
566:Puppis
556:(near
552:, and
550:Auriga
538:Cygnus
534:Aquila
509:, and
485:, and
483:Cancer
479:Gemini
475:Taurus
467:Pisces
362:zodiac
315:astron
311:ἄστρον
194:Aratus
186:Hesiod
164:, and
150:zodiac
141:, and
126:forms
5893:Stars
5782:House
5732:Libra
5727:Virgo
5702:Aries
5587:Vespa
5467:Manis
5462:Malus
5442:Limax
5397:Felis
5387:Chara
5342:Anser
5266:Pyxis
5246:Norma
5236:Mensa
5110:Musca
5105:Indus
5067:Vopel
4986:Virgo
4921:Orion
4906:Lupus
4901:Libra
4896:Lepus
4886:Hydra
4861:Draco
4826:Cetus
4776:Aries
4637:Virgo
4552:Pyxis
4507:Orion
4492:Norma
4487:Musca
4472:Mensa
4457:Lupus
4452:Libra
4447:Lepus
4427:Indus
4417:Hydra
4377:Draco
4312:Cetus
4242:Aries
3011:S2CID
2929:(PDF)
2918:S2CID
2890:(PDF)
2706:S2CID
2488:: 9.
2180:(PDF)
2173:(PDF)
2152:S2CID
2126:arXiv
1822:S2CID
1814:JSTOR
1604:Alpha
1514:J2000
1406:Draco
1252:" of
1239:epoch
1158:(see
1098:from
735:Alpha
725:Mensa
626:Cetus
554:Orion
495:Libra
491:Virgo
471:Aries
436:night
398:Orion
295:term
124:stars
86:'
75:Orion
5615:Apis
5527:Rosa
5372:Bufo
5352:Apes
5281:Vela
5182:Lynx
5115:Pavo
5095:Grus
5080:Apus
5057:Crux
4911:Lyra
4632:Vela
4512:Pavo
4467:Lyra
4462:Lynx
4402:Grus
4357:Crux
4222:Apus
4199:The
4062:ISBN
4054:ISBN
4046:ISBN
4038:LCCN
4030:ISBN
4022:ISBN
4014:ISBN
4006:ISBN
3998:ISBN
3990:LCCN
3982:LCCN
3939:ISBN
3927:ISBN
3915:ISBN
3903:ISBN
3891:ISBN
3883:ISBN
3865:ISBN
3857:ISBN
3849:ISBN
3841:ISBN
3824:ISBN
3779:ISBN
3687:ISBN
3679:ISBN
3664:ISBN
3646:ISBN
3631:ISBN
3605:ISBN
3510:ISBN
3483:ISBN
3437:2019
3407:2024
3316:ISBN
3295:2011
3274:2010
3253:2022
3231:2015
3209:2015
3187:2015
3124:530)
2972:2010
2898:36/2
2866:ISBN
2837:ISBN
2805:ISBN
2775:ISBN
2731:ISBN
2651:ISBN
2621:ISBN
2594:ISBN
2573:2015
2539:PMID
2466:: 3.
2421:2024
2396:2024
2371:2024
2339:ISBN
2305:2024
2279:2024
2247:ISBN
2225:2020
2188:2017
2093:ISBN
2068:ISBN
2045:2014
1963:2019
1920:2018
1894:2018
1769:2016
1606:and
1583:The
1557:Inca
1537:and
1458:and
1404:and
1388:and
1356:and
1229:and
1184:and
1062:and
947:and
898:כימה
887:כסיל
849:and
737:and
717:Pavo
713:Apus
697:and
668:Crux
578:Crux
570:Vela
368:and
360:(or
352:are
226:Ovid
192:and
162:Moon
5722:Leo
4891:Leo
4766:Ara
4437:Leo
4237:Ara
3724:108
3703:108
3120:. (
3103:. (
3083:. (
3061:. (
3003:doi
2910:doi
2698:doi
2531:doi
2519:295
2486:108
2144:doi
2122:126
1806:doi
1586:Emu
1364:'s
1237:in
1015:by
908:KJV
876:עיש
855:Leo
758:in
590:Ara
487:Leo
388:by
344:or
180:or
158:Sun
103:IAU
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